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aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Security </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Security subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Territorial disputes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservation_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Conservation issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Broadcasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Broadcasting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayal_in_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal_in_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Portrayal in media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayal_in_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Holidays and festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sarawak</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" > 86 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82" title="سراوق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سراوق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saravak" title="Saravak – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Saravak" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serawak" title="Serawak – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Serawak" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="সারাওয়াক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সারাওয়াক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak,_Malaysia" title="Sarawak, Malaysia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sarawak, Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Саравак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саравак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Саравак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Саравак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawaki_osariik" title="Sarawaki osariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sarawaki osariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BA" title="Σαράουακ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαράουακ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saravako" title="Saravako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saravako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ساراواک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساراواک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%99%81%EC%A3%BC" title="사라왁주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사라왁주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Սարավակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սարավակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="सारावाक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सारावाक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Саравак – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Саравак" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A7" title="סראוואק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סראוואק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="სარავაკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სარავაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saravaka" title="Saravaka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saravaka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saravakas" title="Saravakas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saravakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Саравак – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Саравак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="സാരവാക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാരവാക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="सारावाक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सारावाक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82" title="سراوق – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سراوق" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83-l%C4%83k-u%C5%8Fk" title="Să-lăk-uŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Să-lăk-uŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ဆာရာဝပ်ပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆာရာဝပ်ပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak_(staat)" title="Sarawak (staat) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sarawak (staat)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AF%E3%82%AF%E5%B7%9E" title="サラワク州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サラワク州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak_(Bundesstoot)" title="Sarawak (Bundesstoot) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sarawak (Bundesstoot)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saravak" title="Saravak – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saravak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B" title="សារ៉ាវ៉ាក់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សារ៉ាវ៉ាក់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarauaque" title="Sarauaque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sarauaque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak_suyu" title="Sarawak suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sarawak suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Саравак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саравак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Саравак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Саравак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="சரவாக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சரவாக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%80%9B%E1%82%83%E1%80%9D%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89" title="သႃရႃဝၵ်ႉ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="သႃရႃဝၵ်ႉ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="รัฐซาราวัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐซาราวัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saravak" title="Saravak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saravak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Саравак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саравак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="سراواک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سراواک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E6%8B%89%E8%B6%8A" title="砂拉越 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="砂拉越" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%92%88%E8%B6%8A" title="沙撈越 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="沙撈越" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E6%8B%89%E8%B6%8A" title="砂拉越 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="砂拉越" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bajau Sama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Sarawak" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170462#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sarawak" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sarawak&params=02.5_N_113.0_E_type:city_region:MY">2°30′N 113°00′E / 02.5°N 113.0°E / 02.5; 113.0</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in East Malaysia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the river, see <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_River" title="Sarawak River">Sarawak River</a>. For the ship, see <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sarawak_(K591)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Sarawak (K591)">HMS Sarawak (K591)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in Malaysia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Sarawak</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State of Sarawak <div style="padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Negeri Sarawak (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sarawak.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sarawak"><img alt="Flag of Sarawak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/100px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/150px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/200px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sarawak" title="Flag of Sarawak">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sarawak.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Sarawak"><img alt="Coat of arms of Sarawak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_arms_of_Sarawak.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sarawak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_arms_of_Sarawak.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sarawak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_arms_of_Sarawak.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sarawak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="384" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sarawak" title="Coat of arms of Sarawak">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Bumi Kenyalang<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Land of the <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_hornbill" title="Rhinoceros hornbill">Hornbills</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Bersatu, Berusaha, Berbakti United, Striving, Serving</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwiku" title="Ibu Pertiwiku">Ibu Pertiwiku</a> My Motherland<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="83" data-mwtitle="Lagu_Rasmi_Sarawak_-_Ibu_Pertiwiku.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Lagu_Rasmi_Sarawak_-_Ibu_Pertiwiku.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Lagu_Rasmi_Sarawak_-_Ibu_Pertiwiku.ogg/Lagu_Rasmi_Sarawak_-_Ibu_Pertiwiku.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALagu_Rasmi_Sarawak_-_Ibu_Pertiwiku.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarawak_in_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sarawak_in_Malaysia.svg/250px-Sarawak_in_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sarawak_in_Malaysia.svg/375px-Sarawak_in_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sarawak_in_Malaysia.svg/500px-Sarawak_in_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="457" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>   Sarawak <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">   Malaysia</div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">OpenStreetMap</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="8" data-overlays="["_aa5428aa3bed082cd6bc21f687bc02a14c519895"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Sarawak&revid=1258510189&groups=_aa5428aa3bed082cd6bc21f687bc02a14c519895" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Sarawak&revid=1258510189&groups=_aa5428aa3bed082cd6bc21f687bc02a14c519895 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sarawak&params=02.5_N_113.0_E_type:city_region:MY">2°30′N 113°00′E / 02.5°N 113.0°E / 02.5; 113.0</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sultanate of Sarawak</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1599</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Raj of Sarawak</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24 September 1841</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese occupation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16 September 1941</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown colony</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1946</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governance</a> granted</th><td class="infobox-data">22 July 1963<a href="#cite_note-Porritt1997-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mathews2014-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Federated into Malaysia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16 September 1963<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Agreement_relating_to_Malaysia-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_Malaysia" title="List of capitals in Malaysia">Capital</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(and largest city)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Malaysia" title="Divisions of Malaysia">Divisions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Betong_Division" title="Betong Division">Betong</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bintulu_Division" title="Bintulu Division">Bintulu</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kapit_Division" title="Kapit Division">Kapit</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kuching_Division" title="Kuching Division">Kuching</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Limbang_Division" title="Limbang Division">Limbang</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Miri_Division" title="Miri Division">Miri</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mukah_Division" title="Mukah Division">Mukah</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Samarahan_Division" title="Samarahan Division">Samarahan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sarikei_Division" title="Sarikei Division">Sarikei</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Serian_Division" title="Serian Division">Serian</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sibu_Division" title="Sibu Division">Sibu</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aman_Division" title="Sri Aman Division">Sri Aman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary government</a> under <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">dominant-party system</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Sarawak" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak">Yang di-Pertua Negeri</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wan_Junaidi_Tuanku_Jaafar" title="Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar">Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Sarawak" title="Premier of Sarawak">Premier</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abang_Abdul_Rahman_Johari" class="mw-redirect" title="Abang Abdul Rahman Johari">Abang Abdul Rahman Johari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gabungan_Parti_Sarawak" title="Gabungan Parti Sarawak">GPS</a>–<a href="/wiki/Parti_Pesaka_Bumiputera_Bersatu" title="Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu">PBB</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Sarawak State Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Federal representation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament of Malaysia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat" title="Dewan Rakyat">Dewan Rakyat seats</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31 of 222 (14.0%)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Negara" title="Dewan Negara">Dewan Negara seats</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 of 70 (2.9%)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-7">[7]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">124,450 km2 (48,050 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Murud" title="Mount Murud">Mount Murud</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,424 m (7,953 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-Malaysia_census_2020-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dayak_Daily-9">[9]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2,907,500 (<a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Malaysia#Population_distribution_by_states_and_territories" title="Demographics of Malaysia">5th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">23/km2 (60/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sarawakian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Languages<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Official</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Other spoken</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidayuh language">Bidayuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="#Languages">ethnic minority languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2020)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic group</a><a href="#cite_note-Sarawak_Data-10">[10]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>71.8% <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a>) <ul><li>28.6% <a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a></li> <li>23.5% <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay</a></li> <li>8.2% <a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a></li> <li>5.1% <a href="/wiki/Melanau" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanau">Melanau</a></li> <li>6.4% Other natives</li></ul></li> <li>22.6% <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a></li> <li>0.2% <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Indian</a></li> <li>0.3% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Malaysia" title="Ethnic origins of people in Malaysia">Other ethnicities</a></li> <li>5.1% <a href="/wiki/Non-citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-citizens">Non-citizens</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religions</a><a href="#cite_note-Malaysia_census_2020-8">[8]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>50.1% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malaysia" title="Christianity in Malaysia">Christianity</a></li> <li>34.2% <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></li> <li>12.8% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Buddhism</a></li> <li>0.1% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li>0.5% Others</li> <li>2.2% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a>/Unknown</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B8" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+8">UTC+8</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Standard Time">MST</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_postal_codes_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of postal codes in Malaysia">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">93xxx<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> to 98xxx<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Malaysia" title="Telephone numbers in Malaysia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">082 to 086<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:MY" title="ISO 3166-2:MY">MY-13</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_vehicle_license_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian vehicle license plates">QA to QT</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.824<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> very high · <a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Malaysian states by Human Development Index">5th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2022</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $45.405 billion (<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">RM</a> 199.786 billion)<a href="#cite_note-:dosm-17">[17]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP" title="List of Malaysian states by GDP">4th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $18,377 (<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">RM</a> 80,857)<a href="#cite_note-:dosm-17">[17]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP#Gross_Domestic_Product_per_capita_by_state" title="List of Malaysian states by GDP">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2022</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $88.709 billion (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP" title="List of Malaysian states by GDP">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $51,175 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP#Gross_Domestic_Product_per_capita_by_state" title="List of Malaysian states by GDP">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Left</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity_by_country" title="Mains electricity by country">Electricity voltage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">230 V, 50 Hz</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Malaysian ringgit</a> (RM/MYR)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sarawak.gov.my">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170462#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sarawak (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/səˈrɑːwɒk/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">sə-RAH-wok</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Malay: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[saˈrawaʔ]</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">state</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>, Sarawak is located in <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a> in northwest <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, and is bordered by the Malaysian state of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> portion of Borneo) to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> in the north. The state capital, <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a>, is the largest city in Sarawak, the economic centre of the state, and the seat of the Sarawak state government. Other cities and towns in Sarawak include <a href="/wiki/Miri,_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Miri, Malaysia">Miri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibu" title="Sibu">Sibu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bintulu" title="Bintulu">Bintulu</a>. As of the 2020 Malaysia census, the population of Sarawak was 2.453 million.<a href="#cite_note-Dayak_Daily-9">[9]</a> Sarawak has an <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Equatorial climate">equatorial climate</a> with tropical <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a> and abundant animal and plant species. It has several prominent <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">cave</a> systems at <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Mulu_National_Park" title="Gunung Mulu National Park">Gunung Mulu National Park</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rajang_River" title="Rajang River">Rajang River</a> is the longest river in Malaysia; <a href="/wiki/Bakun_Dam" title="Bakun Dam">Bakun Dam</a>, one of the largest dams in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, is located on one of its tributaries, the <a href="/wiki/Balui_River" title="Balui River">Balui River</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Murud" title="Mount Murud">Mount Murud</a> is the highest point in the state. Sarawak is the only state of Malaysia with a <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malaysia" title="Christianity in Malaysia">Christian</a> majority.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The earliest known human settlement in Sarawak at the <a href="/wiki/Niah_National_Park" title="Niah National Park">Niah Caves</a> dates back 40,000 years. A series of Chinese ceramics dated from the 8th to 13th century AD was uncovered at the archaeological site of Santubong. The coastal regions of Sarawak came under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian Empire</a> in the 16th century. In 1839, <a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a>, a British explorer, arrived in Sarawak. He, and his descendants, <a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">governed</a> the state from 1841 to 1946. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, it was <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">occupied by the Japanese</a> for three years. After the war, the last <a href="/wiki/White_Rajah" class="mw-redirect" title="White Rajah">White Rajah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vyner_Brooke" title="Charles Vyner Brooke">Charles Vyner Brooke</a>, ceded Sarawak to Britain, and in 1946 it became a <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">British Crown Colony</a>. On 22 July 1963, Sarawak was granted self-government by the British and subsequently became one of the founding members of Malaysia, established on 16 September 1963. However, the federation was opposed by Indonesia, leading to a three-year <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">confrontation</a>. The creation of Malaysia also prompted a <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">communist insurgency</a> that lasted until 1990. The head of state is the governor, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sarawak">Yang di-Pertua Negeri</a>, while the head of government is the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Sarawak" title="Premier of Sarawak">premier</a>. Sarawak is divided into administrative divisions and districts, governed by a system that is closely modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster parliamentary system</a> and was the earliest state legislature system in Malaysia. Under the Malaysian constitution, Sarawak has greater autonomy than the states in Peninsular Malaysia. Because of its natural resources, Sarawak specialises in the export of oil and gas, <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>, but also possesses strong manufacturing, energy and tourism sectors. It is ethnically, culturally, religiously and linguistically diverse; ethnic groups including Iban, Chinese, Malay, Bidayuh, Melanau, Orang Ulu, Indian, Eurasian and Kedayan.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> English and Malay are the two official languages of the state;<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> there is no official religion.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buceros_rhinoceros_-Kuala_Lumpur_Bird_Park,_Malaysia-8a_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black bird with white underbelly, white beak and red-orange horn perching on a branch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Buceros_rhinoceros_-Kuala_Lumpur_Bird_Park%2C_Malaysia-8a_%281%29.jpg/220px-Buceros_rhinoceros_-Kuala_Lumpur_Bird_Park%2C_Malaysia-8a_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Buceros_rhinoceros_-Kuala_Lumpur_Bird_Park%2C_Malaysia-8a_%281%29.jpg/330px-Buceros_rhinoceros_-Kuala_Lumpur_Bird_Park%2C_Malaysia-8a_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Buceros_rhinoceros_-Kuala_Lumpur_Bird_Park%2C_Malaysia-8a_%281%29.jpg/440px-Buceros_rhinoceros_-Kuala_Lumpur_Bird_Park%2C_Malaysia-8a_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_hornbill" title="Rhinoceros hornbill">rhinoceros hornbill</a> is the <a href="/wiki/State_emblems_of_Malaysia" title="State emblems of Malaysia">state bird</a> of Sarawak.</figcaption></figure> The generally-accepted explanation of the state's name is that it is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a> word Serawak or Cerava by Portuguese cartographers in the 16th century, which means <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-etymology-26">[26]</a> A popular alternative explanation is that it is a contraction of the four Malay words purportedly uttered by Pangeran Muda Hashim (uncle to the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Brunei">Sultan of Brunei</a>), "Saya serah pada awak" (I surrender it to you), when he gave Sarawak to <a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a>, an English explorer, in 1841.<a href="#cite_note-etymology-26">[26]</a> However, the latter explanation is incorrect: the territory had been named Sarawak before the arrival of James Brooke, and the word awak was not in the vocabulary of Sarawak Malay before the formation of Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Sarawak is nicknamed "Land of the Hornbills" (Bumi Kenyalang). These birds are important cultural symbols for the Dayak people, representing the spirit of God. It is also believed that if a hornbill is seen flying over residences, it will bring good luck to the local community. Sarawak has eight of the world's fifty-four species of hornbills, and the <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_hornbill" title="Rhinoceros hornbill">Rhinoceros hornbill</a> is the state bird of Sarawak.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">History of Sarawak</a></div> Foragers are known to have lived around the west mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Niah_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Niah Caves">Niah Caves</a> (located 110 km (68 mi) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Miri,_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Miri, Malaysia">Miri</a>) 40,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Sarawakforestry-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-worldarcheology-30">[30]</a> A modern human skull found near the Niah Caves is the oldest human remain found in Malaysia and the oldest modern human skull from Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Sarawakforestry-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-worldarcheology-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Chinese ceramics dating to the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> dynasties (8th to 13th century AD, respectively) found at Santubong (near <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a>) hint at its significance as a seaport.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> One of the earliest Chinese records of an independent kingdom in Borneo is the 977 AD letter to the Chinese emperor from the ruler of Boni, which some scholars believe to refer to Borneo.<a href="#cite_note-Hutton2000-34">[34]</a> The Bruneians regained their independence from Srivijaya due to the onset of a Javanese-Sumatran war.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In 1225, the Chinese official <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Rukuo" title="Zhao Rukuo">Zhao Rukuo</a> reported that Boni had 100 warships to protect its trade, and that there was great wealth in the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> suggested in his memoirs that the Great Khan or the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, attempted and failed many times in invading "Great Java" which was the European name for Bruneian controlled Borneo.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] In the 1300s the Chinese annals, Nanhai zhi, reported that Brunei invaded or administered Sarawak and <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> as well as the Philippine kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Butuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajahnate of Butuan">Butuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a> (Mindoro), Malilu 麻裏蘆 (present-day <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sanmalan" title="Sanmalan">Shahuchong</a> 沙胡重 (present-day Siocon), Yachen 啞陳 (<a href="/wiki/Oton" title="Oton">Oton</a>), and 文杜陵 Wenduling (present-day <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>),<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> which would regain their independence at a later date.