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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbamates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbamates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Carbamates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbamates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gabapentinoids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gabapentinoids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Gabapentinoids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gabapentinoids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gamma-hydroxybutyric_acid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gamma-hydroxybutyric_acid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gamma-hydroxybutyric_acid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonbenzodiazepines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonbenzodiazepines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Nonbenzodiazepines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonbenzodiazepines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opioids/opiates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opioids/opiates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Opioids/opiates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opioids/opiates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piperidinediones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piperidinediones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Piperidinediones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piperidinediones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quinazolinone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quinazolinone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Quinazolinone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quinazolinone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 Miscellaneous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combining_multiple_depressants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combining_multiple_depressants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Combining multiple depressants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combining_multiple_depressants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Depressant</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" > 33 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="عقاقير مسببة للاكتئاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقاقير مسببة للاكتئاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressantlar" title="Depressantlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Depressantlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Дэпрэсанты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэпрэсанты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Депресант – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Депресант" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depresanti" title="Depresanti – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Depresanti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressor" title="Depressor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Depressor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beruhigungsmittel" title="Beruhigungsmittel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beruhigungsmittel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Depressant" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depresor" title="Depresor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Depresor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="سرکوب‌کننده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرکوب‌کننده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9presseur" title="Dépresseur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dépresseur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogas_depresoras" title="Drogas depresoras – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Drogas depresoras" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Դեպրեսանտներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեպրեսանտներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95" title="अवसादक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अवसादक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depresori" title="Depresori – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Depresori" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="დეპრესანტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დეპრესანტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depres%C3%A8" title="Depresè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Depresè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depresanti" title="Depresanti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Depresanti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Депрессор – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Депрессор" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%89%A4" title="抑制剤 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="抑制剤" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depresanty" title="Depresanty – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Depresanty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressor" title="Depressor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Depressor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Депрессанты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Депрессанты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qet%C3%ABsuesi" title="Qetësuesi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qetësuesi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Depressant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1_(%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="وەستێنەر (دەرمان) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وەستێنەر (دەرمان)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Депресанти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Депресанти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depresant" title="Depresant – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Depresant" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressantit" title="Depressantit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Depressantit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depresan" title="Depresan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Depresan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Депресанти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Депресанти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%91c_%E1%BB%A9c_ch%E1%BA%BF_trung_%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Thuốc ức chế trung ương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuốc ức chế trung ương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%A8%9E%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%8A%91" title="中樞抑制劑 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中樞抑制劑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1976211#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Drugs that lower neurotransmission levels, reducing brain activity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Depressogen" title="Depressogen">depressogen</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Citations_broken plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> that <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">link to broken or outdated sources</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Depressant&action=edit">improve the article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LR">addressing link rot</a> or discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Depressant" title="Talk:Depressant">talk page</a>. (April 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Depressants, colloquially known as "downers" or central nervous system (CNS) depressants, are <a href="/wiki/Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugs">drugs</a> that lower <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmission" title="Neurotransmission">neurotransmission</a> levels, decrease the <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">electrical activity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">brain cells</a>, or reduce <a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">arousal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stimulation" title="Stimulation">stimulation</a> in various areas of the brain.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Some specific depressants do influence mood, either positively (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Opioids" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioids">opioids</a>) or negatively, but depressants often have no clear impact on mood (e.g., most <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsants</a>). In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulants</a>, or "uppers", increase mental alertness, making stimulants the opposite <a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">drug class</a> from depressants. <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a> are defined by their effect on mood, not on general brain activity, so they form an <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthogonal">orthogonal</a> category of drugs. Depressants are closely related to <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedatives</a> as a category of drugs, with significant overlap. The terms may sometimes be used interchangeably or may be used in somewhat different contexts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Depressants are widely used throughout the world as <a href="/wiki/Prescription_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescription medicine">prescription medicines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_(drugs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition (drugs)">illicit substances</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a> is a very prominent depressant. When depressants are used, effects often include <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiolysis">anxiolysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analgesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Analgesia">pain relief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">somnolence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive deficit">cognitive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Memory_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory loss">memory impairment</a>, as well as, in some instances, <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)" title="Dissociation (psychology)">dissociation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle relaxation">muscle relaxation</a>, lowered <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory depression">respiratory depression</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a> effects. Depressants sometimes also act to produce <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a>. Other depressants can include drugs like <a href="/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">Xanax</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepine</a>) and a number of <a href="/wiki/Opioids" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioids">opioids</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a> like <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">pregabalin</a> are depressants and have anticonvulsant and <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a> effects. Most anticonvulsants, like <a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">lamotrigine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">phenytoin</a>, are depressants. <a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">meprobamate</a>, are depressants that are similar to <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturates</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anesthetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthetics">Anesthetics</a> are generally depressants; examples include <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">propofol</a>. Depressants exert their effects through a number of different pharmacological mechanisms, the most prominent of which include facilitation of <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a> and inhibition of <a href="/wiki/Glutamatergic" title="Glutamatergic">glutamatergic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monoaminergic" title="Monoaminergic">monoaminergic</a> activity. Other examples are chemicals that modify the electrical signaling inside the body, the most prominent of which are <a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">bromides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Channel_blocker" title="Channel blocker">channel blockers</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indications">Indications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Depressant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Indications">edit</a>]</div> Depressants are used medicinally to relieve the following symptoms and disorders: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiety disorders">Anxiety disorders</a> such as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">Panic attacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">Seizures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convulsion" title="Convulsion">Convulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Pain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Depressant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcoholic_beverages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alcoholic_beverages.jpg/220px-Alcoholic_beverages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alcoholic_beverages.jpg/330px-Alcoholic_beverages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alcoholic_beverages.jpg/440px-Alcoholic_beverages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Distilled" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled">Distilled</a> (concentrated) <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a>, sometimes called "spirit" or "<a href="/wiki/Hard_liquor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard liquor">hard liquor</a>", are roughly eight times more alcoholic than beer.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcohol">Alcohol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Depressant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alcohol">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blood_alcohol_content" title="Blood alcohol content">Blood alcohol content</a></div> An <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverage</a> is a drink that <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">contains alcohol</a> (known formally as <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>), an <a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">anesthetic</a> that has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive drug</a> for several <a href="/wiki/Millennia" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennia">millennia</a>. Ethanol is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational drug">recreational drug</a> still used by humans. Ethanol can cause <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">alcohol intoxication</a> when consumed. Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes for <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_laws#Taxation_and_regulation_of_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol laws">taxation and regulation of production</a>: <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">spirits</a> (distilled beverages). They are legally consumed in most countries around the world. More than 100 countries have laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption.<a href="#cite_note-IARD-2">[2]</a> The most common way to measure intoxication for legal or medical purposes is through <a href="/wiki/Blood_alcohol_content" title="Blood alcohol content">blood alcohol content</a> (also called blood alcohol concentration or blood alcohol level). It is usually expressed as a <a href="/wiki/Percentage" title="Percentage">percentage</a> of alcohol in the <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> in units of mass of alcohol per volume of blood, or mass of alcohol per mass of blood, depending on the country. For instance, in North America, a blood alcohol content of 0.10 g/dL means that there are 0.10 g of alcohol for every <a href="/wiki/Deciliter" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciliter">dL</a> of blood (i.e., mass per volume is used there).<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barbiturates">Barbiturates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Depressant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Barbiturates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturate</a></div> Barbiturates were once popular treatments for insomnia, anxiety, and seizures, although their popularity has waned in recent decades. Barbiturates are sometimes used recreationally; they cause <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">dependence</a> and severe <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal</a>, and they have a high risk of fatal <a href="/wiki/Overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdose">overdose</a> due to respiratory depression. By the late 1950s, concerns over the mounting social costs associated with barbiturates prompted a concerted effort to find alternative medications. Most people still using barbiturates today do so for the prevention of <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a> or, in mild form, for relief from the symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraines</a>. One barbiturate that remains in use for seizure disorders is <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benzodiazepines">Benzodiazepines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Depressant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Benzodiazepines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepine</a></div> A <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepine</a> (sometimes colloquially "benzo"; often abbreviated "BZD") is a drug whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> ring and a <a href="/wiki/Diazepine" title="Diazepine">diazepine</a> ring. The first such drug, <a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">chlordiazepoxide</a> (Librium), was <a href="/wiki/Serendipity" title="Serendipity">discovered accidentally</a> by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Sternbach" title="Leo Sternbach">Leo Sternbach</a> in 1955 and made available in 1960 by <a href="/wiki/Hoffmann%E2%80%93La_Roche" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoffmann–La Roche">Hoffmann–La Roche</a>, which has also marketed the benzodiazepine <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a> (Valium) since 1963. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xanax_2_mg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Xanax_2_mg.jpg/220px-Xanax_2_mg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Xanax_2_mg.jpg/330px-Xanax_2_mg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Xanax_2_mg.jpg/440px-Xanax_2_mg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="1477" /></a><figcaption>Xanax (<a href="/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">alprazolam</a>) 2 mg tri-score tablets, a classical benzodiazepine sedative</figcaption></figure> Benzodiazepines enhance the effect of the <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">gamma-aminobutyric acid</a> (GABA) at the <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABAA receptor</a>, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sleep_induction" title="Sleep induction">sleep-inducing</a>), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, and <a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">muscle relaxant</a> properties. High doses of shorter-acting benzodiazepines induce <a href="/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia" title="Anterograde amnesia">anterograde amnesia</a>, which may be helpful for surgical and procedural anesthesia to reduce patient recall. <a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">Midazolam</a> is often used in anesthesiology. These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety, insomnia, <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">agitation</a>, seizures, <a href="/wiki/Spasm" title="Spasm">muscle spasms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol withdrawal">alcohol withdrawal</a>, and as a <a href="/wiki/Premedication" title="Premedication">premedication</a> for medical or dental procedures. Benzodiazepines are categorized as either short-, intermediate-, or long-acting. Short- and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia; longer-acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety. In general, benzodiazepines are safe and effective in the short term, although cognitive impairments and <a href="/wiki/Paradoxical_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradoxical effect">paradoxical effects</a> such as aggression or behavioral <a href="/wiki/Disinhibition" title="Disinhibition">disinhibition</a> occasionally occur. A minority of patients react to benzodiazepines with paradoxical agitation. Long-term use is controversial due to adverse psychological and cognitive effects, decreasing effectiveness, dependence, and <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome">benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome</a>, following withdrawal after long-term use. The <a href="/wiki/Elderly" class="mw-redirect" title="Elderly">elderly</a> are at an increased risk of experiencing both short- and long-term <a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">adverse effects</a>. There is controversy concerning the safety of benzodiazepines in pregnancy. While they are not major <a href="/wiki/Teratogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogens">teratogens</a>, uncertainty remains as to whether they cause <a href="/wiki/Cleft_palate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleft palate">cleft palate</a> in a small number of babies and whether neurobehavioral effects occur as a result of prenatal exposure; they are known to cause <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_withdrawal" title="Neonatal withdrawal">withdrawal symptoms in the newborn</a>. Benzodiazepines can be <a href="/wiki/Overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdose">overdosed</a> and cause dangerous <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">deep unconsciousness</a>. However, they are much less toxic than their predecessors, barbiturates, and death rarely results when a benzodiazepine is the only drug taken; however, when combined with other <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> depressants such as <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcohol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">opiates</a>, the potential for toxicity and fatal overdose increases. Benzodiazepines are commonly misused and taken in combination with other addictive drugs. In addition, all benzodiazepines are listed in the <a href="/wiki/Beers_Criteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Beers Criteria">Beers List</a>, which is significant in clinical practice. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cannabis">Cannabis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Depressant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cannabis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a> is often considered either in its own unique category or as a mild <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The chemical compound <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)</a>, which is found in cannabis, has many depressant effects, such as <a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle relaxation">muscle relaxation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a>, decreased <a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">alertness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">tiredness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Contrary to the previous statement, activation of the CB1 receptor by <a href="/wiki/Cannabinoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoids">cannabinoids</a> causes an inhibition of GABA, the exact opposite of what CNS depressants do. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbamates">Carbamates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Depressant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Carbamates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamate</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a> are a class of depressants, or "<a href="/wiki/Tranquilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquilizer">tranquilizers</a>", that are synthesized from <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Carbamates have <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Conermann_2022-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">muscle relaxant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Conermann_2022-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Conermann_2022-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">antihypertensive</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a> effects. They have other uses, like <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">muscle tremors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">agitation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Alcohol withdrawal syndrome">alcohol withdrawal</a>. Their muscle relaxant effects are useful for <a href="/wiki/Strain_(injury)" title="Strain (injury)">strains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sprain" title="Sprain">sprains</a>, and muscle injuries combined with rest, physical therapy, and other measures.<a href="#cite_note-Conermann_2022-8">[8]</a> The effects, synthesis, and mechanism of action of carbamates are very similar to those of barbiturates.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> There are many different types of carbamates: some only produce anxiolytic and hypnotic effects, while others only have anticonvulsant effects. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somadril_Comp.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Somadril_Comp.JPG/170px-Somadril_Comp.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Somadril_Comp.JPG/255px-Somadril_Comp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Somadril_Comp.JPG/340px-Somadril_Comp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a> tablets</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">Side effects</a> of carbamates include <a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">drowsiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">flatulence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver_failure" title="Liver failure">liver failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">poor coordination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nystagmus" title="Nystagmus">nystagmus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weakness" title="Weakness">weakness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">nervousness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overstimulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Overstimulation">overstimulation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">dependence</a>. Uncommon but potentially <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">severe adverse reactions</a> include hypersensitivity reactions such as <a href="/wiki/Stevens%E2%80%93Johnson_syndrome" title="Stevens–Johnson syndrome">Stevens–Johnson syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_toxicity" title="Developmental toxicity">embryo-fetal toxicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stupor" title="Stupor">stupor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>. It is not recommended to use most carbamates, like <a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">carisoprodol</a>, for a long time, as <a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">physical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">psychological dependence</a> do occur.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">Meprobamate</a> was launched in 1955. It quickly became the first popular psychotropic drug in America, becoming popular in Hollywood and gaining fame for its seemingly miraculous effects. It has since been marketed under more than 100 trade names, including Amepromat, Quivet, and Zirpon. Carisoprodol, which metabolizes into meprobamate and is still used mainly for its muscle relaxant effects, can potentially be abused. Its mechanism of action is very similar to that of barbiturates, alcohol, <a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">methaqualone</a>, and benzodiazepines. Carisoprodol <a href="/wiki/Allosteric_modulator" title="Allosteric modulator">allosterically modulates</a> and directly <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">activates</a> the human <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">α1β2γ2 GABAAR</a> (<a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABAA</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>, similar to barbiturates. This causes <a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel" title="Chloride channel">chloride channels</a> to open, allowing <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> to flood into the neuron. This slows down <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmission" title="Neurotransmission">communication between neurons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Unlike benzodiazepines, which increase the frequency of the chloride channel opening, carisoprodol increases the duration of channel opening when GABA is bound.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> GABA is the main <a href="/wiki/Inhibitory_postsynaptic_potential" title="Inhibitory postsynaptic potential">inhibitory</a> <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, which causes its depressant effects. Carbamates are fatal in <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">overdose</a>, which is why many have been replaced with benzodiazepines. Symptoms are similar to a barbiturate overdose and typically include <a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">difficulty thinking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">poor coordination</a>, decreased <a href="/wiki/Levels_of_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Levels of consciousness">levels of consciousness</a>, and a decreased effort to breathe (<a href="/wiki/Respiratory_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory depression">respiratory depression</a>). An overdose is more likely to be fatal when mixed with another depressant that <a href="/wiki/Hypoventilation" title="Hypoventilation">suppresses breathing</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Physical and <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a> dependence does happen with long-term use of carbamates, particularly carisoprodol. Today, carisoprodol is only used in the short term for muscle pain, particularly back pain. Discontinuation after long-term use could be very intense and even possibly fatal. Withdrawal can resemble <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_dependence" title="Barbiturate dependence">barbiturate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Alcohol withdrawal syndrome">alcohol</a>, or benzodiazepine withdrawal, as they all have a <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">similar mechanism of action</a>. Discontinuation symptoms include <a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">confusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(mental)" title="Orientation (mental)">disorientation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Auditory_hallucination" title="Auditory hallucination">auditory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visual_hallucinations_in_psychosis" title="Visual hallucinations in psychosis">visual</a>), <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">decreased appetite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">psychomotor agitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pressure_of_speech" title="Pressure of speech">pressured speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>, which could be fatal.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Carbamates gained widespread use in the 1950s, alongside barbiturates. While their popularity has gradually waned due to concerns over overdose and dependence potential, newer derivatives of carbamates continue to be developed. Among these is <a href="/wiki/Felbamate" title="Felbamate">Felbamate</a>, an anticonvulsant that was approved in 1993 and is commonly used today. It is a GABAA positive allosteric modulator and blocks the <a href="/wiki/GRIN2B" title="GRIN2B">NR2B</a> subunit of the <a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA receptor</a>. Other carbamates block <a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel" title="Sodium channel">sodium channels</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phenprobamate" title="Phenprobamate">Phenprobamate</a> was used as an anxiolytic and is still sometimes used in Europe for <a href="/wiki/General_anesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="General anesthesia">general anesthesia</a> and for treating muscle cramps and spasticity. <a href="/wiki/Methocarbamol" title="Methocarbamol">Methocarbamol</a> is a popular drug that is commonly known as Robaxin and is <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter</a> in some countries. It is a carbamate with muscle relaxant effects. <a href="/wiki/Tetrabamate" title="Tetrabamate">Tetrabamate</a> is a controversial drug that is a combination of <a href="/wiki/Febarbamate" title="Febarbamate">febarbamate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Difebarbamate" title="Difebarbamate">difebarbamate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>. It is marketed in Europe and has been largely, but not completely, discontinued. On 4 April 1997, after over 30 years of use due to reports of <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acute_liver_failure" title="Acute liver failure">acute liver failure</a>, the use of the drug was restricted. Carisoprodol, known as "Soma", is still commonly used today for its muscle relaxant effects. It is also very commonly abused around the world. It is a <a href="/wiki/Schedule_IV_controlled_substance" class="mw-redirect" title="Schedule IV controlled substance">Schedule IV</a> substance in the United States. Approved: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a>/<a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">Meprobamate</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tybamate" title="Tybamate">Tybamate</a> (Soma/Miltown, Solacen) (muscle relaxant, anxiolytic, tranquilizer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difebarbamate" title="Difebarbamate">Difebarbamate</a> (Atrium, Sevrium) (tranquilizer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emylcamate" title="Emylcamate">Emylcamate</a> (Striatran) (anxiolytic and muscle relaxant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinamate" title="Ethinamate">Ethinamate</a> (Valamin, Valmid) (sedative-hypnotic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febarbamate" title="Febarbamate">Febarbamate</a>/<a href="/wiki/Febarbamate" title="Febarbamate">Phenobamate</a> (Solium, Tymium) (anxiolytic and tranquilizer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felbamate" title="Felbamate">Felbamate</a> (Felbatol) (anticonvulsant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapropymate" title="Hexapropymate">Hexapropymate</a> (Merinax) (hypnotic-sedative)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebutamate" title="Mebutamate">Mebutamate</a> (Capla, Dormate) (anxiolytic, sedative, antihypertensive)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenprobamate" title="Phenprobamate">Phenprobamate</a> (Gamaquil, Isotonil) (muscle relaxant, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, anesthesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procymate" title="Procymate">Procymate</a> (Equipax) (<a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative</a>, anxiolytic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styramate" title="Styramate">Styramate</a> (Sinaxamol) (muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabamate" title="Tetrabamate">Tetrabamate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Febarbamate" title="Febarbamate">febarbamate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Difebarbamate" title="Difebarbamate">difebarbamate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>) (Atrium, G Tril, Sevrium) (for anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, muscle tremors, agitation, depression)</li></ul> Although a drug may be approved, that does not necessarily mean it is still being used today. Not approved: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carisbamate" title="Carisbamate">Carisbamate</a> (anticonvulsant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocental" title="Clocental">Clocental</a> (hypnotic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclarbamate" title="Cyclarbamate">Cyclarbamate</a> (muscle relaxant and tranquilizer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorbamate" title="Lorbamate">Lorbamate</a> (muscle relaxant and tranquilizer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisobamate" title="Nisobamate">Nisobamate</a> (tranquilizer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentabamate" title="Pentabamate">Pentabamate</a> (tranquilizer)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gabapentinoids">Gabapentinoids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Depressant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gabapentinoids">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabapentinoids">Gabapentinoids</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Phenibut_and_analogues.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="GABA analogues" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Phenibut_and_analogues.png/146px-Phenibut_and_analogues.png" decoding="async" width="146" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Phenibut_and_analogues.png/219px-Phenibut_and_analogues.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Phenibut_and_analogues.png/292px-Phenibut_and_analogues.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/GABA" title="GABA">GABA</a> analogues</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Voltage_gated_calcium_channel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Binding sites of pregabalin and the non-gabapentenoid ziconotide to the voltage-gated calcium channel complex." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Voltage_gated_calcium_channel.jpg/165px-Voltage_gated_calcium_channel.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Voltage_gated_calcium_channel.jpg/248px-Voltage_gated_calcium_channel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Voltage_gated_calcium_channel.jpg/330px-Voltage_gated_calcium_channel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="755" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Voltage_gated_calcium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage gated calcium channel">Voltage gated calcium channel</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Baclosan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Baclosan.JPG/169px-Baclosan.JPG" decoding="async" width="169" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Baclosan.JPG/254px-Baclosan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Baclosan.JPG/338px-Baclosan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1684" data-file-height="1360" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">Baclofen</a> tablets</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a> are a unique and relatively novel class of depressants that selectively <a href="/wiki/Binding_site" title="Binding site">bind</a> to the auxiliary <a href="/wiki/CACNA2D1" title="CACNA2D1">α2δ subunit</a> (<a href="/wiki/CACNA2D1" title="CACNA2D1">CACNA2D1</a> and <a href="/wiki/CACNA2D2" title="CACNA2D2">CACNA2D2</a>) site of certain <a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channels">VDCCs</a> and thereby act as <a href="/wiki/Channel_blocker" title="Channel blocker">inhibitors</a> of <a href="/wiki/CACNA2D1" title="CACNA2D1">α2δ</a> subunit-containing <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_calcium_channel" title="Voltage-gated calcium channel">voltage-gated calcium channels</a>. α2δ is nicknamed the "gabapentin receptor". At <a href="/wiki/Physiologic" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiologic">physiologic</a> or resting <a href="/wiki/Membrane_potential" title="Membrane potential">membrane potential</a>, VDCCs are normally <a href="/wiki/Resting_potential" title="Resting potential">closed</a>. They are activated (opened) at <a href="/wiki/Depolarization" title="Depolarization">depolarized</a> <a href="/wiki/Membrane_potential" title="Membrane potential">membrane potentials</a>, which is the source of the "<a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel" title="Voltage-gated ion channel">voltage-gated</a>" <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a>. Gabapentinoids bind to the <a href="/wiki/CACNA2D1" title="CACNA2D1">α1</a> and <a href="/wiki/CACNA2D2" title="CACNA2D2">α2</a> sites of the α2δ subunit family. Gabapentin is the <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototypical</a> gabapentinoid. The α2δ is found on <a href="/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type calcium channels</a>, <a href="/wiki/N-type_calcium_channel" title="N-type calcium channel">N-type calcium channels</a>, <a href="/wiki/P-type_calcium_channel" title="P-type calcium channel">P/Q-type calcium channels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R-type_calcium_channel" title="R-type calcium channel">R-type calcium channels</a> throughout the central and <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous systems</a>. α2δ is located on <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synapse" title="Chemical synapse">presynaptic neurons</a> and affects <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">calcium channel</a> trafficking and kinetics, initiates <a href="/wiki/Extracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracellular">extracellular</a> <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signaling cascades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a>, and promotes <a href="/wiki/Excitatory_postsynaptic_potential" title="Excitatory postsynaptic potential">excitatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Synaptogenesis" title="Synaptogenesis">synaptogenesis</a> through <a href="/wiki/Thrombospondin_1" title="Thrombospondin 1">thrombospondin 1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Gabapentinoids are not direct <a href="/wiki/Channel_blocker" title="Channel blocker">channel blockers</a>; rather, they disrupt the regulatory function of α2δ and its interactions with other proteins. Most of the effects of gabapentinoids are mediated by the <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_calcium_channel" title="Voltage-gated calcium channel">high-voltage activated</a> N and P/Q-type calcium channels. P/Q-type calcium channels are mainly found in the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purkinje_neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Purkinje neurons">Purkinje neurons</a>), which may be responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxic</a> adverse effect of gabapentinoids, while N-type calcium channels are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. <a href="/wiki/N-type_calcium_channel" title="N-type calcium channel">N-type calcium channels</a> are mainly responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a> effects of gabapentinoids. <a href="/wiki/Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide</a>, a non-gabapentinoid ω-<a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">conotoxin</a> <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptide</a>, binds to the <a href="/wiki/N-type_calcium_channel" title="N-type calcium channel">N-type calcium channels</a> and has analgesic effects 1000 times stronger than <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>. Gabapentinoids are selective for the α2δ site but <a href="/wiki/Non-selective" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-selective">non-selective</a> when they bind to the calcium channel complex. They act on the α2δ site to lower the release of many <a href="/wiki/Excitatory_postsynaptic_potential" title="Excitatory postsynaptic potential">excitatory</a> and pro-<a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">nociceptive</a> <a href="/wiki/Neurochemical" title="Neurochemical">neurochemicals</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">glutamate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">substance P</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide" title="Calcitonin gene-related peptide">calcitonin gene-related peptide</a> (CGRP), and more.<a href="#cite_note-pmid172224652-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-WyllieCascino20123-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-BenzonRathmell20132-20">[20]</a> Gabapentinoids are absorbed from the intestines mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Large_neutral_amino_acid_transporter_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Large neutral amino acid transporter 1">large neutral amino acid transporter 1</a> (LAT1, SLC7A5) and the <a href="/wiki/Excitatory_amino_acid_transporter_3" title="Excitatory amino acid transporter 3">excitatory amino acid transporter 3</a> (EAAT3). They are one of the few drugs that use these <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_transporter" title="Amino acid transporter">amino acid transporters</a>. Gabapentinoids are structurally similar to the <a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid" title="Branched-chain amino acid">branched-chain amino acids</a> <a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">L-leucine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">L-isoleucine</a>, both of which also bind to the α2δ site. <a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid" title="Branched-chain amino acid">Branched-chain amino acids</a> like l-leucine, l-isoleucine, and <a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">l-valine</a> have many functions in the central nervous system. They modify <a href="/wiki/Large_neutral_amino_acids_transporter_small_subunit_1" title="Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1">large neutral amino acid</a> (LNAA) transport at the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a> and reduce the synthesis of neurotransmitters derived from <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_amino_acid" title="Aromatic amino acid">aromatic amino acids</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catecholamine" title="Catecholamine">catecholamines</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">phenylalanine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> This may be relevant to the <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a> of gabapentinoids. Gabapentin was designed by researchers at <a href="/wiki/Parke-Davis" title="Parke-Davis">Parke-Davis</a> to be an <a href="/wiki/Structural_analog" title="Structural analog">analogue</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> GABA that could more easily cross the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a> and was first described in 1975 by Satzinger and Hartenstein.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Gabapentin was first approved for <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, mainly as an add-on treatment for <a href="/wiki/Focal_seizure" title="Focal seizure">partial seizures</a>. Gabapentinoids are <a href="/wiki/GABA_analogue" title="GABA analogue">GABA analogues</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid101891762-24">[24]</a> but they do not bind to the <a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA receptors</a>, convert into GABA or another <a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor_agonist" title="GABA receptor agonist">GABA receptor agonist</a> <a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a>, or directly modulate GABA <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitter transport">transport</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Uch20102-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16376147-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">baclofen</a>, two structurally related compounds, are exceptions, as they mainly act on the <a href="/wiki/GABA_B_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="GABA B receptor">GABA B receptor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Gabapentin, but not pregabalin, has been found to activate <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_potassium_channel" title="Voltage-gated potassium channel">voltage-gated potassium channels</a> (<a href="/wiki/KCNQ_channels" title="KCNQ channels">KCNQ</a>), which might <a href="/wiki/Potentiator" title="Potentiator">potentiate</a> its depressant qualities. Despite this, gabapentinoids mimic <a href="/wiki/GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABA activity</a> by <a href="/wiki/Inhibitory_postsynaptic_potential" title="Inhibitory postsynaptic potential">inhibiting</a> <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmission" title="Neurotransmission">neurotransmission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Gabapentinoids prevent delivery of the calcium channels to the cell membrane and disrupt interactions of α2δ with <a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA receptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMPA_receptor" title="AMPA receptor">AMPA receptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurexin" title="Neurexin">neurexins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thrombospondin" title="Thrombospondin">thrombospondins</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">calcium channel blockers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dihydropyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydropyridine">dihydropyridine</a> class are used for <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> to weakly block <a href="/wiki/CACNA2D1" title="CACNA2D1">α2δ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Gabapentinoids have anxiolytic, <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allodynia" title="Allodynia">antiallodynic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">antinociceptive</a>, and possibly muscle relaxant properties.<a href="#cite_note-WyllieCascino20123-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirsch2013-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-SchatzbergNemeroff2009-32">[32]</a> Pregabalin and gabapentin are used in <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Focal_seizure" title="Focal seizure">partial seizures</a> (focal). Gabapentinoids are not effective for <a href="/wiki/Generalized_epilepsy" title="Generalized epilepsy">generalized seizures</a>. They are also used for <a href="/wiki/Postherpetic_neuralgia" title="Postherpetic neuralgia">postherpetic neuralgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuropathic_pain" title="Neuropathic pain">neuropathic pain</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_neuropathy" title="Diabetic neuropathy">diabetic neuropathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">fibromyalgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">restless legs syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Pregabalin and gabapentin have many <a href="/wiki/Off-label_use" title="Off-label use">off-label</a> uses, including <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Alcohol withdrawal syndrome">alcohol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal" title="Opioid withdrawal">opioid withdrawal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">smoking cessation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">social anxiety disorder</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain" title="Chronic pain">chronic pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_flash" title="Hot flash">hot flashes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">tinnitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraines</a>, and more. Baclofen is primarily used for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Spasticity" title="Spasticity">spastic movement</a> disorders, especially in instances of <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury" title="Spinal cord injury">spinal cord injury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-47">[47]</a> Phenibut is used in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Latvia to treat anxiety and improve sleep, as in the treatment of insomnia.<a href="#cite_note-pmid118307613-48">[48]</a> It is also used for various other indications, including the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Asthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenia">asthenia</a>, depression, <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">stuttering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tic" title="Tic">tics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestibular disorder">vestibular disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re%27s_disease" title="Ménière's disease">Ménière's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, and the prevention of <a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">motion sickness</a> and anxiety before or after surgical procedures or painful diagnostic tests.<a href="#cite_note-pmid118307613-48">[48]</a> Phenibut, like other <a href="/wiki/GABAB_receptor" title="GABAB receptor">GABA B</a> agonists, is also sometimes used by bodybuilders to increase the <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">human growth hormone</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported on 25 March 2010 that "<a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer Inc</a> violated a United States <a href="/wiki/Racketeering" title="Racketeering">racketeering</a> law by improperly <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_marketing" title="Pharmaceutical marketing">promoting</a> the epilepsy drug Neurontin (gabapentin). Under the <a href="/wiki/Racketeer_Influenced_and_Corrupt_Organizations_Act" title="Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act">Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act</a>, the penalty is automatically tripled, so the finding will cost Pfizer $141 million." The case stems from a claim from <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Permanente" title="Kaiser Permanente">Kaiser Foundation Health Plan Inc</a>. that "it was misled into believing Neurontin was effective for off-label treatment of migraines, bipolar disorder and other conditions. Pfizer argued that Kaiser physicians "still recommend the drug for those uses" and that "the insurer's website also still lists Neurontin as a drug for neuropathic pain." In some cases, gabapentinoids are abused and provide similar effects to alcohol, benzodiazepines, and <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">gamma-hydroxybutyric acid</a> (GHB).<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> placed a <a href="/wiki/Boxed_warning" title="Boxed warning">black box warning</a> on Neurontin (gabapentin) and Lyrica (pregabalin) for serious <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">breathing problems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_breathing-52">[52]</a> Mixing gabapentinoids with opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, GHB, alcohol, or any other depressant is potentially deadly.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Common <a href="/wiki/Side_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Side effects">side effects</a> of gabapentinoids include <a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">drowsiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weakness" title="Weakness">weakness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyphagia" title="Polyphagia">increased appetite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urinary_retention" title="Urinary retention">urinary retention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>, involuntary eye movements (<a href="/wiki/Nystagmus" title="Nystagmus">nystagmus</a>), <a href="/wiki/Amnesia" title="Amnesia">memory issues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">uncontrollable jerking motions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auditory_hallucination" title="Auditory hallucination">auditory hallucinations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">myoclonic seizures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">overdose</a> of gabapentinoids usually consists of <a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">severe drowsiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">severe ataxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blurred_vision" title="Blurred vision">blurred vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysarthria" title="Dysarthria">slurred speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">severe uncontrollable jerking motions</a>, and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Like most anticonvulsants, pregabalin and gabapentin have an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">suicidal thoughts and behaviors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Gabapentinoids, like all <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">calcium channel blockers</a>, are known to cause <a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">angioedema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Taking them with an <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitor</a> can increase the toxic effects of gabapentinoids.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> They may also enhance the <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">fluid-retaining</a> effect of certain <a href="/wiki/Antidiabetic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidiabetic agent">anti-diabetic agents</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thiazolidinedione" title="Thiazolidinedione">thiazolidinediones</a>). It is not known if they cause <a href="/wiki/Gingival_enlargement" title="Gingival enlargement">gingival enlargement</a> like other <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">calcium channel blockers</a>. Gabapentinoids are <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excreted by the kidney</a>, mostly in their original form. Gabapentinoids can build up in the body when someone has <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">renal failure</a>. This usually presents itself as <a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">myoclonus</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">altered mental state</a>. It is unclear if it is safe to use gabapentinoids during pregnancy, with some studies showing <a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_pregnancy" title="Drugs in pregnancy">potential harm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">physiological dependence</a> does occur during the long-term use of gabapentinoids.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Following abrupt or <a href="/wiki/Cold_turkey" title="Cold turkey">rapid discontinuation</a> of pregabalin and gabapentin, people report <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal symptoms</a> like insomnia, <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Influenza-like_illness" title="Influenza-like illness">flu-like symptoms</a>, anxiety, <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperhidrosis" title="Hyperhidrosis">hyperhidrosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">psychomotor agitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">confusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disorientation" class="mw-redirect" title="Disorientation">disorientation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal complaints</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Acute withdrawal from baclofen and phenibut may also cause <a href="/wiki/Auditory_hallucination" title="Auditory hallucination">auditory</a> and visual <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>, as well as acute <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matthew_I_2018-70">[70]</a> Baclofen withdrawal can be more intense if it is administered <a href="/wiki/Intrathecally" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrathecally">intrathecally</a> or for long periods of time. If baclofen or phenibut is used for long periods of time, it can resemble intense <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome">benzodiazepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a>, or alcohol withdrawal. To minimize <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal symptoms</a>, baclofen or phenibut should be tapered down slowly. <a href="/wiki/Cold_turkey" title="Cold turkey">Abrupt withdrawal</a> from phenibut or baclofen could possibly be life-threatening because of its mechanism of action. Abrupt withdrawal can cause <a href="/wiki/Generalized_tonic%E2%80%93clonic_seizure" title="Generalized tonic–clonic seizure">rebound seizures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Excited_delirium" title="Excited delirium">severe agitation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matthew_I_2018-70">[70]</a> Approved: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a> (Neurontin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a> (Horizant, Regnite)</li> <li>Gabapentin Extended-Release (Gralise)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a> (Lyrica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a> (Anvifen, Fenibut, Noofen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">Baclofen</a> (Lioresal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirogabalin" title="Mirogabalin">Mirogabalin</a> (Tarlige) (Japan only)</li></ul> Not approved: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imagabalin" title="Imagabalin">Imagabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolibut" title="Tolibut">Tolibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluorophenibut" title="4-Fluorophenibut">4-Flurophenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSK16149" class="mw-redirect" title="HSK16149">HSK16149</a></li> <li>Trans-4 and cis-4-[18F] fluorogabapentin (α2δ <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET Imaging</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylpregabalin" title="4-Methylpregabalin">4-Methylpregabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-217,014" title="PD-217,014">PD-217,014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atagabalin" title="Atagabalin">Atagabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbaclofen_placarbil" title="Arbaclofen placarbil">Arbaclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saclofen" title="Saclofen">Saclofen</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Endogeny_(biology)" title="Endogeny (biology)">Endogenous</a> (not <a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">gabapentinoids</a>), endogenous <a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid" title="Branched-chain amino acid">BCAA</a> amino acids that bind to <a href="/wiki/CACNA2D1" title="CACNA2D1">α2δ</a>): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">Isoleucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">Leucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartate</a></li></ul> Other <a href="/wiki/CACNA2D1" title="CACNA2D1">α2δ</a> ligands:<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></li> <li>NP-118809</li> <li>Gababutin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide</a> (approved for pain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrothyroxine" title="Dextrothyroxine">Dextrothyroxine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> of <a href="/wiki/CACNA2D1" title="CACNA2D1">α2δ</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">inhibiting</a> it)<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethionine" title="Ethionine">Ethioninie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suloctidil" title="Suloctidil">Suloctidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terodiline" title="Terodiline">Terodiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bepridil" title="Bepridil">Bepridil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gamma-hydroxybutyric_acid">Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Depressant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gamma-hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid">Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:491px;max-width:491px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Phenibut_and_analogues.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="GABA analogues" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Phenibut_and_analogues.png/146px-Phenibut_and_analogues.png" decoding="async" width="146" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Phenibut_and_analogues.png/219px-Phenibut_and_analogues.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Phenibut_and_analogues.png/292px-Phenibut_and_analogues.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/GABA_analogue" title="GABA analogue">GABA analogues</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:GHB_withdrawal_symptoms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Severity of GHB withdrawal syndrome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GHB_withdrawal_symptoms.png/128px-GHB_withdrawal_symptoms.