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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Foundation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Center_of_learning_(8th–9th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Center_of_learning_(8th–9th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Center of learning (8th–9th centuries) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Center_of_learning_(8th–9th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stagnation_and_invasions_(10th–16th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stagnation_and_invasions_(10th–16th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Stagnation and invasions (10th–16th centuries) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stagnation_and_invasions_(10th–16th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_and_Mamluks_(16th–19th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_and_Mamluks_(16th–19th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Ottoman and Mamluks (16th–19th centuries) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_and_Mamluks_(16th–19th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_streets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_streets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notable streets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_streets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Air transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planned_Baghdad_Metro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_Baghdad_Metro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Planned Baghdad Metro </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_Baghdad_Metro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Cityscape </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cityscape subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Landmarks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Baghdad</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 208 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-208" aria-hidden="true" > 208 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%B5" title="ባግዳድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባግዳድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%93%DC%95%DC%90%DC%95_(%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܒܓܕܐܕ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܓܕܐܕ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Պաղտատ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պաղտատ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="বাগদাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বাগদাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdag" title="Bagdag – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bagdag" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="बगदाद – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बगदाद" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багъдад – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Багъдад" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fdad" title="Bağdad – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bağdad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="বাগদাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাগদাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Бағдад – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бағдад" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F" title="པ་ག་ཏ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པ་ག་ཏ" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Пахтат – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пахтат" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagd%C3%A1d" title="Bagdád – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bagdád" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%A3%DE%AA%DE%8B%DE%A7%DE%8B%DE%AA" title="ބަޣުދާދު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބަޣުދާދު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1zl%C3%ADn%C3%AD_Hatsoh_(%C3%81s%C3%A1%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah)" title="Názlíní Hatsoh (Ásáí Dineʼé Bikéyah) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Názlíní Hatsoh (Ásáí Dineʼé Bikéyah)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="बगदाद – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बगदाद" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7" title="Βαγδάτη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαγδάτη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Багдад ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Багдад ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdado" title="Bagdado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bagdado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="БагӀдад – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="БагӀдад" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EA%B7%B8%EB%8B%A4%EB%93%9C" title="바그다드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바그다드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdaza" title="Bagdaza – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bagdaza" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%A4" title="Բաղդադ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բաղդադ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="बग़दाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बग़दाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%92%D7%93%D7%90%D7%93" title="בגדאד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בגדאד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagidaad%C9%A9" title="Pagidaadɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pagidaadɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬಾಗ್ದಾದ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾಗ್ದಾದ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ბაღდადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაღდადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8E%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بَغداد – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بَغداد" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Бағдат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бағдат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldak" title="Baldak – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Baldak" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexda" title="Bexda – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bexda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdatum" title="Bagdatum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bagdatum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagd%C4%81de" title="Bagdāde – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bagdāde" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багъдад – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Багъдад" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdadas" title="Bagdadas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bagdadas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bagdad" title="bagdad – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="bagdad" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="बगदाद – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बगदाद" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D" title="ബാഗ്ദാദ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാഗ്ദാദ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakatata" title="Pakatata – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pakatata" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="बगदाद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बगदाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ბაღდადი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბაღდადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdade" title="Bagdade – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bagdade" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%82%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%92%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဘဂ္ဂဒက်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘဂ္ဂဒက်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="बगदाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बगदाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="बग्दाद – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बग्दाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%B0%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="バグダード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バグダード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="БагӀдад – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="БагӀдад" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baagdad" title="Baagdad – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Baagdad" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6" title="ବାଗଦାଦ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବାଗଦାଦ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag%CA%BBdod" title="Bagʻdod – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bagʻdod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਬਗ਼ਦਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਗ਼ਦਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagd%C3%A1" title="Bagdá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bagdá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C7%B5dad" title="Baǵdad – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Baǵdad" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fdad" title="Bağdad – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Bağdad" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%91%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Баґдад – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Баґдад" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱫᱟᱫᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱫᱟᱫᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdadi" title="Bagdadi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bagdadi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="බැග්ඩෑඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බැග්ඩෑඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baqdaad" title="Baqdaad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Baqdaad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بەغدا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەغدا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="பகுதாது – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பகுதாது" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%A3dad" title="Bɣdad – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Bɣdad" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C9%A3dad" title="Beɣdad – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Beɣdad" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D" title="బాగ్దాద్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బాగ్దాద్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94" title="แบกแดด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบกแดด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Бағдод – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бағдод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fdat" title="Bağdat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bağdat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdat" title="Bagdat – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bagdat" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="باغداد – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="باغداد" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdet" title="Bagdet – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bagdet" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E9%81%94" title="巴格達 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴格達" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E8%BE%BE" title="巴格达 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴格达" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%92%D7%93%D7%90%D7%93" title="באגדאד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באגדאד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E9%81%94" title="巴格達 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴格達" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C4%9Fdad" title="Beğdad – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Beğdad" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdads" title="Bagdads – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bagdads" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E8%BE%BE" title="巴格达 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴格达" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baghdad&params=33_18_55_N_44_21_58_E_region:IQ-BG_type:city(8,100,000)">33°18′55″N 44°21′58″E / 33.31528°N 44.36611°E / 33.31528; 44.36611</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and largest city of Iraq</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Baghdad (disambiguation)">Baghdad (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metropolis in Iraq</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Baghdad</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ar">بَغْدَاد</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Mayoralty of Baghdad</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="border:1;;height:175px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kyoto Tower viewed from Kiyomizu-dera Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg/268px-5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg/402px-5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg/536px-5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div style="border:1;;height:86px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tō-ji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF.jpeg/130px-%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF.jpeg" decoding="async" width="130" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF.jpeg/195px-%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF.jpeg/260px-%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="637" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="border:1;;height:86px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kinkaku-ji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9.jpg/134px-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9.jpg/201px-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x, 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height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg/194px-%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg/258px-%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="1544" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div style="border:1;;height:86px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ginkaku-ji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A_03.jpg/135px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A_03.jpg/203px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A_03.jpg 1.5x, 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque%2C_Kadhmain_Shrine.jpg/260px-Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque%2C_Kadhmain_Shrine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2589" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="border:1;;height:75px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_tourism_island_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fushimi Inari-taisha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Baghdad_tourism_island_1.jpg/134px-Baghdad_tourism_island_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Baghdad_tourism_island_1.jpg/201px-Baghdad_tourism_island_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Baghdad_tourism_island_1.jpg/268px-Baghdad_tourism_island_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">View over the <a href="/wiki/Green_Zone" title="Green Zone">Green Zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaheed Monument">Shaheed Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qushla" title="Qushla">Qushla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">National Museum of Iraq</a>, Baghdad Tourist Island, <a href="/wiki/Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kadhimiya Mosque">Masjid al-Kadhimayn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Mall" title="Baghdad Mall">Baghdad Mall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rotana_Hotels" title="Rotana Hotels">Rotana Hotel</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Baghdad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Baghdad"><img alt="Flag of Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Baghdad.svg/100px-Flag_of_Baghdad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Baghdad.svg/150px-Flag_of_Baghdad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Baghdad.svg/200px-Flag_of_Baghdad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Baghdad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Baghdad"><img alt="Official seal of Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Seal_of_Baghdad.svg/100px-Seal_of_Baghdad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Seal_of_Baghdad.svg/150px-Seal_of_Baghdad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Seal_of_Baghdad.svg/200px-Seal_of_Baghdad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="457" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">City of Peace (مَدِيْنَةُ السَّلَام)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baghdad is located in Iraq"><img alt="Baghdad is located in Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/250px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/375px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/500px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="1260" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.148%;left:56.82%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Baghdad</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Baghdad within Iraq</div>Show map of Iraq</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baghdad is located in Asia"><img alt="Baghdad is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.972%;left:13.586%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Baghdad</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Baghdad (Asia)</div>Show map of Asia</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baghdad is located in Earth"><img alt="Baghdad is located in Earth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/250px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/375px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/500px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1260" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.492%;left:62.324%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Baghdad</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Baghdad (Earth)</div>Show map of Earth</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baghdad&params=33_18_55_N_44_21_58_E_region:IQ-BG_type:city(8,100,000)">33°18′55″N 44°21′58″E / 33.31528°N 44.36611°E / 33.31528; 44.36611</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate">Baghdad</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">30 July 762 AD</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">Caliph al-Mansur</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Districts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_districts_in_Baghdad" title="Administrative districts in Baghdad">11</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Baghdad City Advisory Council</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Baghdad" title="List of mayors of Baghdad">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ammar Moussa Kadhum</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">673 km2 (260 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">34 m (112 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2024)</div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,921,134<[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iraq">1st in Iraq</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">12,000/km2 (30,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,141,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Baghdadi</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">UTC+03:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabian_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Standard Time">Arabian Standard Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">(Not Observed)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">10001 to 10090</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amanatbaghdad.gov.iq/index.php?lang=en">amanatbaghdad.gov.iq</a> (in Arabic)</td></tr></tbody></table> Baghdad<a href="#cite_note-2">[note 1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: بغداد‎, Baghdād) is the capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iraq" title="List of largest cities of Iraq">largest city</a> of Iraq, located along the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> in the central part of the country. With a population exceeding 7 million, it ranks among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_the_Arab_world" title="List of largest cities in the Arab world">most populous cities</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a> and forms 22% of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">country's population</a>. Spanning an area of approximately 673 square kilometres (260 sq mi), Baghdad is the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate">Baghdad Governorate</a> and serves as Iraq's political, economic, and cultural hub. Founded in 762 AD by <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">Al-Mansur</a>, Baghdad was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> and became its most notable development project. The city evolved into a cultural and intellectual center of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a>, as well as a multi-ethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning". For much of the Abbasid era, during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, Baghdad was one of the largest cities in the world and rivaled <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, as the population peaked at more than one million. It was largely <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">destroyed</a> at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires such as the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">White Sheep Turkoman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turco%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco–Persian Wars">Turco–Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk Dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire.</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">city was part</a> of the Ottoman Empire's <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Vilayet">Baghdad Vilayet</a> until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when it was <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">captured by British forces</a> in 1917. Baghdad became capital of the former <a href="/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Mandate of Mesopotamia">Mandate of Mesopotamia</a> in 1921. With the recognition of Iraq as an <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">independent monarchy</a> in 1932, it gradually regained some of its former prominence as a significant center of <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab culture</a>. During the era of oil boom in Iraq, the city experienced a period of prosperity and growth. It faced <a href="/wiki/Damage_to_Baghdad_during_the_Iraq_War" title="Damage to Baghdad during the Iraq War">severe infrastructural damage</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, which began with the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a> in 2003, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">substantial loss of cultural heritage and historical artifacts</a>. Impacted by the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">2011–2013 insurgency</a> and renewed <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">war</a> from 2013 to 2017, during this period, it had one of the highest rates of terrorist attacks in the world. However, it has gradually been on the decline since the territorial defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> militant group in Iraq in 2017, and are now rare. As capital of Iraq, Baghdad is location of the seat of government, national institutions and government ministries and serves as headquarters to numerous companies. It generates 40% of Iraq's GDP. A major center of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic history">Islamic history</a>, the city is home to <a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Baghdad" title="List of mosques in Baghdad">numerous historic mosques</a>, as well as churches, mandis and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_sites_in_Iraq" title="List of Jewish sites in Iraq">synagogues</a>, highlighting the it's historical diversity. Baghdad is home to <a href="/wiki/Mustansiriya_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustansiriya University">Mustansiriya University</a>, one of the oldest universities and <a href="/wiki/Al-Kazimiyya_Mosque" title="Al-Kazimiyya Mosque">Masjid al-Kādhimayn</a>, that is visited every year by millions of Shi'ite pilgrims. The city is home to important cultural sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">National Museum of Iraq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Library_and_Archive" title="Iraq National Library and Archive">Iraqi National Library</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Media_Centre_(Iraq)" title="National Media Centre (Iraq)">National Media Center</a>. It is also known as the "City of Palaces", as it is home to well-known palaces. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> The name Baghdad is pre-Islamic, and its origin is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-EI2-3">[2]</a> The site where the city of Baghdad developed has been populated for millennia. Archaeological evidence shows that the site of Baghdad was occupied by various peoples long before the Arab conquest of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in 637 CE, and several ancient empires had capitals located in the surrounding area.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> Arab authors, realizing the pre-Islamic origins of Baghdad's name, generally looked for its roots in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EI2-3">[2]</a> They suggested various meanings, the most common of which was "bestowed by God".<a href="#cite_note-EI2-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Modern scholars generally tend to favor this etymology,<a href="#cite_note-EI2-3">[2]</a> which views the word as a Persian compound of bagh (<a href="/wiki/File:Baghpahlavi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghpahlavi.png/25px-Baghpahlavi.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghpahlavi.png/38px-Baghpahlavi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghpahlavi.png/50px-Baghpahlavi.png 2x" data-file-width="189" data-file-height="167" /></a>) "god" and dād (<a href="/wiki/File:Dadpahlavi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dadpahlavi.png/30px-Dadpahlavi.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dadpahlavi.png/45px-Dadpahlavi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dadpahlavi.png/60px-Dadpahlavi.png 2x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="194" /></a>) "given".<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> the first element can be traced to boghu and is related to <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Iranian</a> bhag and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> bog "god."<a href="#cite_note-EI2-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strange_pg_10-8">[7]</a> A similar term in Middle Persian is the name Mithradāt (<a href="/wiki/Mehrdad" title="Mehrdad">Mehrdad</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a>), known in English by its borrowed Hellenistic form Mithridates, meaning "Given by <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>" (dāt is the more archaic form of dād, related to Sanskrit dāt, Latin dat and English donor),<a href="#cite_note-EI2-3">[2]</a> ultimately borrowed from Persian Mehrdad. There are a number of other locations whose names are compounds of the Middle Persian word bagh, including <a href="/wiki/Baghlan" title="Baghlan">Baghlan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bagram" title="Bagram">Bagram</a> in Afghanistan, <a href="/wiki/Baghshan" title="Baghshan">Baghshan</a> in Iran itself,<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baghdati" title="Baghdati">Baghdati</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, which likely share the same etymological Iranic origins.