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In the 14th century, the <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Javanese</a> manuscript <a href="/wiki/Nagarakretagama" title="Nagarakretagama">Nagarakretagama</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Mpu_Prapanca" title="Mpu Prapanca">Prapanca</a> in 1365, mentioned Barune as the constituent state of Hindu <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> which had to make an annual <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> of forty <a href="/wiki/Catty" title="Catty">katis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a>. In 1369, Sulu which was also formerly part of Majapahit, successfully rebelled and then attacked Boni, and had invaded the Northeast Coast of Borneo<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> and afterwards had looted the capital of its treasure and gold including sacking two sacred pearls. A fleet from Majapahit succeeded in driving away the Sulus, but Boni was left weaker after the attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200944-42">[42]</a> A Chinese report from 1371 described Boni as poor and totally controlled by Majapahit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200945-43">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian Empire</a> was established in the coastal regions of Sarawak by the mid-15th century,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and the Kuching area was known to Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartographers</a> during the 16th century as Cerava, one of the five great seaports of Borneo.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sultanate of Sarawak</a> was established during this time and lasted for almost half a century before being reunited with Brunei in 1641.<a href="#cite_note-srwk-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> By the early 19th century, the Bruneian Empire was in decline, retaining only a tenuous hold on the coastal regions of Sarawak which were otherwise controlled by semi-independent <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malay</a> leaders. Away from the coast, territorial wars were fought between the <a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a> alliance.<a href="#cite_note-Fairlandsarawak-49">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_James_Brooke_(1847)_by_Francis_Grant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Brooke painted by Francis Grant, standing next to a rock in front of a tropical landscape" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sir_James_Brooke_%281847%29_by_Francis_Grant.jpg/170px-Sir_James_Brooke_%281847%29_by_Francis_Grant.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sir_James_Brooke_%281847%29_by_Francis_Grant.jpg/255px-Sir_James_Brooke_%281847%29_by_Francis_Grant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sir_James_Brooke_%281847%29_by_Francis_Grant.jpg/340px-Sir_James_Brooke_%281847%29_by_Francis_Grant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/White_Rajahs" title="White Rajahs">White Rajah</a></figcaption></figure> The discovery of antimony ore in the Kuching region led <a href="/wiki/Pengiran_Indera_Mahkota" title="Pengiran Indera Mahkota">Pengiran Indera Mahkota</a>, a representative of the Sultan of Brunei, to increase development in the territory between 1824 and 1830. Increasing antimony production in the region led the Brunei Sultanate to demand higher taxes, which ultimately led to civil unrest.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 1839, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_II" title="Omar Ali Saifuddin II">Omar Ali Saifuddin II</a> (1827–1852) assigned his uncle <a href="/wiki/Pengiran_Muda_Hashim" title="Pengiran Muda Hashim">Pengiran Muda Hashim</a> the task of restoring order but his inability to do so caused him to request the aid of British sailor <a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a>. Brooke's success in quelling the revolt was rewarded with antimony, property and the governorship of Sarawak, which at that time consisted only of a small area centred on Kuching.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brooke_family" title="Brooke family">Brooke family</a>, later called the <a href="/wiki/White_Rajahs" title="White Rajahs">White Rajahs</a>, set about expanding the territory they had been ceded.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> With expansion came the need for efficient governance and thus, beginning in 1841, Sarawak was separated into the first of its administrative divisions<a href="#cite_note-The_Borneo_Post-54">[54]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_dollar" title="Sarawak dollar">Sarawak dollar</a>, entered circulation in 1858.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> By 1912, a total of five divisions had been established in Sarawak, each headed by a <a href="/wiki/Resident_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident (title)">Resident</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Borneo_Post-54">[54]</a> The Brooke family generally practised a paternalistic form of government with minimal bureaucracy, but were pressured to establish some form of legal framework. Since they were unfamiliar with local customs, the Brooke government created an advisory Supreme Council, mostly consisting of Malay chiefs. This council is the oldest state legislative assembly in Malaysia, with the first general council meeting taking place at <a href="/wiki/Bintulu" title="Bintulu">Bintulu</a> in 1867.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In 1928, a judicial commissioner, Thomas Stirling Boyd, was appointed as the first legally trained judge. A similar system relating to matters concerning various Chinese communities was also formed.<a href="#cite_note-Empirenationalism-57">[57]</a> Members of the local community were encouraged by the Brooke regime to focus on particular functions within the territory; the Ibans and other Dayak people were hired as <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> while Malays were primarily administrators. Chinese, both local and immigrant, were mostly employed in plantations,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> mines and as bureaucrats.<a href="#cite_note-Empirenationalism-57">[57]</a> Expanding trade led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Borneo_Company_Limited" title="Borneo Company Limited">Borneo Company Limited</a> in 1856. The company was involved in a wide range of businesses in Sarawak including trade, banking, agriculture, mineral exploration, and development.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif/220px-Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif/330px-Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif/440px-Sarawak_territorial_expansion.gif 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Territorial expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Raj of Sarawak</a> from 1841 to 1905 played a significant role in the present-day boundaries of the modern state of Sarawak.</figcaption></figure> Between 1853 and 1862, there were a number of uprisings against the Brooke government but all were successfully contained with the aid of local tribes.<a href="#cite_note-Empirenationalism-57">[57]</a> To guard against future uprisings, a series of forts were constructed to protect Kuching, including <a href="/wiki/Fort_Margherita" title="Fort Margherita">Fort Margherita</a>, completed in 1871. By that time Brooke's control of Sarawak was such that defences were largely unnecessary.<a href="#cite_note-Kingdominjungle-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brooke,_Rajah_of_Sarawak" title="Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak">Charles Anthoni Brooke</a> succeeded his uncle as White Rajah in 1868. Under his rule, Sarawak gained Limbang and the Baram and Trusan valleys from the Sultan of Brunei, later becoming a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> in 1888 with Britain handling foreign affairs but the Brooke government retaining administrative powers.<a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guides-61">[61]</a> Domestically, Brooke established the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak Museum">Sarawak Museum</a> – the oldest museum in Borneo – in 1891,<a href="#cite_note-Kingdominjungle-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> and brokered a peace in <a href="/wiki/Marudi,_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Marudi, Sarawak">Marudi</a> by ending intertribal wars there. Economic development continued, with oil wells being drilled from 1910 and the Brooke Dockyard opening two years later. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Brooke" title="Anthony Brooke">Anthony Brooke</a>, who would become Rajah Muda (heir apparent) in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> A centenary celebration of Brooke rule in Sarawak was held in 1941. During the celebration, a <a href="/wiki/1941_constitution_of_Sarawak" title="1941 constitution of Sarawak">new constitution</a> was introduced that would limit the power of the rajah and grant the Sarawak people a greater role in running the government. However, this constitution was never fully implemented due to the Japanese occupation.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Empirenationalism-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[note 1]</a> That same year saw the British withdrawing its air and marine forces defending Sarawak to Singapore. With Sarawak now unguarded, the Brooke regime adopted a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy where oil installations in Miri were to be destroyed and the Kuching airfield held as long as possible before being destroyed. A Japanese invasion force led by <a href="/wiki/Kiyotake_Kawaguchi" title="Kiyotake Kawaguchi">Kiyotake Kawaguchi</a> landed in Miri on 16 December 1941 and captured Kuching on 24 December 1941, with British ground forces retreating to <a href="/wiki/Singkawang" title="Singkawang">Singkawang</a> in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Borneo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Borneo">Dutch Borneo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a> surrendered on 1 April 1942 after ten weeks of fighting there.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vyner_Brooke" title="Charles Vyner Brooke">Charles Vyner Brooke</a>, the last Rajah of Sarawak, had already left for <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia; his officers were captured by the Japanese and interned at the <a href="/wiki/Batu_Lintang_camp" title="Batu Lintang camp">Batu Lintang camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Native_population_of_Kuching.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Native_population_of_Kuching.JPG/170px-Native_population_of_Kuching.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Native_population_of_Kuching.JPG/255px-Native_population_of_Kuching.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Native_population_of_Kuching.JPG/340px-Native_population_of_Kuching.JPG 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Crowds throng a street in <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a> to witness the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="Second Australian Imperial Force">Australian Imperial Force</a> on 12 September 1945.</figcaption></figure> Sarawak remained part of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> for three years and eight months. During this time it was divided into three provinces – Kuching-shu, Sibu-shu, and Miri-shu – each under their respective Provincial Governor. The Japanese otherwise preserved the Brooke administrative structure and appointed Japanese people to important government positions.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Allied forces later carried out <a href="/wiki/Operation_Semut" title="Operation Semut">Operation Semut</a> to sabotage Japanese operations in Sarawak.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">Battle of North Borneo</a>, the Australian forces landed at Lutong-Miri area on 20 June 1945 and penetrated as far as <a href="/wiki/Marudi,_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Marudi, Sarawak">Marudi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limbang" title="Limbang">Limbang</a> before halting their operations in Sarawak.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a>, the Japanese surrendered to the Australian forces at <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a> on 10 September 1945.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> The following day, the Japanese forces at Kuching surrendered, and the Batu Lintang camp was liberated.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Sarawak was immediately placed under <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">British Military Administration</a> and managed by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="Second Australian Imperial Force">Australian Imperial Force</a> until April 1946.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Lacking the resources to rebuild Sarawak after the war, Charles Vyner Brooke decided to cede Sarawak as British Crown Colony<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> and a cession bill was put forth in the Council Negri (now <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Sarawak State Legislative Assembly">Sarawak State Legislative Assembly</a>), which was debated for three days. The bill passed on 17 May 1946 with 19 votes to 16.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Hundreds of Malay civil servants resigned in protest, sparking an <a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">anti-cession movement</a> and the assassination of the second colonial governor of Sarawak, Sir <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Stewart_(colonial_administrator)" title="Duncan Stewart (colonial administrator)">Duncan Stewart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Despite the resistance, Sarawak became a <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_(British_Crown_colony)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak (British Crown colony)">British Crown colony</a> on 1 July 1946.<a href="#cite_note-Porritt1997-3">[3]</a> Anthony Brooke opposed the cession of Sarawak to the British Crown,<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> for which he was banished from Sarawak by the colonial government.<a href="#cite_note-Empirenationalism-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[note 2]</a> He was only allowed to return 17 years later after Sarawak had become part of Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-Anthonylegal-81">[79]</a> In 1950 all anti-cession movements in Sarawak ceased after a clamp-down by the colonial government.<a href="#cite_note-Fairlandsarawak-49">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarawak_during_the_formation_of_Malaysia_(16_September_1963).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ningkan holding papers containing the declaration, standing behind a microphone and in front of several guards on a podium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sarawak_during_the_formation_of_Malaysia_%2816_September_1963%29.jpg/170px-Sarawak_during_the_formation_of_Malaysia_%2816_September_1963%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sarawak_during_the_formation_of_Malaysia_%2816_September_1963%29.jpg/255px-Sarawak_during_the_formation_of_Malaysia_%2816_September_1963%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sarawak_during_the_formation_of_Malaysia_%2816_September_1963%29.jpg/340px-Sarawak_during_the_formation_of_Malaysia_%2816_September_1963%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Tan Sri Datuk Amar</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kalong_Ningkan" title="Stephen Kalong Ningkan">Stephen Kalong Ningkan</a> declaring the formation of the Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963</figcaption></figure> On 27 May 1961, <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a>, the prime minister of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a>, announced a plan to form a greater federation together with <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, to be called Malaysia. On 17 January 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a> was formed to gauge the support of Sarawak and Sabah for the plan; the Commission reported 80 per cent support for federation.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> On 23 October 1962, five political parties in Sarawak formed a united front that supported the formation of Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Sarawak was <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Self-government_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak Self-government Day">officially granted self-government</a> on 22 July 1963,<a href="#cite_note-Porritt1997-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mathews2014-4">[4]</a> and federated with Malaya, North Borneo (now <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>), and Singapore to form the Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> The governments of the Philippines and Indonesia opposed the new federation, as did the <a href="/wiki/Brunei_People%27s_Party" title="Brunei People's Party">Brunei People's Party</a> and Sarawak-based communist groups, and in 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Revolt">Brunei Revolt</a> broke out.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Indonesian president <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> responded by deploying armed volunteers and, later, military forces into Sarawak.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Thousands of Sarawak communist members went to <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, Indonesian Borneo, and underwent training with the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a>. The most significant engagement of the confrontation was fought at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plaman_Mapu" title="Battle of Plaman Mapu">Plaman Mapu</a> in April 1965. The defeat at Plaman Mapu ultimately resulted in the fall of Sukarno and his replacement with <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> as President of Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> Negotiations were restarted between Malaysia and Indonesia and led to the end of the confrontation on 11 August 1966.<a href="#cite_note-Ohiopress-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[note 3]</a> A number of communist groups existed in Sarawak, the first of which, the Sarawak Overseas Chinese Democratic Youth League, formed in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-Fairlandsarawak-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[note 4]</a> Another group, the North Kalimantan Communist Party (NKCP, also known as Clandestine Communist Organisation (CCO) by government sources) was formally set up in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> Weng Min Chyuan and <a href="/wiki/Bong_Kee_Chok" title="Bong Kee Chok">Bong Kee Chok</a> were two of the more notable communist leaders involved in the insurgency. As the political scene changed, it grew progressively more difficult for the communists to operate. This led to Bong opening talks with chief minister <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Ya%27kub" title="Abdul Rahman Ya'kub">Abdul Rahman Ya'kub</a> in 1973 and eventually signing an agreement with the government. Weng, who had moved to China in the mid-1960s but nonetheless retained control of the CCO, pushed for a continued armed insurrection against the government in spite of this agreement. The conflict continued mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Rajang_River" title="Rajang River">Rajang Delta</a> region but eventually ended when, on 17 October 1990, the NKCP signed a peace agreement with the Government of Sarawak.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-chanwong-96">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_State_of_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the State of Sarawak">Constitution of the State of Sarawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sarawak" title="Government of Sarawak">Government of Sarawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sarawak" title="Cabinet of Sarawak">Cabinet of Sarawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sarawak" title="Elections in Sarawak">Elections in Sarawak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Sarawak State Legislative Assembly">Sarawak State Legislative Assembly</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Composition of the <a href="/wiki/19th_Sarawak_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="19th Sarawak State Legislative Assembly">19th Sarawak State Legislative Assembly</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarawak_State_Legislative_Assembly_20211224_mrfo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sarawak_State_Legislative_Assembly_20211224_mrfo.svg/300px-Sarawak_State_Legislative_Assembly_20211224_mrfo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sarawak_State_Legislative_Assembly_20211224_mrfo.svg/450px-Sarawak_State_Legislative_Assembly_20211224_mrfo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sarawak_State_Legislative_Assembly_20211224_mrfo.svg/600px-Sarawak_State_Legislative_Assembly_20211224_mrfo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Affiliation </th> <th>Leader in the Assembly </th> <th>Status </th> <th>Current seats (<a href="/wiki/2021_Sarawak_state_election" title="2021 Sarawak state election">2021 election</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F9FA"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabungan_Parti_Sarawak" title="Gabungan Parti Sarawak">Gabungan Parti Sarawak</a> (GPS) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abang_Abdul_Rahman_Zohari_Abang_Openg" class="mw-redirect" title="Abang Abdul Rahman Zohari Abang Openg">Abang Abdul Rahman Zohari Abang Openg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sarawak" title="Government of Sarawak">Government</a> </td> <td>80<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ED1C24"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a> (PH) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chong_Chieng_Jen" title="Chong Chieng Jen">Chong Chieng Jen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Malaysia)" title="Opposition (Malaysia)">Opposition</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Total </th> <th>82 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Government majority </th> <th>70 </th></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timeline_of_evolution_of_political_parties_in_Sarawak.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Timeline_of_evolution_of_political_parties_in_Sarawak.svg/300px-Timeline_of_evolution_of_political_parties_in_Sarawak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Timeline_of_evolution_of_political_parties_in_Sarawak.svg/450px-Timeline_of_evolution_of_political_parties_in_Sarawak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Timeline_of_evolution_of_political_parties_in_Sarawak.svg/600px-Timeline_of_evolution_of_political_parties_in_Sarawak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Timeline of political parties in Sarawak</figcaption></figure> The head of the Sarawak state is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak">Yang di-Pertua Negeri</a> (also known as TYT or Governor), a largely symbolic position appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a> (King of Malaysia) on the advice of the Malaysian federal government.<a href="#cite_note-Governance-98">[94]</a> The position has been held by <a href="/wiki/Wan_Junaidi_Tuanku_Jaafar" title="Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar">Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar</a> since 2024.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> The TYT appoints the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Sarawak" title="Premier of Sarawak">Premier</a>, currently held by <a href="/wiki/Abang_Johari_Openg" class="mw-redirect" title="Abang Johari Openg">Abang Johari Openg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gabungan_Parti_Sarawak" title="Gabungan Parti Sarawak">GPS</a>),<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. Generally, the leader of the party that commands the majority of the state Legislative Assembly is appointed as the chief minister; democratically elected representatives are known as state assemblymen. The state assembly passes laws on subjects that are not under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament of Malaysia</a> such as land administration, employment, forests, immigration, merchant shipping and fisheries. The state government is constituted by the premier, the cabinet ministers and their deputy ministers.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaysian_and_Sarawak_passport_entry_stamps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Malaysian_and_Sarawak_passport_entry_stamps.jpg/220px-Malaysian_and_Sarawak_passport_entry_stamps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Malaysian_and_Sarawak_passport_entry_stamps.jpg/330px-Malaysian_and_Sarawak_passport_entry_stamps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Malaysian_and_Sarawak_passport_entry_stamps.jpg/440px-Malaysian_and_Sarawak_passport_entry_stamps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="1102" /></a><figcaption>Because the government of Sarawak controls immigration, foreign nationals entering Sarawak receive an additional entry stamp</figcaption></figure> To protect the interests of the Sarawakians in the Malaysian federation, special safeguards have been included in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution of Malaysia</a>. These include: control over immigration in and out of the state as well as the residence status of non-Sarawakians and Sabahans, limitations on the practice of law to resident lawyers, independence of the Sarawak High Court from the High Court Peninsular Malaysia, a requirement that the Sarawak Chief Minister be consulted prior to the appointment of the chief judge of the Sarawak High Court, the existence of Native Courts in Sarawak and the power to levy sales tax. Natives in Sarawak enjoy special privileges such as quotas and employment in public service, scholarships, university placements, and business permits.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> Local governments in Sarawak are exempt from local council laws enacted by the Malaysian parliament.<a href="#cite_note-95D-103">[99]</a> This level of autonomy means Sarawak is sometimes referred to as a "region", to differentiate it from less autonomous states.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuching_Sarawak_Dewan-Undangan-Negeri-Sarawak-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kuching_Sarawak_Dewan-Undangan-Negeri-Sarawak-01.jpg/220px-Kuching_Sarawak_Dewan-Undangan-Negeri-Sarawak-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kuching_Sarawak_Dewan-Undangan-Negeri-Sarawak-01.jpg/330px-Kuching_Sarawak_Dewan-Undangan-Negeri-Sarawak-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kuching_Sarawak_Dewan-Undangan-Negeri-Sarawak-01.jpg/440px-Kuching_Sarawak_Dewan-Undangan-Negeri-Sarawak-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6556" data-file-height="4371" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/New_Sarawak_State_Legislative_Assembly_Building" title="New Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Building">State Assembly building</a> is located near the Kuching waterfront.</figcaption></figure> Major political parties in Sarawak can be divided into three categories: native Sarawak Bumiputera (PBB and PBM), native Sarawak Dayak (PRS, PDP, PBDSB, etc.), and non-Bumiputera (SUPP, PSB, PBK, etc.); Parties, however, may also include members from more than one group.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> The first political party, the Sarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP), was established in 1959, followed by the Parti Negara Sarawak (PANAS) in 1960 and the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in 1961. Other major political parties such as Parti Pesaka Sarawak (PESAKA) appeared by 1962.<a href="#cite_note-Fairlandsarawak-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[note 5]</a> These parties later joined the national coalition of the Alliance Party. The Alliance Party (later regrouped into <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a>) has ruled Sarawak since the formation of Malaysia. The opposition in Sarawak has consistently alleged that the ruling coalition uses various types of vote-buying tactics in order to win elections.<a href="#cite_note-Faisal-107">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[note 6]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kalong_Ningkan" title="Stephen Kalong Ningkan">Stephen Kalong Ningkan</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Sarawak">Chief Minister of Sarawak</a> from 1963 to 1966 following his landslide victory in local council elections. However, he was ousted in 1966 by <a href="/wiki/Tawi_Sli" title="Tawi Sli">Tawi Sli</a> with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian government">Malaysian federal government</a>, causing the <a href="/wiki/1966_Sarawak_constitutional_crisis" title="1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis">1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fairlandsarawak-49">[49]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:311px;max-width:311px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Wan_Junaidi_Tuanku_Jaafar" title="Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar"><img alt="Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Wan_Junaidi_Tuanku_Jaafar_2023.jpg/150px-Wan_Junaidi_Tuanku_Jaafar_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Wan_Junaidi_Tuanku_Jaafar_2023.jpg/225px-Wan_Junaidi_Tuanku_Jaafar_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Wan_Junaidi_Tuanku_Jaafar_2023.jpg/300px-Wan_Junaidi_Tuanku_Jaafar_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="851" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Sarawak" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak">Yang di-Pertua Negeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wan_Junaidi_Tuanku_Jaafar" title="Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar">Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Abang_Abdul_Rahman_Zohari_Abang_Openg" title="Abang Abdul Rahman Zohari Abang Openg"><img alt="Abang Abdul Rahman Zohari Abang Openg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Abang_Johari_UNIMAS_meeting.jpg/153px-Abang_Johari_UNIMAS_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Abang_Johari_UNIMAS_meeting.jpg/230px-Abang_Johari_UNIMAS_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Abang_Johari_UNIMAS_meeting.jpg/306px-Abang_Johari_UNIMAS_meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="784" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Sarawak" title="Premier of Sarawak">Premier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abang_Abdul_Rahman_Zohari_Abang_Openg" class="mw-redirect" title="Abang Abdul Rahman Zohari Abang Openg">Abang Abdul Rahman Zohari Abang Openg</a></div></div></div></div></div> In 1969, the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_state_election,_1969" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak state election, 1969">first Sarawak state election</a> was held, with members of the Council Negri being directly elected by the voters. This election marked the beginning of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Melanau" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanau">Melanau</a> domination in Sarawak politics by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Ya%27kub" title="Abdul Rahman Ya'kub">Abdul Rahman Ya'kub</a> and Abdul Taib Mahmud. In the same year, the North Kalimantan Communist Party (NKCP) which subsequently waged a guerrilla war against the newly elected Sarawak state government, was formed. The party was dissolved after the signing of a peace agreement in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-chanwong-96">[92]</a> 1973 saw the birth of <a href="/wiki/Parti_Pesaka_Bumiputera_Bersatu" title="Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu">Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu</a> (PBB) following a merger of several parties.