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class="site-main"> <div class="header-image"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/" title="All Things AAFS!" rel="home"> <img src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/header4.png" width="1015" height="237" alt="" /> </a> </div> <section id="primary" class="content-area"> <div id="content" class="site-content" role="main"> <header class="page-header"> <h1 class="page-title"> palaeontology </h1> </header> <article id="post-1283" class="post-1283 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-anthropology category-archaeological-techniques category-archaeology category-palaeontology-archaeology category-quick-tips tag-allthingsaafs tag-anthropology tag-anthropology-essentials tag-archaeological tag-archaeology tag-archaeology-in-practice tag-archaeology-students tag-bioarchaeology tag-isotope-analysis tag-isotopes tag-isotopes-in-anthropology tag-isotopes-in-archaeology tag-isotopes-in-research tag-isotopic-analysis tag-palaeoarchaeology tag-palaeodiets tag-palaeoenvironments tag-palaeontology tag-paleoarchaeology tag-paleodiets tag-paleontology tag-past-environments tag-past-plant-environments tag-past-populations tag-quick-tips tag-science tag-skeletal-remains tag-use-of-isotopes"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/21/quick-tips-archaeological-techniques-use-of-isotopes-in-archaeology/" title="12:22 pm" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2016-01-21T12:22:17+00:00" pubdate>21/01/2016</time></a><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/21/quick-tips-archaeological-techniques-use-of-isotopes-in-archaeology/" rel="bookmark">Quick Tips: Archaeological Techniques –Use of Isotopes in Archaeology.</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Isotopic analysis is widely used within the worlds of archaeology and anthropology. From analysing isotopes we’re able to <strong>uncover a wide range of information</strong> regarding the past; ranging from <strong>palaeoenvironments to palaeodiets</strong>, and even using isotopes to <strong>reconstruct trade routes of materials</strong>.</p> <p>But first, <strong>what are isotopes?</strong></p> <p>All of the chemical elements consist of atoms which are specific to the element and the <strong>mass of an atom is dictated by the number of protons and neutrons it contains</strong>. The identity of the chemical element depends on the number of protons found within the atom’s nucleus, but the number of neutrons within the atom can vary. <strong>Atoms of the same chemical element (same number of protons), but with different masses, which is from the varying amount of neutrons, are called isotopes</strong>.</p> <div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1285" style="width: 486px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1285" data-attachment-id="1285" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/21/quick-tips-archaeological-techniques-use-of-isotopes-in-archaeology/stone-circle-at-drombeg/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/stone-circle-at-drombeg.jpg" data-orig-size="1600,1066" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Stone Circle at Drombeg" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Within nature, most of the elements consist of a number of isotopes.</p> " data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/stone-circle-at-drombeg.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/stone-circle-at-drombeg.jpg?w=660" class="alignnone wp-image-1285" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/stone-circle-at-drombeg.jpg?w=476&h=317" alt="Stone Circle at Drombeg" width="476" height="317" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/stone-circle-at-drombeg.jpg?w=476&h=317 476w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/stone-circle-at-drombeg.jpg?w=952&h=634 952w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/stone-circle-at-drombeg.jpg?w=150&h=100 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/stone-circle-at-drombeg.jpg?w=300&h=200 300w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/stone-circle-at-drombeg.jpg?w=768&h=512 768w" sizes="(max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1285" class="wp-caption-text">Within nature, most of the elements consist of a number of isotopes. These isotopes can be found within water, livestock, crops and plants, which can then be used to reconstruct palaeodiets and palaeoenvironments.</p></div> <p>Within nature, most of the elements consist of a number of isotopes. For a great majority of elements these relative proportions of isotopes are fixed, but there are a group of elements which either <strong>due to chemical or biochemical processes are of variable isotopic composition</strong>. <strong>These elements are oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and sulphur</strong>. Another group of isotopes that are used for analysis are <strong>strontium, lead and neodymium. These are formed by elements which contain stable but radiogenic isotopes, which are formed by radioactive decay of another element</strong>. Carbon and nitrogen isotope composition are primarily used to reconstruct diets, and oxygen isotopes are used to determine geographic origin. Strontium and lead isotopes found within teeth and bone can sometimes be used to reconstruct migration patterns in human populations and cultural affinity</p> <div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1286" style="width: 569px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1286" data-attachment-id="1286" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/21/quick-tips-archaeological-techniques-use-of-isotopes-in-archaeology/isotopes-table/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/isotopes-table.png" data-orig-size="559,435" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Isotopes Table" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>A table of the various elemental isotopes that are valuable in archaeological and anthropological research.</p> " data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/isotopes-table.png?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/isotopes-table.png?w=559" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1286" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/isotopes-table.png?w=660" alt="Isotopes Table" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/isotopes-table.png 559w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/isotopes-table.png?w=150&h=117 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/isotopes-table.png?w=300&h=233 300w" sizes="(max-width: 559px) 100vw, 559px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1286" class="wp-caption-text">A table of the various elemental isotopes that are valuable in archaeological and anthropological research.</p></div> <p><strong>But how do isotopes get into skeletal remains?</strong></p> <p>Carbon isotopes are taken up through the diet of animals during their lifetime and these isotopes are deposited into teeth and bones of humans when they are consumed and digested. By studying animal bones and examining the <sup>12</sup>C and <sup>13</sup>C isotope ratio, it is possible to determine whether the animals ate predominately <sup>3</sup>C or <sup>4</sup>C plants. Oxygen isotopes are constantly being taken up and deposited into the body through the water a population drinks. This process ends with the organism’s death, from this point on isotopes no longer accumulate in the body, but do undergo degradation. For best result the researcher would need to know the original levels, or estimation thereof, of isotopes in the organism at the time of its death.</p> <p><strong>By creating a map of these natural occurring isotopes</strong> in different environments, rivers and areas, it is <strong>possible to identify where in an area the population lived, sourced their water or where the livestock grazed, by comparing the levels of isotopes that were obtained from skeletal remains</strong> to the environmental map. This <strong>mapping can also help identify trade routes that once existed</strong> and can also <strong>identify the migration patterns of populations</strong>.