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<li id="toc-Congestive_heart_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congestive_heart_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Congestive heart failure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congestive_heart_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acute_myocardial_infarction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acute_myocardial_infarction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Acute myocardial infarction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acute_myocardial_infarction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypertension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypertension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hypertension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypertension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anxiety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anxiety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Anxiety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anxiety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance-enhancing_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance-enhancing_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Performance-enhancing use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-enhancing_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Adverse effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adverse effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contraindications_and_cautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraindications_and_cautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Contraindications and cautions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications_and_cautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asthma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asthma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Asthma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asthma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diabetes_mellitus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diabetes_mellitus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Diabetes mellitus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diabetes_mellitus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hyperthyroidism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyperthyroidism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Hyperthyroidism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyperthyroidism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bradycardia_or_AV_block" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bradycardia_or_AV_block"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Bradycardia or AV block</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bradycardia_or_AV_block-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pharmacology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pharmacology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intrinsic_sympathomimetic_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intrinsic_sympathomimetic_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intrinsic_sympathomimetic_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-β-Adrenergic_receptor_antagonism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#β-Adrenergic_receptor_antagonism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>β-Adrenergic receptor antagonism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-β-Adrenergic_receptor_antagonism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-α1-Adrenergic_receptor_antagonism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#α1-Adrenergic_receptor_antagonism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>α<sub>1</sub>-Adrenergic receptor antagonism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-α1-Adrenergic_receptor_antagonism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood–brain_barrier_permeability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood–brain_barrier_permeability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Blood–brain barrier permeability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood–brain_barrier_permeability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Agents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Agents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Agents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nonselective_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonselective_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nonselective agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonselective_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-β1-selective_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#β1-selective_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>β<sub>1</sub>-selective agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-β1-selective_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-β2-selective_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#β2-selective_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>β<sub>2</sub>-selective agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-β2-selective_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-β3-selective_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#β3-selective_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>β<sub>3</sub>-selective agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-β3-selective_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-β1_selective_antagonist_and_β3_agonist_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#β1_selective_antagonist_and_β3_agonist_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>β<sub>1</sub> selective antagonist and β<sub>3</sub> agonist agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-β1_selective_antagonist_and_β3_agonist_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Comparative information</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparative_information-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparative information subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparative_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pharmacological_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacological_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pharmacological differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacological_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indication_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indication_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Indication differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indication_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Beta blocker</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="محصر بيتا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محصر بيتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="বিটা ব্লকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিটা ব্লকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-blokator" title="Beta-blokator – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Beta-blokator" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocador_d%27adrenoreceptors_beta" title="Blocador d'adrenoreceptors beta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Blocador d'adrenoreceptors beta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-blok%C3%A1tor" title="Beta-blokátor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Beta-blokátor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-blokker" title="Beta-blokker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Beta-blokker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betablocker" title="Betablocker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Betablocker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetablokaatorid" title="Beetablokaatorid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Beetablokaatorid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Βήτα αποκλειστής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βήτα αποκλειστής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betabloqueador" title="Betabloqueador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Betabloqueador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="بتا بلاکر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بتا بلاکر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAta-bloquant" title="Bêta-bloquant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bêta-bloquant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ite-bhloc%C3%A1laithe" title="Béite-bhlocálaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Béite-bhlocálaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%83%80_%EC%B0%A8%EB%8B%A8%EC%A0%9C" title="베타 차단제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베타 차단제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1_%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բետա ադրենապաշարիչներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բետա ադրենապաշարիչներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blokatori" title="Beta blokatori – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Beta blokatori" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyekat_beta" title="Penyekat beta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyekat beta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betabloccanti" title="Betabloccanti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Betabloccanti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%98%D7%90" title="חוסמי בטא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוסמי בטא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Beta blocker" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="بیٹا بلاکر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بیٹا بلاکر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagir%C3%AAn_b%C3%AAta-wergir%C3%AAn_adr%C3%AAnal%C3%AEn%C3%AA" title="Dagirên bêta-wergirên adrênalînê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dagirên bêta-wergirên adrênalînê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%93ta_adrenoblokatori" title="Bēta adrenoblokatori – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bēta adrenoblokatori" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ta-receptor-blokkol%C3%B3k" title="Béta-receptor-blokkolók – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Béta-receptor-blokkolók" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Бета блокатор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бета блокатор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghalang_beta" title="Penghalang beta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penghalang beta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8tablokkers" title="Bètablokkers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bètablokkers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%84%9F%E7%A5%9E%E7%B5%8C%CE%B2%E5%8F%97%E5%AE%B9%E4%BD%93%E9%81%AE%E6%96%AD%E8%96%AC" title="交感神経β受容体遮断薬 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="交感神経β受容体遮断薬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betablokker" title="Betablokker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Betablokker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0" title="ବିଟା ବ୍ଲକର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଟା ବ୍ଲକର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leki_beta-adrenolityczne" title="Leki beta-adrenolityczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leki beta-adrenolityczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloqueador_beta-adren%C3%A9rgico" title="Bloqueador beta-adrenérgico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bloqueador beta-adrenérgico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-blocant" title="Beta-blocant – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Beta-blocant" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Бета-адреноблокаторы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бета-адреноблокаторы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Beta blocker" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بێتا بلۆکەرەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بێتا بلۆکەرەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blokator" title="Beta blokator – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Beta blokator" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blokator" title="Beta blokator – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Beta blokator" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetasalpaajat" title="Beetasalpaajat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Beetasalpaajat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betablockerare" title="Betablockerare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Betablockerare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бета-блокаторлар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бета-блокаторлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เบตาบล็อกเกอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบตาบล็อกเกอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blok%C3%B6r" title="Beta blokör – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beta blokör" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Бета-блокатор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бета-блокатор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%91c_ch%E1%BA%B9n_beta" title="Thuốc chẹn beta – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuốc chẹn beta" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E9%98%BB%E6%BB%9E%E5%89%82" title="Β受体阻滞剂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Β受体阻滞剂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q816759#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ddbbee">Beta blockers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Propranolol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Propranolol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Propranolol.svg/280px-Propranolol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Propranolol.svg/420px-Propranolol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Propranolol.svg/560px-Propranolol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="225" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_formula" title="Skeletal formula">Skeletal formula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a>, the first clinically successful beta blocker.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Class identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">Synonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">beta-blockers, β-blockers, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, beta antagonists, beta-adrenergic antagonists, beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists, beta adrenergic receptor antagonists, BB</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Use</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">Hypertension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">arrhythmia</a>, etc.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C07" title="ATC code C07">C07</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">Biological target</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beta_receptor#β_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta receptor">beta receptors</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/cardioselective-beta-blockers.html">Drug Classes</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Reports" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consumerreports.org/health/best-buy-drugs/beta_blockers.htm">Best Buy Drugs</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/WebMD" title="WebMD">WebMD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicinenet.com/beta_blockers/article.htm">MedicineNet</a></span>  <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rxlist.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=90349">RxList</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">External links</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000319">D000319</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background: #e8e8e8; text-align: center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816759" class="extiw" title="d:Q816759">In Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Beta blockers</b>, also spelled <b>β-blockers</b>, are a class of medications that are predominantly used to manage abnormal heart rhythms (<a href="/wiki/Arrhythmia" title="Arrhythmia">arrhythmia</a>), and to protect the heart from a second <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> after a first heart attack (<a href="/wiki/Secondary_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary prevention">secondary prevention</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10381708_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10381708-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also widely used to treat <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, although they are no longer the first choice for initial treatment of most people.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24352797_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24352797-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beta blockers are <a href="/wiki/Competitive_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive antagonist">competitive antagonists</a> that block the receptor sites for the <a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">endogenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Catecholamine" title="Catecholamine">catecholamines</a> <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> (adrenaline) and <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a> (noradrenaline) on <a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_beta_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenergic beta receptors">adrenergic beta receptors</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a>, which mediates the <a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">fight-or-flight response</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frishman_2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frishman_2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 152">: 152 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barranger_2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barranger_2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some block activation of all types of <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-adrenergic_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-adrenergic receptor">β-adrenergic receptors</a> and others are selective for one of the three known types of beta receptors, designated β<sub>1</sub>, β<sub>2</sub> and β<sub>3</sub> receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-Frishman_2005_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frishman_2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 153">: 153 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beta-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-1 adrenergic receptor">β<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptors</a> are located mainly in the heart and in the kidneys.