<a href="#cite_note-DAPJOURNAL-110">[104]</a> This party would later become the backbone of the Sarawak BN coalition. In 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party" title="Democratic Action Party">Democratic Action Party</a> (DAP) was the first West Malaysia-based party to open its branches in Sarawak.<a href="#cite_note-DAPJOURNAL-110">[104]</a> Sarawak originally held state elections together with national parliamentary elections. However, the then chief minister Abdul Rahman Ya'kub delayed the dissolution of the state assembly by a year to prepare for the challenges posed by opposition parties.<a href="#cite_note-Faisal-107">[102]</a> This made Sarawak the only state in Malaysia to hold state elections separate from the national parliamentary elections since 1979.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> In 1983, SNAP started to fragment into several splinter parties due to recurrent leadership crises.<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> The political climate in the state was stable until the <a href="/wiki/1987_Ming_Court_Affair" title="1987 Ming Court Affair">1987 Ming Court Affair</a>, a political coup initiated by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Taib_Mahmud" title="Abdul Taib Mahmud">Abdul Taib Mahmud</a>'s uncle to topple the Taib-led BN coalition. However, the coup was unsuccessful and Taib retained his position as chief minister.<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_state_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak state election, 2006">2006 state election</a>, the Democratic Action Party (DAP) has derived the majority of its support from urban centres and became the largest opposition party in Sarawak.<a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a> In 2010, it formed the <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Rakyat" title="Pakatan Rakyat">Pakatan Rakyat</a> coalition with <a href="/wiki/Parti_Keadilan_Rakyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Keadilan Rakyat">Parti Keadilan Rakyat</a> (PKR) and <a href="/wiki/Parti_Islam_Se-Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Islam Se-Malaysia">Parti Islam Se-Malaysia</a> (PAS); the latter two parties had become active in Sarawak between 1996 and 2001.<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> Sarawak is the only state in Malaysia where West Malaysia-based component parties in the BN coalition, especially the <a href="/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Malays National Organisation">United Malays National Organisation</a> (UMNO), have not been active in state politics.<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> On 12 June 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Gabungan_Parti_Sarawak" title="Gabungan Parti Sarawak">Sarawak Parties Alliance</a> was formed by the BN parties in the state in the aftermath of an historic meeting of party leaders in Kuching, where they decided that in light of the BN defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_general_election,_2018" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian general election, 2018">2018 Malaysian general election</a> and the changing national situation and a new government, the parties will leave the BN altogether.<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> In conjunction with the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Day" title="Malaysia Day">Malaysia Day</a> in 2018 under the new government, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a> has promised to restore the status of Sarawak (together with Sabah) as an equal partner to Malaya, where all three parties (and then, Singapore) formed Malaysia in accordance to the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> However, through the process of the proposed <a href="/wiki/Proposed_2019_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Proposed 2019 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia</a> in 2019, the bill for the amendment failed to pass following the failure to reach two-thirds majority support (148 votes) in the Parliament with only 138 agreed with the move while 59 abstained from the voting.<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a> On 14 December 2021, the proposed amendment was passed in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament</a> unanimously with 199 votes in favour, and 21 MPs absent from the 6-hour long debate.<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Malaysia" title="Divisions of Malaysia">Divisions of Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Malaysia">Districts of Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_local_governments_in_Malaysia" title="List of local governments in Malaysia">List of local governments in Malaysia</a></div> Unlike states in <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>, Sarawak is divided into 12 divisions, each headed by an appointed resident.<a href="#cite_note-Governance-98">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Divisiondistrict-124">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; font-size:smaller; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7">Administrative divisions of Sarawak </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="font-size:larger"><div style="position: relative" class="center"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 600px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Divisions_and_districts_of_Sarawak_%28blank%29.svg/600px-Divisions_and_districts_of_Sarawak_%28blank%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Divisions_and_districts_of_Sarawak_%28blank%29.svg/900px-Divisions_and_districts_of_Sarawak_%28blank%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Divisions_and_districts_of_Sarawak_%28blank%29.svg/1200px-Divisions_and_districts_of_Sarawak_%28blank%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:475.00002px; top:7px"><a href="/wiki/Limbang" title="Limbang">Limbang</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:79.000002px; top:328px"><a href="/wiki/Serian,_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Serian, Sarawak">Serian</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:186.999996px; top:304.99999px"><a href="/wiki/Betong,_Sarawak" title="Betong, Sarawak">Betong</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:64.000002px; top:296.99998px"><a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:303.99999px; top:274px"><a href="/wiki/Kapit" title="Kapit">Kapit</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:375.999996px; top:67px"><a href="/wiki/Miri" title="Miri">Miri</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:186px; top:340.99999px"><a href="/wiki/Simanggang" title="Simanggang">Simanggang</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:222.999996px; top:241.999996px"><a href="/wiki/Sibu" title="Sibu">Sibu</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:191.00001px; top:268px"><a href="/wiki/Sarikei" title="Sarikei">Sarikei</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:109.999998px; top:298px"><a href="/wiki/Kota_Samarahan" title="Kota Samarahan">Kota Samarahan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:230.00001px; top:177.000004px"><a href="/wiki/Mukah" title="Mukah">Mukah</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:303.99999px; top:151px"><a href="/wiki/Bintulu" title="Bintulu">Bintulu</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:34px; top:32px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  First Division</div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:34px; top:60px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Second Division</div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:34px; top:88px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Third Division</div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:34px; top:116px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Fourth Division</div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:34px; top:144px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Fifth Division</div></div> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>UPI code<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Malaysia" title="Divisions of Malaysia">Divisions</a> </th> <th>Population (2020 census) </th> <th>Area (km2) </th> <th>Seat </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Malaysia">Districts</a> (subdistricts) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_local_governments_in_Malaysia" title="List of local governments in Malaysia">Local governments</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1301 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kuching_Division" title="Kuching Division">Kuching</a> </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175">812,900</a> </td> <td>1,794.18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a> </td> <td>3 (5) </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1302 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aman_Division" title="Sri Aman Division">Sri Aman</a> </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175">111,500</a> </td> <td>5,466.25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simanggang" title="Simanggang">Simanggang</a> </td> <td>2 (5) </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1303 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sibu_Division" title="Sibu Division">Sibu</a> </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175">350,700</a> </td> <td>8,278.3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sibu" title="Sibu">Sibu</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1304 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Miri_Division" title="Miri Division">Miri</a> </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175">433,800</a> </td> <td>26,777 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miri" title="Miri">Miri</a> </td> <td>5 (11) </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1305 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Limbang_Division" title="Limbang Division">Limbang</a> </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175">103,100</a> </td> <td>7,790 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Limbang" title="Limbang">Limbang</a> </td> <td>2 (5) </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1306 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sarikei_Division" title="Sarikei Division">Sarikei</a> </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175">139,500</a> </td> <td>4,332.4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarikei" title="Sarikei">Sarikei</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1307 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kapit_Division" title="Kapit Division">Kapit</a> </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175">155,900</a> </td> <td>38,934 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kapit" title="Kapit">Kapit</a> </td> <td>4 (6) </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1308 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Samarahan_Division" title="Samarahan Division">Samarahan</a> </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175">187,500</a> </td> <td>2,927.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kota_Samarahan" title="Kota Samarahan">Kota Samarahan</a> </td> <td>3 (5) </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1309 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bintulu_Division" title="Bintulu Division">Bintulu</a> </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175">266,300</a> </td> <td>12,166.2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bintulu" title="Bintulu">Bintulu</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1310 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Betong_Division" title="Betong Division">Betong</a> </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175">129,000</a> </td> <td>4,180.8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Betong,_Sarawak" title="Betong, Sarawak">Betong</a> </td> <td>4 (9) </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1311 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mukah_Division" title="Mukah Division">Mukah</a> </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175">134,900</a> </td> <td>6,997.61 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mukah" title="Mukah">Mukah</a> </td> <td>5 (8) </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1312 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Serian_Division" title="Serian Division">Serian</a> </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175">105,800</a> </td> <td>2,039.9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serian,_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Serian, Sarawak">Serian</a> </td> <td>2 (3) </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:left">Note: Population data for Serian Division not including Siburan subdistrict which was formerly a part of Kuching Division. </td></tr></tbody></table> On 26 November 2015, it was announced that the <a href="/wiki/Kuching_Division" title="Kuching Division">Kuching Division</a> district of Serian would become Sarawak's 12th division and it had officiated by <a href="/wiki/Adenan_Satem" title="Adenan Satem">Adenan Satem</a> at its formal creation on 11 April 2015.<a href="#cite_note-dv-127">[121]</a> A division is divided into districts, each headed by a district officer, which are in turn divided into sub-districts, each headed by a Sarawak Administrative Officer (SAO). There is also one development officer for each division and district to implement development projects. The state government appoints a headman (known as ketua kampung or penghulu) for each village.<a href="#cite_note-Governance-98">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Divisiondistrict-124">[118]</a> There are a total of 26 sub-districts in Sarawak all under the jurisdiction of the Sarawak Ministry of Local Government and Community Development.<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> The list of divisions, districts, sub-districts and their local authorities is shown in the table below:<a href="#cite_note-State_Planning_Unit_stats-129">[123]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 400px"> <tbody><tr> <th>Division</th> <th>District</th> <th>Subdistrict </th> <th>Local government </th></tr> <tr style="border-top: 3px solid black"> <td rowspan="3">Kuching </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuching_District" title="Kuching District">Kuching</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Padawan,_Sarawak" title="Padawan, Sarawak">Padawan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuching_North_City_Hall" title="Kuching North City Hall">Kuching North City Hall</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuching_South_City_Council" title="Kuching South City Council">Kuching South City Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Padawan_Municipal_Council" title="Padawan Municipal Council">Padawan Municipal Council</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Bau </td> <td>Bau District Council </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lundu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sematan" title="Sematan">Sematan</a> </td> <td>Lundu District Council </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 3px solid black"> <td rowspan="5">Samarahan </td> <td colspan="2">Samarahan </td> <td rowspan="2">Kota Samarahan Municipal Council </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asajaya_District" title="Asajaya District">Asajaya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sadong_Jaya" title="Sadong Jaya">Sadong Jaya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Simunjan_District" title="Simunjan District">Simunjan</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">Simunjan District Council </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Gedong </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Sebuyau </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 3px solid black"> <td rowspan="3">Serian<a href="#cite_note-dv-127">[121]</a> </td> <td>Serian</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balai_Ringin" title="Balai Ringin">Balai Ringin</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">Serian District Council </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Siburan </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Tebedu </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 3px solid black"> <td rowspan="4">Sri Aman </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aman_District" title="Sri Aman District">Simanggang</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">Sri Aman District Council </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Lingga </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Pantu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lubok_Antu_District" title="Lubok Antu District">Lubok Antu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Engkilili" title="Engkilili">Engkilili</a> </td> <td>Lubok Antu District Council </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 3px solid black"> <td rowspan="5">Betong </td> <td rowspan="2">Betong</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spaoh" title="Spaoh">Spaoh</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">Betong District Council </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Debak" title="Debak">Debak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pusa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maludam" title="Maludam">Maludam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saratok</td> <td>Nanga Budu </td> <td rowspan="2">Saratok District Council </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kabong </td> <td>Roban </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 3px solid black"> <td rowspan="4">Sarikei </td> <td colspan="2">Sarikei </td> <td>Sarikei District Council </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Meradong_District" title="Meradong District">Meradong</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">Maradong Julau District Council </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Julau_District" title="Julau District">Julau</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pakan_District" title="Pakan District">Pakan</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 3px solid black"> <td rowspan="5">Mukah </td> <td>Mukah </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balingian" title="Balingian">Balingian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Dalat Mukah District Council </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dalat_District" title="Dalat District">Dalat</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oya,_Malaysia" title="Oya, Malaysia">Oya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matu_District" title="Matu District">Matu</a> </td> <td>Igan </td> <td rowspan="3">Matu Daro District Council </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Daro_District" title="Daro District">Daro</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Tanjung Manis </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 3px solid black"> <td rowspan="3">Sibu </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sibu_District" title="Sibu District">Sibu</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sibu_Municipal_Council" title="Sibu Municipal Council">Sibu Municipal Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Sibu_Rural_District_Council" title="Sibu Rural District Council">Sibu Rural District Council</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Selangau_District" title="Selangau District">Selangau</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Kanowit </td> <td>Kanowit District Council </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 3px solid black"> <td rowspan="4">Kapit </td> <td>Kapit</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanga_Meriu" title="Nanga Meriu">Nanga Merit</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">Kapit District Council </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Song_District,_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Song District, Sarawak">Song</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belaga_District" title="Belaga District">Belaga</a></td> <td>Sungai Asap </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Bukit Mabong </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 2px solid black"> <td rowspan="3">Bintulu </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bintulu_District" title="Bintulu District">Bintulu</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Bintulu_Development_Authority" title="Bintulu Development Authority">Bintulu Development Authority</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Sebauh </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tatau_District" title="Tatau District">Tatau</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 3px solid black"> <td rowspan="6">Miri </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miri_District" title="Miri District">Miri</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario">Bario</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miri_City_Council" title="Miri City Council">Miri City Council</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subis </td> <td>Niah-Suai </td> <td>Subis District Council </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marudi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mulu,_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulu, Malaysia">Mulu</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">Marudi District Council </td></tr> <tr> <td>Beluru </td> <td>Lapok </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Telang Usan </td> <td>Long Lama </td></tr> <tr> <td>Long Bedian </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 3px solid black"> <td rowspan="3">Limbang </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Limbang_District" title="Limbang District">Limbang</a></td> <td>Nanga Medamit </td> <td>Limbang District Council </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lawas_District" title="Lawas District">Lawas</a></td> <td>Sundar </td> <td rowspan="2">Lawas District Council </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trusan </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Security">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> The first paramilitary armed forces in Sarawak, a regiment formed by the Brooke regime in 1862, were known as the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Rangers" title="Sarawak Rangers">Sarawak Rangers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> The regiment, renowned for its jungle tracking skills, served in the campaign to end the intertribal wars in Sarawak. It also engaged in guerrilla warfare against the Japanese, in the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> (in West Malaysia) and the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Communist_Insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak Communist Insurgency">Sarawak Communist Insurgency</a> against the communists. Following the formation of Malaysia, the regiment was absorbed into the Malaysian military forces and is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ranger_Regiment" title="Royal Ranger Regiment">Royal Ranger Regiment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> In 1888, Sarawak, together with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a>, and Brunei, became <a href="/wiki/British_protectorates" class="mw-redirect" title="British protectorates">British protectorates</a>, and the responsibility for foreign policy was handed over to the British in exchange for military protection.<a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guides-61">[61]</a> Since the formation of Malaysia, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Malaysian federal government</a> has been solely responsible for foreign policy and military forces in the country.<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_disputes">Territorial disputes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Territorial disputes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">Territorial disputes in the South China Sea</a></div> Several border disputes between Malaysia and its neighbouring countries concern Sarawak. Land and maritime disputes exist with Brunei.<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> In 2009, Malaysian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawi" title="Abdullah Ahmad Badawi">Abdullah Ahmad Badawi</a> claimed that in a meeting with Sultan of Brunei, Brunei agreed to drop its claim over <a href="/wiki/Limbang_District" title="Limbang District">Limbang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a> This was however denied by the second Foreign Minister of Brunei <a href="/wiki/Lim_Jock_Seng" title="Lim Jock Seng">Lim Jock Seng</a>, stating the issue was never discussed during the meeting.<a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Shoal" title="James Shoal">James Shoal</a> (Betting Serupai) and the <a href="/wiki/Luconia_Shoals" title="Luconia Shoals">Luconia Shoals</a> (Betting Raja Jarum/Patinggi Ali), <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="South China Sea islands">islands in</a> the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>, fall within Sarawak's <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a>, but concerns have been raised about Chinese incursions.<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> There are also several Sarawak–Kalimantan border issues with Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julan_waterfall_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Julan_waterfall_01.jpg/220px-Julan_waterfall_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Julan_waterfall_01.jpg/330px-Julan_waterfall_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Julan_waterfall_01.jpg/440px-Julan_waterfall_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="5312" /></a><figcaption>Julan waterfall (located at <a href="/wiki/Usun_Apau_Plieran" title="Usun Apau Plieran">Usun Apau Plieran</a>) is the highest waterfall in Sarawak<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a></figcaption></figure> The total land area of Sarawak is nearly 124,450 km2 (48,050 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-statistics-7">[7]</a> making up 37.5 per cent of the total area of Malaysia, and lies between the northern latitudes 0° 50′ and 5° and eastern longitudes 109° 36′ and 115° 40′ E.<a href="#cite_note-stateplanning-142">[136]</a> Its 750 km (470 mi) of coastline is interrupted in the north by about 150 km (93 mi) of Bruneian coast.<a href="#cite_note-Welman-143">[137]</a> A total of its 45.5 km (28.3 mi) coastline have been <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">eroding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> In 1961, Sarawak including neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, which had been included in the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a> (IMO) through the participation of the United Kingdom, became joint associate members of the IMO.<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> Sarawak is separated from Kalimantan Borneo by ranges of high hills and mountains that are part of the central mountain range of Borneo. These become loftier to the north, and are highest near the source of the Baram River at the steep <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Batu_Lawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukit Batu Lawi">Mount Batu Lawi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Mulu" title="Mount Mulu">Mount Mulu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Murud" title="Mount Murud">Mount Murud</a> is the highest point in Sarawak.<a href="#cite_note-Welman-143">[137]</a> Sarawak has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_geography" title="Tropical geography">tropical geography</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">equatorial climate</a> and experiences two <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> seasons: a northeast monsoon and a southwest monsoon. The northeast monsoon occurs between November and February, bringing heavy rainfall while the southwest monsoon, which occurs between March and October, brings somewhat less rainfall. The climate is stable throughout the year except for the two monsoons, with average daily temperature varying between 23 °C (73 °F) in the morning to 32 °C (90 °F) in the afternoon at coastal areas. <a href="/wiki/Miri,_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Miri, Malaysia">Miri</a> has the lowest average temperatures in comparison to other major towns in Sarawak and has the longest daylight hours (more than six hours a day), while other areas receive sunshine for five to six hours a day. Humidity is usually high, exceeding 68 per cent, with annual rainfall varying between 330 cm (130 in) and 460 cm (180 in) for up to 220 days a year.<a href="#cite_note-stateplanning-142">[136]</a> At highland areas, the temperature can vary from 16 °C (61 °F) to 25 °C (77 °F) during the day and as low as 11 °C (52 °F) during the night.<a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a> Sarawak is divided into three <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a>. The coastal region is rather low-lying and flat with large areas of swamp and other wet environments. Beaches in Sarawak include Pasir Panjang<a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a> and Damai beaches in Kuching,<a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a> Tanjung Batu beach in Bintulu,<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a> and Tanjung Lobang<a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> and Hawaii beaches in Miri.<a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a> Hilly terrain accounts for much of the inhabited land and is where most of the cities and towns are found. The <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a> of Kuching and <a href="/wiki/Sibu" title="Sibu">Sibu</a> are built some distance from the coast on rivers while Bintulu and Miri are close to the coastline where the hills stretch right to the South China Sea. The third region is the mountainous region along the Sarawak–Kalimantan border, where a number of villages such as <a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario">Bario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ba%27kelalan" title="Ba'kelalan">Ba'kelalan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Usun_Apau_Plieran" title="Usun Apau Plieran">Usun Apau Plieran</a> are located.