</p> <p><strong>References:</strong></p> <p>Balme, J., Paterson, A. 2006. <em>Archaeology in Practice: A Student Guide to Archaeological Analayses. </em>Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. Pg 218.</p> <p>Renfrew, C., Bahn, P. 1991. <i>Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice. </i>London, UK: Thames & Hudson. 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class='sd-link-color'></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-meta"> <span class="cat-links"> Posted in <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/anthropology/" rel="category tag">Anthropology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/archaeological-techniques/" rel="category tag">Archaeological Techniques</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/archaeology/" rel="category tag">Archaeology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/archaeology/palaeontology-archaeology/" rel="category tag">Palaeontology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/" rel="category tag">Quick Tips</a> </span> <span class="sep"> | </span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/allthingsaafs/" rel="tag">allthingsaafs</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology/" rel="tag">Anthropology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology-essentials/" rel="tag">anthropology essentials</a>, <a 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href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/science/" rel="tag">Science</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/skeletal-remains/" rel="tag">skeletal remains</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/use-of-isotopes/" rel="tag">use of isotopes</a></span> <span class="sep"> | </span> <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/21/quick-tips-archaeological-techniques-use-of-isotopes-in-archaeology/#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-1204" class="post-1204 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-anthropology category-archaeology category-palaeontology-archaeology category-primatology category-unusual-anthropology category-unusual-archaeology-unusual-ology category-unusual-ology tag-ancient-egypt tag-animal-abuse-in-archaeology tag-animal-remains tag-animal-skeletal-remains tag-animals-in-ancient-egypt tag-animals-in-archaeology tag-anthropology tag-archaeological tag-archaeology tag-egypt tag-egyptian-animal-cemetery tag-exotic-animals-in-archaeology tag-hierakonpolis tag-international-journal-of-osteoarchaeology tag-osteoarchaeology tag-palaeontology tag-paleontology tag-parry-fracture tag-richard-redding tag-skeletal-remains tag-unusual tag-unusual-archaeology tag-unusual-ology tag-van-neer tag-wim-van-neer"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/06/30/unusual-ology-wasnt-curiosity-that-killed-the-baboon-ancient-egyptian-pet-cemetery-found/" title="6:05 pm" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2015-06-30T18:05:00+01:00" pubdate>30/06/2015</time></a><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/06/30/unusual-ology-wasnt-curiosity-that-killed-the-baboon-ancient-egyptian-pet-cemetery-found/" rel="bookmark">Unusual-ology: Wasn’t Curiosity That Killed The Baboon… – Ancient Egyptian Pet Cemetery Found.</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>A team of archaeologists in Hierakonpolis have unearthed an ancient Egyptian animal cemetery, which has uncovered the remains of numerous exotic animals. The skeletal remains of numerous baboons, hippos, and other animals, have depicted a dark past for these companions of the ancient Egyptian elite.</p> <p>The skeletal remains of the pets, thought to have been buried more than five thousand years ago, revealed numerous broken bones and fractures, which points to them having received harsh beatings. At least two of the baboon skeletons that were discovered had <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2013/09/01/quick-tips-named-fractures-part-one-hand-fingers/" target="_blank">parry fractures, a common fracture of the ulna, caused when a victim is trying to shield their heads from damaging bones</a>.</p> <div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1206" style="width: 485px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1206" data-attachment-id="1206" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/06/30/unusual-ology-wasnt-curiosity-that-killed-the-baboon-ancient-egyptian-pet-cemetery-found/animalcemetery2/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/animalcemetery2.jpg" data-orig-size="676,724" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="AnimalCemetery2" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>The skeletal remains of the pets, thought to have been buried more than five thousand years ago, revealed numerous broken bones and fractures, which points to them having received harsh beatings. ©Renee Friedman</p> " data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/animalcemetery2.jpg?w=280" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/animalcemetery2.jpg?w=660" class="wp-image-1206" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/animalcemetery2.jpg?w=475&h=509" alt="The skeletal remains of the pets, thought to have been buried more than five thousand years ago, revealed numerous broken bones and fractures, which points to them having received harsh beatings. ©Renee Friedman" width="475" height="509" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/animalcemetery2.jpg?w=475 475w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/animalcemetery2.jpg?w=140 140w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/animalcemetery2.jpg?w=280 280w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/animalcemetery2.jpg 676w" sizes="(max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1206" class="wp-caption-text">The skeletal remains of the pets, thought to have been buried more than five thousand years ago, revealed numerous broken bones and fractures, which points to them having received harsh beatings. ©Renee Friedman</p></div> <p>The skeletal remains of a hippo calf showed evidence of a broken leg, which is thought to have been caused from the animal trying to free itself from a tether. This isn’t the only tether related injury that was discovered at the site; an antelope and a cow also showed similar injuries. The excavations at the Hierakonpolis site also revealed the remains of two elephants, two crocodiles, a leopard, and nine other exotic species. It is thought that the burial ground near to the Nile is the only archaeological evidence of such a wide assortment of zoo animals within ancient Egypt.</p> <p>Wim Van Neer, a zooarchaeologist from the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, noted that the ancient zookeepers “clearly had difficulty maintaining these animals”. The analysis of the skeletal remains showed that “the practical means of keeping animals in captivity were not so sophisticated as nowadays,” which would account for the numerous injuries sustained by the animals. The animals’ injuries showed signs of healing, which suggests that they were kept in captivity for a further several weeks or longer, rather than being killed immediately after obtaining them.</p> <div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1205" style="width: 670px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1205" data-attachment-id="1205" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/06/30/unusual-ology-wasnt-curiosity-that-killed-the-baboon-ancient-egyptian-pet-cemetery-found/animalcemetery1/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/animalcemetery1.jpg" data-orig-size="676,507" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="AnimalCemetery1" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>It is thought that the burial ground near to the Nile is the only archaeological evidence of such a wide assortment of zoo animals within ancient Egypt. ©Renee Friedman</p> " data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/animalcemetery1.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/animalcemetery1.jpg?w=660" loading="lazy" class="wp-image-1205 size-large" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/animalcemetery1.jpg?w=660&h=495" alt="It is thought that the burial ground near to the Nile is the only archaeological evidence of such a wide assortment of zoo animals within ancient Egypt. ©Renee Friedman" width="660" height="495" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/animalcemetery1.jpg?w=660 660w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/animalcemetery1.jpg?w=150 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/animalcemetery1.jpg?w=300 300w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/animalcemetery1.jpg 676w" sizes="(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1205" class="wp-caption-text">It is thought that the burial ground near to the Nile is the only archaeological evidence of such a wide assortment of zoo animals within ancient Egypt. ©Renee Friedman</p></div> <p>It is argued by Richard Redding, an archaeologist of the University of Michigan’s Kelsey Museum, that the animals’ struggle whilst being captured could have led to the injuries. Van Neer agrees that some of the injuries could have been caused by the struggle, but the forty-plus broken hand and feet bones observed on the baboon remains are just “too numerous to be due to capture”. Van Neer also pointed out that an escaping baboon would have been more likely to break the long bones rather than the metatarsals and metacarpals, whilst escaping the capturers. It is also stated that the baboon remains from more recent tombs display fewer signs of harsh treatment, which may be due to the ancient zookeepers developing better animal keeping techniques.</p> <p><strong>References:</strong></p> <p>Van Neer, W. 2015. <em>International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, </em>25:3. 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tag-anthropological tag-anthropology tag-anthropology-students tag-applied-anthropology tag-archaeology tag-archaeology-students tag-australopithecus-africanus tag-bioarchaeology tag-bones tag-chimpanzees tag-evolution-of-the-hand tag-forensic-anthropology tag-habitual-tool-use tag-hominids tag-hominin-metacarpals tag-hominins tag-human-spongy-bone-pattern tag-human-like-hand-use-in-australopithecus-africanus tag-matthew-skinner tag-modern-human-like-tool-use tag-osteology tag-palaeontology tag-paleontology tag-past-populations tag-pleistocene tag-skeletal-remains tag-stone-tools tag-tool-use tag-tool-use-in-hominids"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/25/3-million-year-old-fossilised-metacarpals-show-evidence-of-tool-use/" title="4:55 pm" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2015-01-25T16:55:20+00:00" pubdate>25/01/2015</time></a><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/25/3-million-year-old-fossilised-metacarpals-show-evidence-of-tool-use/" rel="bookmark">3-Million Year Old Fossilised Metacarpals Show Evidence of Tool Use.</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>A recent study has put forward some important evidence of early human ancestors, in particular <em>Australopithecus africanus,</em> wielding tools in a human like fashion dating around 3 to 2-million years ago.</p> <div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1126" style="width: 509px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1126" data-attachment-id="1126" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/25/3-million-year-old-fossilised-metacarpals-show-evidence-of-tool-use/australopithecus-skull/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/australopithecus-skull.jpg" data-orig-size="990,686" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="australopithecus skull" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Figure 1: A recent study has put forward some important evidence of early human ancestors, in particular Australopithecus africanus (pictured), wielding tools in a human like fashion dating around 3 to 2-million years ago. </p> " data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/australopithecus-skull.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/australopithecus-skull.jpg?w=660" loading="lazy" class="wp-image-1126" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/australopithecus-skull.jpg?w=499&h=346" alt="Figure 1: A recent study has put forward some important evidence of early human ancestors, in particular Australopithecus africanus (pictured), wielding tools in a human like fashion dating around 3 to 2-million years ago. " width="499" height="346" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/australopithecus-skull.jpg?w=300 300w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/australopithecus-skull.jpg?w=499 499w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/australopithecus-skull.jpg?w=150 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/australopithecus-skull.jpg?w=768 768w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/australopithecus-skull.jpg 990w" sizes="(max-width: 499px) 100vw, 499px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1126" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 1: A recent study has put forward some important evidence of early human ancestors, in particular <em>Australopithecus africanus</em> (pictured), wielding tools in a human like fashion dating around 3 to 2-million years ago . ©Shaen Adey, Gallo Images/Corbis.</p></div> <p>The study, led by Matthew Skinner from the University of Kent, compared the internal structures of the hand bones from the <em>Australopithecus africanus</em> and several Pleistocene hominins, which were previously considered to have not engaged in habitual tool use.</p> <p>Skinner <em>et al,</em> found that they all have a human trabecular (spongy) bone pattern in the metacarpals, and this is consistent with the “forceful opposition of the thumb and fingers typically adopted during tool use”.</p> <div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1127" style="width: 510px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1127" data-attachment-id="1127" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/25/3-million-year-old-fossilised-metacarpals-show-evidence-of-tool-use/metacarpals-ancestors-tool-use/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/metacarpals-ancestors-tool-use.jpg" data-orig-size="750,743" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="metacarpals – ancestors tool use" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Top row: First metacarpals of the various hominins.<br /> Bottom row: 3-D renderings from the micro-CT scans showing a cross-section of the bone structure inside.</p> " data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/metacarpals-ancestors-tool-use.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/metacarpals-ancestors-tool-use.jpg?w=660" loading="lazy" class="wp-image-1127" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/metacarpals-ancestors-tool-use.jpg?w=500&h=495" alt="Top row: First metacarpals of the various hominins. Bottom row: 3-D renderings from the micro-CT scans showing a cross-section of the bone structure inside." width="500" height="495" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/metacarpals-ancestors-tool-use.jpg?w=500 500w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/metacarpals-ancestors-tool-use.jpg?w=150 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/metacarpals-ancestors-tool-use.jpg?w=300 300w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/metacarpals-ancestors-tool-use.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1127" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 2: Top row: First metacarpals of the various hominids.<br /> Bottom row: 3-D renderings from the micro-CT scans showing a cross-section of the bone structure inside. ©T.L. Kivell</p></div> <p>The evolution of the hand, mainly the development of opposable thumbs, has been hailed as the key to success for early humans. It is thought that without the improvement of our grip and hand posture, tool technology could not have emerged and developed as well as it has.</p> <p>This piece of research will provide a new discussion into when the first appearance of habitual tool use occurred in prehistory, as this study’s evidence of modern human-like tool use is dated 0.5-million years earlier than the first archaeological evidence of stone tools.</p> <p><strong>References:</strong></p> <p>Skinner, M. Stephens, N. Tsegai, Z. Foote, A. Nguyen, N. Gross, T. Pahr, D. Hublin, J. Kivell, T. 2015. Human-like hand use in <em>Australopithecus africanus</em>. <em style="font-weight:inherit;">Science.</em> 347, 6220. p395-399.<br /> <strong>You can view this paper by clicking <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/347/6220/395">here.</a></strong></p> <p> </p> <p><strong><em>If you’re a student – check out our <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/" target="_blank">‘Quick Tips’</a> posts where we breakdown topics of AAFS into bite-sized chunks. We’re currently covering <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-series/" target="_blank">how to age</a> and <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/estimate-the-biological-sex-of-a-human-skeleton/" target="_blank">how to estimate the biological sex </a>of skeletal remains, and also how to identify a <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/identifying-fracture-types/" target="_blank">variety of fracture types</a>! </em></strong></p> <div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-rating-enabled sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this post!</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%203-Million%20Year%20Old%20Fossilised%20Metacarpals%20Show%20Evidence%20of%20Tool%20Use.&body=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsaafs.com%2F2015%2F01%2F25%2F3-million-year-old-fossilised-metacarpals-show-evidence-of-tool-use%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. 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tag-forensic-dentition tag-forensic-identification tag-forensic-identification-via-teeth tag-forensic-odontology tag-forensics tag-isotopes tag-kagerer-and-grupe-2000 tag-life-expectancy tag-mesotten-et-al-2002 tag-molars tag-orthopantomograms tag-palaeodiets tag-palaeoenvironments tag-palaeontology tag-paleodiets tag-paleontology tag-past-populations tag-quick-tips tag-teeth tag-teeth-within-anthropology tag-teeth-within-archaeology tag-using-teeth-to-identify-individuals tag-what-can-we-learn-from-teeth"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/16/forensic-odontology-what-can-an-anthropologist-tell-from-the-examination-of-teeth-regarding-either-forensic-identification-of-individuals-or-understanding-past-populations/" title="10:15 am" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2015-01-16T10:15:00+00:00" pubdate>16/01/2015</time></a><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/16/forensic-odontology-what-can-an-anthropologist-tell-from-the-examination-of-teeth-regarding-either-forensic-identification-of-individuals-or-understanding-past-populations/" rel="bookmark">Quick Tips – Common Questions: What can an anthropologist tell from the examination of teeth regarding either forensic identification of individuals or understanding past populations?</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em>This is a Quick Tips post providing a basic answer to a commonly asked question often faced within the field of archaeology and anthropology.</em></p> <p>An anthropologist can obtain a wide and varied collection of information from examining teeth. Information such as paleodiets and palaeoenvironments can be learnt from studying a population, or from studying an individual sample you can identify how old the person was at time of death or whether that person was pregnant/ill. These examples are just the tip of the iceberg on what you can learn from dentition.</p> <div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1103" style="width: 410px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1103" data-attachment-id="1103" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/16/forensic-odontology-what-can-an-anthropologist-tell-from-the-examination-of-teeth-regarding-either-forensic-identification-of-individuals-or-understanding-past-populations/canstockphoto18923300/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto18923300.jpg" data-orig-size="1600,1059" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Ondontology" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto18923300.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto18923300.jpg?w=660" loading="lazy" class="wp-image-1103" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto18923300.jpg?w=400&h=265" alt="Ondontology" width="400" height="265" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto18923300.jpg?w=300 300w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto18923300.jpg?w=400 400w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto18923300.jpg?w=800 800w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto18923300.jpg?w=150 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto18923300.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1103" class="wp-caption-text">An anthropologist can obtain a wide and varied collection of information from examining teeth, ranging from palaeodiets and palaeoenvironmental information to age of death.</p></div> <p>From studying a large population dentition sample, a picture can be painted of their past diets, current diets and palaeoenvironments. Isotopes play a huge part in conducting research into palaeodiets and palaeoenvironments.</p> <p>Isotopes are deposited into the teeth of an individual/population from food sources or environment. A tooth can provide isotopic information from the past 20yrs of the individual’s life. The enamel and dentine can be examined to analyse the isotopic values that will pinpoint an origin of a population or food sources. The carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions found within the enamel are used to reconstruct diet and the oxygen isotopes are used to determine the geographic origin of the food source. The carbon isotopes are absorbed from the diet of the animals that are sources and the oxygen isotopes from the water that the population consume. These isotopic values are vital in helping an anthropologist understand the local ecosystem a population exploited and whether a population migrated to numerous locations which caused changes in the available diet.</p> <p>The cementum of a tooth can highlight important information about a person which can be used for forensic identification; this information could give an approximate age of death. An example of this application is seen in Kagerer and Grupe (2000) study where they obtained 80 freshly extracted teeth and investigated the incremental lines in acellular extrinsic fibre cementum. From studying the cementum, they were able to determine the age of the patient by comparing it to detailed queries of the patients life history. This study also identified patients who were pregnant. Kagerer and Grupe (2000) concluded that if there was a presence of hypo-mineralised incremental lines on the extracted tooth, the patient was pregnant. This is due to the pregnancies influence on calcium metabolism. A confliction with this is that hypo-mineralized lines can also appear when a skeletal trauma or renal illness was present.</p> <p>By looking at the dentition of molars the age of the skeleton can be estimated. A recent study by Mesotten, <em>et al.</em> (2002) highlighted the application of forensic odontology. Mesotten, <em>et al’s</em> methodology consisted of examining 1175 orthopantomograms which belonged to patients who were of Caucasian origin and were aged between 16 and 22years. From their investigation Mesotten, <em>et al</em>. were able to conclude that from studying the molars, it was possible to age Caucasian individuals with a regression formula with a standard deviation of 1.52 or 1.56 years for males and females, respectively, if all four third molars were available. This could play a fundamental role in identifying a missing person by estimating the decease’s age and seeing if its estimate matches the individual.</p> <p>Although the studies from Mesotten, <em>et al</em> (2002) and Kagerer and Grupe (2000) have been written about and applied to individual cases, their methodology and conclusions can be applied to a past population if a group of skeletons were found with preserved teeth. The individual’s age of death can be used as quantitative data, alongside other individuals from the same sample, to figure out a past population’s life expectancy.</p> <p><strong>References:</strong></p> <p>Kagerer, P. Grupe, G. 2000. Age-at-death diagnosis and determination of life-history parameters by incremental lines in human dental cementum as an identification aid. <i>Forensic Science International. </i>118, 1. 75-82.</p> <p>Mesotten, K. Gunst, K. Carbonez, A. Willems, G. 2002. Dental age estimation and third molars: a preliminary study. Forensic Science International. 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category-unusual-archaeology-unusual-ology tag-aafs tag-archaeology-in-utah tag-cretaceous-dinosaurs tag-cretaceous-period tag-dinosaur tag-dinosaur-archeology tag-dinosaur-bones tag-dinosaurs tag-dinosaurs-and-quicksand tag-dromaeosauridae tag-feathered-dinosaurs tag-fossils tag-iguanadon tag-iguanadon-fossil tag-iguanadont tag-james-kirkland tag-palaeontology tag-paleontology tag-quicksand tag-sickle-clawed-dinosaur tag-skeletal-remains tag-theropod-dinosaurs tag-utahraptor tag-utaraptors tag-velociraptor"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/11/nine-ton-block-of-sandstone-unveils-six-utahraptor-remains/" title="6:01 pm" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2015-01-11T18:01:13+00:00" pubdate>11/01/2015</time></a><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/11/nine-ton-block-of-sandstone-unveils-six-utahraptor-remains/" rel="bookmark">Nine-ton Block of Sandstone Unveils Six Utahraptor Remains.</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Archaeologists in Moab, Utah, have discovered the remains of six Utahraptors within a nine-ton block of sandstone. This discovery is regarded as the biggest fossil find ever of the Utahraptor, a giant predatory theropod dinosaur who roamed the earth during the early Cretaceous period. The massive excavation, led by Utah state palaeontologist James Kirkland, has been undertaken over the past decade upon the Utah Mountain.</p> <div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1092" style="width: 670px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1092" data-attachment-id="1092" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/11/nine-ton-block-of-sandstone-unveils-six-utahraptor-remains/utahraptors-sandstone-block/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/utahraptors-sandstone-block.png" data-orig-size="1247,716" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Utahraptors Sandstone Block" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>The nine-ton sandstone block revealed the skeletal remains of a 16ft-long adult, four juveniles and a baby Utahraptor which was approximately 3ft long from snout to tail.</p> " data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/utahraptors-sandstone-block.png?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/utahraptors-sandstone-block.png?w=660" loading="lazy" class="size-large wp-image-1092" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/utahraptors-sandstone-block.png?w=660&h=379" alt="The nine-ton sandstone block revealed the skeletal remains of a 16ft-long adult, four juveniles and a baby Utahraptor which was approximately 3ft long from snout to tail." width="660" height="379" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/utahraptors-sandstone-block.png?w=660 660w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/utahraptors-sandstone-block.png?w=150 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/utahraptors-sandstone-block.png?w=300 300w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/utahraptors-sandstone-block.png?w=768 768w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/utahraptors-sandstone-block.png?w=1024 1024w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/utahraptors-sandstone-block.png 1247w" sizes="(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1092" class="wp-caption-text">The nine-ton sandstone block revealed the skeletal remains of a 16ft-long adult, four juveniles and a baby Utahraptor which was approximately 3ft long from snout to tail.</p></div> <p>The sandstone block revealed the skeletal remains of a 16ft-long adult, four juveniles and a baby Utahraptor which was approximately 3ft long from snout to tail. The block also revealed bones belonging to a beaked, bipedal herbivore known as an Iguanadon. It is hoped that the Utahraptors died whilst hunting as a group, which may provide evidence of pack hunting. Another hypothesis claims that the Utahraptors may have wandered into quicksand and died at different times, due to the fossils being stacked 3ft thick.</p> <div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1093" style="width: 670px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1093" data-attachment-id="1093" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/11/nine-ton-block-of-sandstone-unveils-six-utahraptor-remains/utahraptorscenic/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/utahraptorscenic.jpg" data-orig-size="1600,800" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="UtahraptorScenic" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>It is hoped that the Utahraptors died whilst hunting as a group, which may provide evidence of pack hunting.</p> " data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/utahraptorscenic.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/utahraptorscenic.jpg?w=660" loading="lazy" class="size-large wp-image-1093" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/utahraptorscenic.jpg?w=660&h=330" alt="It is hoped that the Utahraptors died whilst hunting as a group, which may provide evidence of pack hunting." width="660" height="330" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/utahraptorscenic.jpg?w=660 660w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/utahraptorscenic.jpg?w=1320 1320w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/utahraptorscenic.jpg?w=150 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/utahraptorscenic.jpg?w=300 300w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/utahraptorscenic.jpg?w=768 768w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/utahraptorscenic.jpg?w=1024 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1093" class="wp-caption-text">It is hoped that the Utahraptors died whilst hunting as a group, which may provide evidence of pack hunting.</p></div> <p>Kirkland thinks that the Utahraptors were enticed by the promise of the unwary Iguanodon which stumbled into the quicksand itself. Unable to move, bellowing and struggling, the trapped Iguanodon lured the Utahraptors who then, one after another, tried to ‘nab an easy meal’ only ending up stuck and meeting the same fate as the Iguanodon.</p> <p>Utahraptors are the largest known member of the family Dromaeosauridae, with some specimens reaching 23ft-long weighing around 500kg. They bare a resemblance to their ‘cousins’ – the Velociraptor but are covered in feathers, with a sickle like claw on each of their second toes.</p> <div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1094" style="width: 670px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1094" data-attachment-id="1094" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/11/nine-ton-block-of-sandstone-unveils-six-utahraptor-remains/canstockphoto9938088/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto9938088.jpg" data-orig-size="1600,640" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Utahraptor Comparison" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Size comparison of an average sized adult Utahraptor with an adult male human (5.9ft).</p> " data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto9938088.