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-BRILL1987-12">[11]</a> Other authors have suggested older origins for the name, in particular the name Bagdadu or Hudadu that existed in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Old Babylonian</a> (spelled with a sign that can represent both bag and hu), and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Jewish Babylonian Aramaic</a> name of a place called Baghdatha (בגדתא).<a href="#cite_note-EI2-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Some scholars suggested Aramaic derivations.<a href="#cite_note-EI2-3">[2]</a> Another view, suggested by Christophe Wall-Romana, is that name of "Baghdad" is derived from "<a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a>", as the cuneiform logogram for Akkad (𒀀𒂵𒉈𒆠) is pronounced "a-ga-dèKI" ("Agade") and its resemblance to "Baghdad" is compelling.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> When the Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a> founded a completely new city for his capital, he chose the name "City of peace" (Arabic: مدینة السلام, romanized: Madīnat as-Salām),which now refers to the <a href="/wiki/Round_City_of_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Round City of Baghdad">Round City of Baghdad</a> proper. Another explanation is that the Sorani Kurdish language words of bagh (باخ), which means "the garden of"; and dad (داد), which stands for "Justice". This was the official name on coins, weights, and other official usage, although the common people continued to use the old name.<a href="#cite_note-ما_معنى_اسم_مدينة_بغداد_ومن_سماه_؟-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-ejabat.google.com-18">[17]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] By the 11th century, Baghdad became almost the exclusive name for the world-renowned metropolis. Christophe Wall-Romana has suggested that al-Mansur's choice to found his "new city" at Baghdad because of its strategic location was the same criteria which influenced <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon</a>'s choice to found the original city of <a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a> in the exact same location.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Baghdad" title="History of Baghdad">History of Baghdad</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Baghdad" title="Timeline of Baghdad">Timeline of Baghdad</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png/220px-Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png/330px-Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png/440px-Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png 2x" data-file-width="1805" data-file-height="1445" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Round_City_of_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Round City of Baghdad">Round City of Baghdad</a> between 767 and 912 AD</figcaption></figure> After the fall of the Umayyads, the victorious Abbasids sought a new capital. On July 30, 762, Caliph Al-Mansur commissioned Baghdad's construction, guided by the Iranian Barmakids. He believed Baghdad was ideal for ruling the Islamic Empire. Historian al-Tabari recorded a prophecy from Christian monks about a leader named Miklas building a great city in the area, and Al-Mansur, who was once called Miklas, saw this as a good omen. He expressed deep affection for the site, declaring it would be the home of his dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> The two designers who were hired by <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">Al-Mansur</a> to plan the city's design were <a href="/wiki/Naubakht" title="Naubakht">Naubakht</a>, a Zoroastrian who also determined that the date of the foundation of the city would be astrologically auspicious, and <a href="/wiki/Mashallah_ibn_Athari" title="Mashallah ibn Athari">Mashallah</a>, a Jew from <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_province" title="Khorasan province">Khorasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>,.<a href="#cite_note-ref2-25">[24]</a> They determined the city's auspicious founding date under the sign of <a href="/wiki/Leo_(astrology)" title="Leo (astrology)">Leo</a> the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">lion</a>, symbolizing strength and expansion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiet197112-26">[25]</a> Baghdad's strategic location along the Tigris and its abundant water supply contributed to its rapid growth. It was divided into three judicial districts: Madinat al-Mansur (Round City), al-Sharqiyya (al-Karkh), and Askar al-Mahdi. To prevent disturbances, Al-Mansur moved markets to al-Karkh. Over time, Baghdad became a hub for merchants and craftsmen. Officials called "Muhtasib" monitored trade to prevent fraud.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Baghdad surpassed Ctesiphon, the former Sassanid capital, located 30 km southeast. The ruins of Ctesiphon remain in Salman Pak, where Salman the Persian is believed to be buried. Ctesiphon itself had replaced Seleucia, which had earlier succeeded Babylon.According to the traveler <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>, Baghdad was one of the largest cities,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] not including the damage it has received. The residents are mostly <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbalis</a>. Most residents were Hanbali Muslims. The city housed Abu Hanifa’s grave, marked by a mosque and cell. Its ruler, Abu Said Bahadur Khan, was a Tatar who had embraced Islam.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Baghdad was designed to symbolize <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a> as described in the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>. It took four years (764–768) to build, with over 100,000 workers involved. Al-Mansur recruited engineers and artisans worldwide. Astrologers Naubakht Ahvazi and Mashallah advised starting construction under Leo, associated with fire, productivity, and expansion. Bricks for the city were 18 inches square, and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hanifah">Abu Hanifah</a> supervised their production. A canal supplied water for drinking and construction. Marble was used extensively, including steps leading to the river.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiet197113-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiet197112-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-ox-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> The city’s layout consisted of two large semicircles, with a 2 km-wide circular core known as the "Round City." It had parks, gardens, villas, and promenades. Unlike European cities of the time, Baghdad had a sanitation system, fountains, and public baths, with thousands of hammams enhancing hygiene. The mosque and guard headquarters stood at the center, though some central space's function remains unknown. Baghdad’s circular design reflected ancient Near Eastern urban planning, similar to the Sasanian city of Gur and older Mesopotamian cities like Mari.<a href="#cite_note-ox-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bobrick_2012_67-35">[34]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Tell_Chuera" title="Tell Chuera">Tell Chuera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Rawda_(tell)" title="Al-Rawda (tell)">Tell al-Rawda</a> also provide examples of this type of urban planning existing in Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>. This style of urban planning contrasted with Ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> urban planning, in which cities are designed as squares or rectangles with streets intersecting each other at right angles. Baghdad was lively, with attractions like cabarets, chess halls, live plays, concerts, and acrobatics. Storytelling flourished, with professional storytellers (al-Qaskhun) captivating crowds, inspiring the tales of Arabian Nights. The city had four walls named after major destinations—<a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khurasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurasan">Khurasan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Baghdad" title="Gates of Baghdad">their gates</a> pointed in on these destinations. The gates were 2.4 km apart, with massive iron doors requiring several men to operate. The walls, up to 44 meters thick and 30 meters high, were reinforced with a second wall, towers, and a moat for added defense. On street corners, storytellers engaged crowds with tales such as those later told in Arabian Nights.<a href="#cite_note-Bobrick_2012_67-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> The Golden Gate Palace, home of the caliph, stood at Baghdad's center with a grand 48-meter green dome. Only the caliph could approach its esplanade on horseback. Nearby were officer residences and a guardhouse. After Caliph Al-Amin's death in 813, the palace ceased to be the caliph's residence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Center_of_learning_(8th–9th_centuries)">Center of learning (8th–9th centuries)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Center of learning (8th–9th centuries)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%283%29.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%283%29.jpg/330px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%283%29.jpg/440px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4140" data-file-height="2750" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard of <a href="/wiki/Mustansiriya_Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustansiriya Madrasah">Mustansiriya</a> <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasa</a>, established in 1227, was one of the oldest universities in the world. Its building survived the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">Mongol invasion</a> of 1258. The modern <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansiriya_University" title="Al-Mustansiriya University">Mustansiriyah University</a> was established in 1963.</figcaption></figure> Within a generation of its founding, Baghdad became a hub of <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a>. The city flourished into an unrivaled intellectual center of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, especially with the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_translation_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid translation movement">Abbasid translation movement</a> began under the second caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">Al-Mansur</a> and thrived under the seventh caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">Al-Ma'mun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meri-37">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">Baytul-Hikmah</a> or the "House of Wisdom" was among the most well known academies,<a href="#cite_note-Kh-38">[37]</a> and had the largest selection of books in the world by the middle of the 9th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Notable scholars based in Baghdad during this time include translator <a href="/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq" title="Hunayn ibn Ishaq">Hunayn ibn Ishaq</a>, mathematician <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Musa_al-Khwarizmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi">al-Khwarizmi</a>, and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kh-38">[37]</a> Although Arabic was used as the international language of science, the scholarship involved not only Arabs, but also <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriacs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Nestorians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibad" title="Ibad">Arab Christians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> and people from other ethnic and religious groups native to the region.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> These are considered among the fundamental elements that contributed to the flourishing of scholarship in the Medieval Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Baghdad was also a significant center of Islamic religious learning, with <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a> contributing to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Mu'tazili</a> theology, as well as <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a> culminating in the scholarship on the <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Quranic exegesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meri-37">[36]</a> Baghdad is likely to have been the <a href="/wiki/Historical_urban_community_sizes" title="Historical urban community sizes">largest city in the world</a> from shortly after its foundation until the 930s, when it tied with <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Córdoba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Several estimates suggest that the city contained over a million inhabitants at its peak.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Many of the <a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a> tales, widely known as the Arabian Nights, are set in Baghdad during this period. It would surpass even Constantinople in prosperity and size.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khan_murjan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Khan_murjan.jpg/220px-Khan_murjan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Khan_murjan.jpg/330px-Khan_murjan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Khan_murjan.jpg/440px-Khan_murjan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9963" data-file-height="6580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khan_Murjan" title="Khan Murjan">Khan Murjan</a>, built in the 14th century as a <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserai</a></figcaption></figure> Among the notable features of Baghdad during this period were its exceptional libraries. Many of the Abbasid caliphs were patrons of learning and enjoyed collecting both ancient and contemporary literature. Although some of the princes of the previous Umayyad dynasty had begun to gather and translate Greek scientific literature, the Abbasids were the first to foster Greek learning on a large scale. Many of these libraries were private collections intended only for the use of the owners and their immediate friends, but the libraries of the caliphs and other officials soon took on a public or a semi-public character.<a href="#cite_note-mackensen-52">[51]</a> Four great libraries were established in Baghdad during this period. The earliest was that of the famous <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">Al-Ma'mun</a>, who was caliph from 813 to 833. Another was established by <a href="/wiki/Sabur_ibn_Ardashir" title="Sabur ibn Ardashir">Sabur ibn Ardashir</a> in 991 or 993 for the literary men and scholars who frequented his academy.<a href="#cite_note-mackensen-52">[51]</a> This second library was plundered and burned by the Seljuks only seventy years after it was established. This was a good example of the sort of library built up out of the needs and interests of a literary society.<a href="#cite_note-mackensen-52">[51]</a> The last two were examples of madrasa or theological college libraries. The <a href="/wiki/Nezamiyeh" title="Nezamiyeh">Nezamiyeh</a> was founded by the Persian <a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a>, who was vizier of two early Seljuk sultans.<a href="#cite_note-mackensen-52">[51]</a> It continued to operate even after the coming of the Mongols in 1258. The <a href="/wiki/Mustansiriya_Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustansiriya Madrasah">Mustansiriyah madrasa</a>, which owned an exceedingly rich library, was founded by <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_(Baghdad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mustansir (Baghdad)">Al-Mustansir</a>, the second last Abbasid caliph, who died in 1242.<a href="#cite_note-mackensen-52">[51]</a> This would prove to be the last great library built by the caliphs of Baghdad. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stagnation_and_invasions_(10th–16th_centuries)">Stagnation and invasions (10th–16th centuries)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stagnation and invasions (10th–16th centuries)">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlKhulafa_Mosque_in_Baghdad_46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AlKhulafa_Mosque_in_Baghdad_46.jpg/175px-AlKhulafa_Mosque_in_Baghdad_46.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AlKhulafa_Mosque_in_Baghdad_46.jpg/262px-AlKhulafa_Mosque_in_Baghdad_46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AlKhulafa_Mosque_in_Baghdad_46.jpg/349px-AlKhulafa_Mosque_in_Baghdad_46.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Khulafa_Mosque" title="Al-Khulafa Mosque">Al-Khulafa mosque</a> retains an Abbasid-era minaret</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zubaida_tomb.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Zubaida_tomb.JPG/220px-Zubaida_tomb.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Zubaida_tomb.JPG/330px-Zubaida_tomb.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Zubaida_tomb.JPG/440px-Zubaida_tomb.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zumurrud_Khatun_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Zumurrud Khatun Mosque">Zumurrud Khatun Tomb</a> in Baghdad (built in 1202 AD)</figcaption></figure> By the 10th century, the city's population was between 1.2 million<a href="#cite_note-Modelski-53">[52]</a> and 2 million.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Baghdad's early meteoric growth eventually slowed due to troubles within the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>, including relocations of the capital to <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Samarra" title="Abbasid Samarra">Samarra</a> (during 808–819 and 836–892), the loss of the western and easternmost provinces, and periods of political domination by the <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Buwayhid" class="mw-redirect" title="Buwayhid">Buwayhids</a> (945–1055) and <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> (1055–1135). The <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuks</a> were a clan of the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> from Central Asia that converted to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> branch of Islam. In 1040, they destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a>, taking over their land and in 1055, <a href="/wiki/Tughril_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughril Beg">Tughril Beg</a>, the leader of the Seljuks, took over Baghdad. The Seljuks expelled the <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a> of Shiites that had ruled for some time and took over power and control of Baghdad. They ruled as <a href="/wiki/Sultans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultans">Sultans</a> in the name of the Abbasid caliphs (they saw themselves as being part of the Abbasid regime). Tughril Beg saw himself as the protector of the Abbasid Caliphs.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Baghdad was captured in <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1394)" title="Capture of Baghdad (1394)">1394</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1534)" title="Capture of Baghdad (1534)">1534</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1624)" title="Capture of Baghdad (1624)">1623</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1638)" title="Capture of Baghdad (1638)">1638</a>. The city has been sieged in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(812%E2%80%93813)" title="Siege of Baghdad (812–813)">812</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_civil_war_(865%E2%80%93866)" title="Abbasid civil war (865–866)">865</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(946)" title="Battle of Baghdad (946)">946</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1157)" title="Siege of Baghdad (1157)">1157</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">1258</a> and in 1393 and 1401, by <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a>. In 1058, Baghdad was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a> under the Turkish general Abu'l-Ḥārith Arslān al-Basasiri, an adherent of the <a href="/wiki/Ismailis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailis">Ismailis</a> along with the 'Uqaylid Quraysh.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Not long before the arrival of the Saljuqs in Baghdad, al-Basasiri petitioned to the Fatimid Imam-Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">al-Mustansir</a> to support him in conquering Baghdad on the Ismaili Imam's behalf. It has recently come to light that the famed Fatimid <a href="/wiki/Da%27i" title="Da'i">da'i</a>, al-Mu'ayyad al-Shirazi, had a direct role in supporting al-Basasiri and helped the general to succeed in taking <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mawṣil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasit,_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasit, Iraq">Wāsit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>. Soon after,<a href="#cite_note-Daftary,_Farhad_1990-57">[56]</a> by December 1058, a Shi'i <a href="/wiki/Adh%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhān">adhān</a> (call to prayer) was implemented in Baghdad and a <a href="/wiki/Khutbah" title="Khutbah">khutbah</a> (sermon) was delivered in the name of the Fatimid Imam-Caliph.<a href="#cite_note-Daftary,_Farhad_1990-57">[56]</a> Despite his Shi'i inclinations, Al-Basasiri received support from Sunnis and Shi'is alike, for whom opposition to the Saljuq power was a common factor.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fall_Of_Baghdad_(Diez_Albums).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fall_Of_Baghdad_%28Diez_Albums%29.jpg/300px-Fall_Of_Baghdad_%28Diez_Albums%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fall_Of_Baghdad_%28Diez_Albums%29.jpg/450px-Fall_Of_Baghdad_%28Diez_Albums%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fall_Of_Baghdad_%28Diez_Albums%29.jpg/600px-Fall_Of_Baghdad_%28Diez_Albums%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9472" data-file-height="5963" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">Conquest of Baghdad</a> by the Mongols in 1258 CE</figcaption></figure> On 10 February 1258, Baghdad was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Hulegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulegu">Hulegu</a>, a grandson of Chingiz Khan (<a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>), during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">siege of Baghdad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Many quarters were ruined by fire, siege, or looting. The Mongols massacred most of the city's inhabitants, including the caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim" title="Al-Musta'sim">Al-Musta'sim</a>, and destroyed large sections of the city. The <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">dykes</a> forming the city's <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> system were also destroyed. During this time, in Baghdad, Christians and Shia were tolerated, while Sunnis were treated as enemies.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> The sack of Baghdad put an end to the Abbasid Caliphate.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> It has been argued that this marked an end to the Islamic Golden Age and served a blow from which Islamic civilization never fully recovered.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timur_reconstruction03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Timur_reconstruction03.jpg/170px-Timur_reconstruction03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Timur_reconstruction03.jpg/255px-Timur_reconstruction03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Timur_reconstruction03.jpg/340px-Timur_reconstruction03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> Turko-Mongol conqueror <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> sacked the city and spared almost no one</figcaption></figure> At this point, Baghdad was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>, a breakaway state of the Mongol Empire, ruling from Iran. In August 1393, Baghdad was occupied by the Central Asian Turkic conqueror <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> ("Tamerlane"),<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> by marching there in only eight days from <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jalayir" title="Ahmad Jalayir">Ahmad Jalayir</a> fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan <a href="/wiki/Barquq" title="Barquq">Barquq</a> protected him and killed Timur's envoys. Timur left the <a href="/wiki/Sarbadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarbadar">Sarbadar</a> prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern Baghdad, but he <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1394)" title="Capture of Baghdad (1394)">was driven out</a> when <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jalayir" title="Ahmad Jalayir">Ahmad Jalayir</a> returned. In 1401, Baghdad was again sacked, by Timur.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> When his forces took Baghdad, he spared almost no one, and ordered that each of his soldiers bring back two severed human heads.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Baghdad became a provincial capital controlled by the Mongol <a href="/wiki/Jalayirid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalayirid">Jalayirid</a> (1400–1411), Turkic <a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a> (1411–1469), Turkic <a href="/wiki/White_Sheep_Turkmen" class="mw-redirect" title="White Sheep Turkmen">Ak Koyunlu</a> (1469–1508), and the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a> (1508–1534) dynasties. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_and_Mamluks_(16th–19th_centuries)">Ottoman and Mamluks (16th–19th centuries)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ottoman and Mamluks (16th–19th centuries)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Eyalet" title="Baghdad Eyalet">Baghdad Eyalet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Vilayet">Baghdad Vilayet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Baghdad_(1831%E2%80%931917)" title="History of Baghdad (1831–1917)">History of Baghdad (1831–1917)</a></div> The Safavids took control of the city in 1509 under the leadership of Shah Ismail I. It remained under Safavid rule until the Ottomans seized it in 1535, but the Safavids regained control in 1624. A massacre occurred when the Shah's army entered the city. It remained under Safavid rule until 1639 when Sultan Murad IV recaptured it in 1638. In 1534, Baghdad was <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1532%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–55)">captured</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, Baghdad continued into a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Baghdad_(1831%E2%80%931917)" title="History of Baghdad (1831–1917)">period of decline</a>, partially as a result of the enmity between its rulers and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a>, which did not accept the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> control of the city. <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1623%E2%80%931639)" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639)">Between 1623 and 1638</a>, it returned to Iranian rule before falling back into Ottoman hands. Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> and sometimes two-thirds of its population has been wiped out.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The city became part of an <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Eyalet" title="Baghdad Eyalet">eyalet</a> and then a <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_vilayet" title="Baghdad vilayet">vilayet</a>. For a time, Baghdad had been the largest city in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-:13-68">[67]</a> The city saw relative revival in the latter part of the 18th century, under <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk dynasty of Iraq">Mamluk</a> government.<a href="#cite_note-:13-68">[67]</a> Direct Ottoman rule was reimposed by <a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha_(governor_of_Baghdad)" title="Ali Rıza Pasha (governor of Baghdad)">Ali Rıza Pasha</a> in 1831.<a href="#cite_note-:13-68">[67]</a> From 1851 to 1852 and from 1861 to 1867, Baghdad was governed, under the Ottoman Empire by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Nam%C4%B1k_Pasha" title="Mehmed Namık Pasha">Mehmed Namık Pasha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-68">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nuttall_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuttall Encyclopedia">Nuttall Encyclopedia</a> reports the 1907 population of Baghdad as 185,000.<a href="#cite_note-:13-68">[67]</a> The city's municipality was established in 1868, and Ibrahim al-Daftari was appointed its first mayor.<a href="#cite_note-:14-69">[68]</a> The year 1869 is of great importance in the history of Baghdad in the Ottoman era, as it was the beginning of what can be considered a distinct era of the Ottoman eras, the foundations of which were laid by Governor <a href="/wiki/Midhat_Pasha" title="Midhat Pasha">Midhat Pasha</a>, who implemented a number of reform systems and laws that the state legislated during the era of reforms and reconstruction, which was called the Tanzimat era.<a href="#cite_note-:14-69">[68]</a> The overall importance of Baghdad to the Ottomans was that they made the headquarters of the Sixth Corps of the Ottoman Army in the city.<a href="#cite_note-:14-69">[68]</a> By the 19th century, Baghdad emerged as a leading center for Jewish learning.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-70">[69]</a> The city had Jewish population of over 6,000 and had numerous yeshivas.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-70">[69]</a> The Jewish population has grown so rapidly that by 1884, there were 30,000 Jews in Baghdad and by 1900, 50,000, comprising over a quarter of the city's total population.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-70">[69]</a> Large-scale Jewish immigration from Kurdistan to Baghdad continued throughout this period.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-70">[69]</a> By the mid-19th century, the religious infrastructure of Baghdad grew to include a large yeshiva which trained up to sixty rabbis at time.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-70">[69]</a> Religious scholarship flourished in Baghdad, which produced great rabbis, such as Joseph Hayyim ben Eliahu Mazal-Tov, known as the <a href="/wiki/Ben_Ish_Chai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Ish Chai">Ben Ish Chai</a> (1834–1909) or Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Somekh" title="Abdallah Somekh">Abdallah Somekh</a> (1813–1889). <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_Eyalet,_Ottoman_Empire_(1609).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Baghdad Eyalet in 1609"><img alt="Baghdad Eyalet in 1609" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Baghdad_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png/307px-Baghdad_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Baghdad_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png/461px-Baghdad_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Baghdad_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png/615px-Baghdad_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1250" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Eyalet" title="Baghdad Eyalet">Baghdad Eyalet</a> in 1609</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_Vilayet,_Ottoman_Empire_(1900).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Baghdad Vilayet in 1900"><img alt="Baghdad Vilayet in 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Baghdad_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.png/375px-Baghdad_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Baghdad_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.png/562px-Baghdad_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Baghdad_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.png/750px-Baghdad_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2975" data-file-height="1905" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Vilayet">Baghdad Vilayet</a> in 1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 253.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Market-Place_of_Bagdad.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Souk in Baghdad, 1876"><img alt="Souk in Baghdad, 1876" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Market-Place_of_Bagdad.jpeg/380px-Market-Place_of_Bagdad.jpeg" decoding="async" width="254" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Market-Place_of_Bagdad.jpeg/569px-Market-Place_of_Bagdad.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Market-Place_of_Bagdad.jpeg/759px-Market-Place_of_Bagdad.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="505" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Souk in Baghdad, 1876</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mandate for Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahbandar_Cafe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shahbandar_Cafe.jpg/170px-Shahbandar_Cafe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shahbandar_Cafe.jpg/255px-Shahbandar_Cafe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shahbandar_Cafe.jpg/340px-Shahbandar_Cafe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shabandar_Caf%C3%A9" title="Shabandar Café">Al-Shabandar Café</a> in Baghdad, 1923</figcaption></figure> Baghdad and southern Iraq remained under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule until 1917, when they were captured by the British during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:32-71">[70]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamian campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Baghdad fell in hands of the British forces</a> in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-:32-71">[70]</a> In 1920, Baghdad became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a> under the <a href="/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Mandate of Mesopotamia">Mandate of Mesopotamia</a>, with several architectural and planning projects commissioned to reinforce this administration.<a href="#cite_note-:32-71">[70]</a> After receiving independence in 1932, the city became capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:32-71">[70]</a> During this period, the substantial Jewish community (probably exceeding 100,000 people) comprised between a quarter and a third of the city's population, who were pioneer in trade and commerce.<a href="#cite_note-GhareebDougherty2004-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> On 1 April 1941, members of the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali al-Gaylani</a> staged <a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">a coup in Baghdad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> He installed a pro-<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> and pro-<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italian</a> government to replace the pro-British government of <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ilah" title="Abd al-Ilah">Abd al-Ilah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:46-75">[74]</a> On 31 May, after the resulting <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a> and after al-Gaylani and his government had fled, the Mayor of Baghdad surrendered to British and Commonwealth forces.<a href="#cite_note-:46-75">[74]</a> On 1–2 June, during the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Power_vacuum" title="Power vacuum">power vacuum</a>, Jewish residents were attacked following rumors they had aided the British.<a href="#cite_note-:28-76">[75]</a> In what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a>, over 180 Jews were killed, 1,000 injured and hundreds of Jewish properties were ransacked.<a href="#cite_note-:28-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-gilbert-77">[76]</a> Between 300 and 400 non-Jewish rioters were killed in the attempt to quell the violence.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Between 1950 and 1951, Jews were targeted in series of bombings.<a href="#cite_note-:47-79">[78]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Avi Shlaim</a>, Israel was behind bombings, which is also believed by the majority of the Iraqis.<a href="#cite_note-:47-79">[78]</a> The city's population grew from an estimated 145,000 in 1900 to 580,000 in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-80">[79]</a> A development plan came during King Faisal II.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-80">[79]</a> However, the project was ceased, when new the government came to power.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-80">[79]</a> On 14 July 1958, members of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Karim_Qasim" title="Abdul-Karim Qasim">Abdul-Karim Qasim</a>, <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">staged a coup to topple the Kingdom of Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:48-81">[80]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Faisal_II" title="Faisal II">Faisal II</a>, former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Said" title="Nuri al-Said">Nuri al-Said</a>, former Regent Prince <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ilah" title="Abd al-Ilah">Abd al-Ilah</a>, members of the royal family, and others were brutally killed during the coup.<a href="#cite_note-:48-81">[80]</a> Many of the victim's bodies were then dragged through the streets of Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-:48-81">[80]</a> Qasim adopted new principles to develop the city.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> New projects such as <a href="/wiki/Sadr_City" title="Sadr City">Sadr City</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Baghdad" title="New Baghdad">New Baghdad</a> came under his rule.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> In 1960, Baghdad hosted a conference with dignitaries from Iran, Venezuela and Saudi Arabia, that founded OPEC.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> During the 1970s, Baghdad experienced a period of prosperity and growth because of a sharp increase in the <a href="/wiki/Price_of_petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Price of petroleum">price of petroleum</a>, Iraq's main export.<a href="#cite_note-:29-85">[84]</a> New <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> including modern sewerage, water, and highway facilities were built during this period.<a href="#cite_note-:29-85">[84]</a> The master plans of the city in 1967 and 1973 were delivered by the Polish planning office Miastoprojekt-Kraków, mediated by Polservice.<a href="#cite_note-:29-85">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Saddam_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam International Airport">new airport</a> was opened in 1982. However, the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> of the 1980s was a difficult time for the city, as money was diverted by <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">army</a> and thousands of residents were killed.<a href="#cite_note-:30-86">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> launched a number of missile attacks against Baghdad in retaliation for the Iraqi Army's continuous bombardments of <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>'s residential districts.<a href="#cite_note-:30-86">[85]</a> During the Gulf War, an <a href="/wiki/Amiriyah_shelter_bombing" title="Amiriyah shelter bombing">aerial bombing attack</a> killed at least 408 civilians on 13 February 1991 in <a href="/wiki/Amiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiriya">Amiriya</a> and a bridge was damaged.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Later, Baghdad was targeted in more airstrikes.<a href="#cite_note-Dictatorship,_Imperialism_and_Chaos:_Iraq_Since_19892-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dictatorship,_Imperialism_and_Chaos:_Iraq_Since_1989-90">[89]</a> Shortly after the war ended in 1991, Iraqi Kurds and Shi'ite Muslims led <a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">uprisings against the regime</a> and Baghdad was sight of clashes between the Shi'ite rebels and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Iraq)" title="Republican Guard (Iraq)">Republican Guard</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Qusay_Hussein" title="Qusay Hussein">Qusay Hussein</a> in Sadr City, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saddam_City" title="Battle of Saddam City">battle of Saddam City</a> in March 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Dictatorship,_Imperialism_and_Chaos:_Iraq_Since_19892-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dictatorship,_Imperialism_and_Chaos:_Iraq_Since_1989-90">[89]</a> Baghdad was also targeted in numerous airstrikes later.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USMarineTankinBaghdad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/USMarineTankinBaghdad.jpg/220px-USMarineTankinBaghdad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/USMarineTankinBaghdad.jpg/330px-USMarineTankinBaghdad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/USMarineTankinBaghdad.jpg/440px-USMarineTankinBaghdad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>U.S Marine tanks on streets of Baghdad, Iraq on April 14th, 2003</figcaption></figure> In March 2003, the United States-led coalition invaded Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:2-91">[90]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">coalition forces</a> launched massive aerial assaults and captured Baghdad on 09 April.<a href="#cite_note-:2-91">[90]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">fall of Baghdad</a>, the government lost its power.<a href="#cite_note-:2-91">[90]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein_statue_destruction" title="Saddam Hussein statue destruction">statue of Saddam Hussein was toppled</a> in <a href="/wiki/Firdos_Square" title="Firdos Square">Firdous Square</a>, symbolizing end of his rule.<a href="#cite_note-:2-91">[90]</a> After the invasion, the airport was renamed as Baghdad International Airport.<a href="#cite_note-:2-91">[90]</a> Also two minor riots took place in 2003, on 21 July and 2 October, causing some disturbance in the population.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-:31-93">[92]</a> Many of the Ba'ath Party officials were either killed or captured by the forces. The month of August saw two major bombings —Jordanian Embassy and Canal Hotel. Religious and ethnic minorities, such as Christians, Mandaeans, and Jews, began leaving the city out of fear of being targeted in the attacks, as they were subjected to kidnappings, death threats, and violence. Priceless collection of artifacts in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Iraq">National Museum of Iraq</a> was looted by people and thousands of ancient manuscripts in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Library_and_Archive" title="Iraq National Library and Archive">National Library</a> were destroyed. The Iraqi Film Archive building was also bombed by the coalition forces.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Haifa_Street_helicopter_incident" title="Haifa Street helicopter incident">Haifa Street helicopter incident</a> on 12 September gained controversial attraction. On 2 March 2004, the eve of <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a>, one of the deadliest bombing took place in Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-:02-95">[94]</a> The bombing killed at least 80–100 were killed and injured 200 <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-95">[94]</a> Coinciding the execution of Saddam Hussein in 2006, violence increased in Baghdad during the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">sectarian civil war</a> between Shi'ite militias and Sunni insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-:12-96">[95]</a> Shi'ite militias were <a href="/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr" title="Muqtada al-Sadr">Muqtada as-Sadr</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Army" title="Mahdi Army">Jaysh al-Mahdi (JAM)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Iranian-backed Special Groups</a> and among Sunni insurgents, the largest was <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-96">[95]</a> Sunni insurgents established their bases Mansour, <a href="/wiki/Adhamiyah" title="Adhamiyah">Adhamiyah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dora,_Baghdad" title="Dora, Baghdad">Doura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-96">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mansour_district" title="Mansour district">Mansour district</a> borders the Shi'ite populated Kadhimiyah and <a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid,_Baghdad" title="Al-Rashid, Baghdad">East Rasheed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-96">[95]</a> Before 2003, it was home to wealthy Sunnis and Ba’athist officials.<a href="#cite_note-:12-96">[95]</a> Hence, when the regime fell, it quickly became a stronghold for the Sunni insurgency and <a href="/wiki/Bab_Al-Sharqi" title="Bab Al-Sharqi">Bab Al-Sharqi</a> became stronghold for the Mahdi Army.<a href="#cite_note-:12-96">[95]</a> The war, which officially ended in 2011, caused <a href="/wiki/Damage_to_Baghdad_during_the_Iraq_War" title="Damage to Baghdad during the Iraq War">huge damage</a> to Baghdad's transportation, power, and sanitary infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-:2-91">[90]</a> It took place from 2003 to 2011, but an <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">insurgency</a> lasted until 2013.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> It was followed by <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">another war</a> from 2013 to 2017 and a <a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">low-level</a> insurgency from 2017, which included <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bombing">suicide bombings</a> in <a href="/wiki/2018_Baghdad_bombings" title="2018 Baghdad bombings">January 2018</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Baghdad bombings">January 2021</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The city also hosts various protests and rallies. In December 2015, Baghdad was selected by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as the first Arab city of the center of literary creativity.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The city attracted global media attention on 3 January 2020, when Iranian general <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a> was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">assassinated in a U.S. drone strike</a> near Baghdad Airport.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zawra_Park_landscape.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Zawra_Park_landscape.jpeg/220px-Zawra_Park_landscape.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Zawra_Park_landscape.jpeg/330px-Zawra_Park_landscape.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Zawra_Park_landscape.jpeg/440px-Zawra_Park_landscape.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Al-Zawraa Park in Baghdad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagdad-sat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bagdad-sat.JPG/220px-Bagdad-sat.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bagdad-sat.JPG/330px-Bagdad-sat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bagdad-sat.JPG/440px-Bagdad-sat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Baghdad as seen from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></figcaption></figure> The city is located on a vast plain bisected by the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> river. The Tigris splits Baghdad in half, with the eastern half being called "<a href="/wiki/Al-Rusafa,_Iraq" title="Al-Rusafa, Iraq">Risafa</a>" and the Western half known as "<a href="/wiki/Karkh" title="Karkh">Karkh</a>". The land on which the city is built is almost entirely flat and low-lying, being of <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">quaternary</a> <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial</a> origin due to periodic large flooding of the Tigris river. The <a href="/wiki/Diyala_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyala river">Diyala river</a> is a tributary of the Tigris, flowing southeast of the city and bordering its eastern suburbs. Baghdad is 529.8 kilometres (329.2 mi) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, 402.9 kilometres (250.4 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, 366.8 kilometres (227.9 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> and 103.8 kilometres (64.5 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Located to the south is <a href="/wiki/Mahmoudiyah,_Iraq" title="Mahmoudiyah, Iraq">Mahmoudiyah</a>, which serves as the gateway to Baghdad. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:708px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_(2016).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of the Tigris as it flows through Baghdad"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg/700px-Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg/1050px-Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg/1400px-Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2710" data-file-height="542" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_(2016).jpg" title="File:Tigris River in Baghdad (2016).jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of the Tigris as it flows through Baghdad</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Baghdad has a <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> BWh), featuring extremely hot, prolonged, dry summers and mild to cool, slightly wet, short winters. In the summer, from June through August, the average maximum temperature is as high as 44 °C (111 °F) and accompanied by sunshine. Rainfall has been recorded on fewer than half a dozen occasions at this time of year and has never exceeded 1 mm (0.04 in).<a href="#cite_note-Geert-103">[102]</a> Even at night, temperatures in summer are seldom below 24 °C (75 °F). Baghdad's record highest temperature of 51.8 °C (125.2 °F) was reached on 28 July 2020.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-record-105">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a> is under 50% in summer, due to Baghdad's distance from both the marshes in southern Iraq and the coasts of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">Dust storms</a> from the deserts to the west are a normal occurrence during the summer. Its winter temperatures are those of a <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</a>. From December through February, Baghdad has maximum temperatures averaging 16 to 19 °C (61 to 66 °F), with highs possible above 21 °C (70 °F). Lows below freezing occur <a href="/wiki/Statistical" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical">statistically</a> a couple of times per year.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Annual rainfall, almost entirely confined to the period from November through March, averages approximately 150 mm (5.91 in), but has been as high as 338 mm (13.31 in) and as low as 37 mm (1.46 in).<a href="#cite_note-Geert-103">[102]</a> On 11 January 2008, light snow fell across Baghdad for the first time in 100 years.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Snowfall was again reported on 11 February 2020, with accumulations across the city.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Baghdad (1991-2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6 (97.9) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0 (107.6) </td> <td style="background: #B70000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.7 (116.1) </td> <td style="background: #8F0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.6 (121.3) </td> <td style="background: #710000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51.8 (125.2) </td> <td style="background: #890000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50.0 (122.0) </td> <td style="background: #9F0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.4 (119.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.2 (104.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #710000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">51.8 (125.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5 (86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1 (98.8) </td> <td style="background: #F50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.2 (108.0) </td> <td style="background: #D20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.7 (112.5) </td> <td style="background: #D50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.5 (112.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.3 (104.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0 (93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.6 (87.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8 (55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5 (63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5 (85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8 (96.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3 (95.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2 (88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1 (77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 (43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7 (60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9 (80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2 (79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.0 (12.2) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.0 (14.0) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.5 (22.1) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6 (30.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4 (72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 (43.2) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5 (29.3) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.7 (16.3) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−11.0 (12.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #DAFFDA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (0.97) </td> <td style="background: #E3FFE3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (0.65) </td> <td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7 (0.62) </td> <td style="background: #E6FFE6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (0.64) </td> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 (0.13) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.00) </td> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (0.30) </td> <td style="background: #DAFFDA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (0.93) </td> <td style="background: #E5FFE5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0 (0.67) </td> <td style="background: #EFFFEF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">124.7 (4.91) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000F5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.1 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58.9 </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.7 </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.1 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.6 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.0 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">43.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">192.2 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">203.4 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">244.9 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">255.0 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">300.7 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">348.0 </td> <td style="background: #F9F925; color:#000000;" class="notheme">347.2 </td> <td style="background: #FAFA28; color:#000000;" class="notheme">353.4 </td> <td style="background: #F4F419; color:#000000;" class="notheme">315.0 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">272.8 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">195.3 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,240.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/WMO" class="mw-redirect" title="WMO">WMO</a> (precipitation days 1976-2008)<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-WMO-110">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Climate & Temperature<a href="#cite_note-climatetemp-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighborhoods_and_districts_in_Baghdad" title="List of neighborhoods and districts in Baghdad">List of neighborhoods and districts in Baghdad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_Municipality.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Baghdad_Municipality.png/220px-Baghdad_Municipality.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Baghdad_Municipality.png/330px-Baghdad_Municipality.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Baghdad_Municipality.png/440px-Baghdad_Municipality.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Baghdad" title="Government of Baghdad">Baghdad Municipality</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al-Khilani_Square" title="Al-Khilani Square">Al-Khilani Square</a></figcaption></figure> Administratively, Baghdad Governorate is divided into <a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">districts</a> which are further divided into <a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">sub-districts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-113">[112]</a> Municipally, the governorate is divided into 9 municipalities, which have responsibility for local issues.<a href="#cite_note-:4-113">[112]</a> Regional services, however, are coordinated and carried out by a <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> who oversees the municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-:4-113">[112]</a> The governorate council is responsible for the governorate-wide policy.<a href="#cite_note-:4-113">[112]</a> These official subdivisions of the city served as administrative centers for the delivery of municipal services but until 2003 had no political function.<a href="#cite_note-:4-113">[112]</a> Beginning in April 2003, the U.S. controlled <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> (CPA) began the process of creating new functions for these.<a href="#cite_note-:4-113">[112]</a> The process initially focused on the election of neighborhood councils in the official neighborhoods, elected by neighborhood caucuses.<a href="#cite_note-:4-113">[112]</a> The CPA convened a series of meetings in each neighborhood to explain local government, to describe the caucus election process and to encourage participants to spread the word and bring friends, relatives and neighbors to subsequent meetings.<a href="#cite_note-:4-113">[112]</a> Each neighborhood process ultimately ended with a final meeting where candidates for the new neighborhood councils identified themselves and asked their neighbors to vote for them.<a href="#cite_note-:4-113">[112]</a> Once all 88 (later increased to 89) neighborhood councils were in place, each neighborhood council elected representatives from among their members to serve on one of the city's nine district councils.<a href="#cite_note-:4-113">[112]</a> The number of neighborhood representatives on a district council is based upon the neighborhood's population.<a href="#cite_note-:4-113">[112]</a> The next step was to have each of the nine district councils elect representatives from their membership to serve on the 37 member Baghdad City Council.<a href="#cite_note-:4-113">[112]</a> This three tier system of local government connected the people of Baghdad to the central government through their representatives from the neighborhood, through the district, and up to the city council.<a href="#cite_note-:4-113">[112]</a> The same process was used to provide representative councils for the other communities in Baghdad Province outside of the city itself.<a href="#cite_note-:4-113">[112]</a> There, local councils were elected from 20 neighborhoods (Nahia) and these councils elected representatives from their members to serve on six district councils (Qada).<a href="#cite_note-:4-113">[112]</a> As within the city, the district councils then elected representatives from among their members to serve on the 35 member Baghdad Regional Council. The first step in the establishment of the system of local government for Baghdad Province was the election of the Baghdad Provincial Council. As before, the representatives to the Provincial Council were elected by their peers from the lower councils in numbers proportional to the population of the districts they represent. The 41 member Provincial Council took office in February 2004 and served until national elections held in January 2005, when a new Provincial Council was elected. This system of 127 separate councils may seem overly cumbersome; however, Baghdad Province is home to approximately seven million people. At the lowest level, the neighborhood councils, each council represents an average of 75,000 people. The nine District Advisory Councils (DAC) are as follows:<a href="#cite_note-:4-113">[112]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhamiyah" title="Adhamiyah">Adhamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkh" title="Karkh">Karkh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Zone" title="Green Zone">Green Zone</a>)<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrada" title="Karrada">Karrada</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadhimiya" title="Kadhimiya">Kadhimiya</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansour_district" title="Mansour district">Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_City" title="Sadr City">Sadr City</a> (Thawra)<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Rashid,_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Rashid, Baghdad">Al Rashid</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rusafa,_Iraq" title="Al-Rusafa, Iraq">Rusafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Baghdad" title="New Baghdad">New Baghdad</a> (Tisaa Nissan) (9 April)<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a></li></ul> The nine districts are subdivided into 89 smaller neighborhoods which may make up sectors of any of the districts above. The following is a selection (rather than a complete list) of these neighborhoods: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Ghazaliya" title="Ghazaliya">Ghazaliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-A%27amiriya" title="Al-A'amiriya">Al-A'amiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora,_Baghdad" title="Dora, Baghdad">Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrada" title="Karrada">Karrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jadriya" title="Al-Jadriya">Al-Jadriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hebnaa" title="Al-Hebnaa">Al-Hebnaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayouna" title="Zayouna">Zayouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saydiya" title="Al-Saydiya">Al-Saydiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sa%27adoon" title="Al-Sa'adoon">Al-Sa'adoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shu%27ala" title="Al-Shu'ala">Al-Shu'ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahmudiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mahmudiyah">Al-Mahmudiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Al-Moatham" title="Bab Al-Moatham">Bab Al-Moatham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baiyaa" title="Baiyaa">Al-Baya'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Za%27franiya" title="Al-Za'franiya">Al-Za'franiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_Ur" title="Hayy Ur">Hayy Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha%27ab,_Baghdad" title="Sha'ab, Baghdad">Sha'ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia" title="Jamia">Hayy Al-Jami'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adel" title="Al-Adel">Al-Adel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Khadhraa" title="Al Khadhraa">Al Khadhraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_Al-Jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayy Al-Jihad">Hayy Al-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_Al-A%27amel" title="Hayy Al-A'amel">Hayy Al-A'amel</a></li> <li>Hayy Aoor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hurriya,_Baghdad" title="Al-Hurriya, Baghdad">Al-Hurriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haydar-Khana" title="Haydar-Khana">Haydar-Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_Al-Shurtta" title="Hayy Al-Shurtta">Hayy Al-Shurtta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouk,_Baghdad" title="Yarmouk, Baghdad">Yarmouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesr_Diyala" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesr Diyala">Jesr Diyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Disher" title="Abu Disher">Abu Disher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maidan_Square" title="Al-Maidan Square">Al-Maidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghiba_Khatoun" title="Raghiba Khatoun">Raghiba Khatoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Jibor" title="Arab Jibor">Arab Jibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fathel" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fathel">Al-Fathel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ubedy" title="Al-Ubedy">Al-Ubedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Washash" title="Al-Washash">Al-Washash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wazireya" title="Al-Wazireya">Al-Wazireya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataween" title="Bataween">Bataween</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_streets">Notable streets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable streets">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A4%D8%A7%D8%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A4%D8%A7%D8%B3.jpg/220px-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A4%D8%A7%D8%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A4%D8%A7%D8%B3.jpg/330px-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A4%D8%A7%D8%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A4%D8%A7%D8%B3.jpg/440px-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A4%D8%A7%D8%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Abu Nuwas Street</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7.jpg/220px-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7.jpg/330px-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7.jpg/440px-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="1731" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mutanabbi_Street" title="Mutanabbi Street">Mutanabbi Street</a></div></div></div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Street" title="Haifa Street">Haifa Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilla_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilla Road (page does not exist)">Hilla Road</a> – Runs from the north into Baghdad via <a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_(Baghdad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmouk (Baghdad)">Yarmouk (Baghdad)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caliphs_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caliphs Street (page does not exist)">Caliphs Street</a> – site of historical mosques and churches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sa%27doun_Street" title="Al-Sa'doun Street">Al-Sa'doun Street</a> – stretching from <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Square,_Baghdad" title="Liberation Square, Baghdad">Liberation Square</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masbah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masbah (page does not exist)">Masbah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Nuwas_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Nuwas Street (page does not exist)">Abu Nuwas Street</a> – runs along the Tigris from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jumhouriya_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jumhouriya Bridge (page does not exist)">Jumhouriya Bridge</a> to 14 July Suspended Bridge</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damascus Street (page does not exist)">Damascus Street</a> – goes from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damascus Square (page does not exist)">Damascus Square</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Airport_Road" title="Baghdad Airport Road">Baghdad Airport Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutanabbi_Street" title="Mutanabbi Street">Mutanabbi Street</a> – A street with numerous bookshops, named after the 10th century Iraqi poet <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutanabbi" title="Al-Mutanabbi">Al-Mutanabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabia_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabia Street (page does not exist)">Rabia Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbataash_Tamuz_(14th_July)_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbataash Tamuz (14th July) Street (page does not exist)">14th July Street</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosul_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosul Road (page does not exist)">Mosul Road</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muthana_al-Shaibani_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muthana al-Shaibani Street (page does not exist)">Muthana al-Shaibani Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bor_Saeed_(Port_Said)_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bor Saeed (Port Said) Street (page does not exist)">Bor Saeed (Port Said) Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thawra_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thawra Street (page does not exist)">Thawra Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qanat_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qanat Street (page does not exist)">Al-Qanat Street</a> – runs through Baghdad north-south</li> <li>Al-Khat al-Sare'a – Mohammed al-Qasim (high speed lane) – runs through Baghdad, north–south</li> <li>Industry Street runs by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology,_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Technology, Baghdad">University of Technology</a> – center of the computer trade in Baghdad</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Nidhal_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Nidhal Street (page does not exist)">Al Nidhal Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rasheed_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Rasheed Street">Al-Rasheed Street</a> – city center Baghdad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jumhuriya_Street" title="Al-Jumhuriya Street">Al-Jumhuriya Street</a> – city center Baghdad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falastin_Street" title="Falastin Street">Falastin Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tariq_al-Muaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tariq al-Muaskar (page does not exist)">Tariq al-Muaskar</a> – (Al-Rasheed Camp Road)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akhrot_street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akhrot street (page does not exist)">Akhrot street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Airport_Road" title="Baghdad Airport Road">Baghdad Airport Road</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> Baghdad's population was estimated at 7.22 million in 2015. The surrounding metropolitan region's population is estimated to be 10,500,000. It is second largest city in the Arab world, after Cairo and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of largest metropolitan areas in the Middle East">fourth largest metropolitan area</a> in the Middle East after Cairo and Tehran. At the beginning of the 21st century, some 1.5 million people migrated to Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-122">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">2013–2017 war</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">Islamic State's invasion in 2014</a> caused hundreds of thousands of Iraqi internally displaced people to flee to the city.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> The vast majority of Baghdad's population are Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Minority ethnic groups include <a href="/wiki/Feyli_(tribe)" title="Feyli (tribe)">Feyli Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, and Armenians.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The historic "Assyrian Quarter" of the city – <a href="/wiki/Dora,_Baghdad" title="Dora, Baghdad">Dora</a>, which boasted a population of 150,000 <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> in 2003, made up over 3% of the capital's Assyrian population then.<a href="#cite_note-:3-125">[124]</a> The community has been subject to <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnappings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">death threats</a>, vandalism, and <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">house burnings</a> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Insurgent" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgent">insurgent</a> groups.<a href="#cite_note-:3-125">[124]</a> As of the end of 2014, only 1,500 Assyrians remained in Dora.<a href="#cite_note-:3-125">[124]</a> There is a significant community of <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a>, who live in Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Most of them live in <a href="/wiki/Adhamiyah" title="Adhamiyah">Adhamiyah</a> and Ragheba Khatun.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> The surrounding areas of the city is also home to <a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Iraq" title="Doms in Iraq">Roma people</a>, also traces their roots from India.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> The city was also home to a large <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> community and regularly visited by <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> pilgrims from India.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-122">[121]</a> Baghdad is home to largest community of Circassians in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-ORSAM-130">[129]</a> There is also a Circassian neighborhood in the city.<a href="#cite_note-ORSAM-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-ORSAM2-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> The majority of the citizens are Muslims with minorities of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yezidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandeans</a> also present.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Jawadain20092-132">[131]</a> There are many religious centers distributed around the city including mosques, churches, synagogues and Mashkhannas cultic huts.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Jawadain20092-132">[131]</a> The city historically has a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> population, but by the early 21st century around 52% of the city's population were <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Iraq" title="Shia Islam in Iraq">Iraqi Shi'ites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad2-133">[132]</a> Sunni Muslims make up 29–34% of Iraq's population and they are still a majority in west and north Iraq. As early as 2003, about 20 percent of the population of the city was the result of mixed marriages between Shi'ites and Sunnis.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">civil war</a> between the Sunni and Shia militia groups during the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">occupation of Iraq</a>, the population of Sunnis significantly decreased as they were pushed out of many neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad2-133">[132]</a> Today majority of the neighborhoods are either entirely Sunni or entirely Shi'ite. Before the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> in 2003, Baghdad was home to more than 300,000 Christians,<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-:272-136">[135]</a> primarily concentrated in several neighborhoods with a Christian majority, the most notable being al-<a href="/wiki/Karrada" title="Karrada">Karrada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dora,_Baghdad" title="Dora, Baghdad">al-Dora</a>, which had around 150,000 Christians before the war.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christian community in Baghdad</a> is divided among various denominations, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:272-136">[135]</a> There is also a significant presence of followers of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, along with the largest <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic</a> and Protestant communities in Iraq, which is also located in Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> The city serves as the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a>, with its see located in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows">Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows</a>,<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> has its see in the Cathedral of the Virgin.<a href="#cite_note-:272-136">[135]</a> Baghdad was once home to one of the most significant Jewish communities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> In 1948, the Jewish population numbered approximately 150,000, constituting 33% of the city’s population.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Persecution forced most Jews to flee Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:35-142">[141]</a> Even after 1948, up to 100,000 Jews remained, which decreased.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Majority of the country’s 15,000 Jews lived in Baghdad during Saddam Hussein’s rule and their population dwindled, not due to persecution but because of lifted travel restrictions that allowed many to emigrate.<a href="#cite_note-:35-142">[141]</a> By 2003, Iraq still had a Jewish community of about 1,500 people, majority of whom resided in Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-:35-142">[141]</a> But the population decreased sharply after the war.<a href="#cite_note-:35-142">[141]</a> Today, an estimated 160 Jews reside in Baghdad, primarily in the old Jewish quarters of <a href="/wiki/Bataween" title="Bataween">Bataween</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shorja" title="Shorja">Shorja</a>, which was once home to vibrant Jewish community.<a href="#cite_note-:5-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-:26-145">[144]</a> The city was historically home to over <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_sites_in_Iraq" title="List of Jewish sites in Iraq">60 synagogues, cemeteries, and shrines</a>, many of which were preserved before 2003.<a href="#cite_note-:5-144">[143]</a> However, their condition deteriorated after the war, and only a few sites, such as the <a href="/wiki/Meir_Taweig_Synagogue" title="Meir Taweig Synagogue">Meir Taweig Synagogue</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Habibiyah_Jewish_Cemetery" title="Al-Habibiyah Jewish Cemetery">Al-Habibiyah Jewish Cemetery</a>, remain active today.<a href="#cite_note-:5-144">[143]</a> Aside from <a href="/wiki/Amarah" title="Amarah">Amarah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, Mandeans are also found in Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad_Governorate-146">[145]</a> Since 2003, Mandeans have been persecuted in hands of radical groups and their number have been greatly decreased.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad_Governorate-146">[145]</a> Most of them live primarily around al-Qadisiyah and Dora, which is location to their place of worship and cultural centers. There is also a small of community of <a href="/wiki/Baha%27is" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha'is">Baha'is</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq" title="Sikhism in Iraq">Sikhs</a>, who live in Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-:36-147">[146]</a> The Sikhs are mostly Indians.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-122">[121]</a> Before 2003, Baghdad was regularly visited by Sikh pilgrims from India.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-122">[121]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Kadhimiya Mosque"><img alt="Al-Kadhimiya Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque_1.jpg/270px-Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque_1.jpg/406px-Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque_1.jpg/541px-Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kadhimiya Mosque">Al-Kadhimiya Mosque</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 169.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian Orthodox Church of Baghdad"><img alt="Armenian Orthodox Church of Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86.jpg/251px-%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86.jpg/376px-%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86.jpg/501px-%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4806" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Gregory_Armenian_Church" title="St. Gregory Armenian Church">Armenian Orthodox Church of Baghdad</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-_Saray_Mosque_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Sarrai Mosque"><img alt="Al-Sarrai Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Al-_Saray_Mosque_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A.jpg/279px-Al-_Saray_Mosque_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Al-_Saray_Mosque_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A.jpg/418px-Al-_Saray_Mosque_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Al-_Saray_Mosque_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A.jpg/558px-Al-_Saray_Mosque_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3874" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Al-Sarai_Mosque" title="Al-Sarai Mosque">Al-Sarrai Mosque</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_Synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Meir Taweig Synagogue in Baghdad"><img alt="Meir Taweig Synagogue in Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Baghdad_Synagogue.jpg/324px-Baghdad_Synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Baghdad_Synagogue.jpg/486px-Baghdad_Synagogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Baghdad_Synagogue.jpg/649px-Baghdad_Synagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="711" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Meir_Taweig_Synagogue" title="Meir Taweig Synagogue">Meir Taweig Synagogue</a> in Baghdad</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandaean Mandi of Baghdad"><img alt="Mandaean Mandi of Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_02.jpg/270px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_02.jpg/405px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_02.jpg/540px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7728" data-file-height="5152" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sabian%E2%80%93Mandaean_Mandi_of_Baghdad" title="Sabian–Mandaean Mandi of Baghdad">Mandaean Mandi</a> of Baghdad</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:736px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:View_on_Baghdad_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Central Business district"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/View_on_Baghdad_2017.jpg/728px-View_on_Baghdad_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="728" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/View_on_Baghdad_2017.jpg/1092px-View_on_Baghdad_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/View_on_Baghdad_2017.jpg/1456px-View_on_Baghdad_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5999" data-file-height="1236" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:View_on_Baghdad_2017.jpg" title="File:View on Baghdad 2017.jpg"> </a></div>View of Central Business district</div></div></div>Iraq's primate city, Baghdad serves as the commercial and financial hub, home to 22% of the population, and generating 40% of the Iraq's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-:24-148">[147]</a> It connects trade routes between Turkey, Syria, India, and Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-:0-149">[148]</a> As the capital, it hosts government institutions and state enterprises, key sources of employment.<a href="#cite_note-:0-149">[148]</a> The public education system follows <a href="/wiki/Saddamism" title="Saddamism">Ba'athist socialist ideologies</a>, for employment in the public sector.<a href="#cite_note-:110-150">[149]</a> Since 2003, the public sector has struggled to provide jobs, and the private sector hasn't grown sufficiently, leading companies to hire mainly foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-:111-151">[150]</a> To address this, NGOs are establishing incubation centers in the city.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.png/220px-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.png/330px-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.png/440px-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.png 2x" data-file-width="2187" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mansour_district" title="Mansour district">Mansour district</a> — one of the affluent districts of Baghdad</figcaption></figure> Baghdad serves as headquarters for important companies of Iraq, such as <a href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Oil_Company" title="Iraq National Oil Company">Iraq National Oil Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Organization_for_Marketing_of_Oil" title="State Organization for Marketing of Oil">State Organization for Marketing of Oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Airways" title="Iraqi Airways">Iraqi Airways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-149">[148]</a> Baghdad is home to large insurance companies and banks — <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq" title="Central Bank of Iraq">Central Bank of Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafidain_Bank" title="Rafidain Bank">Rafidain Bank</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rasheed_Bank" title="Rasheed Bank">Rashid Bank</a> and regional headquarters for <a href="/wiki/First_Abu_Dhabi_Bank" title="First Abu Dhabi Bank">First Abu Dhabi Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fransabank" title="Fransabank">Fransabank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_National_Bank" title="Saudi National Bank">Saudi National Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:27-153">[152]</a> Multinational companies such as <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/SalamAir" title="SalamAir">SalamAir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Robert Bosch GmbH</a> have established their regional base.<a href="#cite_note-:27-153">[152]</a> Baghdad is also home to Iraq Stock Exchange, that was established in 1992. Most of these establishments are located in <a href="/wiki/Al-Rasheed_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Rasheed Street">Al-Rasheed Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karrada" title="Karrada">Karrada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mansour_district" title="Mansour district">Mansour district</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-149">[148]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BB6A3667.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BB6A3667.jpg/220px-BB6A3667.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BB6A3667.jpg/330px-BB6A3667.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BB6A3667.jpg/440px-BB6A3667.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Kazimiyya_Mosque" title="Al-Kazimiyya Mosque">al-Kadhimiya Mosque</a> is visited by millions of people.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> It was once one of the main destinations in the region with a wealth of cultural attractions.<a href="#cite_note-:6-154">[153]</a> Tourism has diminished due to wars, but in recent years the city has a revival in tourism although still facing challenges.<a href="#cite_note-:7-155">[154]</a> There are numerous historic, scientific and artistic museums in Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-:8-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-157">[156]</a> Religious tourism in Baghdad has grown since 2003, with sites like <a href="/wiki/Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kadhimiya Mosque">Al-Kadhimiya Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_Mosque" title="Abu Hanifa Mosque">Abu Hanifa Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Abdul-Qadir_Gilani" title="Mausoleum of Abdul-Qadir Gilani">Mausoleum of Abdul-Qadir Gilani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buratha_Mosque" title="Buratha Mosque">Buratha Mosque</a> attracting visitors from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, while non-religious tourists mainly come from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:10-158">[157]</a> Around 1 million people visit the city annually for religious purposes.<a href="#cite_note-:10-158">[157]</a> The pilgrims are both Shia and Sunni Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> The city contains the factories of <a href="/wiki/Carpets" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpets">carpets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>, workshops, <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> factories.<a href="#cite_note-:11-160">[159]</a> Industrial areas extend from the city center to outside and suburbs in the metropolitan area, such as <a href="/wiki/Taji" class="mw-redirect" title="Taji">Taji</a> and northern Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-:11-160">[159]</a> Subsequently, it has produced a wide variety of consumer and industrial goods, including processed foods and beverages, clothes, footwear, wood products, furniture, paper and printed material, bricks, chemicals, plastics, electrical equipment, and metal and nonmetallic products.<a href="#cite_note-:11-160">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bismayah_New_City" title="Bismayah New City">Bismayah</a>, southeast of Baghdad, is home to world's largest precast factory.<a href="#cite_note-:27-153">[152]</a> In agricultural aspect, palm groves are spread in the city, and many of its people depends on the cultivation of many yields.<a href="#cite_note-:27-153">[152]</a> Baghdad, like other provinces such as <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Q%C4%81disiyyah_Governorate" title="Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate">Qadissiya</a>, contains metals such as <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceramics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics">ceramics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, whose size is not yet known, being recently discovered by local Iraqi cadres lacking experience and mechanisms to determine the size of these explorations.<a href="#cite_note-:27-153">[152]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Oilfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Oilfield">oilfield</a> is located in eastern Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-:52-161">[160]</a> It was believed that the quantities of oil is modest, but the drilling disclosed that its size exceeds the initial estimates, and has northern extensions in the province of <a href="/wiki/Saladin_Governorate" title="Saladin Governorate">Salah al-Din</a>, and southern province of <a href="/wiki/Wasit_Governorate" title="Wasit Governorate">Wasit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:52-161">[160]</a> The city is also home to Dora Refinery, a large oil refinery in <a href="/wiki/Dora,_Baghdad" title="Dora, Baghdad">Dora</a>, which is the 3rd largest in Iraq in terms of production.<a href="#cite_note-:27-153">[152]</a> The production of it exceeds 200,000 barrels (32,000 m3) per day, while its total production estimated if it was developed up to 120,000 barrels (19,000 m3) per day.<a href="#cite_note-:27-153">[152]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction of Iraq">reconstruction</a> efforts have been devoted to the restoration and repair of badly damaged urban infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-:162-162">[161]</a> Some of the private projects includes <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_of_Iraq#Proposed_Baghdad_Renaissance_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction of Iraq">Baghdad Renaissance Plan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindbad_Hotel_Complex_and_Conference_Center" title="Sindbad Hotel Complex and Conference Center">Sindbad Hotel Complex and Conference Center</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq_Tower" title="Central Bank of Iraq Tower">Central Bank of Iraq Tower</a>. Other project proposed includes Romantic Island and Baghdad Gate.<a href="#cite_note-MSNBC/id/264259112-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-:232-164">[163]</a> Numerous projects have been also impacted due to corruption.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes22-165">[164]</a> According to a report published by <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>, there are around 150 entertainment projects planned for the city.<a href="#cite_note-:62-166">[165]</a> Many of them were delayed due to government policies.<a href="#cite_note-:62-166">[165]</a> Also Baghdad has witnessed the opening of dozens of tourist complexes annually with areas reaching 20,000 square metres (4.9 acres) in addition to some major tourism projects with areas exceeding 50,000 square metres (12 acres) with the aim of investment combining trade and tourism as a distinctive economic model.<a href="#cite_note-:62-166">[165]</a> In recent years, Baghdad has also adopted modern economic trends like, establishment of startup hubs, office space and incubation center, as well as development of shopping malls such <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Mall" title="Baghdad Mall">Baghdad Mall</a> and Dijlah Village.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerycaption"><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Under-construction projects in Baghdad</a></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 232px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><img alt="World Heart Hotel is under ownership of Rixos Hotels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/World_Heart_Hotel_DEX_Baghdad.png/345px-World_Heart_Hotel_DEX_Baghdad.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/World_Heart_Hotel_DEX_Baghdad.png/517px-World_Heart_Hotel_DEX_Baghdad.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/World_Heart_Hotel_DEX_Baghdad.png/690px-World_Heart_Hotel_DEX_Baghdad.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="387" /></div> <div class="gallerytext">World Heart Hotel is under ownership of <a href="/wiki/Rixos_Hotels" class="mw-redirect" title="Rixos Hotels">Rixos Hotels</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><img alt="Under construction buildings in Karkh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg/270px-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg/405px-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg/540px-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4714" data-file-height="3143" /></div> <div class="gallerytext">Under construction buildings in Karkh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Bank_Baghdad.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Construction of Central Bank of Iraq Tower in Al-Jadriya"><img alt="Construction of Central Bank of Iraq Tower in Al-Jadriya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Central_Bank_Baghdad.png/349px-Central_Bank_Baghdad.png" decoding="async" width="233" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Central_Bank_Baghdad.png/523px-Central_Bank_Baghdad.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Central_Bank_Baghdad.png/697px-Central_Bank_Baghdad.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="367" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Construction of <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq_Tower" title="Central Bank of Iraq Tower">Central Bank of Iraq Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al-Jadriya" title="Al-Jadriya">Al-Jadriya</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baghdad Mall and Rotana Hotel in Harthiya, Mansour district"><img alt="Baghdad Mall and Rotana Hotel in Harthiya, Mansour district" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg/268px-%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg/403px-%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg/537px-%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="1544" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Mall" title="Baghdad Mall">Baghdad Mall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rotana_Hotels" title="Rotana Hotels">Rotana Hotel</a> in Harthiya, <a href="/wiki/Mansour_district" title="Mansour district">Mansour district</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> Baghdad lacks substantial public transportation, and <a href="/wiki/Taxi" title="Taxi">taxis</a> are the primary means of transportation in the city. Roads in Baghdad are noted to be especially congested and this began since 2003.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> According to MP Jassim Al-Bukhati in 2021, "Baghdad's roads are designed to accommodate 700,000 cars, while now there are between 2.5 and 3 million cars on them".<a href="#cite_note-:1-169">[168]</a> It is because since 2003, import of car has increased.<a href="#cite_note-:1-169">[168]</a> Since then water transport from river have become a popular mode of transport. Use of boats crossing across the river saves time for travelers to escape congestion.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> Private organizations are working to improve transport system.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Bridge,_Baghdad_with_full_moon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Iron_Bridge%2C_Baghdad_with_full_moon.png/220px-Iron_Bridge%2C_Baghdad_with_full_moon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Iron_Bridge%2C_Baghdad_with_full_moon.png/330px-Iron_Bridge%2C_Baghdad_with_full_moon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Iron_Bridge%2C_Baghdad_with_full_moon.png/440px-Iron_Bridge%2C_Baghdad_with_full_moon.png 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Sarafiya_Bridge" title="Al-Sarafiya Bridge">Al-Sarafiya Bridge</a> at night</figcaption></figure> Among the major bridges connecting <a href="/wiki/Karkh" title="Karkh">Karkh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Rusafa,_Iraq" title="Al-Rusafa, Iraq">Rusafa</a> are <a href="/wiki/14th_of_July_Bridge" title="14th of July Bridge">14th of July Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Aimmah_Bridge" title="Al-Aimmah Bridge">Al-Aimmah Bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Sarafiya_Bridge" title="Al-Sarafiya Bridge">Al-Sarafiya Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:41-173">[172]</a> In 2023, the authorities announced to build 19 bridges in Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-:41-173">[172]</a> It is a part of its post-war reconstruction efforts, as many bridges were damaged during the war.<a href="#cite_note-:41-173">[172]</a> Streets, avenues and alleys plays an important role in creating network of transport.<a href="#cite_note-:44-174">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Sa%27doun_Street" title="Al-Sa'doun Street">Al-Sa'doun Street</a> stretches from <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Square,_Baghdad" title="Liberation Square, Baghdad">Liberation Square</a> to Masbah.<a href="#cite_note-:44-174">[173]</a> Abu Nuwas Street runs along the Tigris from the Jumhouriya Bridge to 14 July Suspended Bridge.<a href="#cite_note-:44-174">[173]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damascus Street (page does not exist)">Damascus Street</a> goes from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damascus Square (page does not exist)">Damascus Square</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Airport_Road" title="Baghdad Airport Road">Baghdad Airport Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:44-174">[173]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilla_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilla Road (page does not exist)">Hilla Road</a> runs from the north into Baghdad via <a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_(Baghdad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmouk (Baghdad)">Yarmouk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:44-174">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutanabbi_Street" title="Mutanabbi Street">Mutanabbi Street</a> is a street with numerous bookshops, named after the 10th century Iraqi poet <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutanabbi" title="Al-Mutanabbi">Al-Mutanabbi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:44-174">[173]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caliphs_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caliphs Street (page does not exist)">Caliphs Street</a> is the site of historical mosques and churches.<a href="#cite_note-:44-174">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_transport">Air transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Air transport">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Airways" title="Iraqi Airways">Iraqi Airways</a>, the national airline of Iraq, operates out of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_International_Airport" title="Baghdad International Airport">Baghdad International Airport</a> in Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-:42-175">[174]</a> The airport was opened by Saddam Hussein in 1982 as Saddam International Airport.<a href="#cite_note-:42-175">[174]</a> It was closed as result of the Gulf War and subsequent embargo.<a href="#cite_note-:43-176">[175]</a> The airport was reopened in August 2000.<a href="#cite_note-:43-176">[175]</a> The airport adopted its current name after the 2003 invasion of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:43-176">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planned_Baghdad_Metro">Planned Baghdad Metro</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Planned Baghdad Metro">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Metro" title="Baghdad Metro">Baghdad Metro</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Metro" title="Baghdad Metro">Baghdad Metro</a> project was first proposed during the 1970s but did not come to fruition due to wars and sanctions. After the Iraq war, Iraqi authorities intended to revive the project, but it was again delayed due to domestic instability.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> In 2019, it was reported that Korean <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Rotem" title="Hyundai Rotem">Hyundai</a> and French <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a> would be building the metro.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> However, the planned construction did not happen. As of February 2024, the current plan consisted of fully electric and automated (driverless) trains running on an extensive railway network including an underground railway portion as well as an elevated railway. The proposed Baghdad Metro system includes seven main lines with a total length of more than 148 kilometres, 64 metro stations, four workshops and depots for trains, several operations control centers (OCC) and seven main power stations (MPS) with a capacity of 250 mega-watts, and several Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) towers. The metro will be equipped with CCTV and internet as well as USB ports for charging. Special compartments will be allocated for women and children as well as seats for people with special needs, pregnant women, and the elderly. The metro stations will be connected to other public transport networks such as buses and taxis, and 10 parking spaces will be available for commuters. The planned operating speed will be 80–140 km/hour with an estimated 3.25 million riders per day.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> In July 2024, it was announced that an international consortium of German French, Spanish, and Turkish companies was awarded $17.5 billion contract to construct Baghdad's metro.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> The consortium includes Alstom, <a href="/wiki/Systra" class="mw-redirect" title="Systra">Systra</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talgo" title="Talgo">Talgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/SENER" title="SENER">SENER</a>. The consortium was then to negotiate the technical, financial and operational details of the project which is now estimated to be completed in May 2029.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cityscape">edit</a>]</div> The Round City was the core of the city, during the establishment of Baghdad. It ceased to exist, as a result of the Mongolian siege. Urban features such as streets, avenues, alleyways and squares clusters a large number of landmarks, which itself creates an identity of cultural or intellectual hubs and define the beauty of Baghdad. <a href="/wiki/Al-Rasheed_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Rasheed Street">Al-Rasheed Street</a> is one of the most significant landmarks in Baghdad. Located in al-Rusafa area, the street was an artistic, intellectual and cultural center for many Baghdadis. It also included many prominent theaters and nightclubs such as the Crescent Theatre where Egyptian Singer <a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum" title="Umm Kulthum">Umm Kulthum</a> sang during her visit in 1932 as well as the Chakmakji Company that recorded the music of various Arab singers.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> The street also contains famous and well-known landmarks including the ancient <a href="/wiki/Haydar-Khana_Mosque" title="Haydar-Khana Mosque">Haydar-Khana Mosque</a> as well as numerous well-known cafés such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahawi_Caf%C3%A9" title="Al-Zahawi Café">al-Zahawi Café</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Caf%C3%A9" title="Brazilian Café">Brazilian Café</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutanabbi_Street" title="Mutanabbi Street">Mutanabbi Street</a> is located near the old quarter of Baghdad; at Al-Rasheed Street. It is the historic center of Baghdadi book-selling, a street filled with bookstores and outdoor book stalls. It was named after the 10th-century classical Iraqi poet <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutanabbi" title="Al-Mutanabbi">Al-Mutanabbi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2008-185">[184]</a> This street is well established for bookselling and has often been referred to as the heart and soul of the Baghdad literacy and intellectual community.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2008-185">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Firdos_Square" title="Firdos Square">Firdos Square</a> is a public open space in Baghdad and the location of two of the best-known hotels, the Palestine Hotel and the Sheraton Ishtar, which are both also the tallest buildings in Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> The square was the site of the statue of Saddam Hussein that was pulled down by the coalition forces in a widely televised event during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. <a href="/wiki/Qushla" title="Qushla">Qushla</a> or Qishla is a public square and the historical complex located in <a href="/wiki/Al-Rusafa,_Iraq" title="Al-Rusafa, Iraq">al-Rusafa</a> neighborhood at the riverbank of <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:37-187">[186]</a> The place and its surroundings is where the historical features and cultural capitals of Baghdad are concentrated, from the <a href="/wiki/Mutanabbi_Street" title="Mutanabbi Street">Mutanabbi Street</a>, Abbasid-era palace and bridges, Ottoman-era mosques to the <a href="/wiki/Mustansariyah_Madrasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustansariyah Madrasa">Mustansariyah Madrasa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:37-187">[186]</a> The square developed during the Ottoman era as a military barracks.<a href="#cite_note-:37-187">[186]</a> Today, it is a place where the citizens of Baghdad find leisure such as reading poetry in gazebos.<a href="#cite_note-:37-187">[186]</a> It is characterized by the iconic clock tower which was donated by <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:37-187">[186]</a> The entire area is submitted to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iraq" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Iraq">Tentative list</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> During the 1970s and 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s government spent a lot of money on new monuments, mosques, palaces and hotels.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Street is also notable for its architecture and aesthetic which was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a> and also includes the famous Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">shanasheel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Landmarks">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Faw_palace_on_the_Victory_Base_Complex_in_Baghdad,_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Al-Faw_palace_on_the_Victory_Base_Complex_in_Baghdad%2C_Iraq.jpg/220px-Al-Faw_palace_on_the_Victory_Base_Complex_in_Baghdad%2C_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Al-Faw_palace_on_the_Victory_Base_Complex_in_Baghdad%2C_Iraq.jpg/330px-Al-Faw_palace_on_the_Victory_Base_Complex_in_Baghdad%2C_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Al-Faw_palace_on_the_Victory_Base_Complex_in_Baghdad%2C_Iraq.jpg/440px-Al-Faw_palace_on_the_Victory_Base_Complex_in_Baghdad%2C_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Al-Faw palace, today serves as the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Iraq_-_Baghdad" title="American University of Iraq - Baghdad">American University of Baghdad</a></figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Iraq">National Museum of Iraq</a> whose collection of artifacts was looted during the invasion, and the iconic <a href="/wiki/Hands_of_Victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Hands of Victory">Hands of Victory</a> arches.<a href="#cite_note-:38-190">[189]</a> Multiple Iraqi parties are in discussions as to whether the arches should remain as historical monuments or be dismantled.<a href="#cite_note-:38-190">[189]</a> Thousands of ancient manuscripts in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Library_and_Archive" title="Iraq National Library and Archive">National Library</a> were destroyed under <a href="/wiki/Saddam" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam">Saddam</a>'s command.<a href="#cite_note-:38-190">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Festivities_Square" title="Grand Festivities Square">Grand Festivities Square</a> is the main square where public celebrations are held and is also the home to three important monuments commemorating Iraqi's fallen soldiers and victories in war; namely Al-Shaheed Monument, the <a href="/wiki/Victory_Arch" title="Victory Arch">Victory Arch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Monument_to_the_Unknown_Soldier" class="mw-redirect" title="The Monument to the Unknown Soldier">Unknown Soldier's Monument</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:39-191">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaheed_Monument" title="Al-Shaheed Monument">Al-Shaheed Monument</a>, also known as the Martyr's Memorial, is a monument dedicated to the Iraqi soldiers who died in the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:39-191">[190]</a> However, now it is generally considered by Iraqis to be for all of the martyrs of Iraq, especially those allied with Iran and Syria fighting ISIS, not just of the Iran–Iraq War.<a href="#cite_note-:39-191">[190]</a> The monument was opened in 1983, and was designed by the Iraqi architect Saman Kamal and the Iraqi sculptor and artist <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Fatah_Al_Turk" title="Ismail Fatah Al Turk">Ismail Fatah Al Turk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:39-191">[190]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6th_Muharram_1434,_Kadhimiya_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/6th_Muharram_1434%2C_Kadhimiya_05.jpg/220px-6th_Muharram_1434%2C_Kadhimiya_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/6th_Muharram_1434%2C_Kadhimiya_05.jpg/330px-6th_Muharram_1434%2C_Kadhimiya_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/6th_Muharram_1434%2C_Kadhimiya_05.jpg/440px-6th_Muharram_1434%2C_Kadhimiya_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Kazimiyya_Mosque" title="Al-Kazimiyya Mosque">Al-Kazimiyya Mosque</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Al-Kazimiyya_Mosque" title="Al-Kazimiyya Mosque">Masjid Al-Kadhimain</a> is a shrine that is located in the <a href="/wiki/Kadhimiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadhimiyyah">Kādhimayn suburb</a> of Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Jawadain2009-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-dome-193">[192]</a> It contains the tombs of the seventh and ninth <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Shi'ite Imams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kadhim" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa al-Kadhim">Musa al-Kadhim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi">Muhammad at-Taqi</a> respectively, upon whom the title of Kādhimayn ("Two who swallow their anger") was bestowed.<a href="#cite_note-KazemOmmolKitab-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-dome-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al-Jawadain2009-192">[191]</a> Many Shi'ites travel to the mosque from far away places to commemorate those imams.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Jawadain2009-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-dome-193">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/A%27dhamiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="A'dhamiyyah">A'dhamiyyah</a> is a predominantly Sunni area with a <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_Mosque" title="Abu Hanifa Mosque">Mosque</a> that is associated with the Sunni Imam Abu Hanifa. The name of Al-Aʿẓamiyyah is derived from Abu Hanifa's title, al-Imām al-Aʿẓam (the Great Imam).<a href="#cite_note-al-Aadhamy_–_p.29-195">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_Mosque_of_Abu_Hanifa_and_its_school-196">[195]</a> The historic Jewish quarters of <a href="/wiki/Bataween" title="Bataween">Bataween</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shorja" title="Shorja">Shorja</a> is home to numerous sites that are associated with Jews.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> These sites were preserved during the Ba'athist regime.<a href="#cite_note-:40-198">[197]</a> However, after 2003, many of them are in poor conditions.<a href="#cite_note-:40-198">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Meir_Taweig_Synagogue" title="Meir Taweig Synagogue">Meir Taweig Synagogue</a> is the only active synagogue of Iraq, which have a large compound, that consist of community center, Jewish school and library.<a href="#cite_note-:40-198">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shorja" title="Shorja">Daniel Market</a> (Souq Danial), which was named after <a href="/wiki/Menahem_Saleh_Daniel" title="Menahem Saleh Daniel">Menahem Saleh Daniel</a>, still bears the same name. It is popular for fabrics and shoes.<a href="#cite_note-:40-198">[197]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Baghdad" title="Great Synagogue of Baghdad">Great Synagogue of Baghdad</a>, the oldest synagogue of Iraq, is now restored as a museum.<a href="#cite_note-:40-198">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Habibiyah_Jewish_Cemetery" title="Al-Habibiyah Jewish Cemetery">Al-Habibiyah Cemetery</a> is the largest Jewish cemetery in Baghdad, home to around 1,000 graves.<a href="#cite_note-:40-198">[197]</a> The Tomb of Joshua, now a Muslim shrine, is believed to be the burial site of <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:40-198">[197]</a> Shaykh Yitzhak Tomb and Synagogue was preserved until 2003. Today it is neglected. Other sites includes House of <a href="/wiki/Sassoon_Eskell" title="Sassoon Eskell">Sassoon Eskell</a> and library of <a href="/wiki/Mir_Basri" title="Mir Basri">Mir Basri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:40-198">[197]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sabian%E2%80%93Mandaean_Mandi_of_Baghdad" title="Sabian–Mandaean Mandi of Baghdad">Sabian–Mandaean Mandi of Baghdad</a> is a Mandaen temple in al-Qadisiyyah.<a href="#cite_note-:04-199">[198]</a> It is the main community center for Mandaeans in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:04-199">[198]</a> Plans are underway to demolish and build a larger one to accommodate more worshippers.<a href="#cite_note-:04-199">[198]</a> A cultural institute for Mandeans is also in Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> The city is home to <a href="/wiki/Baba_Nanak_Shrine" title="Baba Nanak Shrine">Baba Nanak Shrine</a>, a sacred site in Sikhism.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-122">[121]</a> It was destroyed during the Iraq War in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-122">[121]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Kadhimiya" title="Kadhimiya">Kadhimiya</a> district of Baghdad, was the house of <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a>, (Prophet Founder of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baha'i Faith</a>) also known as the "Most Great House" (Bayt-i-Aʻzam) and the "House of God", where Baháʼu'lláh mostly resided from 1853 to 1863. It is considered a holy place and a <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_pilgrimage" title="Baháʼí pilgrimage">place of pilgrimage by Baha'is</a> according to their "<a href="/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas" title="Kitáb-i-Aqdas">Most Holy Book</a>".<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> On 23 June 2013, the house was destroyed under unclear circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-:36-147">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Zoo" title="Baghdad Zoo">Baghdad Zoo</a> used to be the largest <a href="/wiki/Zoological_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoological park">zoological park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. Within eight days following the 2003 invasion, however, only 35 of the 650 animals in the facility survived.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_radio_4,_zoo-202">[201]</a> This was a result of theft of some animals for human food, and starvation of caged animals that had no food.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_radio_4,_zoo-202">[201]</a> Conservationist <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Anthony" title="Lawrence Anthony">Lawrence Anthony</a> and some of the zoo keepers cared for the animals and fed the carnivores with donkeys they had bought locally.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_radio_4,_zoo-202">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> Eventually <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bremer" title="Paul Bremer">Paul Bremer</a>, Director of the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> in Iraq after the invasion, ordered protection for the zoo and enlisted U.S. engineers to help reopen the facility.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_radio_4,_zoo-202">[201]</a> Al-Zawraa Park is also part of the zoo, which is main urban park of the city.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_radio_4,_zoo-202">[201]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Inbound3876607660648875635%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abbasid Palace"><img alt="Abbasid Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Inbound3876607660648875635%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg/143px-Inbound3876607660648875635%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Inbound3876607660648875635%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg/214px-Inbound3876607660648875635%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Inbound3876607660648875635%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg/285px-Inbound3876607660648875635%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3824" data-file-height="5628" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Palace" title="Abbasid Palace">Abbasid Palace</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 251.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 249.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baghdadi Museum"><img alt="Baghdadi Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg/374px-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg/560px-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg/747px-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Museum" title="Baghdadi Museum">Baghdadi Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 251.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 249.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iraq National Museum"><img alt="Iraq National Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iraqi_Museum.jpg/374px-Iraqi_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iraqi_Museum.jpg/560px-Iraqi_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iraqi_Museum.jpg/747px-Iraqi_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq National Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Zawra%27a_Park.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Zawra'a Park"><img alt="Al-Zawra'a Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Al-Zawra%27a_Park.png/328px-Al-Zawra%27a_Park.png" decoding="async" width="219" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Al-Zawra%27a_Park.png/491px-Al-Zawra%27a_Park.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Al-Zawra%27a_Park.png/655px-Al-Zawra%27a_Park.png 2x" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="1869" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Zawra%27a_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Zawra'a Park (page does not exist)">Al-Zawra'a Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Salam_Palace_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Salam Palace"><img alt="Al-Salam Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Al_Salam_Palace_Iraq.jpg/139px-Al_Salam_Palace_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Al_Salam_Palace_Iraq.jpg/209px-Al_Salam_Palace_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Al_Salam_Palace_Iraq.jpg/279px-Al_Salam_Palace_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/As-Salam_Palace" title="As-Salam Palace">Al-Salam Palace</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:DJK_8850tm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Faw Palace"><img alt="Al-Faw Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DJK_8850tm.jpg/328px-DJK_8850tm.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DJK_8850tm.jpg/491px-DJK_8850tm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DJK_8850tm.jpg/655px-DJK_8850tm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4552" data-file-height="2920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_Palace" title="Al-Faw Palace">Al-Faw Palace</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim Museum"><img alt="Abd al-Karim Qasim Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg/280px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg/420px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg/560px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3210" data-file-height="2407" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim_Museum" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim Museum">Abd al-Karim Qasim Museum</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_International_School_(school_sign_at_night).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Baghdad_International_School_%28school_sign_at_night%29.jpg/220px-Baghdad_International_School_%28school_sign_at_night%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Baghdad_International_School_%28school_sign_at_night%29.jpg/330px-Baghdad_International_School_%28school_sign_at_night%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Baghdad_International_School_%28school_sign_at_night%29.jpg/440px-Baghdad_International_School_%28school_sign_at_night%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_International_School" title="Baghdad International School">Baghdad International School</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a> was a major academy and public center in Baghdad. The <a href="/wiki/Mustansiriya_Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustansiriya Madrasah">Mustansiriya Madrasa</a> was established in 1227 by the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustansir. The name was changed to <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansiriya_University" title="Al-Mustansiriya University">al-Mustansiriya University</a> in 1963. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Baghdad" title="University of Baghdad">University of Baghdad</a> is the largest university in Iraq and the second largest in the Arab world. Prior to the Gulf War, multiple <a href="/wiki/International_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="International schools">international schools</a> operated in Baghdad, including: <ul><li>École française de Bagdad<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a></li> <li>Deutsche Schule Bagdad<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a></li> <li>Baghdad Japanese School (バグダッド日本人学校), a <a href="/wiki/Nihonjin_gakko" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihonjin gakko">nihonjin gakko</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities">Universities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Universities">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Baghdad" title="University of Baghdad">University of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansiriya_University" title="Al-Mustansiriya University">Mustansiriya University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_University" title="Iraqi University">Iraqi University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahrain_University" title="Nahrain University">Nahrain University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albayan_University" title="Albayan University">Albayan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology,_Iraq" title="University of Technology, Iraq">University of Technology, Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Iraq_-_Baghdad" title="American University of Iraq - Baghdad">American University of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Turath_University_College" title="Al Turath University College">Al-Turath University College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dijlah_University_College" title="Dijlah University College">Dijlah University College</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Culture of Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Arabic">Baghdad Arabic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_culture_of_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Café culture of Baghdad">Café culture of Baghdad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_National_Orchestra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Iraqi_National_Orchestra.jpg/220px-Iraqi_National_Orchestra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Iraqi_National_Orchestra.jpg/330px-Iraqi_National_Orchestra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Iraqi_National_Orchestra.jpg/440px-Iraqi_National_Orchestra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra">Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra</a> performing in July 2007</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq-National_unity_ballet2_600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Iraq-National_unity_ballet2_600.jpg/220px-Iraq-National_unity_ballet2_600.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Iraq-National_unity_ballet2_600.jpg/330px-Iraq-National_unity_ballet2_600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Iraq-National_unity_ballet2_600.jpg/440px-Iraq-National_unity_ballet2_600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>The National Ballet performing in 2007</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_Church.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Assyrian_Church.png/220px-Assyrian_Church.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Assyrian_Church.png/330px-Assyrian_Church.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Assyrian_Church.png/440px-Assyrian_Church.png 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic">Chaldean Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows">Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/220px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/330px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/440px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>The Baghdad Convention Center</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Ma%27mun%27s_Telecommunication_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Al-Ma%27mun%27s_Telecommunication_Center.jpg/220px-Al-Ma%27mun%27s_Telecommunication_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Al-Ma%27mun%27s_Telecommunication_Center.jpg/330px-Al-Ma%27mun%27s_Telecommunication_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Al-Ma%27mun%27s_Telecommunication_Center.jpg/440px-Al-Ma%27mun%27s_Telecommunication_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3392" data-file-height="2261" /></a><figcaption>Al-Ma'mun's Telecommunication Center in downtown Baghdad</figcaption></figure> Baghdad has always played a significant role in the broader <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab cultural sphere</a>, contributing several significant writers, musicians and visual artists. Famous <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> poets and singers such as <a href="/wiki/Nizar_Qabbani" title="Nizar Qabbani">Nizar Qabbani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum" title="Umm Kulthum">Umm Kulthum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairuz" title="Fairuz">Fairuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salah_Al-Hamdani" title="Salah Al-Hamdani">Salah Al-Hamdani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilham_al-Madfai" title="Ilham al-Madfai">Ilham al-Madfai</a> and others have performed for the city. The dialect of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Arabic">Arabic spoken in Baghdad</a> today differs from that of other large urban centers in Iraq, having features more characteristic of nomadic Arabic dialects (Versteegh, The Arabic Language). It is possible that this was caused by the repopulating of the city with rural residents after the multiple sackings of the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. For poetry written about Baghdad, see <a href="/wiki/Reuven_Snir" title="Reuven Snir">Reuven Snir</a> (ed.), Baghdad: The City in Verse (Harvard, 2013).<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> Baghdad joined the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Cities_Network" title="Creative Cities Network">UNESCO Creative Cities Network</a> as a City of Literature in December 2015.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> Some of the important cultural institutions in the city include the <a href="/wiki/National_Theater_(Iraq)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Theater (Iraq)">National Theater</a>, which was looted during the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, but efforts are underway to restore the theater.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> The live theater industry received a boost during the 1990s, when UN <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">sanctions</a> limited the import of foreign films. As many as 30 movie theaters were reported to have been converted to live stages, producing a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedies</a> and dramatic productions.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> Institutions offering cultural education in Baghdad include <a href="/wiki/The_Music_and_Ballet_School_of_Baghdad" title="The Music and Ballet School of Baghdad">The Music and Ballet School of Baghdad</a> and the Institute of Fine Arts Baghdad. The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra">Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra</a> is a government funded symphony orchestra in Baghdad. The INSO plays primarily classical European music, as well as original compositions based on Iraqi and Arab instruments and music. Mandaeans had cultural club in Al-Zawraa, where poetry evenings and cultural seminars were held, attended by poets, writers, artists, officials, and dignitaries of the communities.<a href="#cite_note-:45-211">[210]</a> There is also a social cultural center of Mandaeans at al-Qadisiyyah.<a href="#cite_note-:45-211">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Community_Center" title="Baghdad Jewish Community Center">Baghdad Jewish Community Center</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid_Street" title="Al-Rashid Street">Al-Rashid Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> Baghdad is also home to a number of museums which housed <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> and relics of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient civilization">ancient civilization</a>; many of these were stolen, and the museums looted, during the widespread chaos immediately after United States forces entered the city. During <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">occupation of Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/AFN_Iraq" title="AFN Iraq">AFN Iraq</a> ("Freedom Radio") broadcast news and entertainment within Baghdad, among other locations. There is also a private radio station called "Dijlah" (named after the Arabic word for the Tigris River) that was created in 2004 as Iraq's first independent talk radio station. Radio Dijlah offices, in the <a href="/wiki/Jamia" title="Jamia">Jamia</a> neighborhood of Baghdad, have been attacked on several occasions.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iraq" title="Sport in Iraq">Sport in Iraq</a></div> Baghdad is home to some of the most successful <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football (soccer)</a> teams in Iraq, the biggest being <a href="/wiki/Al-Shorta_SC" title="Al-Shorta SC">Al-Shorta</a> (Police), <a href="/wiki/Al-Quwa_Al-Jawiya" title="Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya">Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya</a> (Air Force), <a href="/wiki/Al-Zawraa_SC" title="Al-Zawraa SC">Al-Zawraa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Talaba_SC" title="Al-Talaba SC">Al-Talaba</a> (Students). The largest stadium in Baghdad is <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaab_Stadium" title="Al-Shaab Stadium">Al-Shaab Stadium</a>, which was opened in 1966. In recent years, the capital has seen the building of several football stadiums which are meant be opened in near future. The city has also had a strong tradition of <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a> ever since <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, known to Baghdadis simply as 'Races'. There are reports of pressures by the Islamists to stop this tradition due to the associated gambling.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Club </th> <th>Founded </th> <th>League </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Quwa_Al-Jawiya" title="Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya">Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya SC</a> </td> <td>1931 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stars_League" title="Iraq Stars League">Iraq Stars League</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Shorta_SC" title="Al-Shorta SC">Al-Shorta SC</a> </td> <td>1932 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stars_League" title="Iraq Stars League">Iraq Stars League</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Zawraa_SC" title="Al-Zawraa SC">Al-Zawraa SC</a> </td> <td>1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stars_League" title="Iraq Stars League">Iraq Stars League</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Talaba_SC" title="Al-Talaba SC">Al-Talaba SC</a> </td> <td>1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stars_League" title="Iraq Stars League">Iraq Stars League</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, North Korea<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, Jordan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Damascus, Syria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a> Beirut, Lebanon</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Iraq portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_art" title="Iraqi art">Iraqi art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Baghdad" title="List of mosques in Baghdad">List of mosques in Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Iraq" title="List of places in Iraq">List of places in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Baghdad" title="History of the Jews in Baghdad">History of the Jews in Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">Battle of Baghdad (2003)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbæɡdæd/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/28\/Baghdad_pronunciation_%28English%29.wav\/Baghdad_pronunciation_%28English%29.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Baghdad pronunciation (English).wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Baghdad_pronunciation_%28English%29.wav/Baghdad_pronunciation_%28English%29.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_pronunciation_(English).wav" title="File:Baghdad pronunciation (English).wav">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BAG-dad</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bəɡˈdæd/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">bəg-DAD</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: بَغْدَاد, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Baghdād, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[baɣˈdaːd]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d8\/Baghdad.ogg\/Baghdad.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Baghdad.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/Baghdad.ogg/Baghdad.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad.ogg" title="File:Baghdad.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2011" class="citation web cs1">Petersen, Andrew (13 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916131027/http://islamic-arts.org/2011/baghdad-madinat-al-salam/">"Baghdad (Madinat al-Salam)"</a>. Islamic Arts & Architecture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamic-arts.org/2011/baghdad-madinat-al-salam/">the original</a> on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baghdad+%28Madinat+al-Salam%29&rft.pub=Islamic+Arts+%26+Architecture&rft.date=2011-09-13&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamic-arts.org%2F2011%2Fbaghdad-madinat-al-salam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI2-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_3-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuri,_A.A.2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Duri, A.A. (2012). "Bag̲h̲dād". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0084">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bag%CC%B2h%CC%B2d%C4%81d&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0084&rft.au=Duri%2C+A.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Baghdad">"Baghdad, Foundation and early growth"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151009070155/https://www.britannica.com/place/Baghdad">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015. <q>[...] the site located between present-day Al-Kāẓimiyyah and Al-Karkh and occupied by a Persian village called Baghdad, was selected by al-Manṣūr, the second caliph of the Abbāsid dynasty, for his capital.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Baghdad%2C+Foundation+and+early+growth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBaghdad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett-Heath2019" class="citation book cs1">Everett-Heath, John (24 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191882913.001.0001/acref-9780191882913;jsessionid=7E75D9FF952E16EB73A7CFDF54E367A4">The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191882913.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780191882913.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-188291-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-188291-3"><bdi>978-0-19-188291-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+World+Place+Names&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-10-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191882913.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-188291-3&rft.aulast=Everett-Heath&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191882913.001.0001%2Facref-9780191882913%3Bjsessionid%3D7E75D9FF952E16EB73A7CFDF54E367A4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Mackenzie, D. (1971). A concise Pahlavi Dictionary (p. 23, 16). </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baghdad-iranian-connection-1-pr-Mongol">"BAGHDAD i. Before the Mongol Invasion – Encyclopædia Iranica"</a>. Iranicaonline.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117020537/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baghdad-iranian-connection-1-pr-Mongol">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BAGHDAD+i.+Before+the+Mongol+Invasion+%E2%80%93+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pub=Iranicaonline.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbaghdad-iranian-connection-1-pr-Mongol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strange_pg_10-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Strange_pg_10_8-0">^</a> Guy Le Strange, "Baghdad During the Abbasid Caliphate from Contemporary Arabic and Persian", pg 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Joneidi, F. (2007). متن‌های پهلوی. In Pahlavi Script and Language (Arsacid and Sassanid) نامه پهلوانی: آموزش خط و زبان پهلوی اشکانی و ساسانی (second ed., p. 109). Tehran: Balkh (نشر بلخ). </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgianjournal.ge/image-page.html?view=item&id=300">"Persimmons surviving winter in Bagdati, Georgia"</a>. Georgian Journal. 22 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923104427/http://www.georgianjournal.ge/image-page.html?view=item&id=300">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2016. 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BRILL. 1987. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08265-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08265-6"><bdi>978-90-04-08265-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204231802/https://books.google.com/books?id=p5U3AAAAIAAJ&q=baghdad+aramaic+christian+villages&pg=PA564">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+1913-1936&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08265-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp5U3AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbaghdad%2Baramaic%2Bchristian%2Bvillages%26pg%3DPA564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRILL1987-12"><a href="#cite_ref-BRILL1987_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p5U3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA564">E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936</a>. BRILL. 1987. pp. 564–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08265-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08265-6"><bdi>978-90-04-08265-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1025754805">1025754805</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201004095341/https://books.google.com/books?id=p5U3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA564">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2020. 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Retrieved 23 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+history+of+Post-Kassite+Babylonia+%281158-722+b.+C.%29+%28A%29&rft.pub=Pontificio+Istituto+Biblico&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-88-7653-243-6&rft.au=Brinkmann+J.a.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiykVSxTD7usC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall-Romana1990" class="citation journal cs1">Wall-Romana, Christophe (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/546244">"An Areal Location of Agade"</a>. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 49 (3): 205–245, 244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F373442">10.1086/373442</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2968">0022-2968</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/546244">546244</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161165836">161165836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Areal+Location+of+Agade&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E245%2C+244&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0022-2968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161165836%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F546244%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F373442&rft.aulast=Wall-Romana&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F546244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSallaberger1999" class="citation book cs1">Sallaberger, Walther (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43521617">Akkade-Zeit und Ur III-Zeit</a>. Aage Westenholz. Freiburg, Schweiz: Universitätsverlag. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7278-1210-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7278-1210-1"><bdi>978-3-7278-1210-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43521617">43521617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akkade-Zeit+und+Ur+III-Zeit&rft.place=Freiburg%2C+Schweiz&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43521617&rft.isbn=978-3-7278-1210-1&rft.aulast=Sallaberger&rft.aufirst=Walther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F43521617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ما_معنى_اسم_مدينة_بغداد_ومن_سماه_؟-17"><a href="#cite_ref-ما_معنى_اسم_مدينة_بغداد_ومن_سماه_؟_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120713093613/http://seenjeem.maktoob.com/question?category_id=4&level=L2&question_id=9510">"ما معنى اسم مدينة بغداد ومن سماه ؟"</a>. 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Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 49 (3): 234–238, 244–245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F373442">10.1086/373442</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2968">0022-2968</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/546244">546244</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161165836">161165836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Areal+Location+of+Agade&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E234-%3C%2Fspan%3E238%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E244-%3C%2Fspan%3E245&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0022-2968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161165836%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F546244%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F373442&rft.aulast=Wall-Romana&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F546244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSallaberger1999" class="citation book cs1">Sallaberger, Walther (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43521617">Akkade-Zeit und Ur III-Zeit</a>. 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Freiburg, Schweiz: Universitätsverlag. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7278-1210-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7278-1210-1"><bdi>978-3-7278-1210-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43521617">43521617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akkade-Zeit+und+Ur+III-Zeit&rft.place=Freiburg%2C+Schweiz&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43521617&rft.isbn=978-3-7278-1210-1&rft.aulast=Sallaberger&rft.aufirst=Walther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F43521617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorzine2005" class="citation book cs1">Corzine, Phyllis (2005). 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London: <a href="/wiki/Times_Books" title="Times Books">Times Books</a>. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Times+History+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBobrick2012">Bobrick 2012</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiet1971" class="citation book cs1">Wiet, Gastron (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/baghdadmetropoli00wiet">Baghdad: Metropolis of the Abbasid Caliphate</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-0922-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-0922-0"><bdi>978-0-8061-0922-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baghdad%3A+Metropolis+of+the+Abbasid+Caliphate&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-0922-0&rft.aulast=Wiet&rft.aufirst=Gastron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbaghdadmetropoli00wiet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref2-25"><a href="#cite_ref-ref2_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1994" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Donald R. (1994). Islamic Science and Engineering. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0457-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0457-9"><bdi>978-0-7486-0457-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Science+and+Engineering&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Edinburgh+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0457-9&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiet197112-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiet197112_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiet197112_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiet1971">Wiet 1971</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillier2009" class="citation book cs1">Tillier, Mathieu (2009). Les cadis d'Iraq et l'État Abbasside (132/750-334/945). Presses de l'Ifpo. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbooks.ifpo.673">10.4000/books.ifpo.673</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-028-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-028-7"><bdi>978-2-35159-028-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+cadis+d%27Iraq+et+l%27%C3%89tat+Abbasside+%28132%2F750-334%2F945%29&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%27Ifpo&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbooks.ifpo.673&rft.isbn=978-2-35159-028-7&rft.aulast=Tillier&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2007" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC">Historic Cities of the Islamic World</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15388-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15388-2"><bdi>978-90-04-15388-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Cities+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15388-2&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUB4uSVt3ulUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Battuta, pg. 75[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorzine2005" class="citation book cs1">Corzine, Phyllis (2005). The Islamic Empire. Thomson Gale. p. 69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Empire&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Corzine&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiet197113-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiet197113_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiet1971">Wiet 1971</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-ox-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ox_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ox_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030325090348/http://islamicceramics.ashmol.ox.ac.uk/Abbasid/baghdad.htm">"Abbasid Ceramics: Plan of Baghdad"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamicceramics.ashmol.ox.ac.uk/Abbasid/baghdad.htm">the original</a> on 25 March 2003. Retrieved 5 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abbasid+Ceramics%3A+Plan+of+Baghdad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamicceramics.ashmol.ox.ac.uk%2FAbbasid%2Fbaghdad.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> "Yakut: Baghdad under the Abbasids, c. 1000CE" </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBobrick2012">Bobrick 2012</a>, p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bobrick_2012_67-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bobrick_2012_67_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bobrick_2012_67_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBobrick2012">Bobrick 2012</a>, p. 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.net/culture/2019/5/16/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a8%d8%ba%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b5%d8%ae%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%82%d9%87%d9%89">"بالصور.. أبو تحسين آخر حكواتي في بغداد"</a>. الجزيرة نت (in Arabic). Retrieved 29 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%86%D8%AA&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1..+%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88+%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1+%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fculture%2F2019%2F5%2F16%2F%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25b9%25d8%25b1%25d8%25a7%25d9%2582-%25d8%25a8%25d8%25ba%25d8%25af%25d8%25a7%25d8%25af-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d9%2582%25d8%25b5%25d8%25ae%25d9%2588%25d9%2586-%25d8%25ad%25d9%2583%25d9%2588%25d8%25a7%25d8%25aa%25d9%258a-%25d9%2585%25d9%2582%25d9%2587%25d9%2589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meri-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meri_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meri_37-1">b</a> Gordon, M.S. (2006). Baghdad. In Meri, J.W. ed. Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kh-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kh_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kh_38-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/sep/26/baghdad-centre-of-scientific-world">When Baghdad was centre of the scientific world</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214120137/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/sep/26/baghdad-centre-of-scientific-world">Archived</a> 14 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 16 February 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarshater1983" class="citation book cs1">Yarshater, E., ed. (1983). The Cambridge History of Iran. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521200929">10.1017/chol9780521200929</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05494-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05494-2"><bdi>978-1-139-05494-2</bdi></a>. <q>The population of Hira comprised its townspeople, the 'Ibad "devotees", who were Nestorian Christians using Syriac as their liturgical and cultural language, though Arabic was probably the language of daily intercourse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fchol9780521200929&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05494-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhlig2013" class="citation book cs1">Ohlig, Karl-Heinz (2013). Early Islam – The hidden origins of Islam: new research into its early history. Prometheus Books. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-825-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-825-6"><bdi>978-1-61614-825-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/914334282">914334282</a>. <q>The 'Ibad are tribes made up of different Arabian families that became connected with Christianity in al-Hira.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Islam+%E2%80%93+The+hidden+origins+of+Islam%3A+new+research+into+its+early+history&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F914334282&rft.isbn=978-1-61614-825-6&rft.aulast=Ohlig&rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeestonShahîd2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Beeston, A.F.L.; Shahîd, Irfan (2012). "al-ḤĪRA". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_sim_2891">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_2891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-%E1%B8%A4%C4%AARA&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_sim_2891&rft.aulast=Beeston&rft.aufirst=A.F.L.&rft.au=Shah%C3%AEd%2C+Irfan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeri2018" class="citation book cs1">Meri, Josef (12 January 2018). Routledge Revivals: Medieval Islamic Civilization (2006). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315162416">10.4324/9781315162416</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-16241-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-16241-6"><bdi>978-1-315-16241-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Revivals%3A+Medieval+Islamic+Civilization+%282006%29&rft.date=2018-01-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315162416&rft.isbn=978-1-315-16241-6&rft.aulast=Meri&rft.aufirst=Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F132055c0">"Sir Henry Lyons, F.R.S"</a>. Nature. 132 (3323): 55. July 1933. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933Natur.132S..55.">1933Natur.132S..55.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F132055c0">10.1038/132055c0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:47244046">47244046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Sir+Henry+Lyons%2C+F.R.S&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=3323&rft.pages=55&rft.date=1933-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F132055c0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A47244046%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1933Natur.132S..55.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F132055c0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPormann2007" class="citation book cs1">Pormann, Peter E. (2007). Medieval Islamic medicine. <a href="/wiki/Savage-Smith,_Emilie" class="mw-redirect" title="Savage-Smith, Emilie">Savage-Smith, Emilie</a>. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-160-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-160-1"><bdi>978-1-58901-160-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71581787">71581787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+medicine&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71581787&rft.isbn=978-1-58901-160-1&rft.aulast=Pormann&rft.aufirst=Peter+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumWest2015" class="citation web cs1">HumWest (14 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanitieswest.net/baghdad-in-its-golden-age-762-1300/">"Baghdad in Its Golden Age (762–1300) | 25–26 April 2014"</a>. Humanities West. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020302/http://humanitieswest.net/baghdad-in-its-golden-age-762-1300/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanities+West&rft.atitle=Baghdad+in+Its+Golden+Age+%28762%E2%80%931300%29+%7C+25%E2%80%9326+April+2014&rft.date=2015-03-14&rft.au=HumWest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanitieswest.net%2Fbaghdad-in-its-golden-age-762-1300%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalagasZarkadouliaSamonis2006" class="citation journal cs1">Falagas, Matthew E.; Zarkadoulia, Effie A.; Samonis, George (1 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fasebj.org/content/20/10/1581.full.pdf">"Arab science in the golden age (750–1258 C.E.) and today"</a> (PDF). The FASEB Journal. 20 (10): 1581–1586. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.06-0803ufm">10.1096/fj.06-0803ufm</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0892-6638">0892-6638</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16873881">16873881</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40960150">40960150</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170821205855/http://www.fasebj.org/content/20/10/1581.full.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+FASEB+Journal&rft.atitle=Arab+science+in+the+golden+age+%28750%E2%80%931258+C.E.%29+and+today&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1581-%3C%2Fspan%3E1586&rft.date=2006-08-01&rft.issn=0892-6638&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40960150%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16873881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1096%2Ffj.06-0803ufm&rft.aulast=Falagas&rft.aufirst=Matthew+E.&rft.au=Zarkadoulia%2C+Effie+A.&rft.au=Samonis%2C+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fasebj.org%2Fcontent%2F20%2F10%2F1581.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaliba2007" class="citation book cs1">Saliba, George (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7551%2Fmitpress%2F3981.001.0001">10.7551/mitpress/3981.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-28288-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-28288-8"><bdi>978-0-262-28288-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Science+and+the+Making+of+the+European+Renaissance&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7551%2Fmitpress%2F3981.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-262-28288-8&rft.aulast=Saliba&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2011" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, Jonathan (2011). The House of Wisdom : How the Arabs Transformed Western Civilization. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-190-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-190-1"><bdi>978-1-60819-190-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1021808136">1021808136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Wisdom+%3A+How+the+Arabs+Transformed+Western+Civilization&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1021808136&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-190-1&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm">"Largest Cities Through History"</a>. Geography.about.com. 2 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050527095609/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2005. Retrieved 27 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Largest+Cities+Through+History&rft.pub=Geography.about.com&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeography.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fweekly%2Faa011201a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Matt T. Rosenberg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm">Largest Cities Through History.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050527095609/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm">Archived</a> 27 May 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobrick2012" class="citation book cs1">Bobrick, Benson (2012). The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and the West in the Golden Age of Baghdad. Simon & Schuster. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-6762-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-6762-2"><bdi>978-1-4165-6762-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caliph%27s+Splendor%3A+Islam+and+the+West+in+the+Golden+Age+of+Baghdad&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-6762-2&rft.aulast=Bobrick&rft.aufirst=Benson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mackensen-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mackensen_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackensen_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackensen_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackensen_52-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackensen_52-4">e</a> Mackensen, Ruth Stellhorn . (1932). Four Great Libraries of Medieval Baghdad. The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy, Vol. 2, No. 3 (July 1932), pp. 279-299. University of Chicago Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-Modelski-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Modelski_53-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Modelski" title="George Modelski">George Modelski</a>, World Cities: –3000 to 2000, Washington, D.C.: FAROS 2000, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9676230-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9676230-1-6">978-0-9676230-1-6</a>. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/">Evolutionary World Politics Homepage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070520065457/http://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/">Archived</a> 20 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudy_RingRobert_M._SalkinK._A._BerneyPaul_E._Schellinger1996" class="citation book cs1">Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; K. A. Berney; Paul E. Schellinger (1996). International dictionary of historic places, Volume 4: Middle East and Africa. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_and_Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor and Francis">Taylor and Francis</a>. p. 116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+dictionary+of+historic+places%2C+Volume+4%3A+Middle+East+and+Africa&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Trudy+Ring&rft.au=Robert+M.+Salkin&rft.au=K.+A.+Berney&rft.au=Paul+E.+Schellinger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Atlas of the Medieval World pg. 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Virani, Shafique N. The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Daftary,_Farhad_1990-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daftary,_Farhad_1990_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daftary,_Farhad_1990_57-1">b</a> Daftary, Farhad. The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, 205-206. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Daftary, Farhad. The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm">Central Asian world cities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118121401/https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm">Archived</a> 18 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, George Modelski </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworthDonzelHeinrichsPellat1998" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C.E.; Donzel, E. van; Heinrichs, W.P.; Pellat, Ch., eds. (1998). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume VII (Mif-Naz)</a>. BRILL. p. 1032. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09419-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Volume+VII+%28Mif-Naz%29&rft.pages=1032&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09419-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/baghdad-sacked-mongols">"Baghdad Sacked by the Mongols | History Today"</a>. historytoday.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910014525/https://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/baghdad-sacked-mongols">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2018. 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Emerald Group Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53243-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53243-5"><bdi>978-0-444-53243-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180909223531/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3qwuhK3BBH8C&pg=PA215">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2018. 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(2008), "Baghdad", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, US: ABC-CLIO</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baghdad&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+US&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Ian Frazier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/04/25/050425fa_fact4?currentPage=5">Annals of history: Invaders: Destroying Baghdad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607053406/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/04/25/050425fa_fact4?currentPage=5">Archived</a> 7 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> 25 April 2005. p.5 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/eav042806.shtml">New Book Looks at Old-Style Central Asian Despotism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090118203132/http://eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/eav042806.shtml">Archived</a> 18 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, EurasiaNet Civil Society, Elizabeth Kiem, 28 April 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2TGkO7G43oC&pg=PA99">The Fertile Crescent, 1800-1914: a documentary economic history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504154243/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2TGkO7G43oC&pg=PA99">Archived</a> 4 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Charles Philip Issawi (1988). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press_US" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press US">Oxford University Press US</a>. p.99. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504951-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504951-0">978-0-19-504951-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Suraiya Faroqhi, Halil İnalcık, Donald Quataert (1997). 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Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.alaraby.co.uk&rft.atitle=And+they%27re+off%21+Iraqi+Kurdistan+holds+first+cash-betting+horse+race&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alaraby.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Firaqi-kurdistans-first-professional-horse-race-betting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairo.gov.eg/en/Pages/agreements.aspx">"Brotherhood & Friendship Agreements"</a>. cairo.gov.eg. Cairo. Retrieved 8 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cairo.gov.eg&rft.atitle=Brotherhood+%26+Friendship+Agreements&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairo.gov.eg%2Fen%2FPages%2Fagreements.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorfield2013" class="citation book cs1">Corfield, Justin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA196">"Sister Cities"</a>. Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang. London: Anthem Press. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-234-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-234-7"><bdi>978-0-85728-234-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sister+Cities&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Pyongyang&rft.place=London&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85728-234-7&rft.aulast=Corfield&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da46gFDWr3aMC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7">"گذری بر خواهرخوانده تهران در شرق اروپا"</a> (in Persian). Iranian Students' News Agency. 21 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82+%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7&rft.pub=Iranian+Students%27+News+Agency&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isna.ir%2Fnews%2F96122915736%2F%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B0%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D9%2587-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D9%2582-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%25BE%25D8%25A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050525231213/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/ds49x2xm465d/">A Dweller in Mesopotamia</a>, being the adventures of an official artist in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>, by Donald Maxwell, 1921 (a searchable facsimile at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a> Libraries; <a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a> & <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050906055955/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/1f/dweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf">"layered PDF"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/1f/dweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=layered+PDF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffax.libs.uga.edu%2FDS49x2xM465D%2F1f%2Fdweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> (7.53 MB) format)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050402090804/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/">By Desert Ways to Baghdad</a>, by Louisa Jebb (Mrs. Roland Wilkins), 1908 (1909 ed) (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; <a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a> & <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050906060015/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/1f/desert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf">"layered PDF"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/1f/desert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=layered+PDF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffax.libs.uga.edu%2FDS49x2xW684B%2F1f%2Fdesert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> (11.3 MB) format)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13602365.2012.692603#preview/">Miastoprojekt goes abroad: the transfer of architectural labour from socialist Poland to Iraq (1958–1989)</a> by Lukasz Stanek, <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Architecture" title="The Journal of Architecture">The Journal of Architecture</a>, Volume 17, Issue 3, 2012</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Caecilia Pieri, Bagdad, la construction d'une capitale moderne, 1914–1960, Presses de l'Ifpo, 2015, 440 pages, about 800 illustrations (ISBN 978-2-35159-399-8) (ISSN 2225-7578).</li> <li>Mina Marefat, Caecilia Pieri, Gilles Ragot, Le Corbusier's Gymnasium in Bagdad, 2014, Éditions du patrimoine, collection Regards (French and English versions), Presses de l'Ifpo (Arabic version) (ISBN 2757703013).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPieri2011" class="citation book cs1">Pieri, Caecilia (2011). Baghdad Arts Deco: Architectural Brickwork, 1920–1950 (1st ed.). The American University in Cairo Press. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-356-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-356-2"><bdi>978-977-416-356-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baghdad+Arts+Deco%3A+Architectural+Brickwork%2C+1920%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=160&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-977-416-356-2&rft.aulast=Pieri&rft.aufirst=Caecilia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"></li> <li>"Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-135" by Ibn Battuta.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Bell" title="Gertrude Bell">Gertrude Bell</a>: The Arabian Diaries, 1913–1914." by Bell Gertrude Lowthian, and O'Brien, Rosemary.</li> <li>"Historic Cities of the Islamic World". by Bosworth, Clifford Edmund.</li> <li>"Ottoman administration of Iraq, 1890–1908." by Cetinsaya, Gokhan.</li> <li>"Naked in Baghdad." by Garrels, Anne, and Lawrence, Vint.</li> <li>"A memoir of Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson." by Rawlinson, George.</li> <li>Stanek, Łukasz (2020). Architecture in Global Socialism: Eastern Europe, West Africa, and the Middle East in the Cold War. Princeton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19455-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19455-4">978-0-691-19455-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Baghdad#Q1530" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (9th ed.) article <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Baghdad" class="extiw" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bagdad_(city)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bagdad (city)">Bagdad (city)</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011182836/http://www.amanatbaghdad.gov.iq/">Amanat/Mayoralty of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/iraq/baghdadmapb.jpg">Map of Baghdad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090930101151/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/iraq/baghdadmapb.jpg">Archived</a> 30 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911122606/http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Baghdad.html">Iraq Image – Baghdad Satellite Observation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investpromo.gov.iq/">National Commission for Investment in Iraq</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl?style=plnews&data=/gmtemp/news/ni000001.sid&title=Baghdad,+2003">Interactive map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/iraq/42.htm">Iraq – Urban Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vb.bagdady.com/bagdady551878/">– Baghdad government websites</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022190928/http://vb.bagdady.com/bagdady551878/">Archived</a> 22 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/money/world/2004-03-01-hisham_x.htm">Envisioning Reconstruction In Iraq</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060212064817/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=7592">Description of the original layout of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://healingiraq.blogspot.com/baghdadethno1.JPG">Ethnic and sectarian map of Baghdad – Healingiraq</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060921050720/http://www.tufts.edu/home/feature/?p=ashkouri">Man With A Plan: Hisham Ashkouri</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090828185553/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/iraq/090824/behind-baghdads-9-11">Behind Baghdad's 9/11</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091219131236/http://www.iauiraq.org/">Iraq Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit</a> Reports, maps and assessments of Iraq from the UN Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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districts in Baghdad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_and_neighborhoods_of_Baghdad139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_districts_in_Baghdad" title="Administrative districts in Baghdad">Districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhoods_of_Baghdad" title="Neighbourhoods of Baghdad">neighborhoods</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baghdad</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhamiyah" title="Adhamiyah">Adhamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadhimiya" title="Kadhimiya">Kadhimiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkh" title="Karkh">Karkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrada" title="Karrada">Karrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansour_district" title="Mansour district">Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Baghdad" title="New Baghdad">New Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Rashid,_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Rashid, Baghdad">Al-Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rusafa,_Iraq" title="Al-Rusafa, Iraq">Rusafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_City" title="Sadr City">Sadr City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Za%27franiya" title="Al-Za'franiya">Al-Za'franiya</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baghdad above"><img alt="Baghdad above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg/130px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg/195px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg/260px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Baghdad above</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighborhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_Al-A%27amel" title="Hayy Al-A'amel">Hayy Al-A'amel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-A%27amiriya" title="Al-A'amiriya">Al-A'amiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Disher" title="Abu Disher">Abu Disher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adel" title="Al-Adel">Al-Adel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amin_al-Thaniyah" title="Al-Amin al-Thaniyah">Al-Amin al-Thaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Jibor" title="Arab Jibor">Arab Jibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Al-Moatham" title="Bab Al-Moatham">Bab Al-Moatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Al-Sharqi" title="Bab Al-Sharqi">Bab Al-Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Sheikh" title="Bab al-Sheikh">Bab al-Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiyaa" title="Baiyaa">Baiyaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora,_Baghdad" title="Dora, Baghdad">Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fathel" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fathel">Al-Fathel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazaliya" title="Ghazaliya">Ghazaliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Street" title="Haifa Street">Haifa Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hebnaa" title="Al-Hebnaa">Al-Hebnaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hurriya,_Baghdad" title="Al-Hurriya, Baghdad">Al-Hurriya, Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jadriya" title="Al-Jadriya">Al-Jadriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haydar-Khana" title="Haydar-Khana">Haydar-Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_Al-Jami%27a" title="Hayy Al-Jami'a">Hayy Al-Jami'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jisr_Diyala" title="Jisr Diyala">Jisr Diyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jihad_(Baghdad)" title="Al-Jihad (Baghdad)">Al-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Khadhraa" title="Al Khadhraa">Al Khadhraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maidan_Square" title="Al-Maidan Square">Al-Maidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansour_neighbourhood" title="Mansour neighbourhood">Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghiba_Khatoun" title="Raghiba Khatoun">Raghiba Khatoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sa%27adoon" title="Al-Sa'adoon">Al-Sa'adoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_Abkar" title="Saba Abkar">Saba Abkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saydiya" title="Al-Saydiya">Al-Saydiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha%27ab,_Baghdad" title="Sha'ab, Baghdad">Sha'ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shu%27ala" title="Al-Shu'ala">Al-Shu'ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_Al-Shurtta" title="Hayy Al-Shurtta">Hayy Al-Shurtta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ubedy" title="Al-Ubedy">Al-Ubedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_Ur" title="Hayy Ur">Hayy Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utafiyah" title="Utafiyah">Utafiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Washash" title="Al-Washash">Al-Washash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wazireya" title="Al-Wazireya">Al-Wazireya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouk,_Baghdad" title="Yarmouk, Baghdad">Yarmouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Za%27franiya" title="Al-Za'franiya">Al-Za'franiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayouna" title="Zayouna">Zayouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataween" title="Bataween">Bataween</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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Governorate">Sulaymaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasit_Governorate" title="Wasit Governorate">Wasit</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Iraq"><img alt="Flag of Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/50px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/75px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/100px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Tigris89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tigris" title="Template:Tigris"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tigris" title="Template talk:Tigris"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tigris" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tigris"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Tigris89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">The Tigris</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Turkey</a> (523 km)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Syria" title="Geography of Syria">Syria</a> (40 km)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Iraq</a> (1,377 km)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Tigr-euph.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating the Tigris"><img alt="Map indicating the Tigris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tigr-euph.png/120px-Tigr-euph.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tigr-euph.png/180px-Tigr-euph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tigr-euph.png/240px-Tigr-euph.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1005" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismil" title="Bismil">Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasankeyf" title="Hasankeyf">Hasankeyf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cizre" title="Cizre">Cizre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadhimiya" title="Kadhimiya">Kadhimiya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarah" title="Amarah">Amarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kut" title="Kut">Al-Kūt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemune" title="Kemune">Kemune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_the_Tigris" title="List of tributaries of the Tigris">Tributaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ambar</li> <li>Kuru</li> <li>Pamuk</li> <li>Hazro</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_River" title="Batman River">Batman</a></li> <li>Garzan</li> <li>Göksu</li> <li>Savur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botan_River" title="Botan River">Botan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Tigris)" title="Khabur (Tigris)">Little Khabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Zab" title="Great Zab">Great Zab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Zab" title="Little Zab">Little Zab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Adhaim" class="mw-redirect" title="'Adhaim">'Adhaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyala_River" title="Diyala River">Diyala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicle_Dam" title="Dicle Dam">Dicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il%C4%B1su_Dam" title="Ilısu Dam">Ilısu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cizre_Dam" title="Cizre Dam">Cizre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul_Dam" title="Mosul Dam">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badush_Dam" title="Badush Dam">Badush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_Barrage" title="Samarra Barrage">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kut_Barrage" title="Kut Barrage">Kut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Arab_countries146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template talk:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Arab_countries146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Africa</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>1</li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (proclaimed), <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> </li><li> <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a> (de facto)1</li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Asia352" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Asia352" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in italics</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Central Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">South Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Southeast Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">West Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;">East Asia</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;">North Asia</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Thunder_Cove" title="Camp Thunder Cove">Camp Thunder Cove</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">BIOT</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>) *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Fish_Cove" title="Flying Fish Cove">Flying Fish Cove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Island,_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands">West Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> (de facto) *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokhumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokhumi">Sokhumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.3em; line-height:1.3em;"><div>* Disputed. See: <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz-Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz-Georgian conflict">Abkhaz-Georgian conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian-Ossetian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian-Ossetian conflict">Georgian-Ossetian conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas63" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template talk:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas63" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World's 50 <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">most-populous urban areas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area" title="Greater Tokyo Area">Tokyo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">Jakarta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(India)" title="National Capital Region (India)">Delhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>–<a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manila_Area" title="Greater Manila Area">Manila</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Area" title="Seoul Metropolitan Area">Seoul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Cairo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="11"><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata metropolitan area">Kolkata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Greater São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Dhaka" title="Greater Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Region">Bangkok</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_metropolitan_area" title="Moscow metropolitan area">Moscow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Buenos_Aires" title="Greater Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="21"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_metropolitan_area" title="Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="31"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tehran" title="Greater Tehran">Tehran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Greater Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_metropolitan_area" title="Chennai metropolitan area">Chennai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area" title="Paris metropolitan area">Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="41"><li><a href="/wiki/Lima_metropolitan_area" title="Lima metropolitan area">Lima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Metropolitan Area of Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Metropolitan_Region" title="Hyderabad Metropolitan Region">Hyderabad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taipei%E2%80%93Keelung_metropolitan_area" title="Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area">Taipei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABky%C5%8D_metropolitan_area" title="Chūkyō metropolitan area">Nagoya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya_metropolitan_area" title="Surabaya metropolitan area">Surabaya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_metropolitan_area" title="Bandung metropolitan area">Bandung</a></li></ol></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_Capital_of_Culture27" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_Capital_of_Culture27" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Arab Capital of Culture">Arab Capital of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> 1996 (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> 1997 (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a> 1998 (<a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> 1999 (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> 2000 (<a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> 2001 (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> 2002 (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> 2003 (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaʽa</a> 2004 (<a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> 2005 (<a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a> <a href="/wiki/2006_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Arab Capital of Culture">2006</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> <a href="/wiki/2007_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Arab Capital of Culture">2007</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> <a href="/wiki/2008_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2008 Arab Capital of Culture">2008</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/2009_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2009 Arab Capital of Culture">2009</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a> <a href="/wiki/2010_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2010 Arab Capital of Culture">2010</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a> 2011 (<a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a> 2012 (<a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baghdad</a> 2013 (<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> 2014 (<a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a> 2015 (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfax" title="Sfax">Sfax</a> 2016 (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a> 2017 (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a> 2018 (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a> 2019 (<a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> 2020 (<a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a> 2021 (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> 2022 (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> 2023 (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1948" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1948" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125482894">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1207444/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd88FjGBr9xYVp9dgHKVC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4004237-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80006292">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952706c">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952706c">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge296300&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX457698">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000788519&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007557233205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/d247b236-d8f1-42fe-bfd4-3c0cd916c32d">MusicBrainz area</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/893952">Pleiades</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027501175">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044322">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-fdf4bbd96-fttrc","wgBackendResponseTime":177,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.009","walltime":"3.512","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20974,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":589433,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":69582,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":44,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":839882,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2932.672 1 -total"," 42.30% 1240.517 2 Template:Reflist"," 20.48% 600.655 111 Template:Cite_web"," 19.02% 557.777 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 17.35% 508.787 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.80% 228.672 38 Template:Cite_book"," 6.44% 188.966 1 Template:Navboxes"," 4.48% 131.523 3 Template:Sfn"," 4.32% 126.811 1 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Arab countries\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 111,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 9,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 9,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"EB9 Poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 6,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Governorates of Iraq\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"List of Asian capitals by region\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 1,\n [\"Okina\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Panorama\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Tigris\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 12,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n [\"World's most populated urban areas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","17.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","15.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","8.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","7.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","7.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","7.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","4.2"],["type","80","4.2"],["(for generator)","40","2.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","2.1"],["[others]","440","23.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6758457cd4-pznzf","timestamp":"20250219210344","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Baghdad","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baghdad","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1530","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1530","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-25T16:07:42Z","dateModified":"2025-02-19T21:03:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4b\/5628442718_b10fc2c47f_o.jpg","headline":"capital city of Iraq"}</script> </body> </html>