CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" /> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <link rel="pingback" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/xmlrpc.php" />  <title>Age of death – All Things AAFS!</title> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' />  <script id="wpcom_remote_login_js"> var wpcom_remote_login_extra_auth = ''; function wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( element_id ) { var dom_node = document.getElementById( element_id ); if ( dom_node ) { dom_node.parentNode.removeChild( dom_node ); } } function wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_classes( class_name ) { var dom_nodes = document.querySelectorAll( '.' + class_name ); for ( var i = 0; i < dom_nodes.length; i++ ) { dom_nodes[ i ].parentNode.removeChild( dom_nodes[ i ] ); } } function wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup() { wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_classes( "wpcom_remote_login_msg" ); wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_key" ); wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_validate" ); wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_js" ); wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_request_access_iframe" ); wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_request_access_styles" ); } // Watch for messages back from the remote login window.addEventListener( "message", function( e ) { if ( e.origin === "https://r-login.wordpress.com" ) { var data = {}; try { data = JSON.parse( e.data ); } catch( e ) { wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup(); return; } if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN' ) { // Clean up the login check iframe wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_key" ); var id_regex = new RegExp( /^[0-9]+$/ ); var token_regex = new RegExp( /^.*|.*|.*$/ ); if ( token_regex.test( data.token ) && id_regex.test( data.wpcomid ) ) { // We have everything we need to ask for a login var script = document.createElement( "script" ); script.setAttribute( "id", "wpcom_remote_login_validate" ); script.src = '/remote-login.php?wpcom_remote_login=validate' + '&wpcomid=' + data.wpcomid + '&token=' + encodeURIComponent( data.token ) + '&host=' + window.location.protocol + '//' + window.location.hostname + '&postid=1328' + '&is_singular='; document.body.appendChild( script ); } return; } // Safari ITP, not logged in, so redirect if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN-REDIRECT' ) { window.location = 'https://wordpress.com/log-in?redirect_to=' + window.location.href; return; } // Safari ITP, storage access failed, remove the request if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN-REMOVE' ) { var css_zap = 'html { -webkit-transition: margin-top 1s; transition: margin-top 1s; } /* 9001 */ html { margin-top: 0 !important; } * html body { margin-top: 0 !important; } @media screen and ( max-width: 782px ) { html { margin-top: 0 !important; } * html body { margin-top: 0 !important; } }'; var style_zap = document.createElement( 'style' ); style_zap.type = 'text/css'; style_zap.appendChild( document.createTextNode( css_zap ) ); document.body.appendChild( style_zap ); var e = document.getElementById( 'wpcom_request_access_iframe' ); e.parentNode.removeChild( e ); document.cookie = 'wordpress_com_login_access=denied; path=/; max-age=31536000'; return; } // Safari ITP if ( data.msg === 'REQUEST_ACCESS' ) { console.log( 'request access: safari' ); // Check ITP iframe enable/disable knob if ( wpcom_remote_login_extra_auth !== 'safari_itp_iframe' ) { return; } // If we are in a "private window" there is no ITP. var private_window = false; try { var opendb = window.openDatabase( null, null, null, null ); } catch( e ) { private_window = true; } if ( private_window ) { console.log( 'private window' ); return; } var iframe = document.createElement( 'iframe' ); iframe.id = 'wpcom_request_access_iframe'; iframe.setAttribute( 'scrolling', 'no' ); iframe.setAttribute( 'sandbox', 'allow-storage-access-by-user-activation allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation' ); iframe.src = 'https://r-login.wordpress.com/remote-login.php?wpcom_remote_login=request_access&origin=' + encodeURIComponent( data.origin ) + '&wpcomid=' + encodeURIComponent( data.wpcomid ); var css = 'html { -webkit-transition: margin-top 1s; transition: margin-top 1s; } /* 9001 */ html { margin-top: 46px !important; } * html body { margin-top: 46px !important; } @media screen and ( max-width: 660px ) { html { margin-top: 71px !important; } * html body { margin-top: 71px !important; } #wpcom_request_access_iframe { display: block; height: 71px !important; } } #wpcom_request_access_iframe { border: 0px; height: 46px; position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; z-index: 99999; background: #23282d; } '; var style = document.createElement( 'style' ); style.type = 'text/css'; style.id = 'wpcom_request_access_styles'; style.appendChild( document.createTextNode( css ) ); document.body.appendChild( style ); document.body.appendChild( iframe ); } if ( data.msg === 'DONE' ) { wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup(); } } }, false ); // Inject the remote login iframe after the page has had a chance to load // more critical resources window.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", function( e ) { var iframe = document.createElement( "iframe" ); iframe.style.display = "none"; iframe.setAttribute( "scrolling", "no" ); iframe.setAttribute( "id", "wpcom_remote_login_key" ); iframe.src = "https://r-login.wordpress.com/remote-login.php" + "?wpcom_remote_login=key" + "&origin=aHR0cHM6Ly9hbGx0aGluZ3NhYWZzLmNvbQ%3D%3D" + "&wpcomid=55285343" + "&time=1732718519"; document.body.appendChild( iframe ); }, false ); </script> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s1.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s2.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s0.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts-api.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s.pubmine.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//x.bidswitch.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//static.criteo.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//ib.adnxs.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//aax.amazon-adsystem.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//bidder.criteo.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cas.criteo.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//gum.criteo.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//ads.pubmatic.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//gads.pubmatic.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//tpc.googlesyndication.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//ad.doubleclick.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//googleads.g.doubleclick.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.googletagservices.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.switchadhub.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//delivery.g.switchadhub.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//delivery.swid.switchadhub.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//a.teads.tv' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//prebid.media.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//adserver-us.adtech.advertising.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fastlane.rubiconproject.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//prebid-server.rubiconproject.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//hb-api.omnitagjs.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//mtrx.go.sonobi.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//apex.go.sonobi.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//u.openx.net' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="All Things AAFS! » Feed" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="All Things AAFS! » Comments Feed" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="All Things AAFS! » Age of death Tag Feed" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/age-of-death/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ function addLoadEvent(func) { var oldonload = window.onload; if (typeof window.onload != 'function') { window.onload = func; } else { window.onload = function () { oldonload(); func(); } } } /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/wp-content\/mu-plugins\/wpcom-smileys\/twemoji\/2\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/wp-content\/mu-plugins\/wpcom-smileys\/twemoji\/2\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/s2.wp.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?m=1719498190i&ver=6.8-alpha-59438"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-0-1' href='https://s0.wp.com/_static/??/wp-content/blog-plugins/wordads/global.css,/wp-content/mu-plugins/likes/jetpack-likes.css?m=1717404074j&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-2-1' href='https://s0.wp.com/_static/??-eJydzMsOwiAQheEXEibEXtKF8VmATggVgcwMNby91U13LlyenHw/vKryJQtmgZpaiJkhtGM6pHA8hLCbRU96ANdiWsGl4h8qRUeWOrD0hNozX+Bn6KsYNpRqP9z20kQFiuu/CbISc+CT3583M1/NMg6zGbc3O1tP4A==&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-inline-css'> .has-text-align-justify { text-align:justify; } .has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;} </style> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-4-1' href='https://s2.wp.com/_static/??-eJzTLy/QzcxLzilNSS3WzyrWz01NyUxMzUnNTc0rQeEU5CRWphbp5qSmJyZX6uVm5uklFxfr6OPTDpRD5sM02efaGpoZmFkYGRuZGmQBAHPvL0Y=&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-6-1' href='https://s2.wp.com/wp-content/plugins/coblocks/2.18.1-simple-rev.4/dist/coblocks-style.css?m=1681832297i&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-8-1' href='https://s2.wp.com/_static/??-eJx9jcEKg0AMRH+oaVhorR7Eb9E16IpZg8min2889FZ6GYbhPQYPgbhlo2zIBWQtU8qKcdvJd5be0AmmMfW0Ejv2jKoP/K0daZzIXNdvB6PzvyJ+A8MgO6mCJ6fCYLN/6e113IZXU9WfUL/DcgHSTkDo&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans: 'Albert Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya: Alegreya, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--arvo: Arvo, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda: 'Bodoni Moda', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque: 'Bricolage Grotesque', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cabin: Cabin, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--chivo: Chivo, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner: Commissioner, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant: Cormorant, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime: 'Courier Prime', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro: 'Crimson Pro', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono: 'DM Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display: 'DM Serif Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--domine: Domine, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond: 'EB Garamond', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue: Epilogue, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang: Fahkwang, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--figtree: Figtree, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans: 'Fira Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one: 'Fjalla One', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces: Fraunces, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito: Gabarito, system-ui;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans: 'IBM Plex Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova: 'Ibarra Real Nova', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif: 'Instrument Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--inter: Inter, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans: 'Josefin Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--jost: Jost, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin: 'Libre Franklin', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--literata: Literata, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--lora: Lora, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather: Merriweather, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat: Montserrat, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader: Newsreader, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono: 'Noto Sans Mono', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--nunito: Nunito, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--overpass: Overpass, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif: 'PT Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--petrona: Petrona, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla: Piazzolla, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display: 'Playfair Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--poppins: Poppins, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--raleway: Raleway, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto: Roboto, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab: 'Roboto Slab', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rubik: Rubik, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rufina: Rufina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--sora: Sora, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3: 'Source Sans 3', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4: 'Source Serif 4', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono: 'Space Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--syne: Syne, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--texturina: Texturina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist: Urbanist, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans: 'Work Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-albert-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans) !important;}.has-alegreya-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya) !important;}.has-arvo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--arvo) !important;}.has-bodoni-moda-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda) !important;}.has-bricolage-grotesque-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque) !important;}.has-cabin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cabin) !important;}.has-chivo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--chivo) !important;}.has-commissioner-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner) !important;}.has-cormorant-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant) !important;}.has-courier-prime-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime) !important;}.has-crimson-pro-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro) !important;}.has-dm-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono) !important;}.has-dm-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans) !important;}.has-dm-serif-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display) !important;}.has-domine-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--domine) !important;}.has-eb-garamond-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond) !important;}.has-epilogue-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue) !important;}.has-fahkwang-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang) !important;}.has-figtree-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--figtree) !important;}.has-fira-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans) !important;}.has-fjalla-one-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one) !important;}.has-fraunces-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces) !important;}.has-gabarito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans) !important;}.has-ibarra-real-nova-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova) !important;}.has-instrument-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif) !important;}.has-inter-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--inter) !important;}.has-josefin-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans) !important;}.has-jost-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--jost) !important;}.has-libre-baskerville-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville) !important;}.has-libre-franklin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin) !important;}.has-literata-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--literata) !important;}.has-lora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--lora) !important;}.has-merriweather-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather) !important;}.has-montserrat-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat) !important;}.has-newsreader-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader) !important;}.has-noto-sans-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono) !important;}.has-nunito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--nunito) !important;}.has-open-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans) !important;}.has-overpass-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--overpass) !important;}.has-pt-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif) !important;}.has-petrona-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--petrona) !important;}.has-piazzolla-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla) !important;}.has-playfair-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display) !important;}.has-plus-jakarta-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans) !important;}.has-poppins-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--poppins) !important;}.has-raleway-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--raleway) !important;}.has-roboto-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto) !important;}.has-roboto-slab-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab) !important;}.has-rubik-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rubik) !important;}.has-rufina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rufina) !important;}.has-sora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--sora) !important;}.has-source-sans-3-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3) !important;}.has-source-serif-4-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4) !important;}.has-space-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono) !important;}.has-syne-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--syne) !important;}.has-texturina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--texturina) !important;}.has-urbanist-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist) !important;}.has-work-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans) !important;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} </style> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-10-1' href='https://s1.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/misty-lake/style.css?m=1579202016i&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />  <link rel='stylesheet' id='mistylake-open-sans-css' href='https://fonts-api.wp.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic,700,700italic&subset=latin,latin-ext' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mistylake-droid-serif-css' href='https://fonts-api.wp.com/css?family=Droid+Serif%3A400%2C400italic%2C400bold&subset=latin&ver=6.8-alpha-59438' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack_facebook_likebox-inline-css'> .widget_facebook_likebox { overflow: hidden; } </style> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-18-1' href='https://s1.wp.com/_static/??-eJzTLy/QTc7PK0nNK9HPLdUtyClNz8wr1i9KTcrJTwcy0/WTi5G5ekCujj52Temp+bo5+cmJJZn5eSgc3bScxMwikFb7XFtDE1NLExMLc0OTLACohS2q&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='print-css-19-1' href='https://s1.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/global-print/global-print.css?m=1465851035i&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='print' /> <style id='jetpack-global-styles-frontend-style-inline-css'> :root { --font-headings: unset; --font-base: unset; --font-headings-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; --font-base-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;} </style> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-22-1' href='https://s0.wp.com/_static/??-eJyNjcsKQjEMBX/ImlsQry7ET5GahrbXNCmmRfx7H7gRN+7OwGEGbs2hSifpUIdrPFIRg4V6C3j5MNgQqBoHk4HlcKUYYry/Z5G0RrMV/C06FUEwxRLYsSa1L/iR9Uz1mc0bSKznwK/DsR787Kd5P/ntbnkAuNBIYA==&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpcom-actionbar-placeholder-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var actionbardata = {"siteID":"55285343","postID":"0","siteURL":"https:\/\/allthingsaafs.com","xhrURL":"https:\/\/allthingsaafs.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"fe839908c7","isLoggedIn":"","statusMessage":"","subsEmailDefault":"instantly","proxyScriptUrl":"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/wp-content\/js\/wpcom-proxy-request.js?ver=20211021","i18n":{"followedText":"New posts from this site will now appear in your <a href=\"https:\/\/wordpress.com\/read\">Reader<\/a>","foldBar":"Collapse this bar","unfoldBar":"Expand this bar"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-mu-wpcom-settings-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var JETPACK_MU_WPCOM_SETTINGS = {"assetsUrl":"https:\/\/s1.wp.com\/wp-content\/mu-plugins\/jetpack-mu-wpcom-plugin\/sun\/vendor\/automattic\/jetpack-mu-wpcom\/src\/build\/"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript' src='https://s1.wp.com/_static/??-eJyFjcsOwiAQRX/I6dSa+lgYvwWBEAgMOAPW/n3bqIk7V2dxT87FqYDOVC1VDIIcKxTOr7kLssN186RjM1a2MTya5fmDLnn6K0HyjlW1v/L37R6zgxKb8yQ4ZTbKCOioRN4hnQo+hw1AmcCZwmvilq7709CPh/54voQFmNpFWg=='></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="rlt-proxy-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ rltInitialize( {"token":null,"iframeOrigins":["https:\/\/widgets.wp.com"]} ); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://allthingsaafs.wordpress.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress.com" />  <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Age of death – All Things AAFS!" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/age-of-death/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="All Things AAFS!" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/b88c04fe4099ec339a54264371f590872e1d045772de749b129f02bc0dd4d66f?s=200&ts=1732718519" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="200" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="200" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@AllThingsAAFS" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AllThingsAAFS" />  <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/b88c04fe4099ec339a54264371f590872e1d045772de749b129f02bc0dd4d66f?s=32" sizes="16x16" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/b88c04fe4099ec339a54264371f590872e1d045772de749b129f02bc0dd4d66f?s=32" sizes="16x16" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/b88c04fe4099ec339a54264371f590872e1d045772de749b129f02bc0dd4d66f?s=114" /> <link rel='openid.server' href='https://allthingsaafs.com/?openidserver=1' /> <link rel='openid.delegate' href='https://allthingsaafs.com/' /> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/osd.xml" title="All Things AAFS!" /> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://s1.wp.com/opensearch.xml" title="WordPress.com" /> <style type="text/css"> .recentcomments a { display: inline !important; padding: 0 !important; margin: 0 !important; } table.recentcommentsavatartop img.avatar, table.recentcommentsavatarend img.avatar { border: 0px; margin: 0; } table.recentcommentsavatartop a, table.recentcommentsavatarend a { border: 0px !important; background-color: transparent !important; } td.recentcommentsavatarend, td.recentcommentsavatartop { padding: 0px 0px 1px 0px; margin: 0px; } td.recentcommentstextend { border: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 2px 10px; } .rtl td.recentcommentstextend { padding: 0px 10px 2px 0px; } td.recentcommentstexttop { border: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; } .rtl td.recentcommentstexttop { padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; } </style> <meta name="application-name" content="All Things AAFS!" /><meta name="msapplication-window" content="width=device-width;height=device-height" /><meta name="msapplication-tooltip" content="For juicy tidbits of information and insights into the world that involves archaeological, anthropological and forensic sciences!" /><meta name="description" content="Posts about Age of death written by All Things AAFS!" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wa_smart = { 'network_id': 3905, 'site_id': 560111, 'page_id': 1700829, 'blog_id': 55285343, 'post_id': null, 'theme': 'pub/misty-lake', 'target': 'wp_blog_id=55285343;language=en', '_': { 'title': 'Advertisement', 'privacy_settings': 'Privacy Settings' }, 'top': { 'enabled': false, 'adflow_enabled': true, 'format_id': 135099 }, 'inline': { 'enabled': false, 'adflow_enabled': true, 'format_id': 110354, 'max_slots': 20, 'max_blaze_slots': 20 }, 'belowpost': { 'enabled': false, 'adflow_enabled': true, 'format_id': 134071 }, 'bottom_sticky': { 'enabled': false, 'adflow_enabled': true, 'format_id': 117571 }, 'sidebar': { 'enabled': false, 'adflow_enabled': true, 'format_id': 134686 }, 'sidebar_sticky_right': { 'enabled': false, 'adflow_enabled': true, 'format_id': 135281 }, 'gutenberg_rectangle': { 'enabled': false, 'adflow_enabled': true, 'format_id': 134788 }, 'gutenberg_leaderboard': { 'enabled': false, 'adflow_enabled': true, 'format_id': 135073 }, 'gutenberg_mobile_leaderboard': { 'enabled': false, 'adflow_enabled': true, 'format_id': 135098 }, 'gutenberg_skyscraper': { 'enabled': false, 'adflow_enabled': true, 'format_id': 135088 } }; wa_smart.cmd = []; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript"> function __ATA_CC() {var v = document.cookie.match('(^|;) ?personalized-ads-consent=([^;]*)(;|$)');return v ? 1 : 0;} var __ATA_PP = { 'pt': 3, 'ht': 1, 'tn': 'misty-lake', 'uloggedin': 0, 'amp': false, 'consent': __ATA_CC(), 'gdpr_applies': false, 'ad': { 'label': { 'text': 'Advertisements' }, 'reportAd': { 'text': 'Report this ad' } }, 'disabled_slot_formats': [], 'siteid': 55285343 }; var __ATA = __ATA || {}; __ATA.cmd = __ATA.cmd || []; __ATA.criteo = __ATA.criteo || {}; __ATA.criteo.cmd = __ATA.criteo.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var g=Date.now||function(){return+new Date};function h(a,b){a:{for(var c=a.length,d="string"==typeof a?a.split(""):a,e=0;e<c;e++)if(e in d&&b.call(void 0,d[e],e,a)){b=e;break a}b=-1}return 0>b?null:"string"==typeof a?a.charAt(b):a[b]};function k(a,b,c){c=null!=c?"="+encodeURIComponent(String(c)):"";if(b+=c){c=a.indexOf("#");0>c&&(c=a.length);var d=a.indexOf("?");if(0>d||d>c){d=c;var e=""}else e=a.substring(d+1,c);a=[a.substr(0,d),e,a.substr(c)];c=a[1];a[1]=b?c?c+"&"+b:b:c;a=a[0]+(a[1]?"?"+a[1]:"")+a[2]}return a};var l=0;function m(a,b){var c=document.createElement("script");c.src=a;c.onload=function(){b&&b(void 0)};c.onerror=function(){b&&b("error")};a=document.getElementsByTagName("head");var d;a&&0!==a.length?d=a[0]:d=document.documentElement;d.appendChild(c)}function n(a){var b=void 0===b?document.cookie:b;return(b=h(b.split("; "),function(c){return-1!=c.indexOf(a+"=")}))?b.split("=")[1]:""}function p(a){return"string"==typeof a&&0<a.length} function r(a,b,c){b=void 0===b?"":b;c=void 0===c?".":c;var d=[];Object.keys(a).forEach(function(e){var f=a[e],q=typeof f;"object"==q&&null!=f||"function"==q?d.push(r(f,b+e+c)):null!==f&&void 0!==f&&(e=encodeURIComponent(b+e),d.push(e+"="+encodeURIComponent(f)))});return d.filter(p).join("&")}function t(a,b){a||((window.__ATA||{}).config=b.c,m(b.url))}var u=Math.floor(1E13*Math.random()),v=window.__ATA||{};window.__ATA=v;window.__ATA.cmd=v.cmd||[];v.rid=u;v.createdAt=g();var w=window.__ATA||{},x="s.pubmine.com"; w&&w.serverDomain&&(x=w.serverDomain);var y="//"+x+"/conf",z=window.top===window,A=window.__ATA_PP&&window.__ATA_PP.gdpr_applies,B="boolean"===typeof A?Number(A):null,C=window.__ATA_PP||null,D=z?document.referrer?document.referrer:null:null,E=z?window.location.href:document.referrer?document.referrer:null,F,G=n("__ATA_tuuid");F=G?G:null;var H=window.innerWidth+"x"+window.innerHeight,I=n("usprivacy"),J=r({gdpr:B,pp:C,rid:u,src:D,ref:E,tuuid:F,vp:H,us_privacy:I?I:null},"","."); (function(a){var b=void 0===b?"cb":b;l++;var c="callback__"+g().toString(36)+"_"+l.toString(36);a=k(a,b,c);window[c]=function(d){t(void 0,d)};m(a,function(d){d&&t(d)})})(y+"?"+J);}).call(this); </script> <script> var sas_fallback = sas_fallback || []; sas_fallback.push( { tag: "<div id="atatags-552853431-{{unique_id}}"></div><script>__ATA.cmd.push(function() {__ATA.initDynamicSlot({id: \'atatags-552853431-{{unique_id}}\',location: 120,formFactor: \'001\',label: {text: \'Advertisements\',},creative: {reportAd: {text: \'Report this ad\',},privacySettings: {text: \'Privacy\',}}});});</script>", type: 'belowpost' }, { tag: "<div id="atatags-552853431-{{unique_id}}"></div><script>__ATA.cmd.push(function() {__ATA.initDynamicSlot({id: \'atatags-552853431-{{unique_id}}\',location: 310,formFactor: \'001\',label: {text: \'Advertisements\',},creative: {reportAd: {text: \'Report this ad\',},privacySettings: {text: \'Privacy\',}}});});</script>", type: 'inline' }, { tag: "<div id="atatags-552853431-{{unique_id}}"></div><script>__ATA.cmd.push(function() {__ATA.initDynamicSlot({id: \'atatags-552853431-{{unique_id}}\',location: 140,formFactor: \'003\',label: {text: \'Advertisements\',},creative: {reportAd: {text: \'Report this ad\',},privacySettings: {text: \'Privacy\',}}});});</script>", type: 'sidebar' }, { tag: "<div id="atatags-552853431-{{unique_id}}"></div><script>__ATA.cmd.push(function() {__ATA.initDynamicSlot({id: \'atatags-552853431-{{unique_id}}\',location: 110,formFactor: \'002\',label: {text: \'Advertisements\',},creative: {reportAd: {text: \'Report this ad\',},privacySettings: {text: \'Privacy\',}}});});</script>", type: 'top' } ); </script></head> <body class="archive tag tag-age-of-death tag-38012623 customizer-styles-applied jetpack-reblog-enabled"> <div id="page" class="hfeed site"> <div id="atatags-552853432-67472fb7319e0"></div> <script> __ATA.cmd.push(function() { __ATA.initDynamicSlot({ id: 'atatags-552853432-67472fb7319e0', location: 110, formFactor: '002', label: { text: 'Advertisements', }, creative: { reportAd: { text: 'Report this ad', }, privacySettings: { text: 'Privacy', } } }); }); </script> <header id="masthead" class="site-header" role="banner"> <div class="site-branding"> <h1 class="site-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/" title="All Things AAFS!" rel="home">All Things AAFS!</a></h1> <h2 class="site-description">For juicy tidbits of information and insights into the world that involves archaeological, anthropological and forensic sciences!</h2> </div> <nav id="nav" role="navigation" class="site-navigation main-navigation"> <h1 class="assistive-text screen-reader-text">Menu</h1> <div class="assistive-text skip-link screen-reader-text"><a href="#content" title="Skip to content">Skip to content</a></div> <div class="menu-all-things-aafs-container"><ul id="menu-all-things-aafs" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-177" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-177"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.wordpress.com/">Home</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-183" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-183"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/unusual-ology/">Unusual-ology</a></li> <li id="menu-item-290" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-290"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/">Quick Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-181" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-181"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/archaeology/">Archaeology</a></li> <li id="menu-item-180" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-180"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/anthropology/">Anthropology</a></li> <li id="menu-item-184" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-184"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/conservation-2/">Conservation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-182" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-182"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/forensics/">Forensics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-192" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-192"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/anthropology/primatology/">Primatology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-178" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-178"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/about/">About All Things AAFS!</a></li> <li id="menu-item-179" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-179"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/about-me/">About Me!</a></li> <li id="menu-item-198" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-198"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/about-my-dissertation/">About My Dissertation!</a></li> <li id="menu-item-657" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-657"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/useful-literature/">Useful Literature!</a></li> <li id="menu-item-589" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-589"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/archaeologytoolkits/">Our Etsy Tool Kit Store!</a></li> <li id="menu-item-335" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-335"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/contact-all-things-aafs/">Contact All Things AAFS!</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </header> <div id="main" class="site-main"> <div class="header-image"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/" title="All Things AAFS!" rel="home"> <img src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/header4.png" width="1015" height="237" alt="" /> </a> </div> <section id="primary" class="content-area"> <div id="content" class="site-content" role="main"> <header class="page-header"> <h1 class="page-title"> Age of death </h1> </header> <article id="post-1328" class="post-1328 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-anthropology category-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-series category-quick-tips tag-age-estimation tag-age-of-death tag-ageing tag-ageing-bones tag-ageing-human-bones tag-ageing-remains tag-ageing-skeletal-remains tag-ageing-skeleton tag-ageing-skeletons tag-aging-human-remains tag-aging-skeletal-remains tag-aging-skeletons tag-all-things-aafs-quick-tips tag-allthingsaafs tag-anthropology tag-anthropology-quick-tips tag-anthropology-students tag-archaeology tag-archaeology-students tag-chronological-age tag-chronological-age-of-human-remains tag-chronologically-aging-skeletal-remains tag-dating-skeletal-remains tag-osteology-quick-tips tag-quick-tips tag-skeletal-remains tag-sternal-rib-end tag-sternal-rib-end-method"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/27/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-sternal-rib-end-method/" title="2:00 pm" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2016-01-27T14:00:00+00:00" pubdate>27/01/2016</time></a><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/27/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-sternal-rib-end-method/" rel="bookmark">Quick Tips: How To Estimate The Chronological Age Of A Human Skeleton – Sternal Rib End Method.</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em>This Quick Tips post is the sixth in the series on age estimation on skeletal remains, if you haven’t read the previous post click</em><em> </em><em><a style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2014/01/12/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-pubic-symphyseal-surface-method/">here</a></em><em>, or to start at the beginning click</em><em> <a style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;" href="https://allthingsaafs.wordpress.com/2013/08/20/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-the-basics/">here.</a> The previous post provides an overview of the pubic symphyseal surface method of ageing, whereas the first post covers the basics.</em></p> <p>The method was primarily developed by Iscan and Loth (1986) who studied the metamorphosis of the sternal end of the fourth rib. They found that the metamorphosis corresponds to the age but does vary by sex.</p> <p>In their study they examined the “form, shape, texture and overall quality” of the sternal end which is found at the anterior (ventral) end of the shaft. This end is a roughened, porous, cupped oval surface which attaches to the cartilage attached to the sternum.  From this they were able to define a series of phases that depict the metamorphism of the sternal rib end over time.</p> <p><div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1331" style="width: 1802px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1331" data-attachment-id="1331" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/27/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-sternal-rib-end-method/rib-anatomy/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/rib-anatomy.png" data-orig-size="1792,1066" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Rib anatomy" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>The method was primarily developed by Iscan and Loth (1986) who studied the metamorphosis of the sternal end of the fourth rib. They found that the metamorphosis corresponds to the age but does vary by sex.</p> " data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/rib-anatomy.png?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/rib-anatomy.png?w=660" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1331" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/rib-anatomy.png?w=660" alt="Rib anatomy" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/rib-anatomy.png 1792w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/rib-anatomy.png?w=150&h=89 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/rib-anatomy.png?w=300&h=178 300w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/rib-anatomy.png?w=768&h=457 768w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/rib-anatomy.png?w=1024&h=609 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1792px) 100vw, 1792px"><p id="caption-attachment-1331" class="wp-caption-text">Anatomy of the rib cage. This method was primarily developed by Iscan and Loth (1986) who studied the metamorphosis of the sternal end of the fourth rib. They found that the metamorphosis corresponds to the age but does vary by sex.</p></div>At the start the sternal end is flat or billowy with regular and rounded edges, and over time its rim thins and become irregular, with the surface porosity increasing, and the end becomes irregular. This method can be applied cautiously to the 3<sup>rd</sup> or 5<sup>th</sup> ribs as well, but not the others.</p> <p><strong>References:</strong></p> <p>Iscan, M.Y., and Loth, S.R. 1986. Estimation of age and determination of sex from the sternal rib. In: K. J. Reichs (ed.) <em>Forensic Osteology: Advances in the Identification of Human Remains. </em>Springfield, Illinois. Pg 68-89.</p> <p>White, T.D., Folkens, P.A. 2005. <i>The Human Bone Manual</i>. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Pg 360-385.</p> <p><strong><em>If you’re new to the realm of archaeological, anthropological and forensic sciences (AAFS), or are a student needing sturdy and reliable references, or wondering “what archaeology or anthropology textbooks to buy?</em></strong><em>”<a style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/useful-literature/"><strong style="font-style:inherit;"> Check out our new ‘Useful Literature’ page!</strong></a></em></p> <p> </p> <div id="atatags-552853431-67472fb735e6a"></div> <script> __ATA.cmd.push(function() { __ATA.initDynamicSlot({ id: 'atatags-552853431-67472fb735e6a', location: 120, formFactor: '001', label: { text: 'Advertisements', }, creative: { reportAd: { text: 'Report this ad', }, privacySettings: { text: 'Privacy', } } }); }); </script><div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-rating-enabled sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this post!</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Quick%20Tips%3A%20How%20To%20Estimate%20The%20Chronological%20Age%20Of%20A%20Human%20Skeleton%20%E2%80%93%20Sternal%20Rib%20End%20Method.