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto9938088.jpg?w=660" loading="lazy" class="size-large wp-image-1094" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto9938088.jpg?w=660&h=264" alt="Size comparison of an average sized adult Utahraptor with an adult male human (5.9ft)." width="660" height="264" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto9938088.jpg?w=660 660w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto9938088.jpg?w=1320 1320w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto9938088.jpg?w=150 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto9938088.jpg?w=300 300w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto9938088.jpg?w=768 768w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto9938088.jpg?w=1024 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1094" class="wp-caption-text">Size comparison of an average sized adult Utahraptor with an adult male human (5.9ft).</p></div> <div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-rating-enabled sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this post!</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Nine-ton%20Block%20of%20Sandstone%20Unveils%20Six%20Utahraptor%20Remains.&body=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsaafs.com%2F2015%2F01%2F11%2Fnine-ton-block-of-sandstone-unveils-six-utahraptor-remains%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. 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Posted in <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/archaeology/" rel="category tag">Archaeology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/conservation-2/" rel="category tag">Conservation</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/archaeology/palaeontology-archaeology/" rel="category tag">Palaeontology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/unusual-ology/unusual-archaeology-unusual-ology/" rel="category tag">Unusual Archaeology</a> </span> <span class="sep"> | </span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/aafs/" rel="tag">aafs</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/archaeology-in-utah/" rel="tag">archaeology in utah</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/cretaceous-dinosaurs/" rel="tag">cretaceous dinosaurs</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/cretaceous-period/" rel="tag">cretaceous period</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/dinosaur/" rel="tag">dinosaur</a>, <a 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status-publish format-standard hentry category-textbook-of-the-week tag-anthropology tag-anthropology-essentials tag-anthropology-students tag-archaeology tag-archaeology-essentials tag-archaeology-students tag-biochemistry tag-osteology tag-palaeontology tag-paleontology tag-students tag-textbooks"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2014/02/02/textbook-of-the-week-archaeology-in-practice/" title="4:49 pm" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2014-02-02T16:49:38+00:00" pubdate>02/02/2014</time></a><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2014/02/02/textbook-of-the-week-archaeology-in-practice/" rel="bookmark">Textbook of the Week: Archaeology in Practice.</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em>Every week we highlight one archaeology/anthropology textbook from our suggested readings, a full list of our suggested resources can be found <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/useful-literature/" target="_blank">here, on our Useful Literature page</a>.</em></p> <p style="text-align:center;"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image aligncenter" id="i-937" alt="Image" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/517zw3xcgnl.jpg?w=337" width="337" height="486" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/517zw3xcgnl.jpg?w=337 337w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/517zw3xcgnl.jpg?w=104 104w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/517zw3xcgnl.jpg?w=208 208w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/517zw3xcgnl.jpg 347w" sizes="(max-width: 337px) 100vw, 337px" /><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0470657162/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=19450&creativeASIN=0470657162&linkCode=as2&tag=ata0e-21">Archaeology in Practice: A Student Guide to Archaeological Analyses</a> (UK/Europe Link)</p> <p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470657162/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0470657162&linkCode=as2&tag=ata07-20" target="_blank">Archaeology in Practice: A Student Guide to Archaeological Analyses</a> (US/Worldwide Link)</p> <p style="text-align:center;"><strong>by Jane Balme and Alistair Paterson. </strong>Rating: <em>****</em></p> <p style="text-align:center;"><em></em><em>“This is THE book for how to apply archaeological methods in real life contexts. It is easy to follow, so perfect for first year students as it uses numerous case studies and illustrations to show you how to apply it in practice. I used this during my studies to wrap my head around how methods can be applied – which helped when methods were only briefly discussed in theory during my lectures.”</em></p> <p style="text-align:left;"><em><strong>If you’re new to the realm of archaeological, anthropological and forensic sciences (AAFS), or are a student needing sturdy and reliable references, or wondering “what archaeology or anthropology textbooks to buy?</strong>”<a title="Useful Literature" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/useful-literature/" target="_blank"><strong> Check out our new ‘Useful Literature’ page!</strong></a></em></p> <p style="text-align:center;"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image aligncenter" id="i-940" style="border:0;" alt="Image" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/share-post-sign.jpg?w=259" width="259" height="63" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/share-post-sign.jpg?w=259 259w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/share-post-sign.jpg?w=150 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/share-post-sign.jpg 269w" sizes="(max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px" /></p> <div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-rating-enabled sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this post!</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Textbook%20of%20the%20Week%3A%20%20Archaeology%20in%20Practice.&body=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsaafs.com%2F2014%2F02%2F02%2Ftextbook-of-the-week-archaeology-in-practice%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. 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href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/useful-literature/textbook-of-the-week/" rel="category tag">Textbook of the Week</a> </span> <span class="sep"> | </span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology/" rel="tag">Anthropology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology-essentials/" rel="tag">anthropology essentials</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology-students/" rel="tag">anthropology students</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/archaeology/" rel="tag">Archaeology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/archaeology-essentials/" rel="tag">archaeology essentials</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/archaeology-students/" rel="tag">archaeology students</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/biochemistry/" rel="tag">biochemistry</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/osteology/" rel="tag">osteology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/palaeontology/" 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class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> <span class="sep"> | </span><a class="entry-format-link" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/type/image/" title="All Image posts">Image</a></span> <span class="sep"> | </span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2014/01/27/our-brand-new-logo/#comments">1 Comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-907" class="post-907 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-textbook-of-the-week tag-anthropology tag-anthropology-essentials tag-anthropology-students tag-archaeology tag-archaeology-essentials tag-archaeology-students tag-biochemistry tag-osteology tag-palaeontology tag-paleontology tag-students tag-textbooks"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2014/01/24/textbook-of-the-week-archaeology-of-disease/" title="6:51 pm" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2014-01-24T18:51:56+00:00" pubdate>24/01/2014</time></a><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2014/01/24/textbook-of-the-week-archaeology-of-disease/" rel="bookmark">Textbook of the Week: Archaeology of Disease.</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em>Every week we highlight one archaeology/anthropology textbook from our suggested readings, a full list of our suggested resources can be found <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/useful-literature/" target="_blank">here, on our Useful Literature page</a>.</em></p> <p style="text-align:center;"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image aligncenter" id="i-909" alt="Image" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/51dnhymhsl.jpg?w=337" width="337" height="486" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/51dnhymhsl.jpg?w=337 337w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/51dnhymhsl.jpg?w=104 104w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/51dnhymhsl.jpg?w=208 208w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/51dnhymhsl.jpg 347w" sizes="(max-width: 337px) 100vw, 337px" /><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0752457500/ref=as_li_tf_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0752457500&linkCode=as2&tag=ata0e-21" target="_blank">The Archaeology of Disease</a> (UK/Europe)</p> <p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0801473888/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0801473888&linkCode=as2&tag=ata07-20" target="_blank">The Archaeology of Disease</a> (US/Worldwide Link)<br /> (Click the links to have a peek inside the book)</p> <p style="text-align:center;"><strong>by Charlotte Roberts and Keith Manchester. Rating: <em>*****</em></strong></p> <p style="text-align:center;"><strong><em></em></strong><em>“This is a essential if you’re studying diseases or taphonomy. It is fully illustrated with amazing case studies to display all diseases – ranging from simple fractures to malnutrition and infections.<br /> Brilliant book, helped me a lot with my university Anthropology unit where I had to examine a bone and conclude which illness it had.”</em></p> <p style="text-align:left;"><em><strong>If you’re new to the realm of archaeological, anthropological and forensic sciences (AAFS), or are a student needing sturdy and reliable references, or wondering “what archaeology or anthropology textbooks to buy?</strong>”<a title="Useful Literature" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/useful-literature/" target="_blank"><strong> Check out our new ‘Useful Literature’ page!</strong></a></em></p> <p style="text-align:center;"><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter" id="i-859" style="border:0;" alt="Image" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/share-post-sign1.jpg?w=259&h=63" width="259" height="63" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/share-post-sign1.jpg?w=259 259w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/share-post-sign1.jpg?w=150 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/share-post-sign1.jpg 269w" sizes="(max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px" /></p> <div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-rating-enabled sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this post!</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Textbook%20of%20the%20Week%3A%20Archaeology%20of%20Disease.&body=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsaafs.com%2F2014%2F01%2F24%2Ftextbook-of-the-week-archaeology-of-disease%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. 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href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/useful-literature/textbook-of-the-week/" rel="category tag">Textbook of the Week</a> </span> <span class="sep"> | </span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology/" rel="tag">Anthropology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology-essentials/" rel="tag">anthropology essentials</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology-students/" rel="tag">anthropology students</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/archaeology/" rel="tag">Archaeology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/archaeology-essentials/" rel="tag">archaeology essentials</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/archaeology-students/" rel="tag">archaeology students</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/biochemistry/" rel="tag">biochemistry</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/osteology/" rel="tag">osteology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/palaeontology/" rel="tag">palaeontology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/paleontology/" rel="tag">paleontology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/students/" rel="tag">students</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/textbooks/" rel="tag">textbooks</a></span> <span class="sep"> | </span> <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2014/01/24/textbook-of-the-week-archaeology-of-disease/#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-850" class="post-850 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-textbook-of-the-week tag-anthropology tag-anthropology-essentials tag-anthropology-students tag-archaeology tag-archaeology-essentials tag-archaeology-students tag-bioarchaeology tag-osteology tag-palaeontology tag-paleontology tag-textbooks"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2014/01/17/textbook-of-the-week/" title="4:44 pm" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2014-01-17T16:44:28+00:00" pubdate>17/01/2014</time></a><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2014/01/17/textbook-of-the-week/" rel="bookmark">Textbook of the Week: Archaeology: Theories, Methods & Practice.</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em>Every week we highlight one archaeology/anthropology textbook from our suggested readings, a full list of our suggested resources can be found <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/useful-literature/" target="_blank">here, on our Useful Literature page</a>.</em></p> <p style="text-align:center;"><a href="www.allthingsaafs.com/useful-literature/"><img loading="lazy" class=" wp-image aligncenter" id="i-854" alt="Image" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/711c4kabb0l-_sl1200_.jpg?w=292&h=355" width="292" height="355" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/711c4kabb0l-_sl1200_.jpg?w=292 292w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/711c4kabb0l-_sl1200_.jpg?w=584 584w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/711c4kabb0l-_sl1200_.jpg?w=123 123w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/711c4kabb0l-_sl1200_.jpg?w=247 247w" sizes="(max-width: 292px) 100vw, 292px" /></a><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0500290210/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=19450&creativeASIN=0500290210&linkCode=as2&tag=ata0e-21" target="_blank">Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice</a> (UK/Europe Link)</p> <p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0500289123/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0500289123&linkCode=as2&tag=ata07-20" target="_blank">Archaeology Essentials: Theories, Methods, and Practice (Second Edition)</a> (US/Worldwide Link)</p> <p style="text-align:center;"><strong>by Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn. </strong>Rating: <em>*****</em></p> <p style="text-align:center;"><em>“This book is highly acclaimed and is the ultimate archaeology bible for students, or people new to archaeology and want to get stuck right in. After being recommended it by two of my University lecturers, I took it out from the library to use for my assignments so many times I ended up buying it.”</em></p> <p><em><strong>If you’re new to the realm of archaeological, anthropological and forensic sciences (AAFS), or are a student needing sturdy and reliable references, or wondering “what archaeology or anthropology textbooks to buy?</strong>”<a title="Useful Literature" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/useful-literature/" target="_blank"><strong> Check out our new ‘Useful Literature’ page!</strong></a></em></p> <p style="text-align:center;"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image aligncenter" id="i-859" style="border:0;" alt="Image" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/share-post-sign1.jpg?w=259" width="259" height="63" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/share-post-sign1.jpg?w=259 259w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/share-post-sign1.jpg?w=150 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/share-post-sign1.jpg 269w" sizes="(max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px" /></p> <div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-rating-enabled sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this post!</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Textbook%20of%20the%20Week%3A%20Archaeology%3A%20Theories%2C%20Methods%20%26%20Practice.&body=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsaafs.com%2F2014%2F01%2F17%2Ftextbook-of-the-week%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. 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class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology/" rel="tag">Anthropology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology-essentials/" rel="tag">anthropology essentials</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology-students/" rel="tag">anthropology students</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/archaeology/" rel="tag">Archaeology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/archaeology-essentials/" rel="tag">archaeology essentials</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/archaeology-students/" rel="tag">archaeology students</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/bioarchaeology/" rel="tag">bioarchaeology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/osteology/" rel="tag">osteology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/palaeontology/" rel="tag">palaeontology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/paleontology/" rel="tag">paleontology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/textbooks/" rel="tag">textbooks</a></span> <span class="sep"> | </span> <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2014/01/17/textbook-of-the-week/#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-595" class="post-595 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-anthropology category-archaeological-techniques category-archaeology category-quick-tips tag-anthropology tag-archaeology tag-botany tag-bulliform-phytolith tag-icpn tag-international-code-for-phytolith-nomenclature-icpn tag-palaeoarchaeology tag-palaeontology tag-paleoarchaeology tag-paleontology tag-past-environments tag-past-plant-environments tag-phytolith tag-phytoliths tag-plant tag-plant-environments tag-plant-fossil-remains tag-plant-residue tag-plant-sediments tag-plants-in-archaeology tag-plants-of-ancient-populations tag-renfrew-and-bahn-phytoliths tag-sediments"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2013/11/23/quick-tips-use-of-phytoliths-in-archaeology/" title="1:34 am" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2013-11-23T01:34:05+00:00" pubdate>23/11/2013</time></a><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2013/11/23/quick-tips-use-of-phytoliths-in-archaeology/" rel="bookmark">Quick Tips: Use of Phytoliths in Archaeology.</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Phytoliths are a very important identification tool in identifying plants within ancient environments, often even classifying down to the species of the plant.</p> <p><b>But firstly, what are phytoliths? </b>As the name phytolith suggests, coming from the Greek <i>phyto-</i> meaning plants and <i>lith</i>– meaning stone, they are tiny (less than 50µm) siliceous particles which plants produce. These phytoliths are <b>commonly found within sediments</b>, and can last hundreds of years as they are made of<b> inorganic substances that do not decay when the other organic parts of the plant decay</b>. Phytoliths can also be <b>extracted from residue left on many different artefacts</b> such as teeth (within the dental calculus), tools (such as rocks, worked lithics, scrapers, flakes, etc.) and pottery.</p> <div style="width: 497px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/phytoliths.png"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image " id="i-594" title="Phytolith descriptors and bulliform phytolith" alt="Image" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/phytoliths.png?w=487" width="487" height="468" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/phytoliths.png?w=487 487w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/phytoliths.png?w=150 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/phytoliths.png?w=300 300w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/phytoliths.png 553w" sizes="(max-width: 487px) 100vw, 487px" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Table 1 & 2: Examples of the descriptors found within the International Code for Phytolith Nomenclature (ICPN), 2005, for use of naming phytoliths.<br />Figure 1: A bulliform phytolith under a microscope, ©Henri-Georges Nation.</p></div> <p>Phytoliths can <b>form numerous striking shapes within the plant cells </b>(figure 1), which gives them a <b>characteristic shape</b>, thus <b>aiding the identification of plants</b>. Due to the vast number of shapes and sizes that phytoliths can come in, researchers compiled the<b> International Code for Phytolith Nomenclature (ICPN), 2005. </b>The ICPN was developed to create a <b>standard protocol</b> which is to be used during the process of naming and describing a new or known phytolith type, as well as a <b>glossary of descriptors</b> to help aid with the naming.</p> <p>To observe phytoliths, a sediment sample needs to be <b>collected preferably away from any human settlements</b>, as the use of <b>agriculture may have introduced non-native plants to the area</b>. The soil sample is then observed under <b>microscope or even scanning electron microscope (SEM)</b>. On the discovery of a phytolith after observation it needs to be <b>named using a maximum of three descriptors, </b>the ICPN (2005) can be used to correctly identify what descriptors should be used<b>. </b></p> <p>The <b>first descriptor should be of the shape</b>, either using 3D or 2D descriptor (whichever is more indicative/shows the phytoliths symmetry). The orientation of the phytolith should also be noted. The <b>second descriptor should describe the texture and/or ornamentation</b>, if characteristic or diagnostic and not an artefact of weathering.<br /> The <b>third descriptor should be the anatomical origin</b>, but <b>only when this information is clear and beyond doubt</b> (Madella <i>et al</i>, 2005).</p> <p>Phytoliths are very important and useful if the sediment they are taken from is hostile to the preservation of fossil pollen, so may be the only evidence available for paleoenvironment or vegetation change.</p> <p><b>References:</b></p> <p>Balme, J., Paterson, A. 2006. <em>Archaeology in Practice: A Student Guide to Archaeological Analayses. </em>Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. Pg 218.</p> <p>Madella, M., Alexandre, A., Ball, T. 2005. International Code for Phytolith Nomenclature 1.0. <i>Annals of Botany, </i>96: 253-260. <a href="http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/96/2/253.full.pdf" target="_blank">A .pdf of this paper available here. </a></p> <p>Renfrew, C., Bahn, P. 1991. <i>Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice. </i>London, UK: Thames & Hudson. 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