<a href="#cite_note-Welman-143">[137]</a> A number of rivers flow through Sarawak, with the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_River" title="Sarawak River">Sarawak River</a> being the main river flowing through Kuching. The <a href="/wiki/Rajang_River" title="Rajang River">Rajang River</a> is the longest river in Malaysia, measuring 563 km (350 mi) including its tributary, <a href="/wiki/Balleh_River" title="Balleh River">Balleh River</a>. To the north, the Baram, Limbang and Trusan Rivers drain into the <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bay" title="Brunei Bay">Brunei Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Welman-143">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajang_delta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rajang_delta.jpg/220px-Rajang_delta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rajang_delta.jpg/330px-Rajang_delta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rajang_delta.jpg/440px-Rajang_delta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rajang_River" title="Rajang River">Rajang River</a> is the longest river in Malaysia</figcaption></figure> Sarawak can be divided into two geological zones: the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda Plate">Sunda Shield</a>, which extends southwest from the Batang Lupar River (near <a href="/wiki/Simanggang" title="Simanggang">Sri Aman</a>) and forms the southern tip of Sarawak, and the <a href="/wiki/Geosyncline" title="Geosyncline">geosyncline</a> region, which extends northeast to the Batang Lupar River, forming the central and northern regions of Sarawak. The oldest rock type in southern Sarawak is <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a> formed during the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Lower Permian</a> times, while the youngest <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rock</a> in this region, <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a>, can be found at <a href="/wiki/Sematan" title="Sematan">Sematan</a>. Geological formation of the central and northern regions started during the late <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period. Other types of stone that can be found in central and northern Sarawak are <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stateplanning-142">[136]</a> The Miri Division in eastern Sarawak is the region of <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> strata containing organic rich rock formations which are the prolific <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil and gas reserves</a>. The rocks enriched in organic components are <a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstones</a> in Lambir, Miri and Tukau Formations of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene" title="Middle Miocene">Middle Miocene</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lower_Pliocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Pliocene">Lower Pliocene</a> age.<a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a> Significant quantities of Sarawak soil are <a href="/wiki/Orthent" title="Orthent">lithosols</a>, up to 60 per cent, and <a href="/wiki/Podzol" title="Podzol">podsols</a>, around 12 per cent, while abundant <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial soil</a> is found in coastal and riverine regions. 12 per cent of Sarawak is covered with <a href="/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest" title="Peat swamp forest">peat swamp forest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stateplanning-142">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a> with well-developed <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> topography and cave systems is found scattered from west to east Sarawak, but concentrated in certain regions such as in the Bau district in the west and southwards near the Kalimantan border.<a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a> There are thirty national parks,<a href="#cite_note-154">[148]</a> among which are <a href="/wiki/Niah_National_Park" title="Niah National Park">Niah</a> with its eponymous caves,<a href="#cite_note-155">[149]</a> the highly developed ecosystem around <a href="/wiki/Lambir_Hills_National_Park" title="Lambir Hills National Park">Lambir Hills</a>,<a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Mulu_National_Park" title="Gunung Mulu National Park">Gunung Mulu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> The last contains <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Chamber" title="Sarawak Chamber">Sarawak Chamber</a>, one of the world's largest underground chambers,<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deer_Cave" title="Deer Cave">Deer Cave</a>, the largest cave passage in the world,<a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clearwater_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Clearwater Cave">Clearwater Cave</a>, the longest cave system in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Landscapes of Sarawak</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mulu_Pinnacles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pinnacles at Gunung Mulu National Park"><img alt="Tall, light grey stone columns protruding above a forest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mulu_Pinnacles.jpg/270px-Mulu_Pinnacles.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mulu_Pinnacles.jpg/405px-Mulu_Pinnacles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mulu_Pinnacles.jpg/540px-Mulu_Pinnacles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2562" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pinnacles at <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Mulu_National_Park" title="Gunung Mulu National Park">Gunung Mulu National Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Murud_Summit_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The vegetations at the summit of Mount Murud"><img alt="The vegetations at the summit of Mount Murud" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mount_Murud_Summit_02.jpg/320px-Mount_Murud_Summit_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mount_Murud_Summit_02.jpg/480px-Mount_Murud_Summit_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mount_Murud_Summit_02.jpg/640px-Mount_Murud_Summit_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The vegetations at the summit of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Murud" title="Mount Murud">Mount Murud</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:South_China_Sea,_Sarawak_(7246670486).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South China Sea view from Sarawak"><img alt="South China Sea view from Sarawak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/South_China_Sea%2C_Sarawak_%287246670486%29.jpg/245px-South_China_Sea%2C_Sarawak_%287246670486%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/South_China_Sea%2C_Sarawak_%287246670486%29.jpg/368px-South_China_Sea%2C_Sarawak_%287246670486%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/South_China_Sea%2C_Sarawak_%287246670486%29.jpg/491px-South_China_Sea%2C_Sarawak_%287246670486%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="1836" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> view from Sarawak</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bako_National_Park_(3678650933).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parts of the Bako National Park"><img alt="A mudflat receding into the sea in the distance, with a cloud-topped mountain beyond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bako_National_Park_%283678650933%29.jpg/269px-Bako_National_Park_%283678650933%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bako_National_Park_%283678650933%29.jpg/404px-Bako_National_Park_%283678650933%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bako_National_Park_%283678650933%29.jpg/539px-Bako_National_Park_%283678650933%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1358" data-file-height="908" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Parts of the <a href="/wiki/Bako_National_Park" title="Bako National Park">Bako National Park</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Borneo" title="Fauna of Borneo">Fauna of Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Borneo" title="Deforestation in Borneo">Deforestation in Borneo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Biodiversity_Centre" title="Sarawak Biodiversity Centre">Sarawak Biodiversity Centre</a></div> Sarawak contains large tracts of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a> with diverse plant species,<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> which has led to a number of them being studied for medicinal properties.<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">nipah</a> forests lining its <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a> comprise 2% of its forested area, peat swamp forests along other parts of its coastline cover 16%, <a href="/wiki/Kerangas_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerangas forest">Kerangas forest</a> covers 5% and <a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae" title="Dipterocarpaceae">Dipterocarpaceae</a> forests cover most mountainous areas. The major trees found in estuary forests include bako and nibong, while those in the peat swamp forests include ramin (<a href="/wiki/Gonystylus_bancanus" title="Gonystylus bancanus">Gonystylus bancanus</a>), meranti (<a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Shorea</a>), and medang jongkong (<a href="/wiki/Dactylocladus_stenostachys" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactylocladus stenostachys">Dactylocladus stenostachys</a>).<a href="#cite_note-stateplanning-142">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:How_to_peel_a_banana_with_your_foot_(26443349170).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/How_to_peel_a_banana_with_your_foot_%2826443349170%29.jpg/170px-How_to_peel_a_banana_with_your_foot_%2826443349170%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/How_to_peel_a_banana_with_your_foot_%2826443349170%29.jpg/255px-How_to_peel_a_banana_with_your_foot_%2826443349170%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/How_to_peel_a_banana_with_your_foot_%2826443349170%29.jpg/340px-How_to_peel_a_banana_with_your_foot_%2826443349170%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="3610" /></a><figcaption>An orangutan peeling a banana at Semenggoh Wildlife Reserve.</figcaption></figure> Animal species are also highly varied, with 185 species of mammals, 530 species of birds, 166 species of snakes, 104 species of lizards, and 113 species of amphibians, of which 19 per cent of the mammals, 6 per cent of the birds, 20 per cent of the snakes and 32 per cent of the lizards are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>. These species are largely found in Totally Protected Areas. There are over 2,000 tree species in Sarawak. Other plants includes 1,000 species of orchids, 757 species of ferns, and 260 species of palm.<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a> The state is the habitat of endangered animals, including the <a href="/wiki/Borneo_pygmy_elephant" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo pygmy elephant">borneo pygmy elephant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proboscis_monkey" title="Proboscis monkey">proboscis monkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_rhinoceros" title="Sumatran rhinoceros">Sumatran rhinoceroses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[160]</a> Matang Wildlife Centre, Semenggoh Nature Reserve, and <a href="/wiki/Lanjak_Entimau_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary">Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> are noted for their orangutan protection programmes.<a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a> Talang–Satang National Park is notable for its turtle conservation initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">Birdwatching</a> is a common activity in various national parks such as Gunung Mulu National Park, Lambir Hills National Park,<a href="#cite_note-171">[165]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Similajau_National_Park" title="Similajau National Park">Similajau National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a> Miri–Sibuti National Park is known for its coral reefs<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> and Gunung Gading National Park for its <a href="/wiki/Rafflesia" title="Rafflesia">Rafflesia</a> flowers.<a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bako_National_Park" title="Bako National Park">Bako National Park</a>, the oldest national park in Sarawak, is known for its 275 proboscis monkeys,<a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> and Padawan Pitcher Garden for its various carnivorous <a href="/wiki/Pitcher_plant" title="Pitcher plant">pitcher plants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a> In 1854, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> visited Sarawak. A year later, he formulated the "Sarawak Law" which foreshadowed the formulation of his (and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin's</a>) theory of evolution by <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> three years later.<a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a> The Sarawak state government has enacted several laws to protect its forests and endangered wildlife species. Some of the protected species are the orangutan, <a href="/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">green sea turtle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunda_flying_lemur" title="Sunda flying lemur">flying lemur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Piping_hornbill" title="Piping hornbill">piping hornbill</a>. Under the Wild Life Protection Ordinance 1998, Sarawak natives are given permissions to hunt for a restricted range of wild animals in the jungles but should not possess more than 5 kg (11 lb) of meat.<a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a> The Sarawak Forest Department was established in 1919 to conserve forest resources in the state.<a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a> Following international criticism of the <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> industry in Sarawak, the state government decided to downsize the Sarawak Forest Department and created the Sarawak Forestry Corporation in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a> The Sarawak Biodiversity Centre was set up in 1997 for the conservation, protection, and sustainable development of biodiversity in the state.<a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conservation_issues">Conservation issues</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Conservation issues">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarawak,_Cultural_Village_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sarawak%2C_Cultural_Village_11.jpg/220px-Sarawak%2C_Cultural_Village_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sarawak%2C_Cultural_Village_11.jpg/330px-Sarawak%2C_Cultural_Village_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sarawak%2C_Cultural_Village_11.jpg/440px-Sarawak%2C_Cultural_Village_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>A logging camp along the <a href="/wiki/Rajang_River" title="Rajang River">Rajang River</a></figcaption></figure> Sarawak's rain forests are primarily threatened by the logging industry and palm oil plantations.<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> The issue of human rights of the <a href="/wiki/Penan" class="mw-redirect" title="Penan">Penan</a> and deforestation in Sarawak became an international environmental issue when Swiss activist <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Manser" title="Bruno Manser">Bruno Manser</a> visited Sarawak regularly between 1984 and 2000.<a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> Deforestation has affected the life of indigenous tribes, especially the Penan, whose livelihood is heavily dependent on forest produce. This led to several blockades by indigenous tribes during the 1980s and 1990s against logging companies encroaching on their lands.<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a> Indeed, illegal logging in particular has decimated the forest regions indigenous populations depend on for their livelihoods, depleting fish, wildlife, but also traditional medicinal herbs and construction staples like Palm.<a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a> There have also been cases where <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">Native Customary Rights</a> (NCR) lands have been given to timber and plantation companies without the permission of the locals.<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> The indigenous people have resorted to legal means to reinstate their NCR. In 2001 the High Court of Sarawak fully reinstated the NCR land claimed by the Rumah Nor people, but this was overturned partially in 2005. However, this case has served as a precedent, leading to more NCR being upheld by the high court in the following years.<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> Sarawak's mega-dam policies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bakun_Dam" title="Bakun Dam">Bakun Dam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murum_Dam" title="Murum Dam">Murum Dam</a> projects, have submerged thousands of hectares of forest and displaced thousands of indigenous people.<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a> Since 2013, the proposed <a href="/wiki/Baram_Dam" title="Baram Dam">Baram Dam</a> project has been delayed due to ongoing protests from local indigenous tribes.<a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a> Since 2014, the Sarawak government under chief minister <a href="/wiki/Adenan_Satem" title="Adenan Satem">Adenan Satem</a> started to take action against <a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">illegal logging</a> in the state and to diversify the economy of the state.<a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a> Through the course of 2016 over 2 million acres of forest, much of it in orangutan habitats, were declared protected areas.<a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a> Sources vary as to Sarawak's remaining forest cover: former chief minister <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Taib_Mahmud" title="Abdul Taib Mahmud">Abdul Taib Mahmud</a> declared that it fell from 70% to 48% between 2011 and 2012, the Sarawak Forest Department and the Ministry of Resource Planning and Environment both held that it remained at 80% in 2012,<a href="#cite_note-Taibawangforests-195">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wetlands_International" title="Wetlands International">Wetlands International</a> reported that it fell by 10% between 2005 and 2010, 3.5 times faster than the rest of Asia combined.<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sarawak" title="Economy of Sarawak">Economy of Sarawak</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#8B0000; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#808000; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 658.11141132766px; border-left-color:#008000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#008000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#008000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 59.991083666714px; border-left-color:#008080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#008080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#008080"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:72.896862742141px 68.454710592869px 0 0; border-top-color:#800080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#800080"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 107.83906208398px 100px 0; border-right-color:#000080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#000080"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Sarawak GDP share by sector (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Sarawakeconomy2021-198">[192]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Services (38.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Manufacturing (24.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Mining & Quarrying (20.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Agriculture (14%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Construction (4.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Import Duties (0.3%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bintulu_LNG_port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bintulu_LNG_port.jpg/220px-Bintulu_LNG_port.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bintulu_LNG_port.jpg/330px-Bintulu_LNG_port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bintulu_LNG_port.jpg/440px-Bintulu_LNG_port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4775" data-file-height="2937" /></a><figcaption>An LNG port at Bintulu, Sarawak</figcaption></figure> Historically, Sarawak's economy was stagnant during the rule of previous three white Rajahs. After the formation of Malaysia, Sarawak GDP growth rate has risen due to increase in petroleum output and the rise in global petroleum prices. However, the state economy is less diversified and still heavily dependent upon the export of primary commodities when compared to Malaysia overall. The per capita GDP in Sarawak was lower than the national average from 1970 to 1990.<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a> As of 2021, GDP per capita for Sarawak stands at RM 65,971 (US$15,173),<a href="#cite_note-Dayak_Daily-9">[9]</a> which is the third highest in Malaysia. However, the urban-rural income gap remained a major problem in Sarawak.<a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a> Sarawak is abundant in natural resources, and primary industries such as mining, agriculture, and forestry accounted for 32.8% of its economy in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Sarawakeconomy-201">[195]</a> It also specialises in the manufacture of food and beverages, wood-based and <a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a> products, basic metal products, and <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemicals</a>,<a href="#cite_note-State_Planning_Unit_stats-129">[123]</a> as well as cargo and air services and tourism.<a href="#cite_note-Sarawakeconomy-201">[195]</a> The state's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) grew by 40.5% per year on average from 2010 to 2021,<a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a> but became very more volatile later on, ranging from −3.0% in 2009 to 35.0% in 2021. Sarawak contributed 9.5% of Malaysia's GDP in the nine years leading up to 2020, making it the third largest contributor after <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sarawakeconomy-201">[195]</a> From 2015 to 2021, the oil and gas industry accounted for 55.2% of the Sarawak government's revenue. It attracted RM 80 billion (US$17.85 billion) in foreign investments, with 95% going to the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Corridor_of_Renewable_Energy" title="Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy">Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy</a> (SCORE), the second largest <a href="/wiki/Economic_corridor" title="Economic corridor">economic corridor</a> in Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-Sarawakeconomy-201">[195]</a> As of 2021, Sarawak is producing 2,800,000 <a href="/wiki/Barrel_of_oil_equivalent" title="Barrel of oil equivalent">barrel of oil equivalent</a> every day in 150 oil and gas producing fields.<a href="#cite_note-203">[197]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] However, the export-oriented economy is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a> (LNG), which accounts for more than half of total exports. Crude petroleum accounts for 45.1%, while palm oil, <a href="/wiki/Sawlog" title="Sawlog">sawlogs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">sawn timber</a> account for 12.0% collectively.<a href="#cite_note-Sarawakeconomy-201">[195]</a> The state receives a 5% <a href="/wiki/Royalty_payment" title="Royalty payment">royalty</a> from <a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a> over oil explorations in its territorial waters.<a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a> Most of the oil and gas deposits are located offshore next to Bintulu and Miri at <a href="/wiki/Balingian" title="Balingian">Balingian</a> basin, Baram basin, and around Luconia Shoals.<a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a> Sarawak is one of the world's largest exporters of tropical <a href="/wiki/Hardwood_timber_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwood timber production">hardwood timber</a>, constituting 65% of the total Malaysian log exports in 2000. The last <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> statistics in 2001 estimated Sarawak's sawlog exports at an average of 14,109,000 m3 (498,300,000 cu ft) per year between 1996 and 2000.<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a> In 1955, <a href="/wiki/OCBC_Bank" title="OCBC Bank">OCBC</a> became the first foreign bank to operate in Sarawak, with other overseas banks following suit.<a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a> Other notable Sarawak-based companies include <a href="/wiki/Cahya_Mata_Sarawak_Berhad" class="mw-redirect" title="Cahya Mata Sarawak Berhad">Cahya Mata Sarawak Berhad</a>, Naim Holdings, and <a href="/wiki/Rimbunan_Hijau" title="Rimbunan Hijau">Rimbunan Hijau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Energy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakun_Dam_Power_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bakun_Dam_Power_House.jpg/170px-Bakun_Dam_Power_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bakun_Dam_Power_House.jpg/255px-Bakun_Dam_Power_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bakun_Dam_Power_House.jpg/340px-Bakun_Dam_Power_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turbines" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbines">Turbines</a> inside the Bakun Dam power house. The dam is the main source for <a href="/wiki/Electric_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric energy">electric energy</a> in Sarawak.</figcaption></figure> Electricity in Sarawak, supplied by the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Energy" title="Sarawak Energy">Sarawak Energy</a> Berhad (SEB),<a href="#cite_note-Sarawak_Energy_Portfolio-209">[203]</a> is primarily sourced from traditional coal fired power plants and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_station" title="Thermal power station">thermal power stations</a> using LNG,<a href="#cite_note-Sarawak_Energy_Portfolio-209">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a> but diesel based sources and hydroelectricity are also utilised. There are 3 hydroelectric dams as of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit">[update]</a> at <a href="/wiki/Batang_Ai_Dam" title="Batang Ai Dam">Batang Ai</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sarawaak_HEP_Plan-211">[205]</a> Bakun,<a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a> and Murum,<a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a> with several others under construction.<a href="#cite_note-Sarawaak_HEP_Plan-211">[205]</a> In early 2016, SEB signed Malaysia's first energy export deal to supply electricity to neighbouring <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a> in Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a> In 2008, SCORE was established as a framework to develop the energy sector in the state, specifically the Murum, <a href="/wiki/Baram_Dam" title="Baram Dam">Baram</a>, and Baleh Dams as well as potential coal-based power plants,<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> and 10 high priority industries out to 2030.<a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a> The Regional Corridor Development Authority is the government agency responsible for managing SCORE.<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> The entire central region of Sarawak is covered under SCORE, including areas such as Samalaju (near Bintulu), Tanjung Manis, and Mukah.<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a> Samalaju will be developed as an industrial park,<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> with Tanjung Manis as a <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a> food hub,<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> and Mukah as the administrative centre for SCORE with a focus on resource-based research and development.<a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Gypsy_band_performing_during_RWMF_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/French_Gypsy_band_performing_during_RWMF_2006.jpg/220px-French_Gypsy_band_performing_during_RWMF_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/French_Gypsy_band_performing_during_RWMF_2006.jpg/330px-French_Gypsy_band_performing_during_RWMF_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/French_Gypsy_band_performing_during_RWMF_2006.jpg/440px-French_Gypsy_band_performing_during_RWMF_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>French <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> Manouche band performing during <a href="/wiki/Rainforest_World_Music_Festival" title="Rainforest World Music Festival">Rainforest World Music Festival</a> 2006</figcaption></figure> Tourism plays a major role in the economy of Sarawak and contributed 7.9% of the state's GDP in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-tourist2016-223">[217]</a> Foreign visitors to Sarawak are predominantly from Brunei, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Germany, Australia, Belgium, South Korea, and United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-tourist2017-224">[218]</a> A number of different organisations, both state and private, are involved in the promotion of tourism in Sarawak: the Sarawak Tourism Board is the state body responsible for tourism promotion in the state, various private tourism groups are united under the Sarawak Tourism Federation, and the Sarawak Convention Bureau is responsible for attracting conventions, conferences, and corporate events which are held in the <a href="/wiki/Borneo_Convention_Centre_Kuching" title="Borneo Convention Centre Kuching">Borneo Convention Centre in Kuching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Business_Group_Tourism-225">[219]</a> The public and private bodies in Sarawak hold a biannual event to award the Sarawak Hornbill Tourism Award, an award for achievements within various categories, to recognise businesses and individuals for their efforts in the development of tourism within the state.<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rainforest_World_Music_Festival" title="Rainforest World Music Festival">Rainforest World Music Festival</a> is the region's primary musical event, attracting more than 50,000 people annually.