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GHB_withdrawal_symptoms.png/192px-GHB_withdrawal_symptoms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GHB_withdrawal_symptoms.png/256px-GHB_withdrawal_symptoms.png 2x" data-file-width="3522" data-file-height="3755" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Severity of GHB withdrawal syndrome</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:207px;max-width:207px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcover_17,5_-_Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="GHB that is used to treat alcohol addiction in Italy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alcover_17%2C5_-_Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid.JPG/205px-Alcover_17%2C5_-_Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid.JPG" decoding="async" width="205" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alcover_17%2C5_-_Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid.JPG/308px-Alcover_17%2C5_-_Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alcover_17%2C5_-_Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid.JPG/410px-Alcover_17%2C5_-_Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3152" data-file-height="2101" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">GHB that is used to treat <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcohol addiction</a> in Italy.</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Gamma-hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid">Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid</a>, or "GHB", is a <a href="/wiki/GABA_analogue" title="GABA analogue">GABA analogue</a> that is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and depressant drug.<a href="#cite_note-O'connell_2478–2482-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cash_291–304-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> It is also naturally found in small amounts in some <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a> alongside ethanol.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> GHB is the <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototypical</a> substance among a couple of <a href="/wiki/GHB_receptor" title="GHB receptor">GHB receptor modulators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nicholson_1–22-79">[79]</a> GHB has been used as a <a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">general anesthetic</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> and as a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Cataplexy" title="Cataplexy">cataplexy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Boscolo-Berto_431–443-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">narcolepsy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Boscolo-Berto_431–443-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The sodium salt of GHB, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxybate" title="Sodium oxybate">sodium oxybate</a>, is commonly used today for narcolepsy,<a href="#cite_note-Alshaikh_1-88">[88]</a> sudden muscle weakness,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and excessive daytime sleepiness. It is sold under the brand name Xyrem.<a href="#cite_note-Carter_1–10-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alshaikh_1-88">[88]</a> As a depressant, GHB would worsen narcolepsy and <a href="/wiki/Muscle_weakness" title="Muscle weakness">muscle weakness</a>. But in low doses, GHB mainly affects the <a href="/wiki/GHB_receptor" title="GHB receptor">GHB receptor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bay_220–228-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carter_100–114-93">[93]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Excitatory_postsynaptic_potential" title="Excitatory postsynaptic potential">excitatory</a> receptor that releases <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">glutamate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kamal_2016_65–80-94">[94]</a> giving GHB <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a> effects, the opposite of a depressant. But in large doses, GHB activates the <a href="/wiki/GABAB_receptor" title="GABAB receptor">GABAB receptor</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Inhibitory_postsynaptic_potential" title="Inhibitory postsynaptic potential">inhibitory receptor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>, which overpowers the <a href="/wiki/Excitatory_postsynaptic_potential" title="Excitatory postsynaptic potential">excitatory effects</a>, thus causing <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_depression" title="Central nervous system depression">central nervous system depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ingels_47–50-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a> are agonists of the GHB receptor.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> GHB can usually be found in either <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, or calcium <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Xywav" title="Xywav">Xywav</a> is a medication that is a mixture of all GHB salts<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and is used to treat the same conditions as Xyrem. Both Xywav and Xyrem are <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_III_controlled_substances" title="Controlled Substances Act">Schedule III</a><a href="#cite_note-Tunnicliff_278–283-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and have a black box warning<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> for <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_depression" title="Central nervous system depression">central nervous system depressant</a> effects (<a href="/wiki/Hypoventilation" title="Hypoventilation">hypoventilation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">bradycardia</a>) and for their very high potential for <a href="/wiki/Drug_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug abuse">abuse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson_1–22-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Overdose</a> on GHB is fatal with or without mixing other CNS depressants.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Death from a GHB overdose is usually caused by <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory depression">respiratory depression</a>, seizures, or <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ingels_47–50-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Venzi_123–140-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> GHB is used illegally as an <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">intoxicant</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">aphrodisiac</a>,<a href="#cite_note-O'connell_2478–2482-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> and an athletic-performance enhancer.<a href="#cite_note-Nicholson_1–22-79">[79]</a> It is a popular <a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">club drug</a> in some parts of the world due to its powerful aphrodisiac and <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoric</a> effects. Similarly to phenibut and baclofen, it is used by bodybuilders to increase the <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">human growth hormone</a> due to <a href="/wiki/GABAB_receptor" title="GABAB receptor">GABAB</a> activation.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> It has also been reportedly used as a <a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">date-rape drug</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> This caused it to be a <a href="/wiki/Schedule_I_chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Schedule I chemical">Schedule I</a> substance in the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Canada</a>, and other countries. Xyrem, which is GHB in its sodium form, is Schedule III in the United States, Canada, and other countries.<a href="#cite_note-Carter_1–10-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tunnicliff_278–283-103">[103]</a> In low doses, GHB mainly binds to the <a href="/wiki/GHB_receptor" title="GHB receptor">GHB receptor</a> and weakly binds to the <a href="/wiki/GABAB_receptor" title="GABAB receptor">GABAB</a> receptor.<a href="#cite_note-Carter_100–114-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bay_220–228-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The GHB receptor is an excitatory <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptor</a> (GPCR).<a href="#cite_note-Carter_100–114-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bay_220–228-92">[92]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Endogenous_ligand" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous ligand">endogenous ligand</a> is GHB, since GHB is also a <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cash_291–304-76">[76]</a> It is also a transporter for vitamin B2. The existence of a specific GHB receptor was predicted by observing the action of GHB and related compounds that primarily act on the <a href="/wiki/GABAB_receptor" title="GABAB receptor">GABAB receptor</a> but also exhibit a range of effects that were found not to be produced by GABAB activity and so were suspected of being produced by a novel and, at the time, unidentified receptor target. At higher doses, seizures are very common.<a href="#cite_note-Venzi_123–140-111">[111]</a> This is thought to be mediated through an increased Na+/K+ current and the increased release of <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kamal_2016_65–80-94">[94]</a> GHB can also cause <a href="/wiki/Absence_seizure" title="Absence seizure">absence seizures</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Venzi_123–140-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hu_427–439-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> the mechanism is currently not known but it is believed to be due to interactions with the <a href="/wiki/GABAB_receptor" title="GABAB receptor">GABAB</a> receptor.<a href="#cite_note-Hu_427–439-119">[119]</a> It is being investigated if endogenous GHB is responsible for non-convulsive seizures in humans.<a href="#cite_note-Venzi_123–140-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> GHB <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal</a> is very intense.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a> develops quickly. It is also highly psychologically addictive. It shares some similarities with the withdrawal of gabapentinoids phenibut and baclofen due to the activation of the <a href="/wiki/GABAB_receptor" title="GABAB receptor">GABAB</a> receptor. It features a typical depressant withdrawal syndrome that mimics alcohol withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-van_Noorden_A1286-123">[123]</a> Symptoms include <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremor</a>, anxiety, <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>, insomnia, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">confusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">sweating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">severe agitation</a> which may require restraint,<a href="#cite_note-Dyer_Roth_Hyma_2001-124">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">auditory and visual hallucinations</a>, and possibly death from <a href="/wiki/Generalized_tonic%E2%80%93clonic_seizure" title="Generalized tonic–clonic seizure">tonic-clonic seizures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dyer_Roth_Hyma_2001-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-van_Noorden_A1286-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lingford-Hughes_472-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-van_Noorden_394–396-128">[128]</a> Baclofen and phenibut are very effective for withdrawal and are preferred by patients over benzodiazepines for treatment of withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-Lingford-Hughes_472-126">[126]</a> GHB receptor modulators: GHB receptor agonists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid">Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid</a> (GHB, Xyrem)</li></ul> - Calcium oxybate, magnesium oxybate, sodium oxybate (Xyrem), potassium oxybate (Xywav is a mixture of all these salts.) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HOCPCA" title="HOCPCA">3-hydroxycyclopent-1-enecarboxylic acid</a> (HOCPCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-HCA" title="T-HCA">γ-hydroxycrotonic acid, trans-4-Hydroxycrotonic acid</a> (GHC, T-HCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amisulpride" title="Amisulpride">Amisulpride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levosulpiride" title="Levosulpiride">levosulpiride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulpiride" title="Sulpiride">sulpiride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultopride" title="Sultopride">sultopride</a> (antipsychotic GHB receptor ligands)</li> <li>3-Chloropropanoic acid (UMB66)</li> <li>3-phenylpropyloxybutyric acid (UMB72)</li> <li>4-benzyloxybutyric acid (UMB73)</li> <li>4-hydroxy-4-napthylbutanoic acid (UMB86)</li> <li>5-Hydroxypentanoate (UMB58)</li> <li>gamma-(4-methoxybenzyl)-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (NCS-435)</li> <li>4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-2-butanoic acid (NCS-356)</li> <li>3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3-HPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monastrol" title="Monastrol">monastrol</a> (positive allosteric modulators)</li></ul> Prodrugs that metabolize into GHB: <ul><li>γ-Hydroxyvaleric acid (GHV)</li></ul> - <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Valerolactone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Valerolactone">gamma-Valerolactone, γ-Valerolactone</a> (GVL) (prodrug to GHV) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1,4-Butanediol" title="1,4-Butanediol">1,4-Butanediol</a> (1,4-BD)</li> <li>1,4-Butanediol acetate (DABD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_acetoxy_butanoate" title="Ethyl acetoxy butanoate">Ethyl acetoxy butanoate</a> (EAB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceburic_acid" title="Aceburic acid">Aceburic acid</a> (GHB acetate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Butyrolactone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Butyrolactone">gamma-Butyrolactone</a>, γ-Butyrolactone (GBL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Furanone" title="2-Furanone">2-Furanone, γ-crotonolactone</a> (GCL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyraldehyde" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyraldehyde">Gamma-Hydroxybutyraldehyde, γ-Hydroxybutyraldehyde</a> (GHBAL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxyvaleric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxyvaleric acid">Gamma-Hydroxyvaleric acid, γ-Hydroxyvaleric acid</a> (GHV)</li></ul> GHB receptor antagonists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NCS-382" title="NCS-382">NCS-382</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabazine" title="Gabazine">Gabazine</a></li></ul> Some GHB receptors modulators only bind to the GHB receptor, while others bind to both the GHB and GABAB receptors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonbenzodiazepines">Nonbenzodiazepines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Depressant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nonbenzodiazepines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Zolpidem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Zolpidem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Zolpidem.svg/150px-Zolpidem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Zolpidem.svg/225px-Zolpidem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Zolpidem.svg/300px-Zolpidem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="342" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Zolpidem" title="Zolpidem">Zolpidem</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonata10mg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Zaleplon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sonata10mg.JPG/134px-Sonata10mg.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sonata10mg.JPG/201px-Sonata10mg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sonata10mg.JPG/268px-Sonata10mg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Zaleplon" title="Zaleplon">Zaleplon</a></div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a>, sometimes referred to as Z-drugs, are a class of hypnotic depressants that are mainly used to treat insomnia and sometimes anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> They are structurally related to benzodiazepines. They positively modulate the <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepine site">benzodiazepine site</a> of the GABAA receptor, the chief inhibitory receptor of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>, just like benzodiazepines, but at a molecular level, they are structurally unrelated. Nonbenzodiazepines bind to the benzodiazepine at the GABAA receptor site to keep the <a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel" title="Chloride channel">chloride channel</a> open.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> This causes <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Intercellular_cleft" title="Intercellular cleft">intercellular area</a> to flood into the neuron.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Since chloride has a <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">negative charge</a>, it causes the neuron to rest and <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">cease firing</a>. This results in a relaxing and depressant effect on the central nervous system. Common nonbenzodiazepines like <a href="/wiki/Zolpidem" title="Zolpidem">Zolpidem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zopiclone" title="Zopiclone">Zopiclone</a> are extremely effective for insomnia but carry many risks and side effects. Sleeping pills, including zopiclone, have been associated with an increased risk of death. Adverse reactions are as follows: "taste disturbance (some report a metallic-like taste); less commonly, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, headache; rarely, amnesia, confusion, depression, hallucinations, nightmares; very rarely, lightheadedness, incoordination, paradoxical effects, and sleep-walking are also reported."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">This quote needs a citation</a>] Some users of nonbenzodiazepines have sleepwalked and committed murders or have been involved in motor vehicle accidents. Unlike benzodiazepines, nonbenzodiazepines have a risk of hallucinations and sleepwalking. Like benzodiazepines, they can cause <a href="/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia" title="Anterograde amnesia">anterograde amnesia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Nonbenzodiazepines should not be discontinued abruptly if taken for more than a few weeks due to the risk of <a href="/wiki/Rebound_withdrawal_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebound withdrawal effects">rebound withdrawal effects</a> and acute withdrawal reactions, which may resemble those seen during benzodiazepine withdrawal. Treatment usually entails gradually reducing the dosage over a period of weeks or several months, depending on the individual, dosage, and length of time the drug has been taken. If this approach fails, a crossover to a <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepine equivalent">benzodiazepine equivalent</a> dose of a long-acting benzodiazepine (such as <a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">chlordiazepoxide</a> or, more preferably, <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a>) can be tried, followed by a gradual reduction in dosage. In extreme cases and, in particular, where severe addiction and/or abuse are manifested, inpatient detoxification may be required, with <a href="/wiki/Flumazenil" title="Flumazenil">flumazenil</a> as a possible detoxification tool.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opioids/opiates">Opioids/opiates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Depressant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Opioids/opiates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opioids" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioids">Opioids</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:OnyNorm_f%C3%B6rpackning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="5mg Oxycodone hard capsules" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/OnyNorm_f%C3%B6rpackning.jpg/168px-OnyNorm_f%C3%B6rpackning.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/OnyNorm_f%C3%B6rpackning.jpg/252px-OnyNorm_f%C3%B6rpackning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/OnyNorm_f%C3%B6rpackning.jpg/336px-OnyNorm_f%C3%B6rpackning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> is a semi-synthetic prescription opioid.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:213px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Oriental_poppies_gone_wild_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1397319.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Papaver somniferum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Oriental_poppies_gone_wild_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1397319.jpg/168px-Oriental_poppies_gone_wild_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1397319.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Oriental_poppies_gone_wild_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1397319.jpg/252px-Oriental_poppies_gone_wild_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1397319.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Oriental_poppies_gone_wild_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1397319.jpg/336px-Oriental_poppies_gone_wild_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1397319.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="640" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">Papaver somniferum</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Midbrain_small.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) is located in the midbrain (pictured above) of the brainstem. The release of dopamine in the RMTg characterizes the euphoria and reinforcement of opioids." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Midbrain_small.gif/168px-Midbrain_small.gif" decoding="async" width="168" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Midbrain_small.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Rostromedial_tegmental_nucleus" title="Rostromedial tegmental nucleus">rostromedial tegmental nucleus</a> (RMTg) is located in the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a> (pictured above) of the brainstem. The release of <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> in the RMTg characterizes the euphoria and reinforcement of opioids.