<sup id="cite_ref-Barranger_2006_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barranger_2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-2 adrenergic receptor">β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic receptors</a> are located mainly in the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, uterus, vascular smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-Barranger_2006_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barranger_2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beta-3_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-3 adrenergic receptor">β<sub>3</sub>-adrenergic receptors</a> are located in fat cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7609752_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7609752-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beta receptors are found on cells of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> muscles, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth muscle tissue">smooth muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airway" class="mw-redirect" title="Airway">airways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">arteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, and other tissues that are part of the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a> and lead to stress responses, especially when they are stimulated by <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> (adrenaline). Beta blockers interfere with the binding to the receptor of epinephrine and other stress hormones and weaken the effects of stress hormones. </p><p>In 1964, <a href="/wiki/James_Black_(pharmacologist)" title="James Black (pharmacologist)">James Black</a><sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> synthesized the first clinically significant beta blockers—<a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pronethalol" title="Pronethalol">pronethalol</a>; it revolutionized the medical management of <a href="/wiki/Angina_pectoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Angina pectoris">angina pectoris</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10378820_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10378820-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is considered by many to be one of the most important contributions to clinical medicine and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a> of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9456487_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9456487-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the treatment of primary hypertension, <a href="/wiki/Meta-analyses" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-analyses">meta-analyses</a> of studies which mostly used <a href="/wiki/Atenolol" title="Atenolol">atenolol</a> have shown that although beta blockers are more effective than <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a> in preventing <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> and total cardiovascular events, they are not as effective as <a href="/wiki/Diuretics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diuretics">diuretics</a>, medications inhibiting the <a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium channel blockers">calcium channel blockers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beta blockers are utilized in the treatment of various conditions related to the heart and vascular system, as well as several other medical conditions. Common heart-related conditions for which beta blockers are well-established include angina pectoris, acute coronary syndromes, hypertension, and arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation and heart failure. They are also used in the management of other heart diseases, such as hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, mitral valve stenosis or prolapse, and dissecting aneurysm. Additionally, beta blockers find applications in vascular surgery, the treatment of anxiety states, cases of thyrotoxicosis, glaucoma, migraines, and esophageal varices.<sup id="cite_ref-Opie_2009_p._13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opie_2009_p.-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congestive_heart_failure">Congestive heart failure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Congestive heart failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although beta blockers were once contraindicated in <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a>, as they have the potential to worsen the condition due to their effect of decreasing cardiac contractility, studies in the late 1990s showed their efficacy at reducing morbidity and mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10714728_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10714728-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11835035_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11835035-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12390947_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12390947-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bisoprolol" title="Bisoprolol">Bisoprolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">carvedilol</a>, and sustained-release <a href="/wiki/Metoprolol" title="Metoprolol">metoprolol</a> are specifically indicated as adjuncts to standard <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">diuretic</a> therapy in congestive heart failure, although at doses typically much lower than those indicated for other conditions. Beta blockers are only indicated in cases of compensated, stable congestive heart failure; in cases of acute decompensated heart failure, beta blockers will cause a further decrease in ejection fraction, worsening the patient's current symptoms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Beta blockers are known primarily for their reductive effect on heart rate, although this is not the only mechanism of action of importance in congestive heart failure.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beta blockers, in addition to their sympatholytic β<sub>1</sub> activity in the heart, influence the <a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a> at the kidneys. Beta blockers cause a decrease in <a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">renin</a> secretion, which in turn reduces the heart oxygen demand by lowering the <a href="/wiki/Extracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracellular">extracellular</a> volume and increasing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Heart failure characteristically involves increased catecholamine activity on the heart, which is responsible for several deleterious effects, including increased oxygen demand, propagation of inflammatory mediators, and abnormal cardiac tissue remodeling, all of which decrease the efficiency of cardiac contraction and contribute to the low ejection fraction.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beta blockers counter this inappropriately high sympathetic activity, eventually leading to an improved ejection fraction, despite an initial reduction in ejection fraction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Trials have shown beta blockers reduce the absolute risk of death by 4.5% over a 13-month period. In addition to reducing the risk of mortality, the numbers of hospital visits and hospitalizations were also reduced in the trials.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12173717_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12173717-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2020 Cochrane review found minimal evidence to support the use of beta blockers in congestive heart failure in children, however did identify that from the data available, that they may be of benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Therapeutic administration of beta blockers for congestive heart failure ought to begin at very low doses (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> of target) with a gradual escalation of the dose. The heart of the patient must adjust to decreasing stimulation by catecholamines and find a new equilibrium at a lower adrenergic drive.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acute_myocardial_infarction">Acute myocardial infarction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Acute myocardial infarction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beta blockers are indicated for the treatment of acute <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarctions</a>. During a myocardial infarction, systemic stress causes an increase in circulating <a href="/wiki/Catecholamine" title="Catecholamine">catecholamines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Safi_2019_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safi_2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Farzam_2023_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farzam_2023-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This results an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, therefore increasing myocardial oxygen demand.<sup id="cite_ref-Farzam_2023_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farzam_2023-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Safi_2019_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safi_2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beta blockers competitively inhibit catecholamines acting on the β<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptors, thus reducing these detrimental effects and resulting in reduced myocardial oxygen consumption and demand.<sup id="cite_ref-Safi_2019_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safi_2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2019 Cochrane review compared beta blockers with <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a> or no intervention, it found that beta blockers probably reduced the short-term risk of reinfarction and the long-term risk of <a href="/wiki/All-cause_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="All-cause mortality">all-cause mortality</a> and cardiovascular mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-Safi_2019_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safi_2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The review identified that beta blockers likely had little to no impact on short-term all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-Safi_2019_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safi_2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypertension">Hypertension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hypertension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beta blockers are widely used for the treatment of hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2014 Cochrane review found that in individuals with mild-to-moderate hypertension, non-selective beta blockers led to a reduction of -10/-7mmHg (systolic/diastolic) without increased rates of adverse events.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong_2014_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong_2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At higher doses, it was found to increase the rate of adverse effects such as a reduction in heart rate, without a corresponding reduction in blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong_2014_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong_2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 Cochrane review on the use of beta blockers in hypertension found a modest reduction in cardiovascular disease but little to no change in mortality<sup id="cite_ref-Wiysonge_2017_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiysonge_2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It suggested that the effects of beta blockers are inferior to other anti-hypertensive medications.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiysonge_2017_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiysonge_2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anxiety">Anxiety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anxiety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Officially, beta blockers are not approved for <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a> use by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16957148_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16957148-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many controlled trials in the past 25 years indicate beta blockers are effective in <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiety disorders">anxiety disorders</a>, though the mechanism of action is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The physiological symptoms of the <a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight-or-flight">fight-or-flight</a> response (pounding heart, cold/clammy hands, increased respiration, sweating, etc.) are significantly reduced, thus enabling anxious individuals to concentrate on the task at hand.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Musicians, public speakers, actors, and professional <a href="/wiki/Dancers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancers">dancers</a> have been known to use beta blockers to avoid <a href="/wiki/Performance_anxiety" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance anxiety">performance anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stage_fright" title="Stage fright">stage fright</a>, and tremor during both <a href="/wiki/Audition_(performing_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Audition (performing arts)">auditions</a> and public performances. The application to stage fright was first recognized in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i> in 1976, and by 1987, a survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Symphony_Orchestra_Musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="International Conference of Symphony Orchestra Musicians">International Conference of Symphony Orchestra Musicians</a>, representing the 51 largest orchestras in the United States, revealed 27% of its musicians had used beta blockers and 70% obtained them from friends, not physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt2004_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt2004-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beta blockers are inexpensive, said to be relatively safe, and on one hand, seem to improve musicians' performances on a technical level, while some, such as Barry Green, the author of "The Inner Game of Music" and Don Greene, a former Olympic diving coach who teaches Juilliard students to overcome their stage fright naturally, say the performances may be perceived as "soulless and inauthentic".<sup id="cite_ref-nyt2004_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt2004-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Low certainty evidence indicates that the use of beta blockers around the time of cardiac surgery may decrease the risk of <a href="/wiki/Heart_dysrhythmias" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart dysrhythmias">heart dysrhythmias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting them around the time of other types of surgery, however, may worsen outcomes. For non-cardiac surgery, the use of beta blockers to prevent adverse effects may reduce the risk of atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarctions (very low certainty evidence), however, there is moderate certainty evidence that this approach may increase the risk of hypotension.<sup id="cite_ref-Blessberger_2019_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blessberger_2019-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low-certainty evidence suggests that beta blockers used perioperatively in non-cardiac surgeries may increase the risk of bradycardia.<sup id="cite_ref-Blessberger_2019_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blessberger_2019-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2014 Cochrane review investigated the use of beta blockers in the maintenance of chronic type B thoracic <a href="/wiki/Aortic_aneurysm" title="Aortic aneurysm">aortic aneurysm</a> in comparison to other anti hypertensive medications.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan_2014_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan_2014-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The review found no suitable evidence to support the current guidelines recommending its use.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan_2014_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan_2014-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 Cochrane review on the use of beta blockers to prevent aortic dissections in people with Marfan syndrome was unable to draw definitive conclusions due to lack of evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adrenergic antagonists are mostly used for <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>. The adrenergic antagonists are widely used for lowering blood pressure and relieving <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These antagonists have a been proven to relieve the pain caused by <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>, and also the infarction size, which correlates with heart rate.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are few non-cardiovascular uses for adrenergic antagonists. Alpha-adrenergic antagonists are also used for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Ureteral_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Ureteral stones">ureteric stones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pain_disorder" title="Pain disorder">pain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27908918_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27908918-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25849473_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25849473-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beta blockers are used to treat acute cardiovascular <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> (e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdose">overdose</a>) caused by <a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathomimetic">sympathomimetics</a>, for instance caused by <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</a>, and other drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-RichardsAlbertsonDerlet2015_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RichardsAlbertsonDerlet2015-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined α<sub>1</sub> and beta blockers like <a href="/wiki/Labetalol" title="Labetalol">labetalol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">carvedilol</a> may be more favorable for such purposes due to the possibility of "unopposed α-stimulation" with selective beta blockers.