<a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a> Other events that are held regularly in Sarawak are the Anugerah Seri Angkasa (ASA), ASEAN International Film Festival, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borneo_Music_Festival_Live&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borneo Music Festival Live (page does not exist)">Borneo Music Festival Live</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo_Jazz_Festival" title="Borneo Jazz Festival">Borneo Jazz Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo_Cultural_Festival" title="Borneo Cultural Festival">Borneo Cultural Festival</a>, and Borneo International Kite Festival.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Business_Group_Tourism-225">[219]</a> Major shopping complexes in Sarawak include The Spring, Boulevard, VivaCity, Plaza Merdeka, City One, and AEON shopping malls in Kuching,<a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a> Bintang Megamall, Boulevard, Imperial Mall, and Miri Plaza shopping malls in Miri<a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a> and NAIM Bintulu Paragon Street Mall, <a href="/wiki/The_Spring_Bintulu" title="The Spring Bintulu">The Spring</a>, Boulevard Shopping Mall, Crown Pacific Mall, Commerce Square Mall, Times Square Megamall, and Parkcity Mall in Bintulu. <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <caption>Sarawak tourist arrival statistics<a href="#cite_note-tourist2015-230">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pulling_more_tourists_to_Sarawak-231">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-tourist2016-223">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-tourist2017-224">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Key tourism indicators </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2011 </th> <th>2012 </th> <th>2013 </th> <th>2014 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2018 </th> <th>2019 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Foreign arrivals (millions) </th> <td>1.897</td> <td>2.343</td> <td>2.635</td> <td>2.665</td> <td>2.996</td> <td>2.497</td> <td>2.258</td> <td>2.639</td> <td>2.113</td> <td>2.082 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Domestic arrivals (West Malaysia and Sabah) (millions) </th> <td>1.373</td> <td>1.452</td> <td>1.434</td> <td>1.707</td> <td>1.862</td> <td>2.020</td> <td>2.402</td> <td>2.217</td> <td>2.318</td> <td>2.560 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total arrivals (millions) </th> <td>3.271</td> <td>3.795</td> <td>4.069</td> <td>4.372</td> <td>4.858</td> <td>4.517</td> <td>4.661</td> <td>4.856</td> <td>4.431</td> <td>4.662 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total tourism receipts, billions (RM) </th> <td>6.618</td> <td>7.914</td> <td>8.573</td> <td>9.588</td> <td>10.686</td> <td>9.870</td> <td>8.370</td> <td>8.590</td> <td>7.960</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total tourism receipts, billions (equivalent USD) </th> <td>1.489</td> <td>2.374</td> <td>2.786</td> <td>2.876</td> <td>3.206</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> Infrastructure development in Sarawak is overseen by the Ministry of Infrastructure Development and Transportation, successor to the Ministry of Infrastructure Development and Communications (MIDCom) after it was renamed in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> Despite this ministerial oversight, infrastructure in Sarawak remains relatively underdeveloped compared to <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> In 2009, 94% of urban Sarawak was supplied with electricity, but only 67% of rural areas had electricity.<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> However, this had increased to 91% by 2014.<a href="#cite_note-water_and_electricity-237">[231]</a> According to a 2015 article, household internet penetration in Sarawak was lower than Malaysian national average, 41.2% versus 58.6%, with 58.5% of internet use being in urban areas and 29.9% in rural areas. In comparison, mobile telecommunication uptake in Sarawak was comparable to the national average, 93.3% against a national average of 94.2%, and on par with neighbouring Sabah.<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> Mobile telecommunication infrastructure, specifically broadcast towers, are built and managed by Sacofa Sdn Bhd (Sacofa Private Limited), which enjoys a monopoly in Sarawak after the company was granted a 20-year exclusivity deal on the provision, maintenance and leasing of towers in the state.<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a> A number of different bodies manage the supply of water depending on their region of responsibility, including the Kuching Water Board (KWB) which manages Kuching water supply, Sibu Water Board (SWB) which manages Sibu water supply, LAKU Management Sdn Bhd, which handle water supply in Miri, Bintulu, and Limbang<a href="#cite_note-Transport_and_Infrastructure-240">[234]</a> and the Rural Water Supply Department managing the water supply for the remaining areas.<a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a> As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit">[update]</a>, 82% of the rural areas have a fresh water supply.<a href="#cite_note-water_and_electricity-237">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Broadcasting">edit</a>]</div> Sarawak launched its radio service on 7 June 1954, which became a part of Radio Malaysia when it joined Malaysia in 1963 and later part of the bigger <a href="/wiki/Radio_Televisyen_Malaysia" title="Radio Televisyen Malaysia">Radio Televisyen Malaysia</a> (RTM) in 1969 when the nation's radio and television operations merged.<a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a> It did not have television service until 30 August 1975, when <a href="/wiki/TV1_(Malaysian_TV_network)" title="TV1 (Malaysian TV network)">RTM TV1</a> was made available for East Malaysian viewers.<a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a> RTM has six branches in the state - a main office in capital city Kuching and five other offices in Simanggang, Sibu, Bintulu, Miri and Limbang. The main office produces news and shows for RTM's television channels and operates four state radio channels, namely Sarawak FM, Red FM and Wai FM Iban and Bidayuh networks, whereas five other offices operate district radio channels such as Sri Aman FM, Sibu FM, Bintulu FM, Miri FM and Limbang FM. On 7 April 1998, <a href="/wiki/NTV7" title="NTV7">NTV7</a> was launched by Sarawakian businessman <a href="/wiki/Mohd_Effendi_Norwawi" title="Mohd Effendi Norwawi">Mohd Effendi Norwawi</a> under the ownership of Natseven TV Sdn Bhd. Before its acquisition by <a href="/wiki/Media_Prima" title="Media Prima">Media Prima Berhad</a> in 2005, it had a studio in the state capital. However, Sarawak didn't have its own true TV station until 10 October 2020, when it launched <a href="/wiki/TVS_(Malaysian_TV_channel)" title="TVS (Malaysian TV channel)">TVS</a>, thus becoming the first region in Malaysia to own its TV station. It is currently available in <a href="/wiki/Astro_(television)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astro (television)">Astro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astro_NJOI" title="Astro NJOI">Astro NJOI</a> and <a href="/wiki/MYTV_Broadcasting" title="MYTV Broadcasting">myFreeview (MYTV Broadcasting)</a> and available in 4 languages: Malay, English, Iban and Chinese (Mandarin). Commercial radio channels based in the state include <a href="/wiki/Cats_FM" title="Cats FM">Cats FM</a> and <a href="/wiki/TEA_FM" title="TEA FM">TEA FM</a>, respectively launched on 8 August 1996 and 1 August 2015.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KIA_newterminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KIA_newterminal.jpg/220px-KIA_newterminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KIA_newterminal.jpg/330px-KIA_newterminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/KIA_newterminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kuching_International_Airport" title="Kuching International Airport">Kuching International Airport</a> terminal</figcaption></figure> Much like many former British territories, Sarawak uses a <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">dual carriageway</a> with <a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">the left-hand traffic rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[238]</a> As of 2013, Sarawak had a total of 32,091 km (19,940 mi) of connected roadways, with 18,003 km (11,187 mi) being paved state routes, 8,313 km (5,165 mi) of dirt tracks, 4,352 km (2,704 mi) of gravel roads, and 1,424 km (885 mi) of paved federal highway. The primary route in Sarawak is the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Borneo_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Borneo Highway">Pan Borneo Highway</a>, which runs from Sematan, Sarawak, through Brunei to <a href="/wiki/Tawau" title="Tawau">Tawau</a>, Sabah.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_transport-245">[239]</a> Despite being a major highway, the condition of the road is poor leading to numerous accidents and fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> 16 billion ringgit worth of contracts were awarded to a number of local companies in December 2016 to add new vehicle and pedestrian bridges, interchanges and bus shelters to the highway as part of a multi-phase project.<a href="#cite_note-247">[241]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Railway_Line" title="Sarawak Railway Line">railway line</a> existed before the war, but the last remnants of the line were dismantled in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-248">[242]</a> A rail project was announced in 2008 to be in line with the transport needs of SCORE, but as yet no construction work has begun despite an anticipated completion date in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a> In 2017, the Sarawak government proposed a <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> system (<a href="/wiki/Kuching_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuching Line">Kuching Line</a>) connecting Kuching, Samarahan and Serian divisions with anticipated completion in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a> Currently, buses are the primary mode of public transportation in Sarawak with interstate services connecting the state to Sabah, Brunei, and <a href="/wiki/Pontianak,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontianak, Indonesia">Pontianak</a> (Indonesia).<a href="#cite_note-Transport_and_Infrastructure-240">[234]</a> Sarawak is served by a number of airports with <a href="/wiki/Kuching_International_Airport" title="Kuching International Airport">Kuching International Airport</a>, located south west of Kuching, being the largest. Flights from Kuching are mainly to <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> but also to <a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru" title="Johor Bahru">Johor Bahru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, Sabah, Kelantan, Singapore and Pontianak, Indonesia. A second airport at <a href="/wiki/Miri_Airport" title="Miri Airport">Miri</a> serves flights primarily to other Malaysian states as well as services to Singapore. Other smaller airports such as <a href="/wiki/Sibu_Airport" title="Sibu Airport">Sibu Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bintulu_Airport" title="Bintulu Airport">Bintulu Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mukah_Airport" title="Mukah Airport">Mukah Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marudi_Airport" title="Marudi Airport">Marudi Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulu_Airport" title="Mulu Airport">Mulu Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Limbang_Airport" title="Limbang Airport">Limbang Airport</a> provide domestic services within Malaysia. There are also a number of remote airstrips serving rural communities in the state.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_transport-245">[239]</a> Three airlines serve flights in Sarawak, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines" title="Malaysia Airlines">Malaysia Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Asia">Air Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MASwings" title="MASwings">MASwings</a> all of which use Kuching Airport as their main hub.<a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a> The state owned <a href="/wiki/Hornbill_Skyways" title="Hornbill Skyways">Hornbill Skyways</a> is an aviation company that largely provides private chartered flights and flight services for public servants.<a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RTG_at_Bintulu_International_Container_Terminal_(BICT).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/RTG_at_Bintulu_International_Container_Terminal_%28BICT%29.jpg/220px-RTG_at_Bintulu_International_Container_Terminal_%28BICT%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/RTG_at_Bintulu_International_Container_Terminal_%28BICT%29.jpg/330px-RTG_at_Bintulu_International_Container_Terminal_%28BICT%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/RTG_at_Bintulu_International_Container_Terminal_%28BICT%29.jpg/440px-RTG_at_Bintulu_International_Container_Terminal_%28BICT%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Bintulu International Container Terminal (BICT) at Bintulu seaport</figcaption></figure> Sarawak has four primary ports located at Kuching, Sibu, Bintulu, and Miri.<a href="#cite_note-Transport_and_Infrastructure-240">[234]</a> The busiest seaport at Bintulu is under the jurisdiction of the Malaysian federal government and mainly handles LNG products and regular cargo. The remaining ports are under the respective state port authorities. The combined throughput of the four primary ports was 61.04 million freight weight tonnes (FWT) in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_transport-245">[239]</a> Sarawak has 55 navigable river networks with a combined length of 3,300 km (2,100 mi). For centuries, the rivers of Sarawak have been a primary means of transport as well as a route for timber and other agricultural goods moving downriver for export at the country's major ports. Sibu port, located 113 km (70 mi) from the river's mouth, is the main hub along the Rajang River mainly handling timber products. However, the throughput of Sibu port has declined over the years after Tanjung Manis Industrial Port (TIMP) began operating further downriver.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_transport-245">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Malaysia" title="List of hospitals in Malaysia">List of hospitals in Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:27_August_2011_Sarawak_General_Hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/27_August_2011_Sarawak_General_Hospital.jpg/220px-27_August_2011_Sarawak_General_Hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/27_August_2011_Sarawak_General_Hospital.jpg/330px-27_August_2011_Sarawak_General_Hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/27_August_2011_Sarawak_General_Hospital.jpg/440px-27_August_2011_Sarawak_General_Hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_General_Hospital" title="Sarawak General Hospital">Sarawak General Hospital</a></figcaption></figure> Health care in provided by three major government hospitals, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_General_Hospital" title="Sarawak General Hospital">Sarawak General Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibu_Hospital" title="Sibu Hospital">Sibu Hospital</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miri_Hospital" title="Miri Hospital">Miri Hospital</a>,<a href="#cite_note-253">[247]</a> as well as numerous district hospitals,<a href="#cite_note-Sarawak_specialists-254">[248]</a> public health clinics, <a href="/wiki/1Malaysia#1Malaysia_clinics" title="1Malaysia">1Malaysia clinics</a>, and rural clinics.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_healthcare-255">[249]</a> Sarawak Heart Centre was set up in 2011 in <a href="/wiki/Kota_Samarahan" title="Kota Samarahan">Kota Samarahan</a> to provide cardiology services to patients.<a href="#cite_note-256">[250]</a> Besides government-owned hospitals and clinics, there are several private hospitals in Sarawak<a href="#cite_note-257">[251]</a> such as the Normah Medical Specialists Centre, Timberland Medical Specialists Centre,<a href="#cite_note-258">[252]</a> and Sibu Specialist Medical Centre. Hospitals in Sarawak typically provide the full gamut of health care options, from triage to palliative care for the terminally ill. In 1994, Sarawak General Hospital Department of Radiotherapy, Oncology & Palliative Care instituted an at-home care, or <a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">hospice</a> care, program for cancer patients. The non profit Sarawak Hospice Society was established in 1998 to promote this program.<a href="#cite_note-259">[253]</a> In comparison to the number of other medical facilities, mental health is only serviced by a single facility, Hospital Sentosa.<a href="#cite_note-260">[254]</a> This abundance of medical services has made Sarawak a medical tourism destination for visitors from neighbouring Brunei and Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-261">[255]</a> In comparison to the prevalence of health services in urban regions, much of rural Sarawak is only accessible by river transport, which limits access.<a href="#cite_note-262">[256]</a> Remote rural areas that are beyond the operating areas of health clinics, about 12 km (7.5 mi),<a href="#cite_note-263">[257]</a> and inaccessible by land or river are serviced by a monthly flying doctor service, which was established in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-264">[258]</a> A village health promoter program, where volunteers are provided with basic medical training, was established in 1981 but difficulty in providing medical supplies to remote villages, as well as a lack of incentive, resulted in a decline of the program.<a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> A variety of traditional medicine practices are still being used by the various communities in Sarawak to supplement modern medical practices but this practice is also declining.<a href="#cite_note-266">[260]</a> However, since 2004, there has been a resurgence in traditional medicine in Malaysia resulting in the establishment of a traditional medicine division within the Ministry of Health. A 2006 government program to have integrated hospitals led to numerous universities starting programs to teach traditional medicine and major hospitals, including Sarawak General Hospital, providing traditional therapies.<a href="#cite_note-267">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Sarawak" title="List of schools in Sarawak">List of schools in Sarawak</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Malaysia" title="List of universities in Malaysia">List of universities in Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chancellory_Universiti_Malaysia_Sarawak.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chancellory_Universiti_Malaysia_Sarawak.JPG/220px-Chancellory_Universiti_Malaysia_Sarawak.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chancellory_Universiti_Malaysia_Sarawak.JPG/330px-Chancellory_Universiti_Malaysia_Sarawak.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chancellory_Universiti_Malaysia_Sarawak.JPG/440px-Chancellory_Universiti_Malaysia_Sarawak.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Universiti_Malaysia_Sarawak" title="Universiti Malaysia Sarawak">Universiti Malaysia Sarawak</a> (UNIMAS) chancellory building</figcaption></figure> Education in Malaysia falls under the remit of two federal ministries; the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Malaysia)" title="Ministry of Education (Malaysia)">Malaysian Ministry of Education</a> is responsible for primary and secondary education,<a href="#cite_note-Sarawak_education-268">[262]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education_(Malaysia)" title="Ministry of Higher Education (Malaysia)">Ministry of Higher Education</a> has oversight over public universities, polytechnic and community colleges.<a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> Early childhood education is not directly controlled by the Ministry of Education as it does with primary and secondary education. However, the ministry does oversee the licensing of private kindergartens, the main form of early childhood education, in accordance with the National Pre-School Quality Standard, which was launched in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a> Around the time of Federation, overall literacy in Sarawak was quite low. In 1960, the overall literacy rate was 25%, with a heavy slant in the literacy rate towards the Chinese population, 53%, compared with that of indigenous peoples which was substantially lower, only 17%.<a href="#cite_note-271">[265]</a> By 2007, overall literacy in adults aged 15 and over had significantly increased to 92.3% and in 2012, this had climbed to 96%.<a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a> There were 1480 schools in Sarawak in 2014, of which 1271 were primary, 202 were secondary and 7 were vocational/technical secondary schools.<a href="#cite_note-273">[267]</a> Among these are a number of schools that date from the Brooke era, including <a href="/wiki/SMK_St._Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="SMK St. Thomas">St. Thomas's School Kuching</a> (1848), St Mary's School Kuching (1848), and St Joseph's School Kuching (1882).<a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a> As well as government schools, there are four international schools: Tunku Putra School, a primary and secondary school offering national and Cambridge curricula, Lodge International School, which is also open to local students and uses both the British National and Cambridge systems, Kidurong International School, which is owned by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a> and offers primary education mainly to children of employees but local children may enter depending on space availability, and Tenby International School, which opened in 2014 and is open to both local and expatriate children.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_education-275">[269]</a> There are also 14 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_independent_high_school" title="Chinese independent high school">Chinese independent secondary schools</a> in Sarawak that teach in Chinese rather than English or Malay.<a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a> Previously, only Chinese students were enrolled in these schools, but mobility of the workforce has led to increasing turnover of students as parents move to other areas for employment.<a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[272]</a> This has led to an increasing number of <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a> students being enrolled in Chinese primary and preschools.<a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a> Sarawak is home to three public universities – <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Malaysia_Sarawak" title="Universiti Malaysia Sarawak">Universiti Malaysia Sarawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Teknologi_Mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Universiti Teknologi Mara">Universiti Teknologi Mara</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kota_Samarahan" title="Kota Samarahan">Kota Samarahan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Putra_Malaysia_Bintulu_Campus" title="Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus">Universiti Putra Malaysia</a> – as well as the private <a href="/wiki/Curtin_University,_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtin University, Malaysia">Curtin University, Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swinburne_University_of_Technology_Sarawak_Campus" title="Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus">Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus</a>. The latter two are satellite campuses of <a href="/wiki/Curtin_University" title="Curtin University">Curtin University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swinburne_University_of_Technology" title="Swinburne University of Technology">Swinburne University of Technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Sarawak_education-268">[262]</a> With the establishment of SCORE and the associated potential of 1.6 million more jobs by 2030,<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_education-275">[269]</a> the state government allocated RM1 billion from 2016 to 2020 to a Skills Development Fund for vocational education.<a href="#cite_note-280">[274]</a> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a> provided vocational scholarships to 150 underprivileged Sarawak students as part of its Vocational Institution Sponsorship and Training Assistance program,<a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a> although it had been criticised for under-representing local students in its previous allocations;<a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a> the company also provided support to other Sarawak vocational education centres.<a href="#cite_note-283">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sarawak" title="Demographics of Sarawak">Demographics of Sarawak</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:250px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Ethnic groups in Sarawak (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Sarawak_Data-10">[10]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Ethnic</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:72.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">72.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:22.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">22.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:pink; width:0.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:0.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Non-citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-citizens">Non-citizens</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkGray; width:4.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.8%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:yellow; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 132.31967989222px; border-left-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:96.029368567694px 27.899110603923px 0 0; border-top-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Sub-ethnic groups of Dayak in Sarawak (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Sarawak_Data-10">[10]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Iban (70.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Bidayuh (19.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Orang Ulu (10.3%)</div> </div> </div></div> The 2020 census of Malaysia reported a population of 2,453,677 in Sarawak,<a href="#cite_note-Malaysia_census_2020-8">[8]</a> making it the fifth most populous state.<a href="#cite_note-State_Planning_Unit,_Sarawak-2017-284">[278]</a> However, this population is distributed over a large area resulting in Sarawak having the lowest population density in the country with only 20 people per km2. The average population growth rate of 1.8%, from 2000 to 2010, is very close to the national average of 2.0%.<a href="#cite_note-State_Planning_Unit_stats-129">[123]</a> In 2014, 58% of the population resided in urban areas with the remainder in rural areas, but over the next 10 years it is predicted that the urban population would rise to 65%.<a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a> As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">crude birth rate</a> in Sarawak was 16.3 per 1000 individuals, the <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">crude death rate</a> was 4.3 per 1000 population, and the <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality rate</a> was 6.5 per 1000 live births.<a href="#cite_note-286">[280]</a> Urban populations consist predominantly of <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malays</a>, Melanaus, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a>, and a small population of urban Ibans and <a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuhs</a> who migrated from their home villages seeking employment.<a href="#cite_note-Sarawak_Convention_Bureau-287">[281]</a> The latter two are among the more than 40 <a href="/wiki/Sub-ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-ethnic groups">sub-ethnic groups</a> of Sarawak, many of whom still inhabit remote areas and are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asal" title="Orang Asal">Orang Asal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[282]</a> The Orang Asal, and Malays, of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah are referred to collectively as <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a> (son of the soil). This classification grants them special privileges in education, jobs, finance, and political positions.<a href="#cite_note-289">[283]</a> The registration for, and issuing of, national identity cards, a legally required document for accessing various services, to these remote tribes has been problematic for many years,<a href="#cite_note-290">[284]</a> and in the past had even resulted in a large number of people from the Penan ethnic group being rendered effectively stateless.<a href="#cite_note-291">[285]</a> In recent years, this issue has seen progressive improvement with the implementation of systems such as mobile registration units.<a href="#cite_note-292">[286]</a> Sarawak has a large immigrant work force with as many as 150,000 registered foreign migrant workers working as domestic workers or in plantation, manufacturing, construction, services and agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-293">[287]</a> However, this population of legally registered workers is overshadowed by a large population of between 320,000 and 350,000 illegal workers.<a href="#cite_note-294">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> <table style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;margin:auto;width:400px"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:200px;text-align:center;border:2px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:200px;height:200px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Iban_Warrior,_Sarawak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/An_Iban_Warrior%2C_Sarawak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/133px-An_Iban_Warrior%2C_Sarawak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/An_Iban_Warrior%2C_Sarawak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/200px-An_Iban_Warrior%2C_Sarawak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/An_Iban_Warrior%2C_Sarawak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/267px-An_Iban_Warrior%2C_Sarawak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="4079" /></a></div><div style="padding:1px">an Iban warrior in his traditional dress</div></td><td style="width:200px;text-align:center;border:2px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:200px;height:200px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Melanau_girls_with_Baju_Kurung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Melanau_girls_with_Baju_Kurung.jpg/134px-Melanau_girls_with_Baju_Kurung.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Melanau_girls_with_Baju_Kurung.jpg/200px-Melanau_girls_with_Baju_Kurung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Melanau_girls_with_Baju_Kurung.jpg/267px-Melanau_girls_with_Baju_Kurung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="2423" /></a></div><div style="padding:1px">Melanau girls with the traditional Baju Kurung</div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:200px;text-align:center;border:2px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:200px;height:200px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarawak_Bidayuh_girl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sarawak_Bidayuh_girl.jpg/150px-Sarawak_Bidayuh_girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sarawak_Bidayuh_girl.jpg/225px-Sarawak_Bidayuh_girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sarawak_Bidayuh_girl.jpg/300px-Sarawak_Bidayuh_girl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2251" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div><div style="padding:1px">a Bidayuh girl</div></td><td style="width:200px;text-align:center;border:2px #aaa solid"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:200px;height:200px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarawak_Chinese_woman_wearing_Cheongsam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sarawak_Chinese_woman_wearing_Cheongsam.jpg/133px-Sarawak_Chinese_woman_wearing_Cheongsam.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sarawak_Chinese_woman_wearing_Cheongsam.jpg/200px-Sarawak_Chinese_woman_wearing_Cheongsam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sarawak_Chinese_woman_wearing_Cheongsam.jpg/266px-Sarawak_Chinese_woman_wearing_Cheongsam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="500" /></a></div><div style="padding:1px">Sarawakian Chinese woman in her traditional dress of Cheongsam</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Sarawak has six major ethnic groups, <a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanau_people" title="Melanau people">Melanau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orang_Ulu" title="Orang Ulu">Orang Ulu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sarawak_Convention_Bureau-287">[281]</a> as well as a number of ethnic groups with smaller but still substantial populations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Indian">Indian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[289]</a> In 2015, the Bidayuh and Iban, both indigenous ethnic groups of Sarawak, were officially recognised by the government of Malaysia as comprising the <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[290]</a> There are more than 50 tribes still existing or extinct in Sarawak but only the major tribes are listed in the Malaysian Federal Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-297">[291]</a> The population of 1,389,926 of the <a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban people</a> in Sarawak, based on 2022 statistics, makes it the largest ethnic group in the state.<a href="#cite_note-State_Planning_Unit,_Sarawak-2017-284">[278]</a> The Iban were, in the past, a society that paid particular attention to social status, especially to those who displayed martial prowess as well as to those who demonstrated expertise in various fields such as farming and oratory. Specific terms were used to refer to those who belonged to particular social strata, such as the raja berani (rich and the brave), orang mayuh (ordinary people), and ulun (slaves).<a href="#cite_note-298">[292]</a> Despite modern influences, Iban still observe many of their traditional rituals such as Gawai Antu (<a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Festival of the dead">festival of the dead</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gawai_Dayak" title="Gawai Dayak">Gawai Dayak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harvest_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvest Festival">Harvest Festival</a>).<a href="#cite_note-299">[293]</a> Although the presence of Chinese in Sarawak dates back to the 6th century AD when traders first came to the state, the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese population</a> today largely consists of communities originating from immigrants during the Brooke era.<a href="#cite_note-Welman-143">[137]</a> This migration was driven by the employment opportunities at gold mines in Bau. Sarawak Chinese are primarily Buddhist and Christian,<a href="#cite_note-Borneotrilogy-300">[294]</a> and speak a multitude of southern Chinese languages: <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, and Henghua (<a href="/wiki/Putian_people" title="Putian people">Putian people</a>), in addition to Mandarin. They celebrate major cultural festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Hungry_Ghost" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungry Ghost">Hungry Ghost</a> Festival and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> much as their ancestors did.<a href="#cite_note-STF-301">[295]</a> Chinese settlers in Sarawak were not limited to any one area. Those who settled in Kuching did so near the Sarawak River in an area that is now referred to as <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Kuching" title="Chinatown, Kuching">Chinatown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tourism_Chinese-302">[296]</a> Fuzhounese immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Wong_Nai_Siong" title="Wong Nai Siong">Wong Nai Siong</a> in 1901, settled along the Rajang River in what is now <a href="/wiki/Sibu" title="Sibu">Sibu</a>, as due to <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-303">[297]</a> while those who arrived in Miri sought work in the coal mines and oilfields.<a href="#cite_note-Tourism_Chinese-302">[296]</a> During the Brooke era, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malays</a> were predominantly fishermen,<a href="#cite_note-STF-301">[295]</a> leading to their villages being concentrated along river banks. However, with the advent of urban development, many Malays have migrated to seek employment in public and private sectors. Traditionally, they are known for their silver and brass crafts, wood carvings, and textiles.<a href="#cite_note-Welman-143">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[298]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Melanau" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanau">Melanau</a> are a native people of Sarawak that lived in areas primarily around the modern city of Mukah, where they worked as fishermen and craftsmen as well renowned boatbuilders. Historically the Melanau practised <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a>, a belief that spirits inhabited objects in their environment, and while this is still practised today, most Melanau have since been converted to Christianity and Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Welman-143">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ohiopress-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[note 7]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[299]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a> are a southern Sarawak people,<a href="#cite_note-307">[300]</a> that were referred to by early European settlers as Land Dayaks because they traditionally live on steep limestone mountains. They account for 7.3 per cent of the population of Sarawak and are the second most numerous of the indigenous Dayak people, after the Iban. The Bidayuh are indigenous to the areas that comprise the modern day divisions of Kuching and Serian. Although considered one people, their language is regionally distinct resulting in dialects that are unintelligible to Bidayuh from outside the immediate locale,<a href="#cite_note-308">[301]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] resulting in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Malay</a> being the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>. Like many other indigenous peoples, the majority of the Bidayuh have been converted to Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-Welman-143">[137]</a> but still live in villages consisting of longhouses, with the addition of the distinctive round baruk where communal gatherings were held.<a href="#cite_note-Welman-143">[137]</a> The numerous tribes who reside in Sarawak's interior such as the Kenyah, Kayan, <a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a>, Penan, <a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a>, and Berawan are collectively referred to as <a href="/wiki/Orang_Ulu" title="Orang Ulu">Orang Ulu</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban language</a>, this name means "Upriver People," reflecting the location these tribes settled in;<a href="#cite_note-Welman-143">[137]</a> most of them reside near the drainage basin of the Baram River.<a href="#cite_note-Orang_Ulu_tourism-309">[302]</a> Both woodworking and artistry are highly visible aspects of Orang Ulu culture exemplified by mural covered longhouses, carved wooden boats, and tattooing.<a href="#cite_note-Welman-143">[137]</a> Well-known musical instruments from the Orang Ulu are the Kayans' <a href="/wiki/Sapeh" title="Sapeh">sapeh</a> and Kenyah's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampe%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sampe' (page does not exist)">sampe'</a> and Lun Bawang's bamboo band.<a href="#cite_note-Orang_Ulu_tourism-309">[302]</a> The Kelabit and Lun Bawang people are known for their production of fragrant rice.<a href="#cite_note-Anisia_J_Sang-310">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-Orang_Ulu_tourism-309">[302]</a> As with the many other indigenous peoples of Sarawak, the majority of Orang Ulu are Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Welman-143">[137]</a> The Indians, predominantly the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamils" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Tamils">Tamils</a> were brought by the British Government to work in estates as labourers and clerks. Besides, the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malayalees" title="Malaysian Malayalees">Malayalee</a> community too exist in the cities in Sarawak. Today, many among the Indians are known to be employed as professionals (mainly doctors) in Sarawak. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarawak_Families_Languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sarawak_Families_Languages.png/220px-Sarawak_Families_Languages.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sarawak_Families_Languages.png/330px-Sarawak_Families_Languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sarawak_Families_Languages.png/440px-Sarawak_Families_Languages.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>The distribution of language families of Sarawak shown by colours: (click image to enlarge) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/North_Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bornean languages">North Borneo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanau-Kajang_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanau-Kajang languages">Melanau Kajang</a> languages</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Areas with multiple languages</div></figcaption></figure> English was the official language of Sarawak from 1963 to 1974 due to opposition from First Chief Minister of Sarawak Stephen Kalong Ningkan to the use of the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian language</a> in Sarawak.<a href="#cite_note-Ibanmalaysian-311">[304]</a> In 1974, the new Chief Minister Abdul Rahman Ya'kub recognised <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> alongside English as an official language of Sarawak.<a href="#cite_note-Faisal-107">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[note 8]</a> This new status given to the Malay language was further reinforced by new education standards transitioning curriculum to Malay.<a href="#cite_note-313">[305]</a> In 1985 English lost the status of an official language, leaving only Malay.<a href="#cite_note-Ibanmalaysian-311">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[note 9]</a> Despite official policy, Sarawak opposition members argue that English remained the de facto official language of Sarawak.<a href="#cite_note-315">[306]</a> English is still spoken in the legal courts, and state legislative assembly.<a href="#cite_note-316">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[308]</a> In 2015, Chief Minister Adenan Satem reinstated English as an official language.<a href="#cite_note-318">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[311]</a> Sarawak's language autonomy does not extend to the educational system, with the language syllabus controlled by the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-321">[312]</a> Although the official form of Malay, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Malaysia">Bahasa Malaysia</a>, is spoken by the government administration, it is used infrequently in colloquial conversation. The local dialect of <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Bahasa Sarawak (Sarawak Malay)</a> dominates the vernacular. Bahasa Sarawak is the most common language of Sarawak Malays and other indigenous tribes. The Iban language, which has minor regional variations, is the most widely spoken native language, with 60 per cent of the Sarawak population speaking it as a first language. The Bidayuh language, with six major dialects, is spoken by 10 per cent of the population. The Orang Ulu have about 30 different language dialects. While the ethnic Chinese originate from a variety of backgrounds and speak many different Southern Chinese languages such as Cantonese, Hokkien, Hakka, Fuzhou, and Teochew, they also converse in <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian Mandarin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[313]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a> is spoken by the Indians in Sarawak. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sarawak#Religions_of_Sarawak" title="Demographics of Sarawak">Demographics of Sarawak § Religions of Sarawak</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:250px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Sarawak (2020)<a href="#cite_note-Malaysia_census_2020-8">[8]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Blue; width:50.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">50.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:34.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">34.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Orange; width:12.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">12.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">No religion</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Yellow; width:1.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gray; width:0.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.5%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the largest religion in Sarawak, representing 50.1% of the total population according to the 2020 census.<a href="#cite_note-Malaysia_census_2020-8">[8]</a> This makes Sarawak the only Malaysian state with a Christian majority. The earliest Christian missionaries in Sarawak were <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a>) in 1848, followed by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a> a few years later, and <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a> in 1903. Evangelization first took place among the Chinese immigrants before spreading to indigenous animists.<a href="#cite_note-323">[314]</a> Other Christian denominations in Sarawak are <a href="/wiki/Borneo_Evangelical_Mission" title="Borneo Evangelical Mission">Borneo Evangelical Mission</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Sidang_Injil_Borneo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidang Injil Borneo">Sidang Injil Borneo</a>),<a href="#cite_note-324">[315]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[316]</a> Indigenous people such as the Iban, Bidayuh, and Orang Ulu have adopted Christianity, although they do retain some of their traditional religious rites. Many Muslims come from the Malay and Melanau. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia">Chinese folk religion</a> are predominantly practised by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Malaysians" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Malaysians">Chinese Malaysians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[317]</a> Other minor religions in Sarawak are the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>,<a href="#cite_note-327">[318]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-328">[319]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-329">[320]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[321]</a> Although Islam is the official religion of Malaysia, Sarawak has no official state religion.<a href="#cite_note-331">[322]</a> However, during the chieftainship of Abdul Rahman Ya'kub, the Constitution of Sarawak was amended to make the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as the head of Islam in Sarawak and empower the state assembly to pass laws regarding Islamic affairs. With such provisions, Islamic policies can be formulated in Sarawak and the establishment of Islamic state agencies is possible. The 1978 Majlis Islam Bill enabled the setting up of <a href="/wiki/Syariah_Court" title="Syariah Court">Syariah Courts</a> in Sarawak with jurisdictions over matrimonial, child custody, <a href="/wiki/Engagement" title="Engagement">betrothal</a>, inheritance, and criminal cases in the state. An appeals court and Courts of Kadi were also formed.<a href="#cite_note-Faisal-107">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[note 10]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Religious sites in Sarawak</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Joseph_Church,_Kuching,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Joseph Cathedral"><img alt="St. Joseph Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/St_Joseph_Church%2C_Kuching%2C_Malaysia.jpg/270px-St_Joseph_Church%2C_Kuching%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/St_Joseph_Church%2C_Kuching%2C_Malaysia.jpg/405px-St_Joseph_Church%2C_Kuching%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/St_Joseph_Church%2C_Kuching%2C_Malaysia.jpg/540px-St_Joseph_Church%2C_Kuching%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Joseph Cathedral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarawak_State_Mosque_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Sarawak State Mosque"><img alt="Old Sarawak State Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sarawak_State_Mosque_02.jpg/277px-Sarawak_State_Mosque_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sarawak_State_Mosque_02.jpg/415px-Sarawak_State_Mosque_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sarawak_State_Mosque_02.jpg/553px-Sarawak_State_Mosque_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1271" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old Sarawak State Mosque</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 169.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_San_Si_Temple_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hong San Si Temple"><img alt="Hong San Si Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hong_San_Si_Temple_03.jpg/251px-Hong_San_Si_Temple_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hong_San_Si_Temple_03.jpg/376px-Hong_San_Si_Temple_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hong_San_Si_Temple_03.jpg/501px-Hong_San_Si_Temple_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2344" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hong San Si Temple</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sarawak" title="Culture of Sarawak">Culture of Sarawak</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sape_Player,_Kayan_Tribe,_Sarawak_(7246809770).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sape_Player%2C_Kayan_Tribe%2C_Sarawak_%287246809770%29.jpg/220px-Sape_Player%2C_Kayan_Tribe%2C_Sarawak_%287246809770%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sape_Player%2C_Kayan_Tribe%2C_Sarawak_%287246809770%29.jpg/330px-Sape_Player%2C_Kayan_Tribe%2C_Sarawak_%287246809770%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sape_Player%2C_Kayan_Tribe%2C_Sarawak_%287246809770%29.jpg/440px-Sape_Player%2C_Kayan_Tribe%2C_Sarawak_%287246809770%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Kayan_(Borneo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayan (Borneo)">Kayan</a> tribesman, playing the Sapé</figcaption></figure> The location and history of Sarawak has resulted in a broad diversity of ethnicity, culture and languages. Among the indigenous peoples of Sarawak, outside influences have led to many changes over time. The Iban tribal culture in Sarawak centred on the concept of the warrior and the ability to take heads from other tribes in battle. This practice, central as it was to the Iban people, was made illegal under James Brooke's rule and ultimately faded away although reminders of the practice are still seen in some long houses.<a href="#cite_note-333">[323]</a> Two other tribal peoples of the Sarawak Highlands, the Kelabit and Lun Bawang, have seen fundamental changes to their ethnic identities as a direct result of their conversion to Christianity. One major change was the shift in the focal point of their social interactions from the traditional long house to the local church. Their religious devotion has also helped shape their worldview outside of their village, particularly in response to change.<a href="#cite_note-334">[324]</a> For the <a href="/wiki/Penan_people" title="Penan people">Penan people</a>, one of the last tribes to still be practising a nomadic lifestyle within the jungle, outside influence, particularly education, has resulted in a significant decline in the population that practice the nomadic lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-335">[325]</a> Others settle down after intermixing with members of different tribes, such as the Orang Ulu.<a href="#cite_note-336">[326]</a> One direct result of this diversity in cultures, engendered by a policy of tolerance to all races, is the increasing numbers of tribal peoples marrying not only other Sarawakian tribes, but also to Chinese, Malays as well as citizens of European or American descent.<a href="#cite_note-337">[327]</a> The indigenous tribes of Sarawak traditionally used oratory to pass on their culture from one generation to the next;<a href="#cite_note-Oral_traditions-338">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[note 11]</a> examples of these traditional practices include the Iban's Ngajat dances,<a href="#cite_note-340">[329]</a> Renong (Iban vocal repertory),<a href="#cite_note-341">[330]</a> Ensera (Iban oral narratives),<a href="#cite_note-Ibanmalaysian-311">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[note 12]</a> and epic storytelling by the Kayan and Kenyah.<a href="#cite_note-343">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[332]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ngajat,_the_Iban%27s_Warrior_Dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ngajat%2C_the_Iban%27s_Warrior_Dance.jpg/220px-Ngajat%2C_the_Iban%27s_Warrior_Dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ngajat%2C_the_Iban%27s_Warrior_Dance.jpg/330px-Ngajat%2C_the_Iban%27s_Warrior_Dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ngajat%2C_the_Iban%27s_Warrior_Dance.jpg/440px-Ngajat%2C_the_Iban%27s_Warrior_Dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4287" data-file-height="2858" /></a><figcaption>Ngajat, the Iban warrior dance gazetted as part of Sarawak culture</figcaption></figure> In the years before federation, the colonial government recognised that British education and indigenous culture was influencing a new generation of Iban teachers. Thus, on 15 September 1958, the Borneo Literature Bureau was inaugurated with a charter to nurture and encourage local literature while also supporting the government in its release of documentation, particularly in technical and instructional manuscripts that were to be distributed to the indigenous peoples of Sarawak and Sabah. As well as indigenous languages, documents would also be published in English, Chinese and Malay. In 1977, the bureau came under the authority of the federal government language planning and development agency, the <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</a> (DBP), which advocated publication only in Malay ultimately causing the demise of fledgling indigenous literature.<a href="#cite_note-Ibanmalaysian-311">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[note 13]</a> It was a number of decades before print media began to appear in Sarawak. The <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Gazette" title="Sarawak Gazette">Sarawak Gazette</a>, published by the Brooke government, recorded a variety of news relating to economics, agriculture, anthropology, archaeology, began circulation in 1870 and continues in modern times.<a href="#cite_note-346">[333]</a> However, in the decades following federation, restrictive laws and connections to businesses have meant that the media is a largely state-owned enterprise.<a href="#cite_note-Ibanmalaysian-311">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[note 14]</a> One of the earliest known text publications in Borneo, Hikayat Panglima Nikosa (Story of Nikosa the Warrior), was first printed in Kuching, 1876.<a href="#cite_note-348">[334]</a> There are a number of museums in Sarawak that preserve and maintain artefacts of Sarawak's culture. At the foot of Mount Santubong, Kuching, is Sarawak Cultural Village, a "living museum" that showcases the various ethnic groups carrying out traditional activities in their respective traditional houses.<a href="#cite_note-SCVMain-349">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[336]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_State_Museum" title="Sarawak State Museum">Sarawak State Museum</a> houses a collection of artefacts such as pottery, textiles, and woodcarving tools from various ethnic tribes in Sarawak, as well as ethnographic materials of local cultures.<a href="#cite_note-351">[337]</a> Orang Ulu's Sapeh (a dug-out guitar) is the best known traditional musical instrument in Sarawak and was played for Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> during her official visit to Sarawak in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-352">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laksa_Sarawak.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Laksa_Sarawak.JPG/220px-Laksa_Sarawak.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Laksa_Sarawak.JPG/330px-Laksa_Sarawak.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Laksa_Sarawak.JPG/440px-Laksa_Sarawak.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A bowl of Sarawak <a href="/wiki/Laksa" title="Laksa">laksa</a></figcaption></figure> Sarawak being home to diverse communities, has a variety of ethnically influenced cuisines and cooking styles rarely found elsewhere in Malaysia. Notable dishes in the state include Sarawak <a href="/wiki/Laksa" title="Laksa">laksa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-353">[339]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kolo_mee" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolo mee">kolo mee</a>,<a href="#cite_note-354">[340]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayam_pansuh" title="Ayam pansuh">ayam pansuh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-355">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[342]</a> The state is also known for its <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_layer_cake" title="Sarawak layer cake">Sarawak layer cake</a> dessert.<a href="#cite_note-357">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portrayal_in_media">Portrayal in media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Portrayal in media">edit</a>]</div> A number of international films, documentaries, television series had made Sarawak as a <a href="/wiki/Principal_photography" title="Principal photography">principal photography</a> location, with <a href="/wiki/Farewell_to_the_King" title="Farewell to the King">Farewell to the King</a> (1989), <a href="/wiki/The_Sleeping_Dictionary" title="The Sleeping Dictionary">The Sleeping Dictionary</a> (2003), and <a href="/wiki/Edge_of_the_World_(2021_film)" title="Edge of the World (2021 film)">Edge of the World</a> (2021) being most notable.<a href="#cite_note-Ong_2023-358">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[345]</a> Amongst the first locally produced movies were the Iban language film Bejalai that was featured in the Berlin Film Festival in 1989 and the horror film Possessed screened in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Ong_2023-358">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays_and_festivals">Holidays and festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Holidays and festivals">edit</a>]</div> Sarawakians observe a number of holidays and festivals throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-360">[346]</a> Apart from national <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Malaysia)" title="Independence Day (Malaysia)">Independence Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Day" title="Malaysia Day">Malaysia Day</a> celebrations, the state also celebrates its <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak Independence Day">Independence Day</a> on 22 July and the State Governor's birthday.<a href="#cite_note-361">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[349]</a> Ethnic groups also celebrate their own festivals. The open house tradition allows other ethnic groups to join in the celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-364">[350]</a> Sarawak is the only state in Malaysia to declare the Gawai Dayak celebration a public holiday.<a href="#cite_note-365">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> Sarawak sent its own teams to participate in the <a href="/wiki/1958_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1958</a> and <a href="/wiki/1962_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games</a>,<a href="#cite_note-366">[352]</a> and <a href="/wiki/1962_Asian_Games" title="1962 Asian Games">1962 Asian Games</a>; after 1963, Sarawakians competed as part of the Malaysian team.<a href="#cite_note-367">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[354]</a> Sarawak hosted the Malaysian <a href="/wiki/SUKMA_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="SUKMA Games">SUKMA Games</a> in 1990, 2016 and 2024,<a href="#cite_note-369">[355]</a> and was overall champion in the 1990, 1992, 1994 and 2024 SUKMA games.<a href="#cite_note-370">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[357]</a> It also hosted the Para SUKMA Games in 1996, 2016 and 2024, and was overall champion for 13 consecutive editions from 1994 until 2018, before losing the title to Sabah in the 2022 edition and regained it in the 2024 edition.<a href="#cite_note-372">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[359]</a> In 2019, both Sabah and Sarawak Sports Ministries work together to establish the East Malaysia Sports Commission to facilitate the organisation of more sports programmes in the two territories including other places in the Borneo islands.<a href="#cite_note-374">[360]</a> The Sarawak government also plans to make Sarawak an <a href="/wiki/E-sports" class="mw-redirect" title="E-sports">e-sports</a> hub in the region.<a href="#cite_note-375">[361]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> Sarawak is a sister state/province to <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian Province</a> in China.<a href="#cite_note-376">[362]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Sarawak" title="Bibliography of Sarawak">Bibliography of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Sarawak" title="List of people from Sarawak">List of people from Sarawak</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Ooi, 2013. Rajah aborgated his absolute powers...(page 103) </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Ooi, 2013. This denial of entry to Anthony ... (page 93) ... The anti-cession movement was by the early 1950s effectively "strangled" a dead letter.(page 98) </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Ishikawa, 2010 (page 87) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> The first Communist group to be formed in Sarawak ... (page 95) </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Alastair, 1993. The first political party, the Sarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP) ... (page 118) ... By 1962, there were six parties ... (page 119) </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Faisal, 2012. ...dispensed state funds for development projects in order to buy votes... (page 14) </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Ishikawa, 2010 (page 169) </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> Faisal, 2012 ... to make Bahasa Malaysia and English as negeri's official languages. (page 84) </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> Postill, 2006 ... Malay was accepted as the official language of Sarawak alongside English until 1985, when English was finally dropped. (page 64) </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> Faisal, 2012. Negri is empowered to make provisions for regulating Islamic affairs... (page 86) </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> Pandian, 2014. it became the primary means of passing culture, history, and valued traditions. ... in the fact that oral literature is actualised only in performances; (page 95) </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> Postill, 2006. ... four were oral narratives ... (page 51) </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> Postill, 2006; ... to encourage local authorship and meet local needs ... (page 51) ... The Bureau ceased to exist in 1977 when it was taken over by the federal body Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.(page 55) ... He concludes that DBP cannot publish books in regional languages (pages 59 and 60) </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> Postill, 2006. ... the government controls virtually all newspapers in Sarawak (page 76) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150421063249/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/9043-profil-negeri-sarawak.html">"Profil Negeri Sarawak (Sarawak State profile)"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 December 2015. <q>In case of Santubong, its association with T'ang and Sung porcelain would necessary provide a date of about 8th – 13th century A.D.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Chinese+Archeology&rft.pages=49%2C+50&rft.pub=The+Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=1982-01-01&rft.isbn=978-962-201-261-5&rft.aulast=Zheng&rft.aufirst=Dekun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfLL5BQj9Xf0C%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutton2000-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Hutton2000_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Hutton2000" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Hutton (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWO5Va53GkgC&pg=PA30">Adventure Guides: East Malaysia</a>. Tuttle Publishing. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-593-180-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-593-180-7"><bdi>978-962-593-180-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventure+Guides%3A+East+Malaysia&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-962-593-180-7&rft.au=Wendy+Hutton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYWO5Va53GkgC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Coedes, Indianized States, Page 128, 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009" class="citation book cs1">History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past. Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education. 2009. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99917-2-372-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-99917-2-372-3"><bdi>978-99917-2-372-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+for+Brunei+Darussalam%3A+Sharing+our+Past&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Curriculum+Development+Department%2C+Ministry+of+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-99917-2-372-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Journal of Southeast Asian Studies Vol. 14, No. 1 (Mar., 1983) Page 40. Published by: Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/228735802.pdf">Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines</a> By Wang Zhenping Page 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072046?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3Ab027257328390a5b4d7284dcfce8eaef&seq=12#page_scan_tab_contentsFrom">Quanzhou to the Sulu Zone and beyond: Questions Related to the Early Fourteenth Century</a> By: Roderich Ptak. Page 280 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170523163555/http://kelembagaan.pnri.go.id/Digital_Docs/homepage_folders/activities/highlight/naskah_nagara_kretagama/isi.htm">"Naskah Nagarakretagama"</a> (in Indonesian). Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kelembagaan.pnri.go.id/Digital_Docs/homepage_folders/activities/highlight/naskah_nagara_kretagama/isi.htm">the original</a> on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naskah+Nagarakretagama&rft.pub=Perpustakaan+Nasional+Republik+Indonesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkelembagaan.pnri.go.id%2FDigital_Docs%2Fhomepage_folders%2Factivities%2Fhighlight%2Fnaskah_nagara_kretagama%2Fisi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Ming shi, 325, p. 8411, p. 8422. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200944-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200944_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200945-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200945_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_LeaColette_Milward2001" class="citation book cs1">David Lea; Colette Milward (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MeWNnD1nUgUC&pg=PA16">A Political Chronology of South-East Asia and Oceania</a>. Psychology Press. pp. 16–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-117-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-117-9"><bdi>978-1-85743-117-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+Chronology+of+South-East+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pages=16-&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-117-9&rft.au=David+Lea&rft.au=Colette+Milward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMeWNnD1nUgUC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_F2008" class="citation book cs1">Donald F, Lach (15 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xD52ge5a8vYC&pg=PA581">Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery, Book 1</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 581. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46708-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46708-5"><bdi>978-0-226-46708-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 March 2016. <q>... but Castanheda lists five great seaports that he says were known to the Portuguese. In his transcriptions they are called "Moduro" (Marudu?), "Cerava" (Sarawak?), "Laue" (Lawai), "Tanjapura" (Tanjungpura), and "Borneo" (Brunei) from which the island derives its name.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+in+the+Making+of+Europe%2C+Volume+I%3A+The+Century+of+Discovery%2C+Book+1&rft.pages=581&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008-07-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46708-5&rft.aulast=Donald+F&rft.aufirst=Lach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxD52ge5a8vYC%26pg%3DPA581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroek1962" class="citation journal cs1">Broek, Jan O.M. (1962). "Place Names in 16th and 17th Century Borneo". <a href="/wiki/Imago_Mundi" title="Imago Mundi">Imago Mundi</a>. 16 (1): 134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03085696208592208">10.1080/03085696208592208</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1150309">1150309</a>. <q>Carena (for Carena), deep in the bight, refers to Sarawak, the Kuching area, where there is clear archaeological evidence of an ancient trade center just inland from Santubong.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imago+Mundi&rft.atitle=Place+Names+in+16th+and+17th+Century+Borneo&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=134&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03085696208592208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1150309%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Broek&rft.aufirst=Jan+O.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-srwk-47"><a href="#cite_ref-srwk_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozan_Yunos2008" class="citation news cs1">Rozan Yunos (28 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140403100218/http://www.bt.com.bn/golden_legacy/2008/12/28/sultan_tengah_sarawaks_first_sultan">"Sultan Tengah — Sarawak's first Sultan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Brunei_Times" title="The Brunei Times">The Brunei Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bt.com.bn/golden_legacy/2008/12/28/sultan_tengah_sarawaks_first_sultan">the original</a> on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brunei+Times&rft.atitle=Sultan+Tengah+%E2%80%94+Sarawak%27s+first+Sultan&rft.date=2008-12-28&rft.au=Rozan+Yunos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bt.com.bn%2Fgolden_legacy%2F2008%2F12%2F28%2Fsultan_tengah_sarawaks_first_sultan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIb_Larsen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ib Larsen (2012). "The First Sultan of Sarawak and His Links to Brunei and the Sambas Dynasty, 1599-1826: A Little-known Pre-Brooke History". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 85 (2). Project MUSE: 1–16. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.692.3022">10.1.1.692.3022</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fras.2012.0006">10.1353/ras.2012.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161325104">161325104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Malaysian+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+First+Sultan+of+Sarawak+and+His+Links+to+Brunei+and+the+Sambas+Dynasty%2C+1599-1826%3A+A+Little-known+Pre-Brooke+History&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.692.3022%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161325104%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fras.2012.0006&rft.au=Ib+Larsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fairlandsarawak-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fairlandsarawak_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairlandsarawak_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairlandsarawak_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairlandsarawak_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairlandsarawak_49-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlastair1993" class="citation book cs1">Alastair, Morrison (1 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U80cU8Fx1kAC&pg=PA10">Fair Land Sarawak: Some Recollections of an Expatriate Official</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Southeast_Asia_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell Southeast Asia Program">SEAP Publications</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-712-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-712-5"><bdi>978-0-87727-712-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fair+Land+Sarawak%3A+Some+Recollections+of+an+Expatriate+Official&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-712-5&rft.aulast=Alastair&rft.aufirst=Morrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU80cU8Fx1kAC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudyNoellePaul2012" class="citation book cs1">Trudy, Ring; Noelle, Watson; Paul, Schellinger (12 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&pg=PA497">Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Southeast_Asia_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell Southeast Asia Program">SEAP Publications</a>. p. 497. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-712-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-712-5"><bdi>978-0-87727-712-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+and+Oceania%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pages=497&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-712-5&rft.aulast=Trudy&rft.aufirst=Ring&rft.au=Noelle%2C+Watson&rft.au=Paul%2C+Schellinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvoerPYsAB5wC%26pg%3DPA497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Leasor2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Leasor" title="James Leasor">James Leasor</a> (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tl9tx4MJYf4C&pg=PA41">Singapore: The Battle That Changed the World</a>. House of Stratus. pp. 41–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7551-0039-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7551-0039-2"><bdi>978-0-7551-0039-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore%3A+The+Battle+That+Changed+the+World&rft.pages=41-&rft.pub=House+of+Stratus&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7551-0039-2&rft.au=James+Leasor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTl9tx4MJYf4C%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2013" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Saunders (5 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUv8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">A History of Brunei</a>. Routledge. pp. 74–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87394-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87394-2"><bdi>978-1-136-87394-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Brunei&rft.pages=74-77&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-87394-2&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Saunders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDUv8AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike" class="citation web cs1">Mike, Reed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030608223530/http://www1.sarawak.com.my/travel_features/bk_review/brooke.html">"Book review of "The Name of Brooke – The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak" by R.H.W. Reece, Sarawak Literary Society, 1993"</a>. sarawak.com.my. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.sarawak.com.my/travel_features/bk_review/brooke.html">the original</a> on 8 June 2003. Retrieved 7 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sarawak.com.my&rft.atitle=Book+review+of+%22The+Name+of+Brooke+%E2%80%93+The+End+of+White+Rajah+Rule+in+Sarawak%22+by+R.H.W.+Reece%2C+Sarawak+Literary+Society%2C+1993&rft.aulast=Mike&rft.aufirst=Reed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.sarawak.com.my%2Ftravel_features%2Fbk_review%2Fbrooke.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Borneo_Post-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Borneo_Post_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Borneo_Post_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2011" class="citation news cs1">Lim, Kian Hock (16 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206232438/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/a-look-at-the-civil-administration-of-sarawak/">"A look at the civil administration of Sarawak"</a>. The Borneo Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/a-look-at-the-civil-administration-of-sarawak/">the original</a> on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=A+look+at+the+civil+administration+of+Sarawak&rft.date=2011-09-16&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Kian+Hock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2011%2F09%2F16%2Fa-look-at-the-civil-administration-of-sarawak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuhaj2014" class="citation book cs1">Cuhaj, George S (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tmOYCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1058">Standard Catalog of World Paper Money, General Issues, 1368–1960</a>. <a href="/wiki/F%2BW_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="F+W Media">F+W Media</a>. p. 1058. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-4267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-4267-0"><bdi>978-1-4402-4267-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 January 2016. <q>Sarawak was recognised as a separate state by the United States (1850) and Great Britain (1864), and voluntarily became a British protectorate in 1888.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Catalog+of+World+Paper+Money%2C+General+Issues%2C+1368%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=1058&rft.pub=F%2BW+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4402-4267-0&rft.aulast=Cuhaj&rft.aufirst=George+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtmOYCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20161119121306/http://www.bda.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=49&menu_id=0&sub_id=66">"Bintulu – Places of Interest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bintulu_Development_Authority" title="Bintulu Development Authority">Bintulu Development Authority</a>. 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Retrieved 19 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bintulu+%E2%80%93+Places+of+Interest&rft.pub=Bintulu+Development+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bda.gov.my%2Fmodules%2Fweb%2Fpages.php%3Fmod%3Dwebpage%26sub%3Dpage%26id%3D49%26menu_id%3D0%26sub_id%3D66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Empirenationalism-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Empirenationalism_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Empirenationalism_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Empirenationalism_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Empirenationalism_57-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Empirenationalism_57-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keat_Gin_Ooi" title="Keat Gin Ooi">Ooi, Keat Gin</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzVUOidajPAC&pg=PA7">Post-war Borneo, 1945–50: Nationalism, Empire and State-Building</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-05803-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-05803-7"><bdi>978-1-134-05803-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-war+Borneo%2C+1945%E2%80%9350%3A+Nationalism%2C+Empire+and+State-Building&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-05803-7&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzVUOidajPAC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2007" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Cavendish (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=72VwCFtYHCgC&pg=PA1182">World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, Volume 9</a>. Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Marshall Cavendish</a>. p. 1182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7642-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7642-9"><bdi>978-0-7614-7642-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Eastern+and+Southern+Asia%2C+Volume+9&rft.place=Bangladesh&rft.pages=1182&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7642-9&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Cavendish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D72VwCFtYHCgC%26pg%3DPA1182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151012024013/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1248_2007-07-02.html">"The Borneo Company Limited"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Board" title="National Library Board">National Library Board</a>. 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Retrieved 25 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Borneo+Company+Limited&rft.pub=National+Library+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Finfopedia%2Farticles%2FSIP_1248_2007-07-02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingdominjungle-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kingdominjungle_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingdominjungle_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon1986" class="citation news cs1">Simon, Elegant (13 July 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151102083010/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/13/travel/sarawak-a-kingdom-in-the-jungle.html?pagewanted=all">"SARAWAK: A KINGDOM IN THE JUNGLE"</a>. The New York Times. 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Retrieved 2 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=SARAWAK%3A+A+KINGDOM+IN+THE+JUNGLE&rft.date=1986-07-13&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Elegant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F07%2F13%2Ftravel%2Fsarawak-a-kingdom-in-the-jungle.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rough_Guides-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rough_Guides_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rough_Guides_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesMarkPauline2003" class="citation book cs1">Charles, de Ledesma; Mark, Lewis; Pauline, Savage (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hS0_GehsGPwC&pg=PA723">Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rough_Guides" title="Rough Guides">Rough Guides</a>. p. 723. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-094-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-094-7"><bdi>978-1-84353-094-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 November 2015. <q>In 1888, the three states of Sarawak, Sabah, and Brunei were transformed into protectorates, a status which handed over the responsibility for their foreign policy to the British in exchange for military protection.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia%2C+Singapore%2C+and+Brunei&rft.pages=723&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84353-094-7&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=de+Ledesma&rft.au=Mark%2C+Lewis&rft.au=Pauline%2C+Savage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhS0_GehsGPwC%26pg%3DPA723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaiful2015" class="citation news cs1">Saiful, Bahari (23 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151002091817/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/06/23/thrill-is-gone-state-museum-stuck-in-time-public/">"Thrill is gone, state museum stuck in time — Public"</a>. The Borneo Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/06/23/thrill-is-gone-state-museum-stuck-in-time-public/">the original</a> on 2 October 2015. 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Official Website of Labuan Corporation. Labuan Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pl.gov.my/en/web/guest/tugu-penyerahan-jepun;jsessionid=10C59E905CBE1CA017EA2CC8600CEF41">the original</a> on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Website+of+Labuan+Corporation&rft.atitle=Historical+Monument+%E2%80%93+Surrender+Point&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pl.gov.my%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Ftugu-penyerahan-jepun%3Bjsessionid%3D10C59E905CBE1CA017EA2CC8600CEF41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainsford" class="citation web cs1">Rainsford, Keith Carr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/F07316/">"Surrender to Major-General Wootten at Labuan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>. Retrieved 3 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surrender+to+Major-General+Wootten+at+Labuan&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.aulast=Rainsford&rft.aufirst=Keith+Carr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FF07316%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia2016" class="citation news cs1">Patricia, Hului (12 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181211133228/http://seeds.theborneopost.com/2015/09/12/celebrating-batu-lintang-camp-liberation-day-on-sept-11/">"Celebrating Batu Lintang Camp liberation day on Sept 11"</a>. The Borneo Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seeds.theborneopost.com/2015/09/12/celebrating-batu-lintang-camp-liberation-day-on-sept-11/">the original</a> on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=Celebrating+Batu+Lintang+Camp+liberation+day+on+Sept+11&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft.aulast=Patricia&rft.aufirst=Hului&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseeds.theborneopost.com%2F2015%2F09%2F12%2Fcelebrating-batu-lintang-camp-liberation-day-on-sept-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/236/247/">"British Military Administration (August 1945 – April 1946)"</a>. The Sarawak Government. Retrieved 3 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Military+Administration+%28August+1945+%E2%80%93+April+1946%29&rft.pub=The+Sarawak+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sarawak.gov.my%2Fweb%2Fhome%2Farticle_view%2F236%2F247%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2004" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA763">Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 763. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576077702" title="Special:BookSources/9781576077702"><bdi>9781576077702</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor&rft.pages=763&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781576077702&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKgraWbb7yoC%26pg%3DPA763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37637/page/3394">"The London Gazette"</a>. No. 37637. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 2 July 1946. p. 3394. Retrieved 19 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.issue=37637&rft.pages=3394&rft.date=1946-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F37637%2Fpage%2F3394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1946/may/22/sarawak-act-of-cession">"Sarawak (Act of Cession)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. London. 22 May 1946. Retrieved 22 April 2022. <q>The Council Negri passed the Cession Bill on 16th and 17th May, and the Supreme Council authorised the Rajah to execute the instrument of Cession on 20th May." "The voting in the Council Negri on the Cession Bill was 18 for, 16 against on the second reading, and 19 for and 16 against on the third reading.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Sarawak+%28Act+of+Cession%29&rft.date=1946-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1946%2Fmay%2F22%2Fsarawak-act-of-cession&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/237/248/">"Sarawak as a British Crown Colony (1946–1963)"</a>. The Official Website of the Sarawak Government. 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Retrieved 3 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+stabbed+governor+of+Sarawak&rft.date=2012-03-14&rft.aulast=Mike&rft.aufirst=Thomson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-17299633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthonylegal-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Anthonylegal_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/8365045/Anthony-Brooke.html">"Anthony Brooke"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. 6 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/8365045/Anthony-Brooke.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Anthony+Brooke&rft.date=2011-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fpolitics-obituaries%2F8365045%2FAnthony-Brooke.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307120947/http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/penubuhan-malaysia-16-september-1963?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_Oj0d&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-inner-3&p_p_col_count=1&page=1">"Formation of Malaysia 16 September 1963"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Malaysia" title="National Archives of Malaysia">National Archives of Malaysia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/penubuhan-malaysia-16-september-1963?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_Oj0d&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-inner-3&p_p_col_count=1&page=1">the original</a> on 7 March 2016. 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Retrieved 30 March 2016. <q>While there were systems of tradiional medicine and a traditional pharmacopoenia amongst the indigenous communities in Sarawak, they have largely fallen into disuse ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+Care+in+Malaysia%3A+The+Dynamics+of+Provision%2C+Financing+and+Access&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-03-06&rft.isbn=978-1-134-11295-1&rft.aulast=Leng+Chee&rft.aufirst=Heng&rft.au=Barraclough%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhANe_y3bPmkC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBawin_Anggat" class="citation web cs1">Bawin Anggat, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160330133431/http://health.usf.edu/NR/rdonlyres/00A35B41-CD50-4B4C-B2E7-906C090C31B7/26990/TraditionalMedicinesofBorneo1.pdf">"Traditional Medicines of Borneo at Risk"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://health.usf.edu/NR/rdonlyres/00A35B41-CD50-4B4C-B2E7-906C090C31B7/26990/TraditionalMedicinesofBorneo1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 March 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+Medicines+of+Borneo+at+Risk&rft.aulast=Bawin+Anggat&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhealth.usf.edu%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F00A35B41-CD50-4B4C-B2E7-906C090C31B7%2F26990%2FTraditionalMedicinesofBorneo1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114061013/http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/11/08/chinese-traditional-medicine">"Chinese traditional medicine"</a>. The Borneo Post. 8 November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/11/08/chinese-traditional-medicine/">the original</a> on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=Chinese+traditional+medicine&rft.date=2012-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2012%2F11%2F08%2Fchinese-traditional-medicine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbuduliEzatAljunid2011" class="citation journal cs1">Abuduli, Maihebureti; Ezat, Sharifa; Aljunid, Syed (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mjphm.org.my/mjphm/journals/Volume%2011:2/GUEST%20EDITORIAL.pdf">"Role of traditional and complementary medicine in universal coverage"</a> (PDF). Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine. 11 (2): 1. Retrieved 30 March 2016. <q>There are nine integrated public hospitals which are practicing T&CM in Malaysia. ... Sarawak General Hospital ... These hospitals practice traditional Malay massage, acupuncture, herbal oncology and postnatal massage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaysian+Journal+of+Public+Health+Medicine&rft.atitle=Role+of+traditional+and+complementary+medicine+in+universal+coverage&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Abuduli&rft.aufirst=Maihebureti&rft.au=Ezat%2C+Sharifa&rft.au=Aljunid%2C+Syed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mjphm.org.my%2Fmjphm%2Fjournals%2FVolume%252011%3A2%2FGUEST%2520EDITORIAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarawak_education-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarawak_education_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarawak_education_268-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907185329/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/197/215/">"Education"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 December 2015. <q>The eight schools missing from the incomplete list are St. Thomas's School Kuching (1848), St Mary's School Kuching (1848), St Joseph's School Kuching (1882), St Teresa's School Kuching (1885), St Michael's School Sandakan (1886), St Michael's School Penampang (1888), All Saints' School, Likas (1903) and St Patrick's School Tawau (1917).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Can+you+blame+Sarawak+and+Sabah+for+feeling+left+out%3F&rft.date=2015-04-10&rft.aulast=Edgar&rft.aufirst=Ong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theantdaily.com%2FMain%2FCan-you-blame-Sarawak-and-Sabah-for-feeling-left-out&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_education-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_education_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_education_275-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151221141840/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/sarawaks-public-and-private-sectors-work-together-revamp-education">"Sarawak's public and private sectors work together to revamp education"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bahai.org.my&rft.atitle=Malaysia+Bahai%27s+%E2%80%93+Sarawak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahai.org.my%2Fsarawak.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChieng2015" class="citation news cs1">Chieng, Connie (17 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401152839/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/48486/Sarawak-is-a-blessed-land-of-harmony/">"Sarawak is a blessed land of harmony"</a>. New Sarawak Tribune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/48486/Sarawak-is-a-blessed-land-of-harmony/">the original</a> on 1 April 2016. 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Retrieved 1 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikh+Temple&rft.pub=Sarawak+Tourism+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsarawaktourism.com%2Fattraction%2Fsikh-temple%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401154021/http://www.pravdareport.com/hotspots/disasters/24-03-2014/127152-animism-0/">"Animism is alive and well in South-East Asia: What can we learn?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pravda.ru" title="Pravda.ru">Pravda.ru</a>. 24 March 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravdareport.com/hotspots/disasters/24-03-2014/127152-animism-0/">the original</a> on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Animism+is+alive+and+well+in+South-East+Asia%3A+What+can+we+learn%3F&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravdareport.com%2Fhotspots%2Fdisasters%2F24-03-2014%2F127152-animism-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/12/12/explanation-sought-on-real-status-of-swaks-official-religion/">"Explanation sought on real status of S'wak's official religion"</a>. The Borneo Post. 12 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015. <q>The Sarawak State Constitution is clear—Sarawak has no official religion, but the official website stated otherwise. This matter was pointed out by YB <a href="/wiki/Baru_Bian" title="Baru Bian">Baru Bian</a> (Ba Kelalan assemblyman and state PKR chairman) in his letter to the state secretary in July this year, and no action was taken.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=Explanation+sought+on+real+status+of+S%27wak%27s+official+religion&rft.date=2015-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2015%2F12%2F12%2Fexplanation-sought-on-real-status-of-swaks-official-religion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetom2013" class="citation book cs1">Metom, Lily (31 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cX3XAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">Emotion Concepts of the Ibans in Sarawak</a>. Patridge Singapore. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-9731-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-9731-9"><bdi>978-1-4828-9731-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 January 2016. <q>Nevertheless, all these ancient customs pertaining to headhunting are no longer observed in these modern days.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emotion+Concepts+of+the+Ibans+in+Sarawak&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Patridge+Singapore&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft.isbn=978-1-4828-9731-9&rft.aulast=Metom&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcX3XAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatzdaschSaravanamuttu2014" class="citation book cs1">Platzdasch, Bernhard; Saravanamuttu, Johan (6 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ThpBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA383">Religious Diversity in Muslim-majority States in Southeast Asia: Areas of Toleration and Conflict</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Southeast_Asian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Southeast Asian Studies">Institute of Southeast Asian Studies</a> (ISEAS). p. 383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4519-64-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4519-64-9"><bdi>978-981-4519-64-9</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 11 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=CM+revs+up+momentum+for+2016+S%27wak+Sukma&rft.date=2015-10-22&rft.aulast=Pail&rft.aufirst=Salena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2015%2F10%2F22%2Fcm-revs-up-momentum-for-2016-swak-sukma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVikneswaran_Raman2024" class="citation web cs1">Vikneswaran Raman (24 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sukma.bernama.com/news.php?id=2333058">"Hosts Sarawak Crowned Overall Champions Of SUKMA 2024"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bernama" title="Bernama">Bernama</a>. Retrieved 29 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hosts+Sarawak+Crowned+Overall+Champions+Of+SUKMA+2024&rft.date=2024-08-24&rft.au=Vikneswaran+Raman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsukma.bernama.com%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D2333058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTieng_Hii2022" class="citation news cs1">Tieng Hii, Ting (6 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theborneopost.com/2022/11/06/sarawaks-reign-as-para-sukma-overall-champions-ends/">"Sarawak's reign as Para Sukma overall champions ends"</a>. The Borneo Post. Retrieved 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=Sarawak%27s+reign+as+Para+Sukma+overall+champions+ends&rft.date=2022-11-06&rft.aulast=Tieng+Hii&rft.aufirst=Ting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2022%2F11%2F06%2Fsarawaks-reign-as-para-sukma-overall-champions-ends%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarah_Najihah_Zuraimi2024" class="citation web cs1">Farah Najihah Zuraimi (28 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sukma.bernama.com/para/news.php?id=2345713">"Mupok Lok! Curtain Comes Down On Para SUKMA S'wak"</a>. bernama.com. Retrieved 28 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bernama.com&rft.atitle=Mupok+Lok%21+Curtain+Comes+Down+On+Para+SUKMA+S%27wak&rft.date=2024-09-28&rft.au=Farah+Najihah+Zuraimi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsukma.bernama.com%2Fpara%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D2345713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Umpang2019" class="citation news cs1">Matthew Umpang (5 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/09/05/sabah-swak-sports-ministries-to-work-together-to-create-east-malaysia-sports-commission/">"Sabah, S'wak Sports Ministries to work together to create East Malaysia Sports Commission"</a>. The Borneo Post. Retrieved 8 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=Sabah%2C+S%27wak+Sports+Ministries+to+work+together+to+create+East+Malaysia+Sports+Commission&rft.date=2019-09-05&rft.au=Matthew+Umpang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2019%2F09%2F05%2Fsabah-swak-sports-ministries-to-work-together-to-create-east-malaysia-sports-commission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigel_Edgar2019" class="citation web cs1">Nigel Edgar (27 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030063025/https://dayakdaily.com/sarawak-hopes-to-become-an-esports-hub-in-the-region-one-day/">"Sarawak hopes to become an eSports hub in the region one day"</a>. Dayak Daily. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dayakdaily.com/sarawak-hopes-to-become-an-esports-hub-in-the-region-one-day/">the original</a> on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarawak+hopes+to+become+an+eSports+hub+in+the+region+one+day&rft.pub=Dayak+Daily&rft.date=2019-01-27&rft.au=Nigel+Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdayakdaily.com%2Fsarawak-hopes-to-become-an-esports-hub-in-the-region-one-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190927045527/https://wb.fujian.gov.cn/English/sisterstates/201801/t20180130_736955.htm">"Sister Provinces (Sarawak, Malaysia)"</a>. Foreign Affairs Office of the People's Government of Fujian Province, China. 30 January 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wb.fujian.gov.cn/English/sisterstates/201801/t20180130_736955.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Provinces+%28Sarawak%2C+Malaysia%29&rft.pub=Foreign+Affairs+Office+of+the+People%27s+Government+of+Fujian+Province%2C+China&rft.date=2018-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwb.fujian.gov.cn%2FEnglish%2Fsisterstates%2F201801%2Ft20180130_736955.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarawak" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarawak&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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.sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Sarawak at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" class="extiw" title="c:Sarawak">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Sarawak" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Sarawak">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sarawak" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Sarawak">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sarawak" class="extiw" title="voy:Sarawak">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sarawak.gov.my">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170462#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sarawaktourism.com/">Sarawak</a> at Sarawak Tourism Board</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawnet.sarawak.gov.my/lawnet/Law/TLnetPublishedOrdList.jsp?LTyp=All">Laws of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/malaysia/malaysian-borneo-sarawak">Sarawak</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Sarawak" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sarawak" title="Template:Sarawak"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sarawak" title="Template talk:Sarawak"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sarawak" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sarawak"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Sarawak" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarawak</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">Santubong Kingdom (500 AD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">Malano Kingdom (700 AD–1400 AD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian Empire (1368–1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sultanate of Sarawak (1599–1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Raj of Sarawak (1841–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan (1941–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony of Sarawak (1946–1963)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarawak (1963–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_State_of_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the State of Sarawak">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sarawak" title="Elections in Sarawak">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sarawak" title="Government of Sarawak">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sarawak" title="Cabinet of Sarawak">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Sarawak" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Sarawak" title="Premier of Sarawak">Premier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Sarawak State Legislative Assembly">Legislature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Sarawak" title="Template:Geography of Sarawak">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Sarawak" title="List of people from Sarawak">Sarawakians</a></li> <li>Symbols <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwiku" title="Ibu Pertiwiku">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sarawak" title="Coat of arms of Sarawak">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sarawak" title="Flag of Sarawak">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Sarawak" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Sarawak">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sarawak" title="Culture of Sarawak">Culture</a></li> <li>Crime</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Sarawak">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sarawak" title="Demographics of Sarawak">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sarawak" title="Economy of Sarawak">Economy</a></li> <li>Education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Sarawak" title="Category:Politics of Sarawak">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Malaysia" title="Divisions of Malaysia">Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betong_Division" title="Betong Division">Betong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintulu_Division" title="Bintulu Division">Bintulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapit_Division" title="Kapit Division">Kapit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuching_Division" title="Kuching Division">Kuching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbang_Division" title="Limbang Division">Limbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miri_Division" title="Miri Division">Miri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukah_Division" title="Mukah Division">Mukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarahan_Division" title="Samarahan Division">Samarahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikei_Division" title="Sarikei Division">Sarikei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serian_Division" title="Serian Division">Serian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibu_Division" title="Sibu Division">Sibu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aman_Division" title="Sri Aman Division">Sri Aman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Malaysia#Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Malaysia">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asajaya_District" title="Asajaya District">Asajaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bau_District,_Sarawak" title="Bau District, Sarawak">Bau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belaga_District" title="Belaga District">Belaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beluru_District" title="Beluru District">Beluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betong_District,_Sarawak" title="Betong District, Sarawak">Betong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintulu_District" title="Bintulu District">Bintulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Mabong_District" title="Bukit Mabong District">Bukit Mabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalat_District" title="Dalat District">Dalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daro_District" title="Daro District">Daro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedong_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gedong District (page does not exist)">Gedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julau_District" title="Julau District">Julau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabong_District" title="Kabong District">Kabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanowit_District" title="Kanowit District">Kanowit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapit_District" title="Kapit District">Kapit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuching_District" title="Kuching District">Kuching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawas_District" title="Lawas District">Lawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbang_District" title="Limbang District">Limbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubok_Antu_District" title="Lubok Antu District">Lubok Antu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lundu_District" title="Lundu District">Lundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marudi_District" title="Marudi District">Marudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matu_District" title="Matu District">Matu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meradong_District" title="Meradong District">Meradong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miri_District" title="Miri District">Miri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukah_District" title="Mukah District">Mukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakan_District" title="Pakan District">Pakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusa_District" title="Pusa District">Pusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarahan_District" title="Samarahan District">Samarahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratok_District" title="Saratok District">Saratok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikei_District" title="Sarikei District">Sarikei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebauh_District" title="Sebauh District">Sebauh</a></li> <li>Sebuyau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangau_District" title="Selangau District">Selangau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serian_District" title="Serian District">Serian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibu_District" title="Sibu District">Sibu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siburan_District" title="Siburan District">Siburan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simunjan_District" title="Simunjan District">Simunjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_District,_Malaysia" title="Song District, Malaysia">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aman_District" title="Sri Aman District">Sri Aman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subis_District" title="Subis District">Subis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Manis_District" title="Tanjung Manis District">Tanjung Manis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatau_District" title="Tatau District">Tatau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebedu_District" title="Tebedu District">Tebedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telang_Usan_District" title="Telang Usan District">Telang Usan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padawan_municipality" title="Padawan municipality">Padawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miri" title="Miri">Miri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asajaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Asajaya">Asajaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27kelalan" title="Ba'kelalan">Ba'kelalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balingian" title="Balingian">Balingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario">Bario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Kawa" title="Batu Kawa">Batu Kawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Niah" title="Batu Niah">Batu Niah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bau,_Sarawak" title="Bau, Sarawak">Bau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekenu" title="Bekenu">Bekenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beladin" title="Beladin">Beladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belaga,_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Belaga, Sarawak">Belaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belawai" title="Belawai">Belawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betong,_Sarawak" title="Betong, Sarawak">Betong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biawak" title="Biawak">Biawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintangor,_Sarawak" title="Bintangor, Sarawak">Bintangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintulu" title="Bintulu">Bintulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalat,_Sarawak" title="Dalat, Sarawak">Dalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daro" class="mw-redirect" title="Daro">Daro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debak" title="Debak">Debak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engkilili" title="Engkilili">Engkilili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igan,_Malaysia" title="Igan, Malaysia">Igan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julau" title="Julau">Julau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanowit" title="Kanowit">Kanowit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapit" title="Kapit">Kapit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Samarahan" title="Kota Samarahan">Kota Samarahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawas" title="Lawas">Lawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbang" title="Limbang">Limbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingga,_Malaysia" title="Lingga, Malaysia">Lingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubok_Antu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubok Antu">Lubok Antu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lundu,_Sarawak" title="Lundu, Sarawak">Lundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maludam" title="Maludam">Maludam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marudi" title="Marudi">Marudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matu,_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Matu, Sarawak">Matu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukah" title="Mukah">Mukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oya,_Malaysia" title="Oya, Malaysia">Oya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakan,_Sarawak" title="Pakan, Sarawak"> Pakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusa,_Sarawak" title="Pusa, Sarawak">Pusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadong_Jaya" title="Sadong Jaya">Sadong Jaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratok" title="Saratok">Saratok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikei" title="Sarikei">Sarikei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebauh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebauh">Sebauh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebuyau" title="Sebuyau">Sebuyau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangau" title="Selangau">Selangau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sematan" title="Sematan">Sematan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serian,_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Serian, Sarawak">Serian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serikin" title="Serikin">Serikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibu" title="Sibu">Sibu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siburan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siburan (page does not exist)">Siburan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simunjan,_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Simunjan, Sarawak">Simunjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song,_Malaysia" title="Song, Malaysia">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaoh" title="Spaoh">Spaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simanggang" title="Simanggang">Simanggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Kidurong" title="Tanjung Kidurong">Tanjung Kidurong</a></li> <li>Tanjung Manis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatau" title="Tatau">Tatau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebedu" title="Tebedu">Tebedu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" class="extiw" title="commons:Sarawak">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Sarawak" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Sarawak">Wikisource</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sarawak" title="Category:Sarawak">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_and_Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Template:States and Federal Territories of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_and_Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:States and Federal Territories of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_and_Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States and Federal Territories of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">States and federal territories of Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Territories of Malaysia">Federal Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrajaya" title="Putrajaya">Putrajaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Borneo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Borneo" title="Template:Borneo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Borneo" title="Template talk:Borneo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Borneo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Borneo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Borneo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kalimantan" title="South Kalimantan">South Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(city)" title="Nusantara (city)">Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarawak</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eco-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_lowland_rain_forests" title="Borneo lowland rain forests">Borneo lowland rain forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_montane_rain_forests" title="Borneo montane rain forests">Borneo montane rain forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_peat_swamp_forests" title="Borneo peat swamp forests">Borneo peat swamp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabalu_montane_alpine_meadows" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinabalu montane alpine meadows">Kinabalu montane alpine meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Borneo_freshwater_swamp_forests" title="Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests">Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundaland_heath_forests" title="Sundaland heath forests">Sundaland heath forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf_mangroves" title="Sunda Shelf mangroves">Sunda Shelf mangroves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Borneo" title="Biodiversity of Borneo">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Borneo" title="Flora of Borneo">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Borneo" title="Fauna of Borneo">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Borneo" title="List of mammals of Borneo">Mammals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Borneo" title="Geological history of Borneo">Geological history of Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deforestation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Borneo" title="Deforestation in Borneo">Deforestation in Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Malaysia" title="Deforestation in Malaysia">Deforestation in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Deforestation in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega_Rice_Project" title="Mega Rice Project">Mega Rice Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="1997 Southeast Asian haze">1997 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Indonesian_forest_fires" title="1997 Indonesian forest fires">1997 Indonesian forest fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2006 Southeast Asian haze">2006 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2015 Southeast Asian haze">2015 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2016 Southeast Asian haze">2016 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2017 Southeast Asian haze">2017 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2019 Southeast Asian haze">2019 Southeast Asian haze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_Sun_Bear_Conservation_Centre" title="Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre">Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_Orangutan_Survival" title="Borneo Orangutan Survival">Borneo Orangutan Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Perai_Protection_Forest" title="Bukit Perai Protection Forest">Bukit Perai Protection Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danum_Valley_Conservation_Area" title="Danum Valley Conservation Area">Danum Valley Conservation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Berau_Nature_Reserve" title="Gunung Berau Nature Reserve">Gunung Berau Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Borneo" title="Heart of Borneo">Heart of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_Mentarang_National_Park" title="Kayan Mentarang National Park">Kayan Mentarang National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabalu_Park" title="Kinabalu Park">Kinabalu Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulamba_Wildlife_Reserve" title="Kulamba Wildlife Reserve">Kulamba Wildlife Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamandau_Nature_Reserve" title="Lamandau Nature Reserve">Lamandau Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanjak_Entimau_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary">Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepilok_Orangutan_Rehabilitation_Centre" title="Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre">