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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Kenya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauritius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauritius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Mauritius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauritius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Senior civil servant charged with running the ministry or department on a day-to-day basis.</div> <p>A <b>permanent secretary</b> is the most senior <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">civil servant</a> of a department or <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">ministry</a> charged with running the department or ministry's day-to-day activities. Permanent secretaries are the non-political civil service <a href="/wiki/Chief_executives" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief executives">chief executives</a> of government departments or ministries, who generally hold their position for a number of years (thus "permanent") at a ministry as distinct from the changing political secretaries of state to whom they report and provide advice.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role originated in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">civil service of the United Kingdom</a> and has been adopted in several <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries as well as other countries influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Country">Country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Department_secretary" title="Department secretary">Department secretary</a></div> <p>In Australia, the position is called the "department secretary", “secretary of the department”, or “director-general of the department” in some states and territories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deputy_minister_(Canada)" title="Deputy minister (Canada)">Deputy minister (Canada)</a></div> <p>In Canada, the senior civil service position is a "deputy minister", who within a government ministry or department is outranked only by a <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Minister of the Crown</a>. Federally, deputy ministers are appointed by the Prime Minister on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Privy_Council_(Canada)" title="Clerk of the Privy Council (Canada)">Secretary to the Cabinet</a> (the Head of Canada's civil service). They are considered to hold equal rank with Parliamentary Secretaries or Assistants – legislators appointed to assist Ministers in their duties – and are entitled to several privileges, including the use of <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic passport">diplomatic passports</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Germany, the equivalent office is called "<a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state#Germany" title="Secretary of state">Staatssekretär</a>" (state secretary). It is not to be confused with the "parliamentary state secretary", who serves as deputy to a minister, often with a more specialised field of responsibilities. The parliamentary state secretary is always a political position, and not part of the civil service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Officer_(Hong_Kong)" title="Administrative Officer (Hong Kong)">Administrative Officer (Hong Kong)</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, heads of policy bureaux, secretaries, were filled by <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Civil_Service" title="Hong Kong Civil Service">civil servants</a> until their titles were changed to permanent secretaries in 2002, when <a href="/wiki/Political_Appointments_System" title="Political Appointments System">political appointees</a> filled the positions of secretaries under the second <a href="/wiki/Tung_Chee_Hwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tung Chee Hwa">Tung Chee Hwa</a> government. Since August 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Chief_Executive" title="Office of the Chief Executive">Office of the Chief Executive</a> also has a permanent secretary. His ranking is, however, lower than most other permanent secretaries according to the pay scale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Government_of_India" title="Secretary to the Government of India">Secretary to the Government of India</a></div> <p>In India, the equivalent position is called "secretary to the Government of India" and is the highest-ranking permanent civil servant in a department. With the exception of departments within the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of External Affairs (India)">Ministry of External Affairs</a>, which are headed by <a href="/wiki/Indian_Foreign_Service" title="Indian Foreign Service">Indian Foreign Service</a> officers, all Secretaries to the Government of India are drawn from cadres of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">Indian Administrative Service</a>. </p><p>These officers directly report to <a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Ministers of the Union</a> within their respective ministry, and oversee all day-to-day operations of their departments. Within the civil service, they are outranked only by the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Secretary of India">Cabinet Secretary of India</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Principal_Secretary_to_the_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India">Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India</a> when the latter is granted the rank of Cabinet Secretary (as has been the case under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Indonesia, the equivalent position is called Secretary-General (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Sekretaris Jenderal</i>, abbreviated <i>Sekjen</i>), one of the highest-ranking permanent civil servants in a ministry, leads the General Secretariat (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Sekretariat Jenderal</i>, abbreviated <i>Setjen</i>). These officers directly report to the minister in their respective ministry or to the respective leader in state bodies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland">Civil service of the Republic of Ireland</a>, the position of Secretary General of a <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_(Ireland)" title="Department of State (Ireland)">Department of State</a> is almost identical to that of a <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Secretary_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Secretary (United Kingdom)">Permanent Secretary</a> in the British <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil Service</a>, except that the position is not permanent, having a term of seven years. This limit was introduced by the Strategic Management Initiative of the mid-1990s, when also the title was changed from "Secretary". Irish government departments may also have a "second secretary", which is equivalent to the Second Permanent Secretary grade in the British civil service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Israel, the equivalent office is called <i>מנהל כללי</i>, a term which is ordinarily translated as "chief executive officer. The official English translation for the government post is "Director General". Directors General of ministries are nominated by the relevant minister and confirmed by the Government, and serve at the pleasure of the ministers above them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Italy, the highest civil service official in a ministry or department is either a <i>segretario generale</i> (secretary-general) or a <i>direttore generale</i> (director-general), while the position of <i>sottosegretario di stato</i> (under-secretary of state) is a political one and ranks below the <i>ministro segretario di stato</i> (minister-secretary of state, the head of a ministry or department) or the <i>vice ministro</i> (deputy-minister), both political posts as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Japanese equivalents are the administrative vice-ministers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenya">Kenya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Kenya, the equivalent office is called "principal secretary", which is a position established by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kenya" title="Constitution of Kenya">Constitution of Kenya</a> as an office in the country's <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a>. Principal Secretaries serve as the administrative head of a state department within a ministry and are responsible for the department's daily affairs. A Principal Secretary is nominated by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kenya" title="President of Kenya">President of Kenya</a> from a group of persons recommended by the country's <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Commission_(Kenya)" title="Public Service Commission (Kenya)">Public Service Commission</a> and upon approval by the country's <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Kenya)" title="National Assembly (Kenya)">National Assembly</a>, is appointed to office by the President. </p><p>The Constitution of Kenya grants the President the power to re-assign a Principal Secretary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Malaysia, a permanent secretary refers to the administrative head of a ministry in the states of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>. The administrative head of a federal ministry is called "secretary general". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mauritius">Mauritius</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mauritius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the island state of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, which is a former British colony, there are a number of Permanent Secretaries who report to the <i>Secretary to Cabinet and Head of the Civil Service</i>. In the Prime Minister's Office there are 2 Permanent Secretaries, assisted by 3 Deputy Permanent Secretaries as well as 4 Assistant Permanent Secretaries.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are at least 147 Assistant Permanent Secretaries, 86 Deputy Permanent Secretaries and 37 Permanent Secretaries in the various Ministries of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Mauritius" title="Government of Mauritius">Government of Mauritius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In New Zealand, the civil service head of a ministry is ordinarily entitled "chief executive", although there are still some positions which carry the title of secretary (Secretary of Education, Secretary of Justice, Secretary of Transport). In some cases (such as the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">New Zealand Security Intelligence Service</a>, Ministry for Primary Industries, Department of Conservation, Ministry of Health) the title is "director-general". Organisations with enforcement powers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Inland_Revenue_Department_(New_Zealand)" title="Inland Revenue Department (New Zealand)">Inland Revenue Department</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Police" title="New Zealand Police">New Zealand Police</a>, are headed by commissioners. The New Zealand Customs Service is headed by the Comptroller of Customs. Civil service heads are officially employed by the <a href="/wiki/State_Services_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="State Services Commission">State Services Commission</a>, further separating them from the politicians who hold ministerial positions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Pakistan, the equivalent position is called Federal Secretary and is the highest ranking permanent civil servant in a federal ministry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Singapore, permanent secretaries have to retire after a ten-year term even if they are younger than the official retirement age of 62. This was introduced in 2000 as part of the Public Service Leadership scheme, to provide opportunities for younger officers from the Administrative Service – the elite arm of the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_civil_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore civil service">Civil Service</a> – to rise up the ranks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, a "Secretary to the Ministry" (also known as Ministry Secretary or simply Secretary) is the administrative head of a ministry and is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">President of Sri Lanka</a>. The post of permanent secretary was created under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Ceylon (Constitution and Independence) Orders in Council 1947</a> when Ceylon gained self-rule from <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> in 1948. Permanent secretaries were commonly appointed from the <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Civil_Service" title="Ceylon Civil Service">Ceylon Civil Service</a>, with a few exceptions such as the permanent secretary to the ministry of justice which would be an officer of the judicial service. <a href="/wiki/Anandatissa_de_Alwis" title="Anandatissa de Alwis">Anandatissa de Alwis</a> was the first person from the private sector to be appointed as permanent secretary. The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Constitution_of_1972" title="Sri Lankan Constitution of 1972">Sri Lankan Constitution of 1972</a>, changed the title to secretary to the ministry. Traditionally if the appointee is a serving member of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Services_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Public Services of Sri Lanka">public service</a>, he or she would leave the service for the duration they hold the appointment. In the recent past it has been common for ministry secretaries to be appointed from outside the public service, with some on political grounds at the discretion of the president on the advice of the minister in charge.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major General <a href="/wiki/Sanjeewa_Munasinghe" title="Sanjeewa Munasinghe">Sanjeewa Munasinghe</a> became the first serving military officer from the regular force to be appointed a ministry secretary in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Permanent_secretary_(UK)" title="Permanent secretary (UK)">Permanent secretary (UK)</a></div> <p>The title <b>permanent secretary</b>, or, in some departments <b>permanent under-secretary of state</b>, is the most senior <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">civil servant</a> of a government department in the United Kingdom. The role originated in 1830, and has been adopted in several <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries as well as other countries influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Chief Secretary (disambiguation)">Chief secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Minister (government)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_assistant" title="Parliamentary assistant">Parliamentary assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_secretary" title="Parliamentary secretary">Parliamentary secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_Secretary_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Principal Secretary (disambiguation)">Principal Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_secretary" title="Private secretary">Private secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undersecretary" title="Undersecretary">Undersecretary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_secretary&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper, C.A. Politics and the permanency of permanent secretaries: testing the vitality of the Westminster administrative tradition, 1949–2014. British Politics (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1057/s41293-019-00113-8">https://doi.org/10.1057/s41293-019-00113-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmo.govmu.org/Pages/Cabinet_Office_staff.aspx">"Key Staff of PMO"</a>. Government of Mauritius<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+Staff+of+PMO&rft.pub=Government+of+Mauritius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpmo.govmu.org%2FPages%2FCabinet_Office_staff.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermanent+secretary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmo.govmu.org/Pages/Cabinet_Office_Administrative.aspx">"Administrative Cadre Staff List"</a>. Government of Mauritius<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Administrative+Cadre+Staff+List&rft.pub=Government+of+Mauritius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpmo.govmu.org%2FPages%2FCabinet_Office_Administrative.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermanent+secretary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmo.govmu.org/Documents/Staff_List/List%20of%20PS%20and%20Above%20as%20at%2001.09.2020.pdf">"List of Permanent Secretaries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Government of Mauritius<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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