</div></div></div></div></div> Opioids are substances that act on <a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">opioid receptors</a> to reduce pain.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Medically, they are primarily used for <a href="/wiki/Pain_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain relief">pain relief</a>, including anesthesia. Opioids also cause <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a> and are highly abused. Opioids and opiates are not the same. Opiates refer to natural opioids such as <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a>. Opioids refer to all natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic opioids, like <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>. Contrary to popular misconception, opioids are not depressants in the classical sense.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-4">[4]</a> They do produce <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_depression" title="Central nervous system depression">central nervous system depression</a>, but they also excite certain areas of the central nervous system. To remain true to the term "depressant", opioids cannot be classified as such. For opioid agonists and <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> <a href="/wiki/Derivative_(chemistry)" title="Derivative (chemistry)">derivatives</a>, these are classified differently. These drugs are more correctly identified as "<a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Narcotic" title="Narcotic">narcotic</a>". However, they do have depressant actions nonetheless. There are three principal classes of opioid receptors: <a href="/wiki/Mu_opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu opioid receptor">μ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kappa_opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kappa opioid receptor">κ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta opioid receptor">δ</a> (mu, kappa, and delta),<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> although up to seventeen have been reported, and include the ε, ι, λ, and ζ (epsilon, iota, lambda, and zeta) receptors. Conversely, σ (<a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">sigma</a>) receptors are no longer considered to be opioid receptors because their activation is not reversed by the opioid inverse-agonist <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">naloxone</a>. The nociception opioid peptide receptor (NOP) (<a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor" title="Nociceptin receptor">ORL1</a>) is an opioid receptor that is involved in pain responses, anxiety, movement, reward, hunger, memory, and much more. It plays a major role in the development of tolerance to <a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid agonists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> When "pain" occurs, a <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">signal</a> gets sent from the site of possible injury. This signal goes up the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a> into the brain, where it is perceived as a <a href="/wiki/Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">negative emotion</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">nociception</a> or "hurt". In the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>, the spine is connected to the brain by a structure called the brain stem.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The brain stem is the first part of the brain that develops in a <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> out of the <a href="/wiki/Neural_crest" title="Neural crest">neural crest</a>. It is also the oldest part of the brain and controls many automatic functions such as <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>, and many more. <a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid receptors">Opioid receptors</a> are specialized pain-blocking receptors. They bind a wide range of hormones, peptides, and much more. Although they are found everywhere in the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>, they are highly concentrated in the brain stem. Depending on the receptor, activation of them has the ability to stop pain from making its way to the brain and being perceived as pain. Hence, opioids do not actually "stop" pain; they simply stop you from knowing you are in pain. Pain and the ability to modify it based on an organism's environment is an evolutionary advantage, and it has been shown that it can help an organism escape and survive certain situations where they may otherwise be immobilized due to pain and injury. The <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a> nuclei of the brain stem, with structures like the <a href="/wiki/Periaqueductal_gray" title="Periaqueductal gray">periaqueductal gray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">reticular formation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rostromedial_tegmental_nucleus" title="Rostromedial tegmental nucleus">rostromedial tegmental nucleus</a>, are responsible for the majority of the physical and psychological effects of endogenous and exogenous opioids.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid</a> receptor is responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a>, euphoric, and adverse effects of opioids. The μ-opioid receptor is a <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptor</a>. When the μ-opioid receptor is activated, it causes pain relief, euphoria, constipation, constricted pupils, itching, and nausea.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The μ-opioid is located in the gastrointestinal tract, which controls <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a>. This causes <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, which can be extremely problematic and distressing. Activation of this receptor also causes relaxation of voluntary and involuntary muscles, which can cause side effects like <a href="/wiki/Urinary_retention" title="Urinary retention">trouble urinating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">swallowing</a>. The μ-opioid receptor can also reduce androgens, thus decreasing libido and sexual function. The receptor is also known to cause "musical anhedonia".<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The receptor plays a critical role in <a href="/wiki/Eating" title="Eating">feeding</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Palatability" title="Palatability">palatability</a> of food is determined by opioid receptor-related processes in the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a> and ventral <a href="/wiki/Pallidum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallidum">pallidum</a>. The opioid processes involve mu opioid receptors and are present in the rostromedial shell of the nucleus accumbens on its <a href="/wiki/Medium_spiny_neuron" title="Medium spiny neuron">spiny neurons</a>. This area has been called the "opioid eating site".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">This quote needs a citation</a>] The μ-opioid receptor has many endogenous ligands, including <a href="/wiki/Endorphins" title="Endorphins">endorphin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:180; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">Adverse effects of opioids (μ-opioid receptor)</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Common and short term <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">Itching</a><a href="#cite_note-Furlan-140">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">Nausea</a><a href="#cite_note-Furlan-140">[140]</a></li> <li>Vomiting<a href="#cite_note-Furlan-140">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">Constipation</a><a href="#cite_note-Furlan-140">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miosis" title="Miosis">Miosis</a><a href="#cite_note-Furlan-140">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">Drowsiness</a><a href="#cite_note-Furlan-140">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerostomia" title="Xerostomia">Dry mouth</a><a href="#cite_note-Furlan-140">[140]</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li>Cognitive effects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid dependence">Opioid dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">Dizziness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">Loss of appetite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroparesis" title="Gastroparesis">Delayed gastric emptying</a></li> <li>Decreased sex drive</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Impaired sexual function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypogonadism" title="Hypogonadism">Decreased testosterone levels</a></li> <li>Depression</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">Immunodeficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid-induced_hyperalgesia" title="Opioid-induced hyperalgesia">Increased pain sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_menstruation" title="Irregular menstruation">Irregular menstruation</a></li> <li>Increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Falling_(accident)" title="Falling (accident)">falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoventilation" title="Hypoventilation">Slowed breathing</a></li> <li>Coma</li></ul> </blockquote> </div> The κ-opioid receptor (<a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">KOR</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptor</a> located in the central nervous system. KOR is also a G protein-coupled receptor.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Humans and some other primates have a higher density of kappa receptors than most other animals. KOR is responsible for nociception, <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">motor control</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a>. Dysregulation of this receptor system has been implicated in alcohol and drug addiction.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The endogenous ligand for KOR is <a href="/wiki/Dynorphin" title="Dynorphin">dynorphin</a>. The activation of KOR usually causes <a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">dysphoria</a>, hence the name dynorphin. The intoxicating plant <a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a> contains <a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">salvinorin A</a>, an alkaloid that is a potent and selective κ-opioid receptor <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a>. This causes powerful <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>. Antagonizing the κ-opioid receptor may be able to treat depression, anxiety, stress, addiction, and alcoholism.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The third receptor is the <a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">δ-opioid receptor</a> (DOR). The delta receptor is the least studied of the three main opioid receptors. It is a <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptor</a>, and its endogenous ligand is <a href="/wiki/Deltorphin" title="Deltorphin">deltorphin</a>. The activation of DOR may have <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressant</a> effects. <a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">δ-opioid agonists</a> can produce <a href="/wiki/Hypoventilation" title="Hypoventilation">respiratory depression</a> at very high doses; at lower doses, they have the opposite effect. High doses of a δ-opioid agonist can cause seizures, although not all delta agonists produce this effect.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Activation of the delta receptor is usually stimulating instead of sedating like most opioids. The <a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor" title="Nociceptin receptor">nociception opioid peptide receptor</a> (NOP) is involved in the regulation of numerous brain activities, particularly instinctive emotional behaviors and pain.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> NOP is a <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptor</a>. The nociception receptor controls a wide range of biological functions, including nociception, food intake, <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> processes, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular">cardiovascular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renal" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal">renal</a> functions, spontaneous <a href="/wiki/Locomotor_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Locomotor activity">locomotor activity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_motility" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal motility">gastrointestinal motility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, and the control of <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> release at peripheral and central sites.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:263px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mu_opioid_receptor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="When the μ-opioid receptor is activated on a neuron, the voltage-gated calcium channel (green) closes and the voltage-gated potassium channel (blue) opens. Both of these individual actions make the presynaptic neuron less likely to release glutamate (red), leaving the neuron at rest longer. This slowing down of neurons via interactions with ion channels and receptors is a hallmark of a depressant. Without glutamate the pain signal gets "cut short" and cannot ascend a pathway and reach pain processing centers in the midbrain of the brainstem." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mu_opioid_receptor.svg/268px-Mu_opioid_receptor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="268" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mu_opioid_receptor.svg/402px-Mu_opioid_receptor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mu_opioid_receptor.svg/536px-Mu_opioid_receptor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="233" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">When the <a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptor</a> is activated on a <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuron</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_calcium_channel" title="Voltage-gated calcium channel">voltage-gated calcium channel</a> (green) closes and the <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_potassium_channel" title="Voltage-gated potassium channel">voltage-gated potassium channel</a> (blue) opens. Both of these individual actions make the <a href="/wiki/Presynaptic_neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Presynaptic neuron">presynaptic neuron</a> less likely to release <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a> (red), leaving the neuron at rest longer. This slowing down of neurons via interactions with <a href="/wiki/Ion_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion channels">ion channels</a> and receptors is a hallmark of a depressant. Without glutamate the pain signal gets "cut short" and cannot ascend a pathway and reach pain processing centers in the midbrain of the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> An <a href="/wiki/Opioid_overdose" title="Opioid overdose">opioid overdose</a> is fatal.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> A person overdosing on <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a> or <a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">opiates</a> is presented with <a href="/wiki/Hypoventilation" title="Hypoventilation">respiratory depression</a>, a lethal condition that can cause <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a> from slow and shallow breathing.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Mixing opioids with another depressant, such as benzodiazepines or alcohol, increases the chance of an overdose and respiratory depression. Opioid overdose causes a decreased level of consciousness, <a href="/wiki/Pinpoint_pupil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinpoint pupil">pinpoint pupils</a>, and respiratory depression. Other symptoms include seizures and muscle spasms. Opioids activate μ-opioid receptors in specific regions of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> associated with respiratory regulation. They activate μ-opioid receptors in the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a>. They are located in the brain stem, which connects to the spine. This area has a high density of μ-opioid receptors as they block pain going up from the spine into the brain. These areas are the oldest and most primitive parts of the brain. They control automatic functions such as <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breathing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>. Opioids stop this process and cause respiratory depression and constipation. The brain stem no longer detects carbon dioxide in the blood, so it does not initiate the <a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation reflex</a>, usually resulting in hypoxia. Some overdose victims, however, die from <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiovascular failure</a> or asphyxiation from choking on their vomit.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a> is a μ-opioid receptor <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Theriot_2022-149">[149]</a> meaning instead of <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">activating</a> the μ-opioid receptor, it disrupts the functioning of the receptor.<a href="#cite_note-Theriot_2022-149">[149]</a> Since naloxone is powerful and highly selective for the μ-opioid receptor, it can knock powerful opioids like <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a> off the receptor and block another <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a> from binding to the receptor, thus stopping an <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">overdose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> A person dependent on opioids may go into <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">precipitated withdrawal</a> when naloxone is used.<a href="#cite_note-Sun_544-151">[151]</a> Since naloxone blocks any endogenous or exogenous opioids from binding to the μ-opioid receptor.<a href="#cite_note-Sun_544-151">[151]</a> This may cause a person to immediately go into withdrawal after naloxone is used.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> This can cause withdrawal symptoms like <a href="/wiki/Diaphoresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphoresis">cold sweats</a> and diarrhea. Opioids activate μ-opioid receptors in the <a href="/wiki/Rostromedial_tegmental_nucleus" title="Rostromedial tegmental nucleus">rostromedial tegmental nucleus</a> (RMTg). The <a href="/wiki/Rostromedial_tegmental_nucleus" title="Rostromedial tegmental nucleus">rostromedial tegmental nucleus</a> is a <a href="/wiki/GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABAergic</a> nucleus that functions as a "master brake" for the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain dopamine system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bourdy_681–690-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrot_14094–14101-154">[154]</a> The RMTg possesses robust functional and structural links to the <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_pathways" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopamine pathways">dopamine pathways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bourdy_681–690-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrot_14094–14101-154">[154]</a> Opioids decrease the release of GABA, thus disinhibiting the GABAergic brake on dopamine networks.<a href="#cite_note-Bourdy_681–690-153">[153]</a> GABA is an <a href="/wiki/Inhibitory_neurotransmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibitory neurotransmitter">inhibitory neurotransmitter</a>, meaning it either blocks or decreases the potential of neuron firing.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> This causes large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> to be released, as it is no longer blocked by GABA.<a href="#cite_note-Bourdy_681–690-153">[153]</a> Disinhibition of GABA may be responsible for causing seizures, an uncommon adverse effect of opioids. GABAergic disinhibition is also why opioids are not considered true depressants. This excitement of <a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic_pathways" title="Dopaminergic pathways">dopaminergic pathways</a> causes the euphoria of opioids. This causes major <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement" title="Reinforcement">positive reinforcing effects</a> in the brain, instructing it to do it again. The RMTg is also responsible for the development of <a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">tolerance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addiction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychostimulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychostimulants">Psychostimulants</a> also excite this pathway.<a href="#cite_note-Bourdy_681–690-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrot_14094–14101-154">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a> is very commonly cut into other substances sold on the street.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Fentanyl is used to increase the potency of substances, thus making the user spend more money on the laced substance.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Codeine is a weaker natural opiate that is usually used for <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a>, diarrhea, and post-operative pain. It is very easy to overdose on these substances, especially if the user has no tolerance. Natural opiates (derived from <a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">papaver somniferum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a> (MS Contin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a> (Tylenol No. 3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaverine" title="Papaverine">Papaverine</a> (Pavabid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noscapine" title="Noscapine">Noscapine</a> (Narcotine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebaine" title="Thebaine">Thebaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oripavine" title="Oripavine">Oripavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narceine" title="Narceine">Narceine</a></li></ul> Semi-synthetic <a href="/wiki/Morphinan" title="Morphinan">morphinan</a> opioids (derived from thebaine): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> (OxyContin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Heroin</a> (Diamorphine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a> (Vicodin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a> (Opana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a> (Dilaudid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> (Suboxone)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a> (Narcan)</li></ul> Fully synthetic opioids: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a> (Duragesic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a> (Ultram)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a> (Dolophine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine</a> (Demerol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a> (Ketogan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a> (Talwin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a> (Wildnil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a> (Imodium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a> (Darvocet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">Tapentadol</a> (Nucynta)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a> (Darvocet)</li></ul> Others: <a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a> (Kratom) (indole alkaloid) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piperidinediones">Piperidinediones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Depressant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Piperidinediones">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glutarimide" title="Glutarimide">Glutarimide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glutethimide.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Glutethimide.svg/180px-Glutethimide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Glutethimide.svg/270px-Glutethimide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Glutethimide.svg/360px-Glutethimide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>The structure of <a href="/wiki/Glutethimide" title="Glutethimide">glutethimide</a> is very similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Barbiturates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbiturates">barbiturates</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Piperidinedione" class="mw-redirect" title="Piperidinedione">Piperidinediones</a> are a class of depressants that are not used anymore. There are piperidinediones that are used for other purposes, like <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The piperidinedione class is very structurally similar to barbiturates. Some piperidinediones include <a href="/wiki/Glutethimide" title="Glutethimide">glutethimide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyprylon" title="Methyprylon">methyprylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrithyldione" title="Pyrithyldione">pyrithyldione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glutarimide" title="Glutarimide">glutarimide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aminoglutethimide" title="Aminoglutethimide">aminoglutethimide</a>. The first three (glutethimide, methyprylon, and pyrithyldione) are <a href="/wiki/Depressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Depressants">central nervous depressants</a>. The piperidinedione depressants, specifically glutethimide, are positive modulators of the GABAA <a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel" title="Chloride channel">anion channel</a>. The drug increases inhibitory <a href="/wiki/GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABAergic tone</a> and causes <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">neuro-inhibition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cortical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">limbic systems</a>, observed clinically as a <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative-hypnotic</a> effect.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Glutethimide is also a potent inducer of the <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP 2D6</a> enzyme in the liver. This enzyme is responsible for converting many drugs, from <a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blockers</a> to antidepressants to opioids and opiates. Due to its effects on the conversion of opioids, it was highly abused and mixed with opioids like codeine. Codeine must be metabolized to <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> in the liver to have its <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a> effects. Mixing codeine with glutethimide allowed more codeine to be converted into morphine in the body, thus increasing its effect. These were known as "hits", "cibas and codeine", and "dors and 4s".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Glutethimide was believed to be safer than barbiturates, but many people died from the drug. Demand was high in the United States at one point. Production of glutethimide was discontinued in the US in 1993 and in several eastern European countries, most notably Hungary, in 2006.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Glutethimide withdrawal is intense and resembles barbiturate withdrawal. It features hallucinations and delirium typical of a depressant withdrawal. In the 1970s, there were reports of <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_withdrawal" title="Neonatal withdrawal">neonatal withdrawal</a> from glutethimide. Infants born to mothers addicted to glutethimide responded well initially, then had a recurrence of symptoms about 5 days later, including <a href="/wiki/Hyperactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperactivity">overactivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">restlessness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperreflexia" title="Hyperreflexia">hyperreflexia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypotonia" title="Hypotonia">hypotonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasomotor_instability" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasomotor instability">vasomotor instability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crying" title="Crying">incessant crying</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">general irritability</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Glutethimide withdrawal featured severe agitation, <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremors</a>, and seizures, which could be fatal.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Overdose causes <a href="/wiki/Stupor" title="Stupor">stupor</a>, coma, and/or respiratory depression.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>Methyprylon (Dimerin, Methyprylone, Noctan, Noludar)</li> <li>Pyrithyldione (Presidon, Pyridion, Pyridione, Pyrithyldion, Pyrithyldione)</li> <li>Piperidione (Ascron, Dihyprylon, Dihyprylone, Sedulon, Tusseval) (withdrawn before approval)</li> <li>Glutethimide (Doriden)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinone</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Depressant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Quinazolinone">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinone</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg/200px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="199" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Methaqualone</a> tablets</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitromethaqualone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nitromethaqualone.svg/200px-Nitromethaqualone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nitromethaqualone.svg/300px-Nitromethaqualone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nitromethaqualone.svg/400px-Nitromethaqualone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="295" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Nitromethaqualone" title="Nitromethaqualone">Nitromethaqualone</a> structure</div></div></div></div></div> Quinazolinones are a class of depressants that are rarely used anymore. Quinazolinones have powerful sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic effects. Quinazolinone's structure is very similar to that of some antibiotics. Quinazolinone's main mechanism of action is binding to the GABAA receptor.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer_401–420-163">[163]</a> It does not bind to the ethanol, barbiturate, <a href="/wiki/Neurosteroid" title="Neurosteroid">neurosteroid</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepine site">benzodiazepine site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer_401–420-163">[163]</a> Instead, it binds on a site directly between the GABRB2 (β2) and (α1) <a href="/wiki/GABRA1" class="mw-redirect" title="GABRA1">GABRA1</a> proteins on the GABAA receptor.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer_401–420-163">[163]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">anesthetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Etomidate" title="Etomidate">etomidate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a> loreclezole may also bind to this site.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer_401–420-163">[163]</a> Overdosing on quinazolinone sometimes causes effects that are the opposite of quinazolinone-like sedation. The overdose consists of <a href="/wiki/Hyperreflexia" title="Hyperreflexia">hyperreflexia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>, delirium, <a href="/wiki/Hypertonia" title="Hypertonia">hypertonia</a>, coma, <a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">myoclonic twitches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">somnolence</a>, euphoria, muscular hyperactivity, <a href="/wiki/Excited_delirium" title="Excited delirium">agitated delirium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Generalized_tonic%E2%80%93clonic_seizure" title="Generalized tonic–clonic seizure">tonic-clonic seizures</a>. In 1982, 2,764 people visited US emergency rooms after overdosing on quinazolinones, specifically methaqualone.<a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-164">[164]</a> Mixing quinazolinones with another depressant is <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">possibly fatal</a>. Death from a quinazolinone overdose is usually caused by death through <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac</a> or <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_arrest" title="Respiratory arrest">respiratory arrest</a>. An overdose resembles a barbiturate or carbamate overdose. Quinazolinone <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal</a> occurs when someone who has become dependent on a quinazolinone ceases usage. Quinazolinone withdrawal resembles ethanol, barbiturate, benzodiazepine, and carbamate withdrawal. It usually consists of <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">restlessness</a>, nausea and vomiting, <a href="/wiki/Decreased_appetite" class="mw-redirect" title="Decreased appetite">decreased appetite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>, insomnia, tremor, hallucinations, delirium, confusion, and seizures; and, which are possibly fatal: <a href="/wiki/Photosensitive_epilepsy" title="Photosensitive epilepsy">EEG photoparoxysmal response</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">myoclonic twitches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_spasms" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle spasms">muscle spasms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">irritability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Methaqualone hydrochloride</a> and quinazolinone anxiolytics and <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotics</a> are referred to as "quaaludes", "ludes", and "disco biscuits". Methaqualone was very commonly abused in the western world during the 1960s and 1970s. Methaqualone was mainly prescribed for insomnia, as it was thought to be safer than barbiturates and carbamates.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Methaqualone became highly abused by many, including celebrities, after its introduction in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-164">[164]</a> Methaqualone was first synthesized in India in 1951 by Indra Kishore Kacker and <a href="/wiki/Syed_Husain_Zaheer" title="Syed Husain Zaheer">Syed Husain Zaheer</a>, who were conducting research on finding new <a href="/wiki/Antimalarial_medication" title="Antimalarial medication">antimalarial medications</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The drug name "Quaalude" (methaqualone) is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a>, combining the words "quiet interlude". Methaqualone was discontinued in the United States in 1985, mainly due to its <a href="/wiki/Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">psychological addictiveness</a>, widespread abuse, and illegal recreational use. Nonbenzodiazepines and benzodiazepines are now used to treat insomnia instead. Methaqualone is now a Schedule I substance. Some quinazolinone analogues are still sold online. They come with the risk of seizures.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Large doses of methaqualone can cause euphoria, <a href="/wiki/Disinhibition" title="Disinhibition">disinhibition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">increased sexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">sociability</a>, muscle relaxation, anxiolysis, and sedation. Today, methaqualone is widely abused in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. Many celebrities have used quinazolinone, most notably methaqualone. Bill Cosby admitted to casual sex involving the recreational use of methaqualone.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> 18-year-old actor Anissa Jones died from an overdose of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a>, methaqualone, and the barbiturate <a href="/wiki/Seconal" class="mw-redirect" title="Seconal">Seconal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Billy_Murcia" title="Billy Murcia">Billy Murcia</a>, a drummer for the rock band <a href="/wiki/New_York_Dolls" title="New York Dolls">New York Dolls</a>, died at 21 when he <a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">drowned in a bathtub</a> while overdosing on <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> and methaqualone.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cloroqualone" title="Cloroqualone">Cloroqualone</a> was a quinazolinone that bound to the GABAA and <a href="/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor" title="Sigma-1 receptor">sigma-1 receptors</a>. It had useful cough suppressant effects and weaker sedative effects than methaqualone, but was ultimately withdrawn due to its potential for abuse and overdose.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diproqualone" title="Diproqualone">Diproqualone</a> is a quinazolinone that is still used today. Diproqualone has <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a> properties, resulting from its agonist activity at the β subtype of the GABAa receptor, antagonist activity at all <a href="/wiki/Histamine_receptor" title="Histamine receptor">histamine receptors</a>, inhibition of the <a href="/wiki/PTGS1" class="mw-redirect" title="PTGS1">cyclooxygenase-1</a> enzyme, and possibly its agonist activity at both the <a href="/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor" title="Sigma-1 receptor">Sigma-1 receptor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigma-2_receptor" title="Sigma-2 receptor">Sigma-2 receptor</a>. Diproqualone is used primarily for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory pain</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>; it is used more rarely for treating <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neuralgia" title="Neuralgia">neuralgia</a>. Diproqualone is the only analogue of <a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">methaqualone</a> that is still in widespread clinical use due to its useful <a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">anti-inflammatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a> effects, along with the sedative and anxiolytic actions common to other drugs of this class. There are still some concerns about the potential of diproqualone for abuse and <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">overdose</a>; it is sold not as a pure drug but as the <a href="/wiki/Camphorsulfonic_acid" title="Camphorsulfonic acid">camphosulfonate</a> salt in combination mixtures with other medicines such as <a href="/wiki/Ethenzamide" title="Ethenzamide">ethenzamide</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Etaqualone" title="Etaqualone">Etaqualone</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">quinazolinone</a>-class depressant. It has sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxant, and central nervous system depressant properties. It was highly abused and had a high risk of overdose. Users would snort or smoke the free-base etaqualone hydrochloride salt. <a href="/wiki/Methylmethaqualone" title="Methylmethaqualone">Methylmethaqualone</a> is an analogue of methaqualone with similar <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative</a> effects. Methylmethaqualone differs from methaqualone by 4-methylation on the phenyl ring. It produces <a href="/wiki/Convulsions" class="mw-redirect" title="Convulsions">convulsions</a> at only slightly above the effective sedative dose. It would appear that this compound was sold on the black market in Germany as a <a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">designer drug</a> <a href="/wiki/Analog_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog (chemistry)">analogue</a> of methaqualone.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitromethaqualone" title="Nitromethaqualone">Nitromethaqualone</a> is a quinazolinone depressant with ten times more <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative</a> effects than methaqualone.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Quinazolinones: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afloqualone" title="Afloqualone">Alfoqualone</a> (Arofuto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloroqualone" title="Cloroqualone">Cloroqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diproqualone" title="Diproqualone">Diproqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etaqualone" title="Etaqualone">Etaqualone</a> (Aolan, Athinazone, Ethinazone)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebroqualone" title="Mebroqualone">Mebroqualone</a> (MBQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecloqualone" title="Mecloqualone">Mecloqualone</a> (Nubarene, Casfen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Methaqualone</a> (Quaalude, Sopor, Mandrax)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylmethaqualone" title="Methylmethaqualone">Methylmethaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromethaqualone" title="Nitromethaqualone">Nitromethaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SL-164" title="SL-164">SL-164</a> (Dicloqualone, DCQ)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Depressant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_blocker" title="Alpha blocker">Alpha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blockers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">carvedilol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atenolol" title="Atenolol">atenolol</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">Anticholinergics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">atropine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamine" title="Hyoscyamine">hyoscyamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyoscine_hydrobromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine hydrobromide">scopolamine</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">topiramate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">carbamazepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">lamotrigine</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">Antihistamines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doxylamine" title="Doxylamine">doxylamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">promethazine</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">Hypnotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zolpidem" title="Zolpidem">zolpidem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zopiclone" title="Zopiclone">zopiclone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloral_hydrate" title="Chloral hydrate">chloral hydrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eszopiclone" title="Eszopiclone">eszopiclone</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxants" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle relaxants">Muscle relaxants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">baclofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">phenibut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">carisoprodol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine" title="Cyclobenzaprine">cyclobenzaprine</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedatives</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gamma-hydroxybutyrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-hydroxybutyrate">gamma-hydroxybutyrate</a>, etc.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Combining_multiple_depressants">Combining multiple depressants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Depressant&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Combining multiple depressants">edit</a>]</div> Combining multiple depressants can be very dangerous because the central nervous system's depressive properties have been proposed to increase exponentially instead of linearly.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> This characteristic makes depressants a common choice for deliberate overdoses in the case of <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>. The use of alcohol or benzodiazepines along with the usual dose of heroin is often the cause of overdose deaths in opiate addicts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Depressant&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_depression" title="Central nervous system depression">Central nervous system depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalant</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Depressant&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=depressant">"Depressant – Definition"</a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychopharmacology&rft.atitle=The+Human+BNST%3A+Functional+Role+in+Anxiety+and+Addiction&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=126-141&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4677124%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26105138&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnpp.2015.185&rft.aulast=Avery&rft.aufirst=S+N&rft.au=Clauss%2C+J+A&rft.au=Blackford%2C+J+U&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4677124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepressant" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Depressant&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040223134138/http://www.painfullyobvious.com/depressants_7.asp">Painfully Obvious – A Community Resource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613074150/http://quihn.org.au/">Fact sheets and Harm Reduction Strategies About Depressants and Other Recreational Drugs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070504175417/http://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/rpo926/">U.S. Department of Human and Health Services: Drug Categories for Substances of Abuse</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://counsellingresource.com/medications/index.html">About Psychotropic Medications: Quick Reference to Medications Used in Mental Health</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701154743/https://crextras.com/medications/">Archived</a> 1 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse" title="National Institute on Drug Abuse">National Institute on Drug Abuse</a>: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teens.drugabuse.gov/drug-facts/central-nervous-system-cns-depressants-facts">NIDA for Teens: Prescription Depressant Medications</a>".</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2M2B" class="mw-redirect" title="2M2B">2M2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloralodol" title="Chloralodol">Chloralodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylpropanediol" class="mw-redirect" title="Diethylpropanediol">Diethylpropanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethchlorvynol" title="Ethchlorvynol">Ethchlorvynol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylpentynol" title="Methylpentynol">Methylpentynol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,2,2-Trichloroethanol" title="2,2,2-Trichloroethanol">Trichloroethanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allobarbital" title="Allobarbital">Allobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amobarbital" title="Amobarbital">Amobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aprobarbital" title="Aprobarbital">Aprobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbital" title="Barbital">Barbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butabarbital" title="Butabarbital">Butabarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butobarbital" title="Butobarbital">Butobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobarbital" title="Cyclobarbital">Cyclobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethallobarbital" title="Ethallobarbital">Ethallobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptabarb" title="Heptabarb">Heptabarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexobarbital" title="Hexobarbital">Hexobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephobarbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Mephobarbital">Mephobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methohexital" title="Methohexital">Methohexital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcobarbital" title="Narcobarbital">Narcobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">Pentobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenallymal" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenallymal">Phenallymal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylbarbital" title="Propylbarbital">Propylbarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxibarbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Proxibarbal">Proxibarbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reposal" title="Reposal">Reposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secobarbital" title="Secobarbital">Secobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbutal" title="Talbutal">Talbutal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamylal" title="Thiamylal">Thiamylal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">Thiopental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiotetrabarbital" title="Thiotetrabarbital">Thiotetrabarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinbarbital" title="Vinbarbital">Vinbarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylbital" title="Vinylbital">Vinylbital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brotizolam" title="Brotizolam">Brotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinolazepam" title="Cinolazepam">Cinolazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climazolam" title="Climazolam">Climazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonazolam" title="Clonazolam">Clonazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxefazepam" title="Doxefazepam">Doxefazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estazolam" title="Estazolam">Estazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flubromazolam" title="Flubromazolam">Flubromazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunitrazolam" title="Flunitrazolam">Flunitrazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunitrazepam" title="Flunitrazepam">Flunitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurazepam" title="Flurazepam">Flurazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutemazepam" title="Flutemazepam">Flutemazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutoprazepam" title="Flutoprazepam">Flutoprazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loprazolam" title="Loprazolam">Loprazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lormetazepam" title="Lormetazepam">Lormetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">Midazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimetazepam" title="Nimetazepam">Nimetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitemazepam" title="Nitemazepam">Nitemazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepam" title="Nitrazepam">Nitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazolam" title="Nitrazolam">Nitrazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quazepam" title="Quazepam">Quazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">Temazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triazolam" title="Triazolam">Triazolam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emylcamate" title="Emylcamate">Emylcamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinamate" title="Ethinamate">Ethinamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapropymate" title="Hexapropymate">Hexapropymate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">Meprobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methocarbamol" title="Methocarbamol">Methocarbamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenprobamate" title="Phenprobamate">Phenprobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procymate" title="Procymate">Procymate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tybamate" title="Tybamate">Tybamate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Imidazole" title="Imidazole">Imidazoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etomidate" title="Etomidate">Etomidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metomidate" title="Metomidate">Metomidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxate" title="Propoxate">Propoxate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Monoureide" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoureide">Monoureides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acecarbromal" title="Acecarbromal">Acecarbromal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apronal" title="Apronal">Apronal (apronalide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromisoval" title="Bromisoval">Bromisoval</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capuride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capuride (page does not exist)">Capuride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbromal" title="Carbromal">Carbromal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ectylurea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ectylurea (page does not exist)">Ectylurea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neuroactive steroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acebrochol" title="Acebrochol">Acebrochol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfadolone" title="Alfadolone">Alphadolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphaxolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphaxolone">Alphaxolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eltanolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Eltanolone">Eltanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxydione" title="Hydroxydione">Hydroxydione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaxolone" title="Minaxolone">Minaxolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eszopiclone" title="Eszopiclone">Eszopiclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiplon" title="Indiplon">Indiplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lirequinil" title="Lirequinil">Lirequinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necopidem" title="Necopidem">Necopidem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazinaclone" title="Pazinaclone">Pazinaclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saripidem" title="Saripidem">Saripidem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suproclone" title="Suproclone">Suproclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriclone" title="Suriclone">Suriclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaleplon" title="Zaleplon">Zaleplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolpidem" title="Zolpidem">Zolpidem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zopiclone" title="Zopiclone">Zopiclone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">Phenols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">Propofol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Piperidinedione" class="mw-redirect" title="Piperidinedione">Piperidinediones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutethimide" title="Glutethimide">Glutethimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyprylon" title="Methyprylon">Methyprylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrithyldione" title="Pyrithyldione">Pyrithyldione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperidione" title="Piperidione">Piperidione</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afloqualone" title="Afloqualone">Afloqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloroqualone" title="Cloroqualone">Cloroqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diproqualone" title="Diproqualone">Diproqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etaqualone" title="Etaqualone">Etaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebroqualone" title="Mebroqualone">Mebroqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecloqualone" title="Mecloqualone">Mecloqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Methaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylmethaqualone" title="Methylmethaqualone">Methylmethaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromethaqualone" title="Nitromethaqualone">Nitromethaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SL-164" title="SL-164">SL-164</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetophenone" title="Acetophenone">Acetophenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylglycinamide_chloral_hydrate" title="Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate">Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a> compounds <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_bromide" title="Lithium bromide">Lithium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">Potassium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">Sodium bromide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centalun" title="Centalun">Centalun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloral_betaine" title="Chloral betaine">Chloral betaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloral_hydrate" title="Chloral hydrate">Chloral hydrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloralose" title="Chloralose">Chloralose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomethiazole" title="Clomethiazole">Clomethiazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloralphenazone" title="Dichloralphenazone">Dichloralphenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaboxadol" title="Gaboxadol">Gaboxadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalactone" title="Kavalactone">Kavalactones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreclezole" title="Loreclezole">Loreclezole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraldehyde" title="Paraldehyde">Paraldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrichloral" title="Petrichloral">Petrichloral</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfonylalkane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfonylalkane (page does not exist)">Sulfonylalkanes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfonmethane" title="Sulfonmethane">Sulfonmethane (sulfonal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetronal" title="Tetronal">Tetronal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trional" title="Trional">Trional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triclofos" title="Triclofos">Triclofos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquiterpene" title="Sesquiterpene">Sesquiterpene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isovaleramide" title="Isovaleramide">Isovaleramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isovaleric_acid" title="Isovaleric acid">Isovaleric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerenic_acid" title="Valerenic acid">Valerenic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GABAB_receptor" title="GABAB receptor">GABAB</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1,4-Butanediol" title="1,4-Butanediol">1,4-Butanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluorophenibut" title="4-Fluorophenibut">4-Fluorophenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceburic_acid" title="Aceburic acid">Aceburic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">Baclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABOB" class="mw-redirect" title="GABOB">GABOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxybate" title="Sodium oxybate">sodium oxybate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Butyrolactone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Butyrolactone">GBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Valerolactone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Valerolactone">GVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolibut" title="Tolibut">Tolibut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/H1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="H1 receptor">H1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Histamine_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Histamine antagonist">Antihistamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captodiame" title="Captodiame">Captodiame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxylamine" title="Doxylamine">Doxylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methapyrilene" title="Methapyrilene">Methapyrilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlapine" title="Perlapine">Perlapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheniramine" title="Pheniramine">Pheniramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiomazine" title="Propiomazine">Propiomazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_antagonists_and_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors">Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etoperidone" title="Etoperidone">Etoperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">Trimipramine</a>, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a>, etc.</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a>, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a>, etc.</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α2-Adrenergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detomidine" title="Detomidine">Detomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexmedetomidine" title="Dexmedetomidine">Dexmedetomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofexidine" title="Lofexidine">Lofexidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medetomidine" title="Medetomidine">Medetomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romifidine" title="Romifidine">Romifidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizanidine" title="Tizanidine">Tizanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylazine" title="Xylazine">Xylazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">5-HT2A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">Trimipramine</a>, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a>, etc.</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a>, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a>, etc.</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niaprazine" title="Niaprazine">Niaprazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor" title="Melatonin receptor">Melatonin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agomelatine" title="Agomelatine">Agomelatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_(medication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melatonin (medication)">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramelteon" title="Ramelteon">Ramelteon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasimelteon" title="Tasimelteon">Tasimelteon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Orexin_receptor" title="Orexin receptor">Orexin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daridorexant" title="Daridorexant">Daridorexant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemborexant" title="Lemborexant">Lemborexant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvorexant" title="Suvorexant">Suvorexant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid"><abbr title="alpha2delta subunit">α2δ</abbr> <abbr title="voltage-gated calcium channel">VDCC</abbr></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirogabalin" title="Mirogabalin">Mirogabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophenylalkyldiol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorophenylalkyldiol (page does not exist)">Chlorophenylalkyldiols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fenpentadiol" title="Fenpentadiol">Fenpentadiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaglycodol" title="Metaglycodol">Metaglycodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenaglycodol" title="Phenaglycodol">Phenaglycodol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol" class="mw-redirect" title="2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol">Diethylpropanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evoxine" title="Evoxine">Evoxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenadiazole" title="Fenadiazole">Fenadiazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaifenesin" title="Guaifenesin">Guaifenesin</a>-related <a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">muscle relaxants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenesin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorphenesin">Chlorphenesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenesin" title="Mephenesin">Mephenesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenoxalone" title="Mephenoxalone">Mephenoxalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxalone" title="Metaxalone">Metaxalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methocarbamol" title="Methocarbamol">Methocarbamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midaflur" title="Midaflur">Midaflur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passiflora" title="Passiflora">Passion flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMB68" class="mw-redirect" title="UMB68">UMB68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valnoctamide" title="Valnoctamide">Valnoctamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_chemical_drug_groups_–_based_upon_the_Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_drug_groups" title="Template:Major drug groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_drug_groups" title="Template talk:Major drug groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_drug_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major drug groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_chemical_drug_groups_–_based_upon_the_Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major chemical drug groups – based upon the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> / <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A" title="ATC code A">A</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>stomach acid <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">Antacids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 antagonist">H2 antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor" title="Proton-pump inhibitor">Proton-pump inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">Antiemetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">Laxatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidiarrhoeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidiarrhoeal">Antidiarrhoeals</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antipropulsive" title="Antipropulsive">Antipropulsives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-obesity_medication" title="Anti-obesity medication">Anti-obesity drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_medication" title="Diabetes medication">Diabetes medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Dietary minerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and blood forming organs (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_B" title="ATC code B">B</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antithrombotic" title="Antithrombotic">Antithrombotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">Antiplatelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombolytic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombolytic drug">Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihemorrhagic" title="Antihemorrhagic">Antihemorrhagics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">Platelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">Coagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifibrinolytic" title="Antifibrinolytic">Antifibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardiovascular system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C" title="ATC code C">C</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>cardiac therapy / <a href="/wiki/Antianginal" title="Antianginal">antianginals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside" title="Cardiac glycoside">Cardiac glycosides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">Antiarrhythmics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stimulant" title="Cardiac stimulant">Cardiac stimulants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">Antihypertensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">Diuretics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium channel blockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">Angiotensin II receptor antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin_inhibitor" title="Renin inhibitor">Renin inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypolipidemic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypolipidemic agent">Antihyperlipidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">Statins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrate" title="Fibrate">Fibrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_sequestrant" title="Bile acid sequestrant">Bile acid sequestrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D" title="ATC code D">D</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emollient" class="mw-redirect" title="Emollient">Emollients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatrizant" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatrizant">Cicatrizants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipruritic" title="Antipruritic">Antipruritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsoriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipsoriatic">Antipsoriatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D09" title="ATC code D09">Medicated dressings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">genitourinary system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G" title="ATC code G">G</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">Fertility agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">Selective estrogen receptor modulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_H" title="ATC code H">H</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_hormone" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone">Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">Mineralocorticoids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">Thyroid hormones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antithyroid_agent" title="Antithyroid agent">Antithyroid agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infestation" class="extiw" title="wikt:infestation">infestations</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J" title="ATC code J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_P" title="ATC code P">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATCvet_code_QI" title="ATCvet code QI">QI</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">Antimicrobials</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">Antibacterials</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimycobacterial" title="Antimycobacterial">Antimycobacterials</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifungal_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal drug">Antifungals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antivirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparasitic" title="Antiparasitic">Antiparasitics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiprotozoal_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiprotozoal agent">Antiprotozoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthelmintic" title="Anthelmintic">Anthelmintics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoparasiticide" title="Ectoparasiticide">Ectoparasiticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous immunoglobulin">Intravenous immunoglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a> disease (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L01–L02</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Anticancer agents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">Antimetabolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkylating_antineoplastic_agent" title="Alkylating antineoplastic agent">Alkylating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_poison" title="Spindle poison">Spindle poisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineoplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineoplastic">Antineoplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoisomerase_inhibitor" title="Topoisomerase inhibitor">Topoisomerase inhibitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune</a> disease (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L03–L04</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunomodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulator">Immunomodulators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunostimulant" title="Immunostimulant">Immunostimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_M" title="ATC code M">M</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">Anti-inflammatories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease-modifying_antirheumatic_drug" title="Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug">Antirheumatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">Muscle relaxants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">Bisphosphonates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N" title="ATC code N">N</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">Analgesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">Anesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorectic" title="Anorectic">Anorectics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihyperkinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihyperkinetic">Anti-ADHD agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Antiaddictives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidementia_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidementia drug">Antidementia agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimigraine_drug" title="Antimigraine drug">Antimigraine agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_Parkinson%27s_disease#Medication" title="Management of Parkinson's disease">Antiparkinson agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">Anxiolytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">Aphrodisiacs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Depressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Entactogen">Entactogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoriants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelics,_dissociatives_and_deliriants" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants">Hallucinogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">Hypnotics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">Mood stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivation-enhancing_drug" title="Motivation-enhancing drug">Motivation-enhancing drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprotective" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroprotective">Neuroprotectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexigenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orexigenic">Orexigenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenic" title="Serenic">Serenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefulness-promoting_agent" title="Wakefulness-promoting agent">Wakefulness-promoting agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_R" title="ATC code R">R</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">Decongestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchodilator" title="Bronchodilator">Bronchodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cough_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough medicine">Cough medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H1_antagonist" title="H1 antagonist">H1 antagonists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensory organs</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S" title="ATC code S">S</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmologicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otology" title="Otology">Otologicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_V" title="ATC code V">V</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">Antidotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrast medium">Contrast media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiopharmacology" title="Radiopharmacology">Radiopharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressing_(medicine)" title="Dressing (medicine)">Dressings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senotherapeutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Senotherapeutics">Senotherapeutics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs" title="Category:Drugs">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pharmacological_classification_systems" title="Category:Pharmacological classification systems">Pharmacological classification systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:ATC_codes" title="Category:ATC codes">ATC codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recreational_drug_use" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_use" title="Template:Drug use"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drug_use" title="Template talk:Drug use"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drug_use" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drug use"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recreational_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Major_recreational_drugs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major recreational drugs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Depressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li>Medical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Hazardous <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive#Contact" title="Adhesive">contact adhesives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_polish#Nail_polish_remover" title="Nail polish">nail polish remover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">Paint thinner</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> <ul><li>Suboxone</li> <li>Subutex</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(drug)" title="Lean (drug)">Lean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a> <ul><li>Krokodil</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a> <ul><li>Darvocet</li> <li>Darvon</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine</a> <ul><li>Heroin</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a> <ul><li>Dilaudid</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">Kratom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">/paracetamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_polacrilex" title="Nicotine polacrilex">Polacrilex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_salt" title="Nicotine salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathogen–entactogen">Entactogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2C series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a> <ul><li>Benzofury</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">AMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_toad" title="Colorado River toad">Psychoactive toads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Vilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">Yopo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">LSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_peruviana" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis peruviana">Peruvian torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">San Pedro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">Psilocin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushrooms</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_dextromethorphan" title="Recreational use of dextromethorphan">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucine" title="Glaucine">Glaucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">MXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis (Marijuana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocannabinoid">Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APICA_(synthetic_cannabinoid_drug)" title="APICA (synthetic cannabinoid drug)">APICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APINACA" title="APINACA">APINACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice (drug)">Spice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calea_ternifolia" title="Calea ternifolia">Calea zacatechichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silene_undulata" title="Silene undulata">Silene capensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Quaaludes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">Poppers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Drug_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Cannabis consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Cannabis rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">List of cannabis rights organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)#Cannabis_vaporizers" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Cannabis vaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history of cannabis in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer#Beer_and_society" title="Beer">Beer culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">Beer festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether#Recreational_use" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask" title="Hip flask">Hip flask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">Pub crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">Sports bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">Wine bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_era" title="Psychedelic era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_microdosing" title="Psychedelic microdosing">Microdosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_shop" title="Smart shop">Smart shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking#Society_and_culture" title="Smoking">Smoking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion cigarettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-chasing" title="Cloud-chasing">Cloud-chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chasing_the_dragon" title="Chasing the dragon">Chasing the dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">Drug paraphernalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Drug tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">Needle sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly drug use">Poly drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">Religion and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs" title="Urban legends about drugs">Urban legends about drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoonga" title="Whoonga">Whoonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Legality_of_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legality of drug use</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_drug_control_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations drug control conventions">International drug control conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Narcotic Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 Drug Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other treaties addressing drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Against_Doping_in_Sport" title="International Convention Against Doping in Sport">Convention Against Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union_decisions_on_designer_drugs" title="Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs">Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalization" title="Legalization">Legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_reduction" title="Supply reduction">Supply reduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">Policy reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">Demand reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">Law Enforcement Action Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug policy by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Australia" title="Drug policy">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Germany" title="Drug policy">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Switzerland" title="Drug policy">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Maryland" title="Drug policy of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Oregon" title="Drug policy of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Virginia" title="Drug policy of Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug legality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Cannabis legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin mushrooms legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia legality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">Designer drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_court" title="Drug court">Drug court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug possession">Drug possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Narc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_drug_abuse" title="Politics of drug abuse">Politics of drug abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">Zero tolerance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug production and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemicals" title="Precursor chemicals">Drug precursors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Aruba" title="Illegal drug trade in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_Cambodia" title="Drugs in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_El_Salvador" title="Illegal drug trade in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Haiti" title="Illegal drug trade in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Indian_Ocean_region" title="Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region">Indian Ocean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Japan" title="Illegal drug trade in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking_in_Mauritius" title="Drug trafficking in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Panama" title="Illegal drug trade in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Paraguay" title="Illegal drug trade in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Seychelles" title="Illegal drug trade in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Turkey" title="Illegal drug trade in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Illegal drug trade in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_distribution" title="Pharmaceutical distribution">Pharmaceutical distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer shop">Beer shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">Cannabis shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">Liquor store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues with drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving impaired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug harmfulness">Drug harmfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects of cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">Drug-related crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a> <ul><li>of tobacco or other substances</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harm reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_legalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug legalization">Drug legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Drug rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_replacement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid replacement therapy">Opioid replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Regulation of therapeutic goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse_prevention" title="Substance abuse prevention">Substance abuse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries by drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a></li> <li>Cannabis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Lifetime use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">Opiates use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tobacco_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tobacco consumption">Tobacco consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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