<sup id="cite_ref-RichardsAlbertsonDerlet2015_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RichardsAlbertsonDerlet2015-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RichardsHollanderRamoska2017_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RichardsHollanderRamoska2017-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance-enhancing_use">Performance-enhancing use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Performance-enhancing use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because they promote lower heart rates and reduce tremors, beta blockers have been used in professional sports where high accuracy is required, including <a href="/wiki/Target_archery" title="Target archery">archery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">shooting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a><sup id="cite_ref-ogrady_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ogrady-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Snooker" title="Snooker">snooker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ogrady_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ogrady-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beta blockers are banned in some sports by the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref4_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_metre_pistol" title="Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre pistol">50-metre pistol</a> silver medalist and <a href="/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_10_metre_air_pistol" title="Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air pistol">10-metre air pistol</a> bronze medalist <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-su" title="Kim Jong-su">Kim Jong-su</a> tested positive for <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a> and was stripped of his medals.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_NK_Doping_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_NK_Doping-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For similar reasons, beta blockers have also been used by surgeons.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Classical musicians have commonly used beta blockers since the 1970s to reduce <a href="/wiki/Stage_fright" title="Stage fright">stage fright</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">Adverse drug reactions</a> associated with the use of beta blockers include: <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchospasm" title="Bronchospasm">bronchospasm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a>, cold extremities, exacerbation of <a href="/wiki/Raynaud%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Raynaud's syndrome">Raynaud's syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">bradycardia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_block" title="Heart block">heart block</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alopecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alopecia">alopecia</a> (hair loss), abnormal vision, <a href="/wiki/Hallucinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinations">hallucinations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">nightmares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a>, alteration of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipid_metabolism" title="Lipid metabolism">lipid metabolism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (June 2023)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Mixed α<sub>1</sub>/β-antagonist therapy is also commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension" title="Orthostatic hypotension">orthostatic hypotension</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">Carvedilol</a> therapy is commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossi_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossi-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Due to the high penetration across the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>, lipophilic beta blockers, such as <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metoprolol" title="Metoprolol">metoprolol</a>, are more likely than other less lipophilic beta blockers to cause sleep disturbances, such as insomnia, vivid dreams and nightmares.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21180298_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21180298-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adverse effects associated with β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic receptor antagonist activity (bronchospasm, peripheral vasoconstriction, alteration of glucose and lipid metabolism) are less common with β<sub>1</sub>-selective (often termed "cardioselective") agents, but receptor selectivity diminishes at higher doses. Beta blockade, especially of the beta-1 receptor at the <a href="/wiki/Macula_densa" title="Macula densa">macula densa</a>, inhibits renin release, thus decreasing the release of <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">aldosterone</a>. This causes <a href="/wiki/Hyponatremia" title="Hyponatremia">hyponatremia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyperkalemia" title="Hyperkalemia">hyperkalemia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">Hypoglycemia</a> can occur with beta blockade because β<sub>2</sub>-adrenoceptors normally stimulate <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> breakdown (glycogenolysis) in the liver and pancreatic release of the <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> <a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">glucagon</a>, which work together to increase plasma glucose. Therefore, blocking β<sub>2</sub>-adrenoceptors lowers plasma glucose. β<sub>1</sub>-blockers have fewer metabolic side effects in diabetic patients; however, the fast heart rate that serves as a warning sign for insulin-induced low blood sugar may be masked, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_hypoglycemia#Unawareness" title="Diabetic hypoglycemia">hypoglycemia unawareness</a>. This is termed <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_hypoglycemia#Beta_blockers" title="Diabetic hypoglycemia">beta blocker-induced hypoglycemia unawareness</a>. Therefore, beta blockers are to be used cautiously in diabetics.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2007 study revealed diuretics and beta blockers used for hypertension increase a patient's risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a>, while <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="ACE inhibitors">ACE inhibitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">angiotensin II receptor antagonists</a> (angiotensin receptor blockers) actually decrease the risk of diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17240286_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17240286-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinical guidelines in Great Britain, but not in the United States, call for avoiding diuretics and beta blockers as first-line treatment of hypertension due to the risk of diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16809680_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16809680-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beta blockers must not be used in the treatment of selective alpha-adrenergic agonist overdose. The blockade of only beta receptors increases <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">blood pressure</a>, reduces coronary blood flow, left <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventricular function">ventricular function</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">cardiac output</a> and tissue perfusion by means of leaving the alpha-adrenergic system stimulation unopposed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (July 2015)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Beta blockers with lipophilic properties and CNS penetration such as <a href="/wiki/Metoprolol" title="Metoprolol">metoprolol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labetalol" title="Labetalol">labetalol</a> may be useful for treating CNS and cardiovascular toxicity from a methamphetamine overdose.<sup id="cite_ref-Medscape_meth_toxicity_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medscape_meth_toxicity-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mixed <a href="/wiki/Alpha_blocker" title="Alpha blocker">alpha-</a> and beta blocker labetalol is especially useful for treatment of concomitant tachycardia and hypertension induced by methamphetamine.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_2015_review_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards_2015_review-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phenomenon of "unopposed alpha stimulation" has not been reported with the use of beta blockers for treatment of methamphetamine toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_2015_review_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards_2015_review-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other appropriate <a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive" title="Antihypertensive">antihypertensive</a> drugs to administer during hypertensive crisis resulting from stimulant overdose are <a href="/wiki/Vasodilators" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasodilators">vasodilators</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerin_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitroglycerin (drug)">nitroglycerin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diuretics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diuretics">diuretics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">furosemide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alpha_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha blockers">alpha blockers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Phentolamine" title="Phentolamine">phentolamine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Toxicity,_Amphetamine;eMedicine_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toxicity,_Amphetamine;eMedicine-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contraindications_and_cautions">Contraindications and cautions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contraindications and cautions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Beta_blocker##" title="Talk:Beta blocker">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Beta+blocker%22">"Beta blocker"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Beta+blocker%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Beta+blocker%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Beta+blocker%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Beta+blocker%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Beta+blocker%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;">Absolute contraindications: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">Bradycardia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wyeth_Propranolol_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyeth_Propranolol-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">Hypotension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">Hypersensitivity</a> to beta blockers<sup id="cite_ref-Wyeth_Propranolol_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyeth_Propranolol-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiogenic_shock" title="Cardiogenic shock">Cardiogenic shock</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wyeth_Propranolol_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyeth_Propranolol-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Second or third degree AV block</li></ul> <p>Relative contraindications, or contraindications specific to certain beta-blockers: </p> <ul><li>Long QT syndrome: sotalol is contraindicated</li> <li>History of <a href="/wiki/Torsades_de_pointes" title="Torsades de pointes">torsades de pointes</a>: sotalol is contraindicated</li></ul> <p>Cautions: </p> <ul><li>Abrupt discontinuations</li> <li>Acute <a href="/wiki/Bronchospasm" title="Bronchospasm">bronchospasm</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wyeth_Propranolol_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyeth_Propranolol-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Acute <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wyeth_Propranolol_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyeth_Propranolol-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a>: see below</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">Bronchitis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wyeth_Propranolol_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyeth_Propranolol-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">Cerebrovascular disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">Emphysema</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wyeth_Propranolol_53-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyeth_Propranolol-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">Kidney failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">Hepatic disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myopathy" title="Myopathy">Myopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheochromocytoma" title="Pheochromocytoma">Pheochromocytoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">Psoriasis</a></li> <li>Raynaud phenomenon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasospastic_angina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasospastic angina">Vasospastic angina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolff%E2%80%93Parkinson%E2%80%93White_syndrome" title="Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome">Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wyeth_Propranolol_53-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyeth_Propranolol-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asthma">Asthma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Asthma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2007 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (<a href="/wiki/NHLBI" class="mw-redirect" title="NHLBI">NHLBI</a>) asthma guidelines recommend against the use of non-selective beta blockers in asthmatics, while allowing for the use of cardio selective beta blockers.<sup id="cite_ref-NHLBI_Asthma_07_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHLBI_Asthma_07-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 182">: 182 </span></sup> </p><p>Cardio selective beta blocker (β<sub>1</sub> blockers) can be prescribed at the least possible dose to those with mild to moderate respiratory symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Morales_Jackson_Lipworth_Donnan_2014_pp._779–786_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morales_Jackson_Lipworth_Donnan_2014_pp._779–786-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salpeter_Ormiston_Salpeter_p=715_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salpeter_Ormiston_Salpeter_p=715-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%CE%922-agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Β2-agonist">β2-agonists</a> can somewhat mitigate β-blocker-induced <a href="/wiki/Bronchospasm" title="Bronchospasm">bronchospasm</a> where it exerts greater efficacy on reversing <i>selective</i> β-blocker-induced bronchospasm than the <i>nonselective</i> β-blocker-induced worsening asthma and/or COPD.<sup id="cite_ref-Morales_Jackson_Lipworth_Donnan_2014_pp._779–786_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morales_Jackson_Lipworth_Donnan_2014_pp._779–786-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diabetes_mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Diabetes mellitus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Epinephrine signals early warning of the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">hypoglycemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprague_Arbeláez_2011_pp._463–475_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprague_Arbeláez_2011_pp._463–475-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beta blockers' inhibition on epinephrine's effect can somewhat exacerbate hypoglycemia by interfering with <a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis">glycogenolysis</a> and mask signs of hypoglycemia such as tachycardia, palpitations, <a href="/wiki/Diaphoresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphoresis">diaphoresis</a>, and tremors. Diligent blood glucose level monitoring is necessary for a patient with diabetes mellitus on beta blockers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hyperthyroidism">Hyperthyroidism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hyperthyroidism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abrupt withdrawal can result in a <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_storm" title="Thyroid storm">thyroid storm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wyeth_Propranolol_53-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyeth_Propranolol-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bradycardia_or_AV_block">Bradycardia or AV block</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bradycardia or AV block"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unless a pacemaker is present, beta blockers can severely depress conduction in the AV node, resulting in a reduction of heart rate and cardiac output. One should be very cautious with the use of beta blockers in tachycardia patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome, as it can result in life-threatening arrhythmia in certain patients. By slowing the conduction through the AV node, preferential conduction through the accessory pathway is favored. If the patient happens to develop atrial flutter, this could lead to a 1:1 conduction with very fast ventricular rate, or worse, ventricular fibrillation in the case of atrial fibrillation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">Glucagon</a>, used in the treatment of overdose,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2857542_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2857542-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlToxicity,_Beta-blocker:_Treatment_&_Medication_-_eMedicine_Emergency_Medicine_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlToxicity,_Beta-blocker:_Treatment_&_Medication_-_eMedicine_Emergency_Medicine-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increases the strength of heart contractions, increases intracellular <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a>, and decreases renal <a href="/wiki/Vascular_resistance" title="Vascular resistance">vascular resistance</a>. It is, therefore, useful in patients with beta blocker cardiotoxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker" title="Artificial cardiac pacemaker">Cardiac pacing</a> is usually reserved for patients unresponsive to <a href="/wiki/Pharmacological_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacological therapy">pharmacological therapy</a>. </p><p>People experiencing bronchospasm due to the β<sub>2</sub> receptor-blocking effects of nonselective beta blockers may be treated with <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">anticholinergic</a> drugs, such as <a href="/wiki/Ipratropium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipratropium">ipratropium</a>, which are safer than <a href="/wiki/Beta-adrenergic_agonist" title="Beta-adrenergic agonist">beta agonists</a> in patients with <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>. Other antidotes for beta blocker poisoning are <a href="/wiki/Salbutamol" title="Salbutamol">salbutamol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isoprenaline" title="Isoprenaline">isoprenaline</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pharmacology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intrinsic_sympathomimetic_activity">Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also referred to as intrinsic sympathomimetic effect, this term is used particularly with beta blockers that can show both agonism and antagonism at a given beta receptor, depending on the concentration of the agent (beta blocker) and the concentration of the antagonized agent (usually an endogenous compound, such as norepinephrine). See <a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">partial agonist</a> for a more general description.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some beta blockers (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Oxprenolol" title="Oxprenolol">oxprenolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindolol" title="Pindolol">pindolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penbutolol" title="Penbutolol">penbutolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labetalol" title="Labetalol">labetalol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acebutolol" title="Acebutolol">acebutolol</a>) exhibit intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA). These agents are capable of exerting low-level <a href="/wiki/Receptor_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Receptor agonist">agonist</a> activity at the β-adrenergic receptor while simultaneously acting as a receptor site <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonist</a>. These agents, therefore, may be useful in individuals exhibiting excessive <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">bradycardia</a> with sustained beta blocker therapy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Agents with ISA should not be used for patients with any kind of angina as it can aggravate or after myocardial infarctions. They may also be less effective than other beta blockers in the management of <a href="/wiki/Angina_pectoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Angina pectoris">angina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tachyarrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachyarrhythmia">tachyarrhythmia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossi_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossi-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="β-Adrenergic_receptor_antagonism"><span id=".CE.B2-Adrenergic_receptor_antagonism"></span>β-Adrenergic receptor antagonism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: β-Adrenergic receptor antagonism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stimulation of β<sub>1</sub> receptors by epinephrine and norepinephrine induces a positive <a href="/wiki/Chronotropic" title="Chronotropic">chronotropic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inotropic">inotropic</a> effect on the heart and increases cardiac conduction velocity and automaticity.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stimulation of β<sub>1</sub> receptors on the kidney causes <a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">renin</a> release.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stimulation of β<sub>2</sub> receptors induces <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> relaxation,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> induces tremor in <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1968452_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1968452-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and increases <a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis">glycogenolysis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stimulation of β<sub>3</sub> receptors induces <a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis">lipolysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beta blockers inhibit these normal epinephrine- and norepinephrine-mediated <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic</a> actions,<sup id="cite_ref-Frishman_2005_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frishman_2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but have minimal effect on resting subjects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> That is, they reduce the effect of excitement or physical exertion on heart rate and force of contraction,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also tremor,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and breakdown of glycogen. Beta blockers can have a constricting effect on the bronchi of the lungs, possibly worsening or causing asthma symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since β<sub>2</sub> adrenergic receptors can cause vascular smooth muscle dilation, beta blockers may cause some vasoconstriction. However, this effect tends to be small because the activity of β<sub>2</sub> receptors is overshadowed by the more dominant vasoconstricting α<sub>1</sub> receptors. By far the greatest effect of beta blockers remains in the heart. Newer, third-generation beta blockers can cause vasodilation through blockade of alpha-adrenergic receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accordingly, nonselective beta blockers are expected to have antihypertensive effects.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary antihypertensive mechanism of beta blockers is unclear, but may involve reduction in cardiac output (due to negative chronotropic and inotropic effects).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also be due to reduction in renin release from the kidneys, and a <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> effect to reduce sympathetic activity (for those beta blockers that do cross the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>, e.g. propranolol).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Antianginal effects result from negative chronotropic and inotropic effects, which decrease cardiac workload and oxygen demand. Negative <a href="/wiki/Chronotropic" title="Chronotropic">chronotropic</a> properties of beta blockers allow the lifesaving property of heart rate control. Beta blockers are readily titrated to optimal rate control in many pathologic states.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The antiarrhythmic effects of beta blockers arise from sympathetic nervous system blockade—resulting in depression of <a href="/wiki/Sinus_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinus node">sinus node</a> function and <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_node" title="Atrioventricular node">atrioventricular node</a> conduction, and prolonged <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrium (anatomy)">atrial</a> <a href="/wiki/Refractory_period_(cardiac)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refractory period (cardiac)">refractory periods</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sotalol" title="Sotalol">Sotalol</a>, in particular, has additional antiarrhythmic properties and prolongs <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a> duration through <a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel" title="Potassium channel">potassium channel</a> blockade. </p><p>Blockade of the sympathetic nervous system on renin release leads to reduced aldosterone via the <a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system</a>, with a resultant decrease in blood pressure due to decreased sodium and water retention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="α1-Adrenergic_receptor_antagonism"><span id=".CE.B11-Adrenergic_receptor_antagonism"></span>α<sub>1</sub>-Adrenergic receptor antagonism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: α1-Adrenergic receptor antagonism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some beta blockers (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Labetalol" title="Labetalol">labetalol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">carvedilol</a>) exhibit mixed antagonism of both β- and α<sub>1</sub>-<a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor" title="Adrenergic receptor">adrenergic receptors</a>, which provides additional <a href="/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole">arteriolar</a> vasodilating action.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood–brain_barrier_permeability"><span id="Blood.E2.80.93brain_barrier_permeability"></span>Blood–brain barrier permeability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Blood–brain barrier permeability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beta blockers vary in their <a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">lipophilicity</a> (fat solubility) and in turn in their ability to cross the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a> and exert effects in the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid33572109_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33572109-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beta blockers with greater blood–brain barrier <a href="/wiki/Vascular_permeability" title="Vascular permeability">permeability</a> can have both <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropsychiatric">neuropsychiatric</a> therapeutic benefits and <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a>, as well as adverse <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a> effects.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid33572109_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33572109-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central nervous system-related side effects and risks of beta blockers may include <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep disorders</a> (namely <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">nightmares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_hallucination" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual hallucination">visual hallucinations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Falling_(accident)" title="Falling (accident)">falling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid33572109_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33572109-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, central nervous system-related benefits of beta blockers may include prevention and treatment of <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essential_tremor" title="Essential tremor">essential tremor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">akathisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid33572109_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33572109-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most beta blockers are lipophilic and can cross into the brain, but there are a number of exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid33572109_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33572109-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Highly lipophilic beta blockers include <a href="/wiki/Penbutolol" title="Penbutolol">penbutolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindolol" title="Pindolol">pindolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timolol" title="Timolol">timolol</a>, moderately lipophilic beta blockers include <a href="/wiki/Acebutolol" title="Acebutolol">acebutolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betaxolol" title="Betaxolol">betaxolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisoprolol" title="Bisoprolol">bisoprolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">carvedilol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metoprolol" title="Metoprolol">metoprolol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nebivolol" title="Nebivolol">nebivolol</a>, and low lipophilicity or hydrophilic beta blockers include <a href="/wiki/Atenolol" title="Atenolol">atenolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carteolol" title="Carteolol">carteolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esmolol" title="Esmolol">esmolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labetalol" title="Labetalol">labetalol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nadolol" title="Nadolol">nadolol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sotalol" title="Sotalol">sotalol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid33572109_76-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33572109-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that highly lipophilic beta blockers are able to readily cross into the brain, moderately lipophilic beta blockers are able to cross to a lesser degree, and low lipophilicity or hydrophilic beta blockers are minimally able to cross.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid33572109_76-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33572109-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More lipophilic beta-blockers are known to suppress melatonin release by 50-80%.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preceding beta blockers also vary in their <a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_sympathomimetic_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity">intrinsic sympathomimetic activity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-1 adrenergic receptor">β<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Binding_selectivity" title="Binding selectivity">selectivity</a> (or cardioselectivity), resulting in further differences in pharmacological profiles and suitability in different contexts between them.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid33572109_76-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33572109-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agents">Agents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dichloroisoprenaline.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dichloroisoprenaline.svg/220px-Dichloroisoprenaline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dichloroisoprenaline.svg/330px-Dichloroisoprenaline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dichloroisoprenaline.svg/440px-Dichloroisoprenaline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dichloroisoprenaline" title="Dichloroisoprenaline">Dichloroisoprenaline</a>, the first beta blocker</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonselective_agents">Nonselective agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nonselective agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nonselective beta blockers display both β<sub>1</sub> and β<sub>2</sub> antagonism.<sup id="cite_ref-PharmLetter_BB_Table_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmLetter_BB_Table-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a><sup id="cite_ref-PharmLetter_BB_Table_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmLetter_BB_Table-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucindolol" title="Bucindolol">Bucindolol</a> (has additional α<sub>1</sub>-blocking activity)<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carteolol" title="Carteolol">Carteolol</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">Carvedilol</a> (has additional α<sub>1</sub>-blocking activity)<sup id="cite_ref-PharmLetter_BB_Table_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmLetter_BB_Table-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labetalol" title="Labetalol">Labetalol</a> (has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and additional α<sub>1</sub>-blocking activity)<sup id="cite_ref-PharmLetter_BB_Table_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmLetter_BB_Table-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadolol" title="Nadolol">Nadolol</a><sup id="cite_ref-PharmLetter_BB_Table_80-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmLetter_BB_Table-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxprenolol" title="Oxprenolol">Oxprenolol</a> (has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity)<sup id="cite_ref-oxprenolol_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxprenolol-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penbutolol" title="Penbutolol">Penbutolol</a> (has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity)<sup id="cite_ref-PharmLetter_BB_Table_80-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmLetter_BB_Table-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindolol" title="Pindolol">Pindolol</a> (has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity)<sup id="cite_ref-PharmLetter_BB_Table_80-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmLetter_BB_Table-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotalol" title="Sotalol">Sotalol</a> (not considered a "typical beta blocker")<sup id="cite_ref-PharmLetter_BB_Table_80-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmLetter_BB_Table-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolol" title="Timolol">Timolol</a><sup id="cite_ref-PharmLetter_BB_Table_80-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmLetter_BB_Table-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="β1-selective_agents"><span id=".CE.B21-selective_agents"></span>β<sub>1</sub>-selective agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: β1-selective agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>β<sub>1</sub>-selective beta blockers are also known as cardioselective beta blockers.<sup id="cite_ref-PharmLetter_BB_Table_80-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmLetter_BB_Table-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pharmacologically, the beta-blockade of the β<sub>1</sub> receptors in the heart will act on <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a>. The function of cAMP as a second messenger in the cardiac cell is that it phosphorylates the <a href="/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">LTCC</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ryanodine_receptor" title="Ryanodine receptor">ryanodine receptor</a> to increase intracellular calcium levels and cause contraction. Beta-blockade of the β<sub>1</sub> receptor will inhibit cAMP from phosphorylating, and it will decrease the ionotrophic and chronotropic effect. Note that drugs may be cardioselective, or act on β<sub>1</sub> receptors in the heart only, but still have intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acebutolol" title="Acebutolol">Acebutolol</a> (has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, ISA)<sup id="cite_ref-PharmLetter_BB_Table_80-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmLetter_BB_Table-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenolol" title="Atenolol">Atenolol</a><sup id="cite_ref-PharmLetter_BB_Table_80-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmLetter_BB_Table-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaxolol" title="Betaxolol">Betaxolol</a><sup id="cite_ref-PharmLetter_BB_Table_80-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmLetter_BB_Table-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisoprolol" title="Bisoprolol">Bisoprolol</a><sup id="cite_ref-PharmLetter_BB_Table_80-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmLetter_BB_Table-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celiprolol" title="Celiprolol">Celiprolol</a> (has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity)<sup id="cite_ref-Celiprolol_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celiprolol-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metoprolol" title="Metoprolol">Metoprolol</a><sup id="cite_ref-PharmLetter_BB_Table_80-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmLetter_BB_Table-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebivolol" title="Nebivolol">Nebivolol</a><sup id="cite_ref-PharmLetter_BB_Table_80-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmLetter_BB_Table-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmolol" title="Esmolol">Esmolol</a><sup id="cite_ref-VolzZang_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VolzZang-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Nebivolol and bisoprolol are the most β<sub>1</sub> cardioselective beta blockers.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="β2-selective_agents"><span id=".CE.B22-selective_agents"></span>β<sub>2</sub>-selective agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: β2-selective agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butaxamine" title="Butaxamine">Butaxamine</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-118,551" title="ICI-118,551">ICI-118,551</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="β3-selective_agents"><span id=".CE.B23-selective_agents"></span>β<sub>3</sub>-selective agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: β3-selective agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SR_59230A" title="SR 59230A">SR 59230A</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="β1_selective_antagonist_and_β3_agonist_agents"><span id=".CE.B21_selective_antagonist_and_.CE.B23_agonist_agents"></span>β<sub>1</sub> selective antagonist and β<sub>3</sub> agonist agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: β1 selective antagonist and β3 agonist agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nebivolol" title="Nebivolol">Nebivolol</a><sup id="cite_ref-PharmLetter_BB_Table_80-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmLetter_BB_Table-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_information">Comparative information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Comparative information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacological_differences">Pharmacological differences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Pharmacological differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Agents with intrinsic sympathomimetic action (ISA) <ul><li>Acebutolol,<sup id="cite_ref-BB_in_HTN_Meta-analyses_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BB_in_HTN_Meta-analyses-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pindolol,<sup id="cite_ref-BB_in_HTN_Meta-analyses_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BB_in_HTN_Meta-analyses-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> labetalol,<sup id="cite_ref-BB_in_HTN_Meta-analyses_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BB_in_HTN_Meta-analyses-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mepindolol,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oxprenolol,<sup id="cite_ref-oxprenolol_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxprenolol-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> celiprolol,<sup id="cite_ref-Celiprolol_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celiprolol-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> penbutolol<sup id="cite_ref-PharmLetter_BB_Table_80-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmLetter_BB_Table-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Agents organized by lipid solubility (lipophilicity)<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>High lipophilicity: propranolol, labetalol</li> <li>Intermediate lipophilicity: metoprolol, bisoprolol, carvedilol, acebutolol, timolol, pindolol</li> <li>Low lipophilicity (also known as hydrophilic beta blockers): atenolol, nadolol, and sotalol</li></ul></li> <li>Agents with <a href="/wiki/Membrane_stabilizing_effect" title="Membrane stabilizing effect">membrane stabilizing effect</a><sup id="cite_ref-Aronson_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aronson-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Carvedilol, propranolol > oxprenolol > labetalol, metoprolol, timolol</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indication_differences">Indication differences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Indication differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Agents specifically labeled for cardiac arrhythmia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esmolol" title="Esmolol">Esmolol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Esmolol_package_insert_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esmolol_package_insert-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sotalol" title="Sotalol">sotalol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Landiolol" title="Landiolol">landiolol</a> (Japan)<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Agents specifically labeled for congestive heart failure<sup id="cite_ref-PharmLetter_BB_Table_80-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmLetter_BB_Table-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisoprolol" title="Bisoprolol">Bisoprolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">carvedilol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metoprolol" title="Metoprolol">sustained-release metoprolol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Agents specifically labeled for glaucoma <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betaxolol" title="Betaxolol">Betaxolol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Aronson_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aronson-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carteolol" title="Carteolol">carteolol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Aronson_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aronson-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Levobunolol" title="Levobunolol">levobunolol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Aronson_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aronson-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Timolol" title="Timolol">timolol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Aronson_93-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aronson-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Metipranolol" title="Metipranolol">metipranolol</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Agents specifically labeled for myocardial infarction<sup id="cite_ref-PharmLetter_BB_Table_80-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmLetter_BB_Table-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenolol" title="Atenolol">Atenolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metoprolol" title="Metoprolol">metoprolol</a> (immediate release), <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a> (immediate release), <a href="/wiki/Timolol" title="Timolol">timolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">carvedilol</a> (after left ventricular dysfunction), <a href="/wiki/Bisoprolol" title="Bisoprolol">bisoprolol</a> (preventive treatment before and primary treatment after heart attacks)</li></ul></li> <li>Agents specifically labeled for migraine prophylaxis<sup id="cite_ref-PL_Chart_Migraine_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PL_Chart_Migraine-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timolol" title="Timolol">Timolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a> is the only agent indicated for the control of tremor, portal hypertension, and esophageal variceal bleeding, and used in conjunction with α-blocker therapy in <a href="/wiki/Phaeochromocytoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeochromocytoma">phaeochromocytoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossi_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossi-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_effects">Other effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beta blockers, due to their antagonism at beta-1 adrenergic receptors, inhibit both the synthesis of new <a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">melatonin</a> and its secretion by the <a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">pineal gland</a>. The neuropsychiatric side effects of some beta blockers (e.g. sleep disruption, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>) may be due to this effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Fares_BB_and_Melatonin_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fares_BB_and_Melatonin-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some pre-clinical and clinical research suggests that some beta blockers may be beneficial for cancer treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other studies do not show a correlation between cancer survival and beta blocker usage.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, a 2017 meta-analysis failed to show any benefit for the use of beta blockers in breast cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beta blockers have also been used for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">schizoid personality disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is limited evidence supporting the efficacy of supplemental beta blocker use in addition to antipsychotic drugs for treating schizophrenia.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Contrast_agent" title="Contrast agent">Contrast agents</a> are not contraindicated in those receiving beta blockers.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_antagonist" title="Adrenergic antagonist">Adrenergic antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor" title="Adrenergic receptor">Adrenergic receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha blockers">Alpha blockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_beta-blockers" title="Discovery and development of beta-blockers">Discovery and development of beta-blockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">Sympathetic nervous system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_blocker&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid10381708-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10381708_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFreemantleClelandYoungMason1999" class="citation journal cs1">Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J (June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31101">"beta Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>318</b> (7200): 1730–1737. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.318.7200.1730">10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1730</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31101">31101</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10381708">10381708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=beta+Blockade+after+myocardial+infarction%3A+systematic+review+and+meta+regression+analysis&rft.volume=318&rft.issue=7200&rft.pages=1730-1737&rft.date=1999-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC31101%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10381708&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.318.7200.1730&rft.aulast=Freemantle&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Cleland%2C+J&rft.au=Young%2C+P&rft.au=Mason%2C+J&rft.au=Harrison%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC31101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+blocker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24352797-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24352797_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesOparilCarterCushman2014" class="citation journal cs1">James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, et al. (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2013.284427">"2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)"</a>. <i>JAMA</i>. <b>311</b> (5): 507–520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2013.284427">10.1001/jama.2013.284427</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24352797">24352797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=2014+evidence-based+guideline+for+the+management+of+high+blood+pressure+in+adults%3A+report+from+the+panel+members+appointed+to+the+Eighth+Joint+National+Committee+%28JNC+8%29&rft.volume=311&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=507-520&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2013.284427&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24352797&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=PA&rft.au=Oparil%2C+S&rft.au=Carter%2C+BL&rft.au=Cushman%2C+WC&rft.au=Dennison-Himmelfarb%2C+C&rft.au=Handler%2C+J&rft.au=Lackland%2C+DT&rft.au=LeFevre%2C+ML&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+TD&rft.au=Ogedegbe%2C+O&rft.au=Smith%2C+SC&rft.au=Svetkey%2C+LP&rft.au=Taler%2C+SJ&rft.au=Townsend%2C+RR&rft.au=Wright%2C+JT&rft.au=Narva%2C+AS&rft.au=Ortiz%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Fjama.2013.284427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+blocker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frishman_2005-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frishman_2005_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frishman_2005_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frishman_2005_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrishmanCheng-LaiNawarskas2005" class="citation book cs1">Frishman WH, Cheng-Lai A, Nawarskas J, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3R1Vd3NHqcC&q=mode+of+action+of+beta+blockers&pg=PA152">"Beta-Adrenergic Blockers"</a>. <i>Current Cardiovascular Drugs</i>. Current Science Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57340-221-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57340-221-7"><bdi>978-1-57340-221-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(Discusses the use of beta blockers among professional musicians) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Using-chemistry-to-create-better-music-Legal-2687828.php">"Musicians using beta blockers"</a> by Blair Tindall. A condensed version of the above article.</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200808u/beta-blockers">"In Defense of the Beta Blocker"</a> by Carl Elliott, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>, August 20, 2008. (Discusses the use of propranolol by a North Korean pistol shooter in the 2008 Olympics)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=beta-Adrenergic+Blockers">beta-Adrenergic+Blockers</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beta_blockers_(C07)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beta_blockers" title="Template:Beta blockers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beta_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Beta blockers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beta_blockers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beta blockers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beta_blockers_(C07)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beta blockers</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C07" title="ATC code C07">C07</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta_adrenergic_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta adrenergic receptor">β</a>, non-selective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alprenolol" title="Alprenolol">Alprenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopindolol" title="Bopindolol">Bopindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupranolol" title="Bupranolol">Bupranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carteolol" title="Carteolol">Carteolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloranolol" title="Cloranolol">Cloranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepindolol" title="Mepindolol">Mepindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadolol" title="Nadolol">Nadolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxprenolol" title="Oxprenolol">Oxprenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penbutolol" title="Penbutolol">Penbutolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindolol" title="Pindolol">Pindolol</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iodopindolol" title="Iodopindolol">Iodopindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotalol" title="Sotalol">Sotalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertatolol" title="Tertatolol">Tertatolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolol" title="Timolol">Timolol</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-1 adrenergic receptor">β<sub>1</sub></a>-selective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acebutolol" title="Acebutolol">Acebutolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenolol" title="Atenolol">Atenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaxolol" title="Betaxolol">Betaxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevantolol" title="Bevantolol">Bevantolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisoprolol" title="Bisoprolol">Bisoprolol</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celiprolol" title="Celiprolol">Celiprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epanolol" title="Epanolol">Epanolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmolol" title="Esmolol">Esmolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landiolol" title="Landiolol">Landiolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metoprolol" title="Metoprolol">Metoprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebivolol" title="Nebivolol">Nebivolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practolol" title="Practolol">Practolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talinolol" title="Talinolol">Talinolol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-2 adrenergic receptor">β<sub>2</sub></a>-selective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butaxamine" title="Butaxamine">Butaxamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>1</sub></a>- + β-selective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arotinolol" title="Arotinolol">Arotinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">Carvedilol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labetalol" title="Labetalol">Labetalol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_chemical_drug_groups_–_based_upon_the_Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_drug_groups" title="Template:Major drug groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_drug_groups" title="Template talk:Major drug groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_drug_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major drug groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_chemical_drug_groups_–_based_upon_the_Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major chemical drug groups – based upon the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a><br />/ <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A" title="ATC code A">A</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>stomach acid</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">Antacids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 antagonist">H<sub>2</sub> antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor" title="Proton-pump inhibitor">Proton-pump inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">Antiemetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">Laxatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidiarrhoeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidiarrhoeal">Antidiarrhoeals</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antipropulsive" title="Antipropulsive">Antipropulsives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-obesity_medication" title="Anti-obesity medication">Anti-obesity drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_medication" title="Diabetes medication">Diabetes medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Dietary minerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and blood<br />forming organs (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_B" title="ATC code B">B</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antithrombotic" title="Antithrombotic">Antithrombotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">Antiplatelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombolytic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombolytic drug">Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihemorrhagic" title="Antihemorrhagic">Antihemorrhagics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">Platelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">Coagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifibrinolytic" title="Antifibrinolytic">Antifibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardiovascular<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C" title="ATC code C">C</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>cardiac therapy / <a href="/wiki/Antianginal" title="Antianginal">antianginals</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside" title="Cardiac glycoside">Cardiac glycosides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">Antiarrhythmics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stimulant" title="Cardiac stimulant">Cardiac stimulants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">Antihypertensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">Diuretics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilators</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beta blockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium channel blockers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">Angiotensin II receptor antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin_inhibitor" title="Renin inhibitor">Renin inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypolipidemic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypolipidemic agent">Antihyperlipidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">Statins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrate" title="Fibrate">Fibrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_sequestrant" title="Bile acid sequestrant">Bile acid sequestrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D" title="ATC code D">D</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emollient" class="mw-redirect" title="Emollient">Emollients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatrizant" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatrizant">Cicatrizants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipruritic" title="Antipruritic">Antipruritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsoriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipsoriatic">Antipsoriatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D09" title="ATC code D09">Medicated dressings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">genitourinary<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G" title="ATC code G">G</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">Fertility agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">Selective estrogen receptor modulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_H" title="ATC code H">H</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_hormone" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone">Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">Mineralocorticoids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">Thyroid hormones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antithyroid_agent" title="Antithyroid agent">Antithyroid agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a> and<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infestation" class="extiw" title="wikt:infestation">infestations</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J" title="ATC code J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_P" title="ATC code P">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATCvet_code_QI" title="ATCvet code QI">QI</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">Antimicrobials</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">Antibacterials</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimycobacterial" title="Antimycobacterial">Antimycobacterials</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifungal_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal drug">Antifungals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antivirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparasitic" title="Antiparasitic">Antiparasitics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiprotozoal_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiprotozoal agent">Antiprotozoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthelmintic" title="Anthelmintic">Anthelmintics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoparasiticide" title="Ectoparasiticide">Ectoparasiticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous immunoglobulin">Intravenous immunoglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a> disease<br />(<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L01–L02</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Anticancer agents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">Antimetabolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkylating_antineoplastic_agent" title="Alkylating antineoplastic agent">Alkylating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_poison" title="Spindle poison">Spindle poisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineoplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineoplastic">Antineoplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoisomerase_inhibitor" title="Topoisomerase inhibitor">Topoisomerase inhibitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune</a> disease<br />(<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L03–L04</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunomodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulator">Immunomodulators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunostimulant" title="Immunostimulant">Immunostimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_M" title="ATC code M">M</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">Anti-inflammatories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease-modifying_antirheumatic_drug" title="Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug">Antirheumatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">Muscle relaxants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">Bisphosphonates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N" title="ATC code N">N</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">Analgesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">Anesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorectic" title="Anorectic">Anorectics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihyperkinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihyperkinetic">Anti-ADHD agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Antiaddictives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidementia_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidementia drug">Antidementia agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimigraine_drug" title="Antimigraine drug">Antimigraine agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_Parkinson%27s_disease#Medication" title="Management of Parkinson's disease">Antiparkinson agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">Anxiolytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">Aphrodisiacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Entactogen">Entactogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoriants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelics,_dissociatives_and_deliriants" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants">Hallucinogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">Hypnotics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">Mood stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivation-enhancing_drug" title="Motivation-enhancing drug">Motivation-enhancing drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprotective" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroprotective">Neuroprotectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexigenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orexigenic">Orexigenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenic" title="Serenic">Serenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefulness-promoting_agent" title="Wakefulness-promoting agent">Wakefulness-promoting agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_R" title="ATC code R">R</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">Decongestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchodilator" title="Bronchodilator">Bronchodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cough_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough medicine">Cough medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H1_antagonist" title="H1 antagonist">H<sub>1</sub> antagonists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensory organs</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S" title="ATC code S">S</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmologicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otology" title="Otology">Otologicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_V" title="ATC code V">V</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">Antidotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrast medium">Contrast media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiopharmacology" title="Radiopharmacology">Radiopharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressing_(medicine)" title="Dressing (medicine)">Dressings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senotherapeutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Senotherapeutics">Senotherapeutics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs" title="Category:Drugs">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pharmacological_classification_systems" title="Category:Pharmacological classification systems">Pharmacological classification systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:ATC_codes" title="Category:ATC codes">ATC codes</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sympatholytic_(and_closely_related)_antihypertensives_(C02)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sympatholytic_antihypertensives" title="Template:Sympatholytic antihypertensives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sympatholytic_antihypertensives" title="Template talk:Sympatholytic antihypertensives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sympatholytic_antihypertensives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sympatholytic antihypertensives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sympatholytic_(and_closely_related)_antihypertensives_(C02)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sympatholytic" title="Sympatholytic">Sympatholytic</a> (and closely related) <a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive" title="Antihypertensive">antihypertensives</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C02" title="ATC code C02">C02</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sympatholytic" title="Sympatholytic">Sympatholytics</a><br />(antagonize <a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor#.CE.B1_receptors" title="Adrenergic receptor">α-adrenergic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-adrenergic_agonist#.CE.B12_agonists" title="Alpha-adrenergic agonist">α<sub>2</sub>-Adrenergic receptor agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanabenz" title="Guanabenz">Guanabenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">Guanfacine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanoxabenz" title="Guanoxabenz">Guanoxabenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">Methyldopa</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiamenidine" title="Tiamenidine">Tiamenidine</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_release_inhibitor" title="Adrenergic release inhibitor">Adrenergic release inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethanidine" title="Bethanidine">Bethanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretylium" title="Bretylium">Bretylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debrisoquine" title="Debrisoquine">Debrisoquine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanadrel" title="Guanadrel">Guanadrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanazodine" title="Guanazodine">Guanazodine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guancydine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guancydine (page does not exist)">Guancydine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanethidine" title="Guanethidine">Guanethidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanoclor" title="Guanoclor">Guanoclor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanoxan" title="Guanoxan">Guanoxan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imidazoline_receptor" title="Imidazoline receptor">Imidazoline receptor</a> agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moxonidine" title="Moxonidine">Moxonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilmenidine" title="Rilmenidine">Rilmenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolonidine" title="Tolonidine">Tolonidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ganglionic_blocker" title="Ganglionic blocker">Ganglion-blocking</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_antagonist" title="Nicotinic antagonist">nicotinic antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexamethonium" title="Hexamethonium">Hexamethonium</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecamylamine" title="Mecamylamine">Mecamylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentolinium" title="Pentolinium">Pentolinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimetaphan_camsilate" title="Trimetaphan camsilate">Trimethaphan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripheral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indirect</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">Monoamine oxidase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pargyline" title="Pargyline">Pargyline</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/VMAT_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="VMAT inhibitor">VMAT inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bietaserpine" title="Bietaserpine">Bietaserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserpidine" title="Deserpidine">Deserpidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoserpidine" title="Methoserpidine">Methoserpidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">Reserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrosingopine" title="Syrosingopine">Syrosingopine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_hydroxylase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor">Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metirosine" class="mw-redirect" title="Metirosine">Metirosine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Direct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_blocker" title="Alpha-1 blocker">α<sub>1</sub>-Adrenergic receptor blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doxazosin" title="Doxazosin">Doxazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoramin" title="Indoramin">Indoramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazosin" title="Prazosin">Prazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimazosin" title="Trimazosin">Trimazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urapidil" title="Urapidil">Urapidil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_blocker" title="Alpha blocker">Non-selective α-adrenergic receptor blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phentolamine" title="Phentolamine">Phentolamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_receptor_antagonist" title="Serotonin receptor antagonist">Serotonin receptor antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidanserin" title="Lidanserin">Lidanserin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_receptor_antagonist" title="Endothelin receptor antagonist">Endothelin receptor antagonists</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension"><abbr title="Pulmonary hypertension">PH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Pulmonary hypertension</span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>dual</i> (<a href="/wiki/Aprocitentan" title="Aprocitentan">Aprocitentan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosentan" title="Bosentan">Bosentan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macitentan" title="Macitentan">Macitentan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macitentan/tadalafil" title="Macitentan/tadalafil">+tadalafil</a>), <a href="/wiki/Riociguat" title="Riociguat">Riociguat</a>)</li> <li><i>selective</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ambrisentan" title="Ambrisentan">Ambrisentan</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrisentan/tadalafil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambrisentan/tadalafil (page does not exist)">+tadalafil</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sitaxentan" title="Sitaxentan">Sitaxentan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sotatercept" title="Sotatercept">Sotatercept</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Drugs_used_for_glaucoma_preparations_and_miosis_(S01E)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antiglaucoma_preparations_and_miotics" title="Template:Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antiglaucoma_preparations_and_miotics" title="Template talk:Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antiglaucoma_preparations_and_miotics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drugs_used_for_glaucoma_preparations_and_miosis_(S01E)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Drugs used for <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a> preparations and <a href="/wiki/Miosis" title="Miosis">miosis</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S01#S01E" title="ATC code S01">S01E</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetic_drug" title="Sympathomimetic drug">Sympathomimetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apraclonidine" title="Apraclonidine">Apraclonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimonidine" title="Brimonidine">Brimonidine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brimonidine/timolol" title="Brimonidine/timolol">+timolol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipivefrine" title="Dipivefrine">Dipivefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine_(medication)" title="Epinephrine (medication)">Epinephrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parasympathomimetic_drug" title="Parasympathomimetic drug">Parasympathomimetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscarinic">muscarinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceclidine" title="Aceclidine">Aceclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilocarpine" title="Pilocarpine">Pilocarpine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">muscarinic/<a href="/wiki/Nicotinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotinic">nicotinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbachol" title="Carbachol">Carbachol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">acetylcholinesterase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demecarium_bromide" title="Demecarium bromide">Demecarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echothiophate" title="Echothiophate">Ecothiopate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmine" title="Stigmine">Stigmine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diisopropyl_fluorophosphate" title="Diisopropyl fluorophosphate">Fluostigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neostigmine" title="Neostigmine">Neostigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physostigmine" title="Physostigmine">Physostigmine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraoxon" title="Paraoxon">Paraoxon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_inhibitor" title="Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor">Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors</a>/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">sulfonamides</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetazolamide" title="Acetazolamide">Acetazolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinzolamide" title="Brinzolamide">Brinzolamide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brinzolamide/timolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinzolamide/timolol">+timolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brinzolamide/brimonidine" title="Brinzolamide/brimonidine">+brimonidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofenamide" title="Diclofenamide">Diclofenamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorzolamide" title="Dorzolamide">Dorzolamide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dorzolamide/timolol" title="Dorzolamide/timolol">+timolol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methazolamide" title="Methazolamide">Methazolamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beta blocking agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Befunolol" title="Befunolol">Befunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaxolol" title="Betaxolol">Betaxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carteolol" title="Carteolol">Carteolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levobunolol" title="Levobunolol">Levobunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metipranolol" title="Metipranolol">Metipranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolol" title="Timolol">Timolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepindolol" title="Mepindolol">Mepindolol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_analogue" title="Prostaglandin analogue">Prostaglandin analogues</a> (F<sub>2α</sub>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimatoprost" title="Bimatoprost">Bimatoprost</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bimatoprost/timolol" title="Bimatoprost/timolol">+timolol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latanoprost" title="Latanoprost">Latanoprost</a> (<a href="/wiki/Netarsudil/latanoprost" title="Netarsudil/latanoprost">+netarsudil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latanoprost/timolol" title="Latanoprost/timolol">+timolol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latanoprostene_bunod" title="Latanoprostene bunod">Latanoprostene bunod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafluprost" title="Tafluprost">Tafluprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travoprost" title="Travoprost">Travoprost</a> (<a href="/wiki/Travoprost/timolol" title="Travoprost/timolol">+timolol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unoprostone" title="Unoprostone">Unoprostone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dapiprazole" title="Dapiprazole">Dapiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanethidine" title="Guanethidine">Guanethidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netarsudil" title="Netarsudil">Netarsudil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Netarsudil/latanoprost" title="Netarsudil/latanoprost">+latanoprost</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omidenepag" title="Omidenepag">Omidenepag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripasudil" title="Ripasudil">Ripasudil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Adrenergic receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Adrenergic receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adrenergic receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor" title="Adrenergic receptor">Adrenergic receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>1</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6-Fluoronorepinephrine" title="6-Fluoronorepinephrine">6-FNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidephrine" title="Amidephrine">Amidephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirazoline" title="Cirazoline">Cirazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbadrine" title="Corbadrine">Corbadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine" title="Deoxyepinephrine">Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, <i>N</i>-methyldopamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desglymidodrine" title="Desglymidodrine">Desglymidodrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexisometheptene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexisometheptene (page does not exist)">Dexisometheptene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipivefrine" title="Dipivefrine">Dipivefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droxidopa" title="Droxidopa">Droxidopa (L-DOPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilefrine" title="Etilefrine">Etilefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilevodopa" title="Etilevodopa">Etilevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine" title="Ethylnorepinephrine">Ethylnorepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indanidine" title="Indanidine">Indanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isometheptene" title="Isometheptene">Isometheptene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA (levodopa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">L-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">L-Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melevodopa" title="Melevodopa">Melevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaraminol" title="Metaraminol">Metaraminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxamine" title="Methoxamine">Methoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">Methyldopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midodrine" title="Midodrine">Midodrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphazoline" title="Naphazoline">Naphazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopamine" title="Octopamine">Octopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetazoline" title="Oxymetazoline">Oxymetazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylephrine" title="Phenylephrine">Phenylephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synephrine" title="Synephrine">Synephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetryzoline" title="Tetryzoline">Tetryzoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiamenidine" title="Tiamenidine">Tiamenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XP21279" class="mw-redirect" title="XP21279">XP21279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylometazoline" title="Xylometazoline">Xylometazoline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abanoquil" title="Abanoquil">Abanoquil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmalicine" title="Ajmalicine">Ajmalicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfuzosin" title="Alfuzosin">Alfuzosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisodamine" title="Anisodamine">Anisodamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisodine" title="Anisodine">Anisodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiprosin" title="Atiprosin">Atiprosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">brexpiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoxathian" title="Benoxathian">Benoxathian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beta blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Adimolol" title="Adimolol">adimolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amosulalol" title="Amosulalol">amosulalol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arotinolol" title="Arotinolol">arotinolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">carvedilol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugenodilol" title="Eugenodilol">eugenodilol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labetalol" title="Labetalol">labetalol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buflomedil" title="Buflomedil">Buflomedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunazosin" title="Bunazosin">Bunazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynanthine" title="Corynanthine">Corynanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapiprazole" title="Dapiprazole">Dapiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticine" title="Domesticine">Domesticine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxazosin" title="Doxazosin">Doxazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Acetergamine" title="Acetergamine">acetergamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicergoline" title="Nicergoline">nicergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">terguride</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoperidone" title="Etoperidone">Etoperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenspiride" title="Fenspiride">Fenspiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoramin" title="Indoramin">Indoramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-765,314" title="L-765,314">L-765,314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepiprazole" title="Mepiprazole">Mepiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metazosin" title="Metazosin">Metazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monatepil" title="Monatepil">Monatepil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxisylyte" title="Moxisylyte">Moxisylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftopidil" title="Naftopidil">Naftopidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantenine" title="Nantenine">Nantenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neldazosin" title="Neldazosin">Neldazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niaprazine" title="Niaprazine">Niaprazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niguldipine" title="Niguldipine">Niguldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardoprunox" title="Pardoprunox">Pardoprunox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelanserin" title="Pelanserin">Pelanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlapine" title="Perlapine">Perlapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phendioxan" title="Phendioxan">Phendioxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine" title="Phenoxybenzamine">Phenoxybenzamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentolamine" title="Phentolamine">Phentolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpiperazine" title="Phenylpiperazine">Phenylpiperazine</a> <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hydroxynefazodone" title="Hydroxynefazodone">hydroxynefazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">nefazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">trazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triazoledione" title="Triazoledione">triazoledione</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperoxan" title="Piperoxan">Piperoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazosin" title="Prazosin">Prazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinazosin" title="Quinazosin">Quinazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silodosin" title="Silodosin">Silodosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spegatrine" title="Spegatrine">Spegatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiperone" title="Spiperone">Spiperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talipexole" title="Talipexole">Talipexole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamsulosin" title="Tamsulosin">Tamsulosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terazosin" title="Terazosin">Terazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiodazosin" title="Tiodazosin">Tiodazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolazoline" title="Tolazoline">Tolazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">amoxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maprotiline" title="Maprotiline">maprotiline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">clomipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">doxepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">imipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">trimipramine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimazosin" title="Trimazosin">Trimazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">fluphenazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">thioridazine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urapidil" title="Urapidil">Urapidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WB-4101" title="WB-4101">WB-4101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolertine" title="Zolertine">Zolertine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline" title="(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline">(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-NEMD" title="4-NEMD">4-NEMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Fluoronorepinephrine" title="6-Fluoronorepinephrine">6-FNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitraz" title="Amitraz">Amitraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apraclonidine" title="Apraclonidine">Apraclonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimonidine" title="Brimonidine">Brimonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbadrine" title="Corbadrine">Corbadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine" title="Deoxyepinephrine">Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, <i>N</i>-methyldopamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detomidine" title="Detomidine">Detomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexmedetomidine" title="Dexmedetomidine">Dexmedetomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">Dihydroergotamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipivefrine" title="Dipivefrine">Dipivefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droxidopa" title="Droxidopa">Droxidopa (L-DOPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilevodopa" title="Etilevodopa">Etilevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">Ergotamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilefrine" title="Etilefrine">Etilefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine" title="Ethylnorepinephrine">Ethylnorepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanabenz" title="Guanabenz">Guanabenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">Guanfacine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanoxabenz" title="Guanoxabenz">Guanoxabenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA (levodopa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">L-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">L-Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofexidine" title="Lofexidine">Lofexidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medetomidine" title="Medetomidine">Medetomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melevodopa" title="Melevodopa">Melevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">Methyldopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mivazerol" title="Mivazerol">Mivazerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxonidine" title="Moxonidine">Moxonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphazoline" title="Naphazoline">Naphazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetazoline" title="Oxymetazoline">Oxymetazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperoxan" title="Piperoxan">Piperoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS75" title="PS75">PS75</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rezatomidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rezatomidine (page does not exist)">Rezatomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilmenidine" title="Rilmenidine">Rilmenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romifidine" title="Romifidine">Romifidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talipexole" title="Talipexole">Talipexole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tasipimidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tasipimidine (page does not exist)">Tasipimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetryzoline" title="Tetryzoline">Tetryzoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiamenidine" title="Tiamenidine">Tiamenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizanidine" title="Tizanidine">Tizanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolonidine" title="Tolonidine">Tolonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urapidil" title="Urapidil">Urapidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatinoxan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatinoxan">Vatinoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XP21279" class="mw-redirect" title="XP21279">XP21279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylazine" title="Xylazine">Xylazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylometazoline" title="Xylometazoline">Xylometazoline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidinylpiperazine" title="Pyrimidinylpiperazine">1-PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimolol" title="Adimolol">Adimolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesergide" title="Amesergide">Amesergide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptazapine" title="Aptazapine">Aptazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atipamezole" title="Atipamezole">Atipamezole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">asenapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">brexpiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lurasidone" title="Lurasidone">lurasidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">paliperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">zotepine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azapirone" title="Azapirone">Azapirones</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">buspirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gepirone" title="Gepirone">gepirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipsapirone" title="Ipsapirone">ipsapirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tandospirone" title="Tandospirone">tandospirone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRL-44408" title="BRL-44408">BRL-44408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buflomedil" title="Buflomedil">Buflomedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirazoline" title="Cirazoline">Cirazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efaroxan" title="Efaroxan">Efaroxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmirtazapine" title="Esmirtazapine">Esmirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenmetozole" title="Fenmetozole">Fenmetozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluparoxan" title="Fluparoxan">Fluparoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idazoxan" title="Idazoxan">Idazoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">Lisuride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAN-190" title="NAN-190">NAN-190</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardoprunox" title="Pardoprunox">Pardoprunox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentolamine" title="Phentolamine">Phentolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine" title="Phenoxybenzamine">Phenoxybenzamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperoxan" title="Piperoxan">Piperoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piribedil" title="Piribedil">Piribedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauwolscine" title="Rauwolscine">Rauwolscine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotigotine" title="Rotigotine">Rotigotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setiptiline" title="Setiptiline">Setiptiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spegatrine" title="Spegatrine">Spegatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiroxatrine" title="Spiroxatrine">Spiroxatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunepitron" title="Sunepitron">Sunepitron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">Terguride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolazoline" title="Tolazoline">Tolazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">fluphenazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">thioridazine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-adrenergic_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-adrenergic receptor">β</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abediterol" title="Abediterol">Abediterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alifedrine" title="Alifedrine">Alifedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amibegron" title="Amibegron">Amibegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbutamine" title="Arbutamine">Arbutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arformoterol" title="Arformoterol">Arformoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arotinolol" title="Arotinolol">Arotinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromoacetylalprenololmenthane" title="Bromoacetylalprenololmenthane">BAAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambuterol" title="Bambuterol">Bambuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befunolol" title="Befunolol">Befunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitolterol" title="Bitolterol">Bitolterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broxaterol" title="Broxaterol">Broxaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphenine" title="Buphenine">Buphenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbuterol" title="Carbuterol">Carbuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmoterol" title="Carmoterol">Carmoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimaterol" title="Cimaterol">Cimaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clenbuterol" title="Clenbuterol">Clenbuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colterol" title="Colterol">Colterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbadrine" title="Corbadrine">Corbadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denopamine" title="Denopamine">Denopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine" title="Deoxyepinephrine">Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, <i>N</i>-methyldopamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipivefrine" title="Dipivefrine">Dipivefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobutamine" title="Dobutamine">Dobutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopexamine" title="Dopexamine">Dopexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droxidopa" title="Droxidopa">Droxidopa (L-DOPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etafedrine" title="Etafedrine">Etafedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilefrine" title="Etilefrine">Etilefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilevodopa" title="Etilevodopa">Etilevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine" title="Ethylnorepinephrine">Ethylnorepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenodilol" title="Eugenodilol">Eugenodilol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoterol" title="Fenoterol">Fenoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formoterol" title="Formoterol">Formoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexoprenaline" title="Hexoprenaline">Hexoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higenamine" title="Higenamine">Higenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indacaterol" title="Indacaterol">Indacaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoetarine" title="Isoetarine">Isoetarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoprenaline" title="Isoprenaline">Isoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxsuprine" title="Isoxsuprine">Isoxsuprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA (levodopa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">L-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">L-Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levosalbutamol" title="Levosalbutamol">Levosalbutamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubabegron" title="Lubabegron">Lubabegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabuterol" title="Mabuterol">Mabuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melevodopa" title="Melevodopa">Melevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyphenamine" title="Methoxyphenamine">Methoxyphenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">Methyldopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabegron" title="Mirabegron">Mirabegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orciprenaline" title="Orciprenaline">Orciprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyfedrine" title="Oxyfedrine">Oxyfedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-610355" title="PF-610355">PF-610355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirbuterol" title="Pirbuterol">Pirbuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenalterol" title="Prenalterol">Prenalterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ractopamine" title="Ractopamine">Ractopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procaterol" title="Procaterol">Procaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproterol" title="Reproterol">Reproterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimiterol" title="Rimiterol">Rimiterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritodrine" title="Ritodrine">Ritodrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbutamol" title="Salbutamol">Salbutamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmeterol" title="Salmeterol">Salmeterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solabegron" title="Solabegron">Solabegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbutaline" title="Terbutaline">Terbutaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tretoquinol" title="Tretoquinol">Tretoquinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulobuterol" title="Tulobuterol">Tulobuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibegron" title="Vibegron">Vibegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilanterol" title="Vilanterol">Vilanterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xamoterol" title="Xamoterol">Xamoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XP21279" class="mw-redirect" title="XP21279">XP21279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilpaterol" title="Zilpaterol">Zilpaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinterol" title="Zinterol">Zinterol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acebutolol" title="Acebutolol">Acebutolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaprolol" title="Adaprolol">Adaprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimolol" title="Adimolol">Adimolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afurolol" title="Afurolol">Afurolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alprenolol" title="Alprenolol">Alprenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alprenoxime" title="Alprenoxime">Alprenoxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amosulalol" title="Amosulalol">Amosulalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancarolol" title="Ancarolol">Ancarolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnolol" title="Arnolol">Arnolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arotinolol" title="Arotinolol">Arotinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenolol" title="Atenolol">Atenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befunolol" title="Befunolol">Befunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaxolol" title="Betaxolol">Betaxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevantolol" title="Bevantolol">Bevantolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisoprolol" title="Bisoprolol">Bisoprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopindolol" title="Bopindolol">Bopindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornaprolol" title="Bornaprolol">Bornaprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brefonalol" title="Brefonalol">Brefonalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucindolol" title="Bucindolol">Bucindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucumolol" title="Bucumolol">Bucumolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufetolol" title="Bufetolol">Bufetolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufuralol" title="Bufuralol">Bufuralol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunitrolol" title="Bunitrolol">Bunitrolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunolol">Bunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupranolol" title="Bupranolol">Bupranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butaxamine" title="Butaxamine">Butaxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butidrine" title="Butidrine">Butidrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butofilolol" title="Butofilolol">Butofilolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsinolol" title="Capsinolol">Capsinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carazolol" title="Carazolol">Carazolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpindolol" title="Carpindolol">Carpindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carteolol" title="Carteolol">Carteolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">Carvedilol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celiprolol" title="Celiprolol">Celiprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetamolol" title="Cetamolol">Cetamolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicloprolol" title="Cicloprolol">Cicloprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinamolol" title="Cinamolol">Cinamolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloranolol" title="Cloranolol">Cloranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopindolol" title="Cyanopindolol">Cyanopindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbraminol" title="Dalbraminol">Dalbraminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexpropranolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Dexpropranolol">Dexpropranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetolol" title="Diacetolol">Diacetolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloroisoprenaline" title="Dichloroisoprenaline">Dichloroisoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroalprenolol" title="Dihydroalprenolol">Dihydroalprenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilevalol" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilevalol">Dilevalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprafenone" title="Diprafenone">Diprafenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draquinolol" title="Draquinolol">Draquinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecastolol" title="Ecastolol">Ecastolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epanolol" title="Epanolol">Epanolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericolol" title="Ericolol">Ericolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersentilide" title="Ersentilide">Ersentilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esatenolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Esatenolol">Esatenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esprolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Esprolol">Esprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenodilol" title="Eugenodilol">Eugenodilol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaprolol" title="Exaprolol">Exaprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falintolol" title="Falintolol">Falintolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flestolol" title="Flestolol">Flestolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flusoxolol" title="Flusoxolol">Flusoxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarteolol" title="Hydroxycarteolol">Hydroxycarteolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxytertatolol" title="Hydroxytertatolol">Hydroxytertatolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-118,551" title="ICI-118,551">ICI-118,551</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idropranolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Idropranolol">Idropranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indenolol" title="Indenolol">Indenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indopanolol" title="Indopanolol">Indopanolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodocyanopindolol" title="Iodocyanopindolol">Iodocyanopindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iprocrolol" title="Iprocrolol">Iprocrolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxaprolol" title="Isoxaprolol">Isoxaprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamoltane" title="Isamoltane">Isamoltane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labetalol" title="Labetalol">Labetalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landiolol" title="Landiolol">Landiolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levobetaxolol" title="Levobetaxolol">Levobetaxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levobunolol" title="Levobunolol">Levobunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomoprolol" title="Levomoprolol">Levomoprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxalol" title="Medroxalol">Medroxalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepindolol" title="Mepindolol">Mepindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metipranolol" title="Metipranolol">Metipranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metoprolol" title="Metoprolol">Metoprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moprolol" title="Moprolol">Moprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadolol" title="Nadolol">Nadolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadoxolol" title="Nadoxolol">Nadoxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebivolol" title="Nebivolol">Nebivolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifenalol" title="Nifenalol">Nifenalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipradilol" title="Nipradilol">Nipradilol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxprenolol" title="Oxprenolol">Oxprenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacrinolol" title="Pacrinolol">Pacrinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pafenolol" title="Pafenolol">Pafenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamatolol" title="Pamatolol">Pamatolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargolol" title="Pargolol">Pargolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penbutolol" title="Penbutolol">Penbutolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindolol" title="Pindolol">Pindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practolol" title="Practolol">Practolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primidolol" title="Primidolol">Primidolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procinolol" title="Procinolol">Procinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronethalol" title="Pronethalol">Pronethalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propafenone" title="Propafenone">Propafenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridazolol" title="Ridazolol">Ridazolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronactolol" title="Ronactolol">Ronactolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soquinolol" title="Soquinolol">Soquinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotalol" title="Sotalol">Sotalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirendolol" title="Spirendolol">Spirendolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SR_59230A" title="SR 59230A">SR 59230A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfinalol" title="Sulfinalol">Sulfinalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talinolol" title="Talinolol">Talinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazolol" title="Tazolol">Tazolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertatolol" title="Tertatolol">Tertatolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tienoxolol" title="Tienoxolol">Tienoxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilisolol" title="Tilisolol">Tilisolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolol" title="Timolol">Timolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiprenolol" title="Tiprenolol">Tiprenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolamolol" title="Tolamolol">Tolamolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toliprolol" title="Toliprolol">Toliprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xibenolol" title="Xibenolol">Xibenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xipranolol" title="Xipranolol">Xipranolol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Dopamine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Dopamine receptor modulators">Dopaminergics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Serotonin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Serotonin receptor modulators">Serotonergics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors">Monoamine reuptake inhibitors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Template:Monoamine releasing agents">Monoamine releasing agents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators" title="Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators">Monoamine metabolism modulators</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins" title="Template:Monoamine neurotoxins">Monoamine neurotoxins</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816759#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816759#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816759#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119759318">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119759318">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="betablokátory"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118816&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX531604">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292944805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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