&body=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsaafs.com%2F2016%2F01%2F27%2Fquick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-sternal-rib-end-method%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="4633f0adb3" data-email-share-track-url="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/27/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-sternal-rib-end-method/?share=email"><span>Email</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-1328" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/27/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-sternal-rib-end-method/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-1328" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/27/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-sternal-rib-end-method/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li class="share-tumblr"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-tumblr sd-button share-icon" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/27/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-sternal-rib-end-method/?share=tumblr" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Tumblr" ><span>Tumblr</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/27/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-sternal-rib-end-method/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span>Reddit</span></a></li><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-pinterest-1328" class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/27/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-sternal-rib-end-method/?share=pinterest" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Pinterest" ><span>Pinterest</span></a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/27/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-sternal-rib-end-method/" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span>Print</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-55285343-1328-67472fb736700' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20241127#blog_id=55285343&post_id=1328&origin=allthingsaafs.wordpress.com&obj_id=55285343-1328-67472fb736700&domain=allthingsaafs.com' data-name='like-post-frame-55285343-1328-67472fb736700' data-title='Like or Reblog'><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-meta"> <span class="cat-links"> Posted in <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/anthropology/" rel="category tag">Anthropology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-series/" rel="category tag">Estimate The Chronological Age Of A Human Skeleton Series</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/" rel="category tag">Quick Tips</a> </span> <span class="sep"> | </span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/age-estimation/" rel="tag">age estimation</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/age-of-death/" rel="tag">Age of death</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/ageing/" rel="tag">ageing</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/ageing-bones/" rel="tag">ageing bones</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/ageing-human-bones/" rel="tag">ageing human bones</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/ageing-remains/" rel="tag">ageing remains</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/ageing-skeletal-remains/" rel="tag">ageing skeletal remains</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/ageing-skeleton/" rel="tag">ageing skeleton</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/ageing-skeletons/" rel="tag">ageing skeletons</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/aging-human-remains/" rel="tag">aging human remains</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/aging-skeletal-remains/" rel="tag">aging skeletal remains</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/aging-skeletons/" rel="tag">aging skeletons</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/all-things-aafs-quick-tips/" rel="tag">All Things AAFS! Quick Tips</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/allthingsaafs/" rel="tag">allthingsaafs</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology/" rel="tag">Anthropology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology-quick-tips/" rel="tag">anthropology quick tips</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology-students/" rel="tag">anthropology students</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/archaeology/" rel="tag">Archaeology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/archaeology-students/" rel="tag">archaeology students</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/chronological-age/" rel="tag">chronological age</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/chronological-age-of-human-remains/" rel="tag">chronological age of human remains</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/chronologically-aging-skeletal-remains/" rel="tag">chronologically aging skeletal remains</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/dating-skeletal-remains/" rel="tag">Dating skeletal remains</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/osteology-quick-tips/" rel="tag">osteology quick tips</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/quick-tips/" rel="tag">Quick Tips</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/skeletal-remains/" rel="tag">skeletal remains</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/sternal-rib-end/" rel="tag">Sternal Rib End</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/sternal-rib-end-method/" rel="tag">Sternal Rib End Method</a></span> <span class="sep"> | </span> <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/27/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-sternal-rib-end-method/#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-53" class="post-53 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-anthropology category-common-questions category-forensics category-quick-tips tag-age-of-death tag-anthropology tag-cementum tag-common-questions-in-anthropology tag-common-questions-in-archaeology tag-dentition tag-dentition-archaeological tag-forensic-dentition tag-forensic-identification tag-forensic-identification-via-teeth tag-forensic-odontology tag-forensics tag-isotopes tag-kagerer-and-grupe-2000 tag-life-expectancy tag-mesotten-et-al-2002 tag-molars tag-orthopantomograms tag-palaeodiets tag-palaeoenvironments tag-palaeontology tag-paleodiets tag-paleontology tag-past-populations tag-quick-tips tag-teeth tag-teeth-within-anthropology tag-teeth-within-archaeology tag-using-teeth-to-identify-individuals tag-what-can-we-learn-from-teeth"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/16/forensic-odontology-what-can-an-anthropologist-tell-from-the-examination-of-teeth-regarding-either-forensic-identification-of-individuals-or-understanding-past-populations/" title="10:15 am" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2015-01-16T10:15:00+00:00" pubdate>16/01/2015</time></a><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/16/forensic-odontology-what-can-an-anthropologist-tell-from-the-examination-of-teeth-regarding-either-forensic-identification-of-individuals-or-understanding-past-populations/" rel="bookmark">Quick Tips – Common Questions: What can an anthropologist tell from the examination of teeth regarding either forensic identification of individuals or understanding past populations?</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em>This is a Quick Tips post providing a basic answer to a commonly asked question often faced within the field of archaeology and anthropology.</em></p> <p>An anthropologist can obtain a wide and varied collection of information from examining teeth. Information such as paleodiets and palaeoenvironments can be learnt from studying a population, or from studying an individual sample you can identify how old the person was at time of death or whether that person was pregnant/ill. These examples are just the tip of the iceberg on what you can learn from dentition.</p> <div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1103" style="width: 410px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1103" data-attachment-id="1103" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/16/forensic-odontology-what-can-an-anthropologist-tell-from-the-examination-of-teeth-regarding-either-forensic-identification-of-individuals-or-understanding-past-populations/canstockphoto18923300/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto18923300.jpg" data-orig-size="1600,1059" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Ondontology" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto18923300.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto18923300.jpg?w=660" class="wp-image-1103" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto18923300.jpg?w=400&h=265" alt="Ondontology" width="400" height="265" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto18923300.jpg?w=300 300w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto18923300.jpg?w=400 400w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto18923300.jpg?w=800 800w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto18923300.jpg?w=150 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/canstockphoto18923300.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1103" class="wp-caption-text">An anthropologist can obtain a wide and varied collection of information from examining teeth, ranging from palaeodiets and palaeoenvironmental information to age of death.</p></div> <p>From studying a large population dentition sample, a picture can be painted of their past diets, current diets and palaeoenvironments. Isotopes play a huge part in conducting research into palaeodiets and palaeoenvironments.</p> <p>Isotopes are deposited into the teeth of an individual/population from food sources or environment. A tooth can provide isotopic information from the past 20yrs of the individual’s life. The enamel and dentine can be examined to analyse the isotopic values that will pinpoint an origin of a population or food sources. The carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions found within the enamel are used to reconstruct diet and the oxygen isotopes are used to determine the geographic origin of the food source. The carbon isotopes are absorbed from the diet of the animals that are sources and the oxygen isotopes from the water that the population consume. These isotopic values are vital in helping an anthropologist understand the local ecosystem a population exploited and whether a population migrated to numerous locations which caused changes in the available diet.</p> <p>The cementum of a tooth can highlight important information about a person which can be used for forensic identification; this information could give an approximate age of death. An example of this application is seen in Kagerer and Grupe (2000) study where they obtained 80 freshly extracted teeth and investigated the incremental lines in acellular extrinsic fibre cementum. From studying the cementum, they were able to determine the age of the patient by comparing it to detailed queries of the patients life history. This study also identified patients who were pregnant. Kagerer and Grupe (2000) concluded that if there was a presence of hypo-mineralised incremental lines on the extracted tooth, the patient was pregnant. This is due to the pregnancies influence on calcium metabolism. A confliction with this is that hypo-mineralized lines can also appear when a skeletal trauma or renal illness was present.</p> <p>By looking at the dentition of molars the age of the skeleton can be estimated. A recent study by Mesotten, <em>et al.</em> (2002) highlighted the application of forensic odontology. Mesotten, <em>et al’s</em> methodology consisted of examining 1175 orthopantomograms which belonged to patients who were of Caucasian origin and were aged between 16 and 22years. From their investigation Mesotten, <em>et al</em>. were able to conclude that from studying the molars, it was possible to age Caucasian individuals with a regression formula with a standard deviation of 1.52 or 1.56 years for males and females, respectively, if all four third molars were available. This could play a fundamental role in identifying a missing person by estimating the decease’s age and seeing if its estimate matches the individual.</p> <p>Although the studies from Mesotten, <em>et al</em> (2002) and Kagerer and Grupe (2000) have been written about and applied to individual cases, their methodology and conclusions can be applied to a past population if a group of skeletons were found with preserved teeth. The individual’s age of death can be used as quantitative data, alongside other individuals from the same sample, to figure out a past population’s life expectancy.</p> <p><strong>References:</strong></p> <p>Kagerer, P. Grupe, G. 2000. Age-at-death diagnosis and determination of life-history parameters by incremental lines in human dental cementum as an identification aid. <i>Forensic Science International. </i>118, 1. 75-82.</p> <p>Mesotten, K. Gunst, K. Carbonez, A. Willems, G. 2002. Dental age estimation and third molars: a preliminary study. Forensic Science International. Volume 129, Issue 2, 110-115</p> <p><strong>To learn how archaeologists and anthropologists use teeth to age skeletal remains, read our <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2013/09/04/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-using-dentition-to-age-subadults/" target="_blank">Quick Tips: How To Estimate The Chronological Age of a Human Skeleton – Using Dentition to Age Subadults.</a> Or to read more of our interesting Quick Tips, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/" target="_blank">click here.</a></strong></p> <div id="atatags-552853435-67472fb7383e3"> <script type="text/javascript"> __ATA.cmd.push(function() { __ATA.initVideoSlot('atatags-552853435-67472fb7383e3', { sectionId: '552853435', format: 'inread' }); }); </script> </div><div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-rating-enabled sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this post!</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Quick%20Tips%20-%20Common%20Questions%3A%20What%20can%20an%20anthropologist%20tell%20from%20the%20examination%20of%20teeth%20regarding%20either%20forensic%20identification%20of%20individuals%20or%20understanding%20past%20populations%3F&body=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsaafs.com%2F2015%2F01%2F16%2Fforensic-odontology-what-can-an-anthropologist-tell-from-the-examination-of-teeth-regarding-either-forensic-identification-of-individuals-or-understanding-past-populations%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="2dd1934111" data-email-share-track-url="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/16/forensic-odontology-what-can-an-anthropologist-tell-from-the-examination-of-teeth-regarding-either-forensic-identification-of-individuals-or-understanding-past-populations/?share=email"><span>Email</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-53" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/16/forensic-odontology-what-can-an-anthropologist-tell-from-the-examination-of-teeth-regarding-either-forensic-identification-of-individuals-or-understanding-past-populations/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-53" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/16/forensic-odontology-what-can-an-anthropologist-tell-from-the-examination-of-teeth-regarding-either-forensic-identification-of-individuals-or-understanding-past-populations/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li class="share-tumblr"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-tumblr sd-button share-icon" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/16/forensic-odontology-what-can-an-anthropologist-tell-from-the-examination-of-teeth-regarding-either-forensic-identification-of-individuals-or-understanding-past-populations/?share=tumblr" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Tumblr" ><span>Tumblr</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/16/forensic-odontology-what-can-an-anthropologist-tell-from-the-examination-of-teeth-regarding-either-forensic-identification-of-individuals-or-understanding-past-populations/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span>Reddit</span></a></li><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-pinterest-53" class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/16/forensic-odontology-what-can-an-anthropologist-tell-from-the-examination-of-teeth-regarding-either-forensic-identification-of-individuals-or-understanding-past-populations/?share=pinterest" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Pinterest" ><span>Pinterest</span></a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/16/forensic-odontology-what-can-an-anthropologist-tell-from-the-examination-of-teeth-regarding-either-forensic-identification-of-individuals-or-understanding-past-populations/" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span>Print</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-55285343-53-67472fb738cea' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20241127#blog_id=55285343&post_id=53&origin=allthingsaafs.wordpress.com&obj_id=55285343-53-67472fb738cea&domain=allthingsaafs.com' data-name='like-post-frame-55285343-53-67472fb738cea' data-title='Like or Reblog'><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-meta"> <span class="cat-links"> Posted in <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/anthropology/" rel="category tag">Anthropology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/common-questions/" rel="category tag">Common Questions</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/forensics/" rel="category tag">Forensics</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/" rel="category tag">Quick Tips</a> </span> <span class="sep"> | </span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/age-of-death/" rel="tag">Age of death</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology/" rel="tag">Anthropology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/cementum/" rel="tag">Cementum</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/common-questions-in-anthropology/" rel="tag">common questions in anthropology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/common-questions-in-archaeology/" rel="tag">Common questions in archaeology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/dentition/" rel="tag">dentition</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/dentition-archaeological/" rel="tag">dentition archaeological</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/forensic-dentition/" rel="tag">forensic dentition</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/forensic-identification/" rel="tag">forensic identification</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/forensic-identification-via-teeth/" rel="tag">forensic identification via teeth</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/forensic-odontology/" rel="tag">Forensic Odontology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/forensics/" rel="tag">Forensics</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/isotopes/" rel="tag">Isotopes</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/kagerer-and-grupe-2000/" rel="tag">Kagerer and Grupe (2000)</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/life-expectancy/" rel="tag">Life Expectancy</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/mesotten-et-al-2002/" rel="tag">Mesotten et al (2002)</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/molars/" rel="tag">Molars</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/orthopantomograms/" rel="tag">Orthopantomograms</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/palaeodiets/" rel="tag">Palaeodiets</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/palaeoenvironments/" rel="tag">Palaeoenvironments</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/palaeontology/" rel="tag">palaeontology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/paleodiets/" rel="tag">Paleodiets</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/paleontology/" rel="tag">paleontology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/past-populations/" rel="tag">Past Populations</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/quick-tips/" rel="tag">Quick Tips</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/teeth/" rel="tag">Teeth</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/teeth-within-anthropology/" rel="tag">teeth within anthropology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/teeth-within-archaeology/" rel="tag">Teeth within archaeology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/using-teeth-to-identify-individuals/" rel="tag">using teeth to identify individuals</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/what-can-we-learn-from-teeth/" rel="tag">what can we learn from teeth?</a></span> <span class="sep"> | </span> <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/16/forensic-odontology-what-can-an-anthropologist-tell-from-the-examination-of-teeth-regarding-either-forensic-identification-of-individuals-or-understanding-past-populations/#comments">1 Comment</a></span> </footer> </article> </div> </section> <div id="secondary" class="updateable widget-area" role="complementary"> <div id="atatags-552853433-67472fb7394bc"></div> <script> __ATA.cmd.push(function() { __ATA.initDynamicSlot({ id: 'atatags-552853433-67472fb7394bc', location: 140, formFactor: '003', label: { text: 'Advertisements', }, creative: { reportAd: { text: 'Report this ad', }, privacySettings: { text: 'Privacy', } } }); }); </script> <aside id="media_image-6" class="widget widget_media_image"><h1 class="widget-title">All Things AAFS!</h1><style>.widget.widget_media_image { overflow: hidden; }.widget.widget_media_image img { height: auto; max-width: 100%; }</style><div style="width: 390px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/about/"><img class="image alignnone" src="https://allthingsaafs.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/useable-big.png?w=147&h=150" alt="" width="380" height="324" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">For juicy tidbits of information and insights into the world that involves archaeological, anthropological and forensic sciences!</p></div></aside><aside id="follow_button_widget-2" class="widget widget_follow_button_widget"> <a class="wordpress-follow-button" href="https://allthingsaafs.com" data-blog="55285343" data-lang="en" >Follow All Things AAFS! on WordPress.com</a> <script type="text/javascript">(function(d){ window.wpcomPlatform = {"titles":{"timelines":"Embeddable Timelines","followButton":"Follow Button","wpEmbeds":"WordPress Embeds"}}; var f = d.getElementsByTagName('SCRIPT')[0], p = d.createElement('SCRIPT');p.type = 'text/javascript';p.async = true;p.src = '//widgets.wp.com/platform.js';f.parentNode.insertBefore(p,f);}(document));</script> </aside><aside id="search-3" class="widget widget_search"><h1 class="widget-title">Search All Things AAFS! :</h1> <form method="get" id="searchform" action="https://allthingsaafs.com/" role="search"> <label for="s" class="assistive-text screen-reader-text">Search</label> <input type="text" class="field" name="s" value="" id="s" placeholder="Search …" /> <input type="submit" class="submit" name="submit" id="searchsubmit" value="Search" /> </form> </aside><aside id="categories-3" class="widget widget_categories"><h1 class="widget-title">Only interested in a certain topic? Choose it here!</h1> <ul> <li class="cat-item cat-item-4793"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/anthropology/">Anthropology</a> (52) <ul class='children'> <li class="cat-item cat-item-42226"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/anthropology/primatology/">Primatology</a> (3) </li> </ul> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-24914"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/archaeology/">Archaeology</a> (55) <ul class='children'> <li class="cat-item cat-item-159826"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/archaeology/on-location/">On Location</a> (3) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-318479500"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/archaeology/palaeontology-archaeology/">Palaeontology</a> (8) </li> </ul> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-214423854"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/archaeology-anthropology-tool-rolls/">Archaeology & Anthropology Tool Rolls</a> (1) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-1879324"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/conservation-2/">Conservation</a> (7) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-62455"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/forensics/">Forensics</a> (10) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-26240"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/">Quick Tips</a> (26) <ul class='children'> <li class="cat-item cat-item-38419156"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/archaeological-techniques/">Archaeological Techniques</a> (4) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-285791"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/common-questions/">Common Questions</a> (3) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-252883239"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/estimate-the-biological-sex-of-a-human-skeleton/">Estimate The Biological Sex Of A Human Skeleton</a> (3) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-204092024"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-series/">Estimate The Chronological Age Of A Human Skeleton Series</a> (6) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-50513948"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/forensic-techniques/">Forensic Techniques</a> (2) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-365689649"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/identifying-dental-diseases-quick-tips/">Identifying Dental Diseases</a> (3) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-315877884"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/identifying-fracture-types/">Identifying Fracture Types</a> (4) </li> </ul> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-184585639"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/unusual-ology/">Unusual-ology</a> (17) <ul class='children'> <li class="cat-item cat-item-204573892"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/unusual-ology/unusual-anthropology/">Unusual Anthropology</a> (9) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-204573879"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/unusual-ology/unusual-archaeology-unusual-ology/">Unusual Archaeology</a> (14) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-29840981"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/unusual-ology/unusual-science/">Unusual Science</a> (2) </li> </ul> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-5741415"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/useful-literature/">Useful Literature</a> (11) <ul class='children'> <li class="cat-item cat-item-208718317"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/useful-literature/textbook-of-the-week/">Textbook of the Week</a> (10) </li> </ul> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-4264"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/welcome/">Welcome</a> (5) </li> </ul> </aside><aside id="media_image-2" class="widget widget_media_image"><h1 class="widget-title">We’re on Etsy!</h1><style>.widget.widget_media_image { overflow: hidden; }.widget.widget_media_image img { height: auto; max-width: 100%; }</style><div style="width: 436px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://www.etsy.com/uk/shop/AllThingsAAFS"><img width="426" height="320" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/all-things-aafs.jpg?w=426" class="image wp-image-1080 aligncenter attachment-426x324 size-426x324" alt="Our Hand-crafted Archaeology & Anthropology Tool Kits!" decoding="async" loading="lazy" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/all-things-aafs.jpg?w=426 426w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/all-things-aafs.jpg?w=852 852w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/all-things-aafs.jpg?w=150 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/all-things-aafs.jpg?w=300 300w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/all-things-aafs.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px" data-attachment-id="1080" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/about-me/all-things-aafs/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/all-things-aafs.jpg" data-orig-size="3264,2448" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="All Things AAFS" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/all-things-aafs.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/all-things-aafs.jpg?w=660" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Visit our Etsy store, by clicking the image, and check out our unique, hand-crafted archaeology and anthropology tool kits!</p></div></aside><aside id="media_image-3" class="widget widget_media_image"><h1 class="widget-title">Wondering what textbooks to buy?</h1><style>.widget.widget_media_image { overflow: hidden; }.widget.widget_media_image img { height: auto; max-width: 100%; }</style><div style="width: 210px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/useful-literature/"><img width="200" height="112" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/useful-lit-pic-for-website.jpg?w=200" class="image wp-image-1031 aligncenter attachment-200x170 size-200x170" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/useful-lit-pic-for-website.jpg?w=200 200w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/useful-lit-pic-for-website.jpg?w=400 400w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/useful-lit-pic-for-website.jpg?w=150 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/useful-lit-pic-for-website.jpg?w=300 300w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" data-attachment-id="1031" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/useful-lit-pic-for-website/" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/useful-lit-pic-for-website.jpg" data-orig-size="575,323" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="Useful Lit pic for website" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/useful-lit-pic-for-website.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/useful-lit-pic-for-website.jpg?w=575" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">On our Useful Literature page, you can find a helpful selection of the best textbooks – most of these have been suggested by university Professors and fellow peers!</p></div></aside><aside id="text-5" class="widget widget_text"><h1 class="widget-title">Our Social Media:</h1> <div class="textwidget"></div> </aside><aside id="facebook-likebox-2" class="widget widget_facebook_likebox"><h1 class="widget-title"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AllThingsAAFS">Join us on Facebook!</a></h1> <div id="fb-root"></div> <div class="fb-page" data-href="https://www.facebook.com/AllThingsAAFS" data-width="200" data-height="432" data-hide-cover="false" data-show-facepile="true" data-tabs="false" data-hide-cta="false" data-small-header="false"> <div class="fb-xfbml-parse-ignore"><blockquote cite="https://www.facebook.com/AllThingsAAFS"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AllThingsAAFS">Join us on Facebook!</a></blockquote></div> </div> </aside><aside id="media_image-7" class="widget widget_media_image"><h1 class="widget-title">Follow us on Twitter!</h1><style>.widget.widget_media_image { overflow: hidden; }.widget.widget_media_image img { height: auto; max-width: 100%; }</style><div style="width: 135px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://twitter.com/allthingsaafs"><img width="125" height="125" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/aafstwitterdarkened21.png?w=125" class="image wp-image-1203 aligncenter attachment-125x125 size-125x125" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/aafstwitterdarkened21.png?w=125 125w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/aafstwitterdarkened21.png?w=250 250w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/aafstwitterdarkened21.png?w=150 150w" sizes="(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px" data-attachment-id="1203" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/aafstwitterdarkened2-2/" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/aafstwitterdarkened21.png" data-orig-size="2000,2000" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="AAFSTwitterDarkened2" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/aafstwitterdarkened21.png?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/aafstwitterdarkened21.png?w=660" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Keep up to date with all things AAFS by following us on Twitter!</p></div></aside><aside id="blog_subscription-2" class="widget widget_blog_subscription jetpack_subscription_widget"><h1 class="widget-title"><label for="subscribe-field">Follow All Things AAFS! via Email</label></h1> <div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__container"> <form action="https://subscribe.wordpress.com" method="post" accept-charset="utf-8" data-blog="55285343" data-post_access_level="everybody" id="subscribe-blog" > <p>Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. We will not share your details.</p> <p id="subscribe-email"> <label id="subscribe-field-label" for="subscribe-field" class="screen-reader-text" > Email Address: </label> <input type="email" name="email" style="width: 95%; padding: 1px 10px" placeholder="Email Address" value="" id="subscribe-field" required /> </p> <p id="subscribe-submit" > <input type="hidden" name="action" value="subscribe"/> <input type="hidden" name="blog_id" value="55285343"/> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/age-of-death/"/> <input type="hidden" name="sub-type" value="widget"/> <input type="hidden" name="redirect_fragment" value="subscribe-blog"/> <input type="hidden" id="_wpnonce" name="_wpnonce" value="4709b14a8d" /> <button type="submit" class="wp-block-button__link" > Click here to Follow! </button> </p> </form> <div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__subscount"> Join 2,500 other subscribers </div> </div> </aside><aside id="media_image-8" class="widget widget_media_image"><h1 class="widget-title">Follow us on Tumblr!</h1><style>.widget.widget_media_image { overflow: hidden; }.widget.widget_media_image img { height: auto; max-width: 100%; }</style><div style="width: 135px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="http://allthingsaafs.tumblr.com"><img width="125" height="125" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/aafstumblrdark2.png?w=125" class="image wp-image-1223 aligncenter attachment-125x125 size-125x125" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/aafstumblrdark2.png?w=125 125w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/aafstumblrdark2.png?w=250 250w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/aafstumblrdark2.png?w=150 150w" sizes="(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px" data-attachment-id="1223" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/aafstumblrdark2/" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/aafstumblrdark2.png" data-orig-size="2000,2000" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="AAFSTumblrDark2" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/aafstumblrdark2.png?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/aafstumblrdark2.png?w=660" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Don't have a WordPress account or prefer Tumblr to follow blogs? Visit ours by clicking here!</p></div></aside><aside id="media_image-4" class="widget widget_media_image"><h1 class="widget-title">Visit our store for AAFS goodies for your house!</h1><style>.widget.widget_media_image { overflow: hidden; }.widget.widget_media_image img { height: auto; max-width: 100%; }</style><div style="width: 436px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://www.etsy.com/uk/shop/AllThingsAAFS"><img width="324" height="324" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/photo-2.jpg?w=324" class="image wp-image-1060 aligncenter attachment-426x324 size-426x324" alt="Click here to view our online store!" decoding="async" loading="lazy" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/photo-2.jpg?w=324 324w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/photo-2.jpg?w=150 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/photo-2.jpg?w=300 300w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/photo-2.jpg 640w" sizes="(max-width: 324px) 100vw, 324px" data-attachment-id="1060" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/photo-2-2/" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/photo-2.jpg" data-orig-size="640,640" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"2.4","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1417616655","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.12","iso":"250","shutter_speed":"0.05","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="photo 2" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/photo-2.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/photo-2.jpg?w=640" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Visit our Etsy store, by clicking the image, and check out our unique, hand-crafted archaeology and anthropology goodies and Skull-Stop doorstops!</p></div></aside><aside id="follow_button_widget-3" class="widget widget_follow_button_widget"> <a class="wordpress-follow-button" href="https://allthingsaafs.com" data-blog="55285343" data-lang="en" >Follow All Things AAFS! on WordPress.com</a> <script type="text/javascript">(function(d){ window.wpcomPlatform = {"titles":{"timelines":"Embeddable Timelines","followButton":"Follow Button","wpEmbeds":"WordPress Embeds"}}; var f = d.getElementsByTagName('SCRIPT')[0], p = d.createElement('SCRIPT');p.type = 'text/javascript';p.async = true;p.src = '//widgets.wp.com/platform.js';f.parentNode.insertBefore(p,f);}(document));</script> </aside><aside id="top-posts-3" class="widget widget_top-posts"><h1 class="widget-title">Our Top Posts & Pages;</h1><ul><li><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2014/01/12/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-pubic-symphyseal-surface-method/" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp">Quick Tips: How To Estimate The Chronological Age Of A Human Skeleton – Pubic Symphyseal Surface Method.</a></li><li><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2013/07/27/quick-tips-how-can-you-tell-if-a-skeletal-fracture-is-ante-peri-or-post-mortem/" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp">Quick Tips: How can you tell if a skeletal fracture is ante, peri or post-mortem?</a></li><li><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2013/08/21/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-epiphyseal-closure-method/" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp">Quick Tips: How To Estimate The Chronological Age Of A Human Skeleton – Epiphyseal Closure Method.</a></li><li><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2013/09/10/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-cranial-suture-closure-method/" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp">Quick Tips: How To Estimate The Chronological Age Of A Human Skeleton – Cranial Suture Closure Method.</a></li><li><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/01/21/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-biological-sex-of-a-human-skeleton-pelvic-dimorphism/" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp">Quick Tips: How to Estimate the Biological Sex of a Human Skeleton – Pelvic Dimorphism.</a></li></ul></aside><aside id="media_image-5" class="widget widget_media_image"><h1 class="widget-title">We’re featured on The Story Exchange!</h1><style>.widget.widget_media_image { overflow: hidden; }.widget.widget_media_image img { height: auto; max-width: 100%; }</style><div style="width: 436px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="http://thestoryexchange.org/rosemary-mayne/"><img width="275" height="275" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/tse-badge-21-11.jpg?w=275" class="image wp-image-1089 aligncenter attachment-426x324 size-426x324" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/tse-badge-21-11.jpg 275w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/tse-badge-21-11.jpg?w=150 150w" sizes="(max-width: 275px) 100vw, 275px" data-attachment-id="1089" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/tse-badge-21-1-2/" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/tse-badge-21-11.jpg" data-orig-size="275,275" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="TSE-Badge-21-1" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/tse-badge-21-11.jpg?w=275" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/tse-badge-21-11.jpg?w=275" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Click the image to read our profile on The Story Exchange, who are highlighting females within STEM.</p></div></aside><aside id="blog-stats-2" class="widget widget_blog-stats"><h1 class="widget-title">All Things AAFS! Statistics:</h1> <ul> <li>257,013 views since we created All Things AAFS! on the 15th July 2013.</li> </ul> </aside><aside id="text-4" class="widget widget_text"><h1 class="widget-title">If you would like to use All Things AAFS content:</h1> <div class="textwidget">Feel free to reblog our posts using the ‘reblog’ buttons to share our content with your followers. If you would like to use small sections or quotations from certain posts on your site, please ensure they are cited correctly. If you’re unsure on how to correctly cite All Things AAFS content, you can use our guide below:</br></br> Mayne, R. 2014. “Post title here”. <i>All Things AAFS</i>. Available here(Link to post).</br></br> <b>All written content/images, except in the case of referenced or cited work, is the copyright of All Things AAFS!</b> </div> </aside> <div id="atatags-552853433-67472fb73d8b1"></div> <script> __ATA.cmd.push(function() { __ATA.initDynamicSlot({ id: 'atatags-552853433-67472fb73d8b1', location: 140, formFactor: '003', label: { text: 'Advertisements', }, creative: { reportAd: { text: 'Report this ad', }, privacySettings: { text: 'Privacy', } } }); }); </script></div> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="site-info"> <a href="https://wordpress.com/?ref=footer_website" rel="nofollow">Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com.</a> </div> </footer> </div>  <script type="text/javascript" src="//0.gravatar.com/js/hovercards/hovercards.min.js?ver=202448bd3d6792c97e42a81a9d5a5ba6e667b110f2a7530429ac15d169784a739a4e3d" id="grofiles-cards-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpgroho-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var WPGroHo = {"my_hash":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript' src='https://s2.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/gravatar-hovercards/wpgroho.js?m=1610363240i'></script> <script> // Initialize and attach hovercards to all gravatars ( function() { function init() { if ( typeof Gravatar === 'undefined' ) { return; } if ( typeof Gravatar.init !== 'function' ) { return; } Gravatar.profile_cb = function ( hash, id ) { WPGroHo.syncProfileData( hash, id ); }; Gravatar.my_hash = WPGroHo.my_hash; Gravatar.init( 'body', '#wp-admin-bar-my-account', { i18n: { 'Edit your profile': 'Edit your profile', 'View profile': 'View profile', 'Sorry, we are unable to load this Gravatar profile.': 'Sorry, we are unable to load this Gravatar profile.', 'Profile not found.': 'Profile not found.', 'Too Many Requests.': 'Too Many Requests.', 'Internal Server Error.': 'Internal Server Error.', }, } ); } if ( document.readyState !== 'loading' ) { init(); } else { document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', init ); } } )(); </script> <div style="display:none"> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> ( function() { function init() { document.body.addEventListener( 'is.post-load', function() { if ( typeof __ATA.insertInlineAds === 'function' ) { __ATA.insertInlineAds(); } } ); } if ( document.readyState !== 'loading' ) { init(); } else { document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', init ); } } )(); </script> <div id="actionbar" style="display: none;" class="actnbr-pub-misty-lake actnbr-has-follow"> <ul> <li class="actnbr-btn actnbr-hidden"> <a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-follow " href=""> <svg class="gridicon" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="m4 4.5h12v6.5h1.5v-6.5-1.5h-1.5-12-1.5v1.5 10.5c0 1.1046.89543 2 2 2h7v-1.5h-7c-.27614 0-.5-.2239-.5-.5zm10.5 2h-9v1.5h9zm-5 3h-4v1.5h4zm3.5 1.5h-1v1h1zm-1-1.5h-1.5v1.5 1 1.5h1.5 1 1.5v-1.5-1-1.5h-1.5zm-2.5 2.5h-4v1.5h4zm6.5 1.25h1.5v2.25h2.25v1.5h-2.25v2.25h-1.5v-2.25h-2.25v-1.5h2.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> <span>Subscribe</span> </a> <a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-following no-display" href=""> <svg class="gridicon" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M16 4.5H4V15C4 15.2761 4.22386 15.5 4.5 15.5H11.5V17H4.5C3.39543 17 2.5 16.1046 2.5 15V4.5V3H4H16H17.5V4.5V12.5H16V4.5ZM5.5 6.5H14.5V8H5.5V6.5ZM5.5 9.5H9.5V11H5.5V9.5ZM12 11H13V12H12V11ZM10.5 9.5H12H13H14.5V11V12V13.5H13H12H10.5V12V11V9.5ZM5.5 12H9.5V13.5H5.5V12Z" fill="#008A20"></path><path class="following-icon-tick" d="M13.5 16L15.5 18L19 14.5" stroke="#008A20" stroke-width="1.5"></path></svg> <span>Subscribed</span> </a> <div class="actnbr-popover tip tip-top-left actnbr-notice" id="follow-bubble"> <div class="tip-arrow"></div> <div class="tip-inner actnbr-follow-bubble"> <ul> <li class="actnbr-sitename"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com"> <img loading='lazy' alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/b88c04fe4099ec339a54264371f590872e1d045772de749b129f02bc0dd4d66f?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/b88c04fe4099ec339a54264371f590872e1d045772de749b129f02bc0dd4d66f?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 1x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/b88c04fe4099ec339a54264371f590872e1d045772de749b129f02bc0dd4d66f?s=75&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 1.5x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/b88c04fe4099ec339a54264371f590872e1d045772de749b129f02bc0dd4d66f?s=100&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 2x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/b88c04fe4099ec339a54264371f590872e1d045772de749b129f02bc0dd4d66f?s=150&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 3x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/b88c04fe4099ec339a54264371f590872e1d045772de749b129f02bc0dd4d66f?s=200&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 4x' class='avatar avatar-50' height='50' width='50' /> All Things AAFS! </a> </li> <div class="actnbr-message no-display"></div> <form method="post" action="https://subscribe.wordpress.com" accept-charset="utf-8" style="display: none;"> <div class="actnbr-follow-count">Join 137 other subscribers</div> <div> <input type="email" name="email" placeholder="Enter your email address" class="actnbr-email-field" aria-label="Enter your email address" /> </div> <input type="hidden" name="action" value="subscribe" /> <input type="hidden" name="blog_id" value="55285343" /> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/age-of-death/" /> <input type="hidden" name="sub-type" value="actionbar-follow" /> <input type="hidden" id="_wpnonce" name="_wpnonce" value="4709b14a8d" /> <div class="actnbr-button-wrap"> <button type="submit" value="Sign me up"> Sign me up </button> </div> </form> <li class="actnbr-login-nudge"> <div> Already have a WordPress.com account? <a href="https://wordpress.com/log-in?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fr-login.wordpress.com%2Fremote-login.php%3Faction%3Dlink%26back%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fallthingsaafs.com%252F2016%252F01%252F27%252Fquick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-sternal-rib-end-method%252F">Log in now.</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="actnbr-ellipsis actnbr-hidden"> <svg class="gridicon gridicons-ellipsis" height="24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M7 12c0 1.104-.896 2-2 2s-2-.896-2-2 .896-2 2-2 2 .896 2 2zm12-2c-1.104 0-2 .896-2 2s.896 2 2 2 2-.896 2-2-.896-2-2-2zm-7 0c-1.104 0-2 .896-2 2s.896 2 2 2 2-.896 2-2-.896-2-2-2z"/></g></svg> <div class="actnbr-popover tip tip-top-left actnbr-more"> <div class="tip-arrow"></div> <div class="tip-inner"> <ul> <li class="actnbr-sitename"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com"> <img loading='lazy' alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/b88c04fe4099ec339a54264371f590872e1d045772de749b129f02bc0dd4d66f?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/b88c04fe4099ec339a54264371f590872e1d045772de749b129f02bc0dd4d66f?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 1x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/b88c04fe4099ec339a54264371f590872e1d045772de749b129f02bc0dd4d66f?s=75&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 1.5x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/b88c04fe4099ec339a54264371f590872e1d045772de749b129f02bc0dd4d66f?s=100&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 2x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/b88c04fe4099ec339a54264371f590872e1d045772de749b129f02bc0dd4d66f?s=150&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 3x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/b88c04fe4099ec339a54264371f590872e1d045772de749b129f02bc0dd4d66f?s=200&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 4x' class='avatar avatar-50' height='50' width='50' /> All Things AAFS! </a> </li> <li class="actnbr-folded-customize"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.wordpress.com/wp-admin/customize.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsaafs.wordpress.com%2Ftag%2Fage-of-death%2F"> <svg class="gridicon gridicons-customize" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M2 6c0-1.505.78-3.08 2-4 0 .845.69 2 2 2 1.657 0 3 1.343 3 3 0 .386-.08.752-.212 1.09.74.594 1.476 1.19 2.19 1.81L8.9 11.98c-.62-.716-1.214-1.454-1.807-2.192C6.753 9.92 6.387 10 6 10c-2.21 0-4-1.79-4-4zm12.152 6.848l1.34-1.34c.607.304 1.283.492 2.008.492 2.485 0 4.5-2.015 4.5-4.5 0-.725-.188-1.4-.493-2.007L18 9l-2-2 3.507-3.507C18.9 3.188 18.225 3 17.5 3 15.015 3 13 5.015 13 7.5c0 .725.188 1.4.493 2.007L3 20l2 2 6.848-6.848c1.885 1.928 3.874 3.753 5.977 5.45l1.425 1.148 1.5-1.5-1.15-1.425c-1.695-2.103-3.52-4.092-5.448-5.977z"/></g></svg> <span>Customize</span> </a> </li> <li class="actnbr-folded-follow"> <a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-follow " href=""> <svg class="gridicon" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="m4 4.5h12v6.5h1.5v-6.5-1.5h-1.5-12-1.5v1.5 10.5c0 1.1046.89543 2 2 2h7v-1.5h-7c-.27614 0-.5-.2239-.5-.5zm10.5 2h-9v1.5h9zm-5 3h-4v1.5h4zm3.5 1.5h-1v1h1zm-1-1.5h-1.5v1.5 1 1.5h1.5 1 1.5v-1.5-1-1.5h-1.5zm-2.5 2.5h-4v1.5h4zm6.5 1.25h1.5v2.25h2.25v1.5h-2.25v2.25h-1.5v-2.25h-2.25v-1.5h2.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> <span>Subscribe</span> </a> <a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-following no-display" href=""> <svg class="gridicon" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M16 4.5H4V15C4 15.2761 4.22386 15.5 4.5 15.5H11.5V17H4.5C3.39543 17 2.5 16.1046 2.5 15V4.5V3H4H16H17.5V4.5V12.5H16V4.5ZM5.5 6.5H14.5V8H5.5V6.5ZM5.5 9.5H9.5V11H5.5V9.5ZM12 11H13V12H12V11ZM10.5 9.5H12H13H14.5V11V12V13.5H13H12H10.5V12V11V9.5ZM5.5 12H9.5V13.5H5.5V12Z" fill="#008A20"></path><path class="following-icon-tick" d="M13.5 16L15.5 18L19 14.5" stroke="#008A20" stroke-width="1.5"></path></svg> <span>Subscribed</span> </a> </li> <li class="actnbr-signup"><a href="https://wordpress.com/start/">Sign up</a></li> <li class="actnbr-login"><a href="https://wordpress.com/log-in?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fr-login.wordpress.com%2Fremote-login.php%3Faction%3Dlink%26back%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fallthingsaafs.com%252F2016%252F01%252F27%252Fquick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-sternal-rib-end-method%252F">Log in</a></li> <li class="flb-report"> <a href="https://wordpress.com/abuse/?report_url=https://allthingsaafs.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Report this content </a> </li> <li class="actnbr-reader"> <a href="https://wordpress.com/read/feeds/14646411"> View site in Reader </a> </li> <li class="actnbr-subs"> <a href="https://subscribe.wordpress.com/">Manage subscriptions</a> </li> <li class="actnbr-fold"><a href="">Collapse this bar</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <script> window.addEventListener( "load", function( event ) { var link = document.createElement( "link" ); link.href = "https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/actionbar/actionbar.css?v=20241015"; link.type = "text/css"; link.rel = "stylesheet"; document.head.appendChild( link ); var script = document.createElement( "script" ); script.src = "https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/actionbar/actionbar.js?v=20231122"; script.defer = true; document.body.appendChild( script ); } ); </script> <div id="jp-carousel-loading-overlay"> <div id="jp-carousel-loading-wrapper"> <span id="jp-carousel-library-loading"> </span> </div> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-overlay" style="display: none;"> <div class="jp-carousel-container">  <div class="jp-carousel-wrap swiper-container jp-carousel-swiper-container jp-carousel-transitions" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <div class="jp-carousel swiper-wrapper"></div> <div class="jp-swiper-button-prev swiper-button-prev"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskPrev" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="8" y="6" width="9" height="12"> <path d="M16.2072 16.59L11.6496 12L16.2072 7.41L14.8041 6L8.8335 12L14.8041 18L16.2072 16.59Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskPrev)"> <rect x="0.579102" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> </div> <div class="jp-swiper-button-next swiper-button-next"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskNext" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="8" y="6" width="8" height="12"> <path d="M8.59814 16.59L13.1557 12L8.59814 7.41L10.0012 6L15.9718 12L10.0012 18L8.59814 16.59Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskNext)"> <rect x="0.34375" width="23.8822" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> </div> </div>  <div class="jp-carousel-close-hint"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskClose" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="5" y="5" width="15" height="14"> <path d="M19.3166 6.41L17.9135 5L12.3509 10.59L6.78834 5L5.38525 6.41L10.9478 12L5.38525 17.59L6.78834 19L12.3509 13.41L17.9135 19L19.3166 17.59L13.754 12L19.3166 6.41Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskClose)"> <rect x="0.409668" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> </div>  <div class="jp-carousel-info"> <div class="jp-carousel-info-footer"> <div class="jp-carousel-pagination-container"> <div class="jp-swiper-pagination swiper-pagination"></div> <div class="jp-carousel-pagination"></div> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-title-container"> <h2 class="jp-carousel-photo-caption"></h2> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-icons-container"> <a href="#" class="jp-carousel-icon-btn jp-carousel-icon-info" aria-label="Toggle photo metadata visibility"> <span class="jp-carousel-icon"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskInfo" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="2" y="2" width="21" height="20"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.7537 2C7.26076 2 2.80273 6.48 2.80273 12C2.80273 17.52 7.26076 22 12.7537 22C18.2466 22 22.7046 17.52 22.7046 12C22.7046 6.48 18.2466 2 12.7537 2ZM11.7586 7V9H13.7488V7H11.7586ZM11.7586 11V17H13.7488V11H11.7586ZM4.79292 12C4.79292 16.41 8.36531 20 12.7537 20C17.142 20 20.7144 16.41 20.7144 12C20.7144 7.59 17.142 4 12.7537 4C8.36531 4 4.79292 7.59 4.79292 12Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskInfo)"> <rect x="0.8125" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> </span> </a> <a href="#" class="jp-carousel-icon-btn jp-carousel-icon-comments" aria-label="Toggle photo comments visibility"> <span class="jp-carousel-icon"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskComments" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="2" y="2" width="21" height="20"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M4.3271 2H20.2486C21.3432 2 22.2388 2.9 22.2388 4V16C22.2388 17.1 21.3432 18 20.2486 18H6.31729L2.33691 22V4C2.33691 2.9 3.2325 2 4.3271 2ZM6.31729 16H20.2486V4H4.3271V18L6.31729 16Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskComments)"> <rect x="0.34668" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> <span class="jp-carousel-has-comments-indicator" aria-label="This image has comments."></span> </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-info-extra"> <div class="jp-carousel-info-content-wrapper"> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-title-container"> <h2 class="jp-carousel-photo-title"></h2> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-comments-wrapper"> <div id="jp-carousel-comments-loading"> <span>Loading Comments...</span> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-comments"></div> <div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-container"> <span id="jp-carousel-comment-form-spinner"> </span> <div id="jp-carousel-comment-post-results"></div> <form id="jp-carousel-comment-form"> <label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-comment-field" class="screen-reader-text">Write a Comment...</label> <textarea name="comment" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-textarea" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-comment-field" placeholder="Write a Comment..." ></textarea> <div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-submit-and-info-wrapper"> <div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-commenting-as"> <fieldset> <label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-email-field">Email (Required)</label> <input type="text" name="email" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-email-field" /> </fieldset> <fieldset> <label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-author-field">Name (Required)</label> <input type="text" name="author" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-author-field" /> </fieldset> <fieldset> <label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-url-field">Website</label> <input type="text" name="url" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-url-field" /> </fieldset> </div> <input type="submit" name="submit" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-button" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-button-submit" value="Post Comment" /> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-image-meta"> <div class="jp-carousel-title-and-caption"> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-info"> <h3 class="jp-carousel-caption" itemprop="caption description"></h3> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-description"></div> </div> <ul class="jp-carousel-image-exif" style="display: none;"></ul> <a class="jp-carousel-image-download" href="#" target="_blank" style="display: none;"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="mask0" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="3" y="3" width="19" height="18"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5.84615 5V19H19.7775V12H21.7677V19C21.7677 20.1 20.8721 21 19.7775 21H5.84615C4.74159 21 3.85596 20.1 3.85596 19V5C3.85596 3.9 4.74159 3 5.84615 3H12.8118V5H5.84615ZM14.802 5V3H21.7677V10H19.7775V6.41L9.99569 16.24L8.59261 14.83L18.3744 5H14.802Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#mask0)"> <rect x="0.870605" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> <span class="jp-carousel-download-text"></span> </a> <div class="jp-carousel-image-map" style="display: none;"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> window.WPCOM_sharing_counts = {"https:\/\/allthingsaafs.com\/2016\/01\/27\/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-sternal-rib-end-method\/":1328,"https:\/\/allthingsaafs.com\/2015\/01\/16\/forensic-odontology-what-can-an-anthropologist-tell-from-the-examination-of-teeth-regarding-either-forensic-identification-of-individuals-or-understanding-past-populations\/":53}; </script> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-0-2' href='https://s1.wp.com/_static/??-eJydjkEKwzAMBD9UV/EhIZfSt6S2CE5sSUQSpr9voc0HcttdhmGhS0hMhmTQPEj1tZDChiZL2v8d1AkaZ6+okJaDXbGC9iJ4hJdTrnhPqje4LjuZc7jo6yWvaArGEoT1m9Tev3fP9ojTPMY4DtOwfQBULF2O&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-facebook-embed-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var jpfbembed = {"appid":"249643311490","locale":"en_US"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-carousel-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var jetpackSwiperLibraryPath = {"url":"https:\/\/s2.wp.com\/wp-content\/mu-plugins\/jetpack-plugin\/sun\/_inc\/build\/carousel\/swiper-bundle.min.js"}; var jetpackCarouselStrings = {"widths":[370,700,1000,1200,1400,2000],"is_logged_in":"","lang":"en","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/allthingsaafs.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"c807d2f0bf","display_exif":"1","display_comments":"1","single_image_gallery":"1","single_image_gallery_media_file":"","background_color":"black","comment":"Comment","post_comment":"Post Comment","write_comment":"Write a Comment...","loading_comments":"Loading Comments...","image_label":"Open image in full-screen.","download_original":"View full size <span class=\"photo-size\">{0}<span class=\"photo-size-times\">\u00d7<\/span>{1}<\/span>","no_comment_text":"Please be sure to submit some text with your comment.","no_comment_email":"Please provide an email address to comment.","no_comment_author":"Please provide your name to comment.","comment_post_error":"Sorry, but there was an error posting your comment. Please try again later.","comment_approved":"Your comment was approved.","comment_unapproved":"Your comment is in moderation.","camera":"Camera","aperture":"Aperture","shutter_speed":"Shutter Speed","focal_length":"Focal Length","copyright":"Copyright","comment_registration":"0","require_name_email":"1","login_url":"https:\/\/allthingsaafs.wordpress.com\/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsaafs.com%2F2016%2F01%2F27%2Fquick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-sternal-rib-end-method%2F","blog_id":"55285343","meta_data":["camera","aperture","shutter_speed","focal_length","copyright"],"stats_query_args":"blog=55285343&v=wpcom&tz=1&user_id=0&subd=allthingsaafs","is_public":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var sharing_js_options = {"lang":"en","counts":"1","is_stats_active":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript' src='https://s0.wp.com/_static/??-eJydkcFuwjAMhl9owUNlQjtMe5TJSUyb1k6yOFHF2y8gQFMPHLj5tz5/smxYs3EpVooVZgVJNjCZplRw7D0T4intZn2Df5zlNJrMbQxRYU3Fo1fjGFVJL5IVK29npD0mOCyd+23UaMLomcoWrhNJR3KzIEHr2TAudDGrILMRiu2Jf6aa0S23DNoi/ITo4ISObEqLIbHkXxDYFtiDw5L6ffiB3Rs7CfGJ9Y6ZNbskm/jyNjphof4Af76WIY63Nb7la38c9ofhffj4nP8AUO22Zg=='></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomfacebook', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=400' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-twitter' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-twitter' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomtwitter', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=350' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-tumblr' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-tumblr' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomtumblr', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=450,height=450' ); return false; } } ); } )(); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function () { var wpcom_reblog = { source: 'toolbar', toggle_reblog_box_flair: function (obj_id, post_id) { // Go to site selector. This will redirect to their blog if they only have one. const postEndpoint = `https://wordpress.com/post`; // Ideally we would use the permalink here, but fortunately this will be replaced with the // post permalink in the editor. const originalURL = `${ document.location.href }?page_id=${ post_id }`; const url = postEndpoint + '?url=' + encodeURIComponent( originalURL ) + '&is_post_share=true' + '&v=5'; const redirect = function () { if ( ! window.open( url, '_blank' ) ) { location.href = url; } }; if ( /Firefox/.test( navigator.userAgent ) ) { setTimeout( redirect, 0 ); } else { redirect(); } }, }; window.wpcom_reblog = wpcom_reblog; })(); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // <![CDATA[ (function() { try{ if ( window.external &&'msIsSiteMode' in window.external) { if (window.external.msIsSiteMode()) { var jl = document.createElement('script'); jl.type='text/javascript'; jl.async=true; jl.src='/wp-content/plugins/ie-sitemode/custom-jumplist.php'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(jl, s); } } }catch(e){} })(); // ]]> </script> <iframe src='https://widgets.wp.com/likes/master.html?ver=20241127#ver=20241127&origin=https://allthingsaafs.com' scrolling='no' id='likes-master' name='likes-master' style='display:none;'></iframe> <div id='likes-other-gravatars' class='wpl-new-layout' role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="likes-text"> <span>%d</span> </div> <ul class="wpl-avatars sd-like-gravatars"></ul> </div> <script src="//stats.wp.com/w.js?67" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript"> _tkq = window._tkq || []; _stq = window._stq || []; _tkq.push(['storeContext', {'blog_id':'55285343','blog_tz':'1','user_lang':'en','blog_lang':'en','user_id':'0'}]); _stq.push(['view', {'blog':'55285343','v':'wpcom','tz':'1','user_id':'0','subd':'allthingsaafs'}]); _stq.push(['extra', {'crypt':'UE5VTUIlVktzQVNtcFdrRlVoJUNZcTJRQnxOUXctL04xbkhBRHx5NENKLz82Nk5+Ky9jQ0NPQ2JZZ2k9WHRJSzZxX2N6RCVhZWVdaXJFJjFqTktGcVcvNndfNjkrcD1rVnNMVWFud3JsdEFoJnVbJVRxaGFWQzVoZW1hRFR6Zlomai1qM1FNaFYwN0xFMDNNM3M5Y0xWeCZSOVF3Yz00azJwbXlWZ21wcWVmTGVaYj1qSldKOU5mLFdOTHhkR3ZYdWF0VExfJnllV3pRS1JqUlFKQ3NhLTVYbC09SkQrQ25TWDhtWHIwRTBueF1rY0Q0MTV2K1RMUTQ3YytMLXVQbz9XQlloaWNReUplQ3NuJVJNQmJrN0c='}]); _stq.push([ 'clickTrackerInit', '55285343', '0' ]); </script> <noscript><img src="https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" style="height:1px;width:1px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;bottom:1px;" alt="" /></noscript> <script> ( function() { function getMobileUserAgentInfo() { if ( typeof wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info === 'object' ) { wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info.init(); var mobileStatsQueryString = ''; if ( wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info.matchedPlatformName !== false ) { mobileStatsQueryString += '&x_' + 'mobile_platforms' + '=' + wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info.matchedPlatformName; } if ( wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info.matchedUserAgentName !== false ) { mobileStatsQueryString += '&x_' + 'mobile_devices' + '=' + wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info.matchedUserAgentName; } if ( wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info.isIPad() ) { mobileStatsQueryString += '&x_' + 'ipad_views' + '=' + 'views'; } if ( mobileStatsQueryString != '' ) { new Image().src = document.location.protocol + '//pixel.wp.com/g.gif?v=wpcom-no-pv' + mobileStatsQueryString + '&baba=' + Math.random(); } } } document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', getMobileUserAgentInfo ); } )(); </script> </body> </html>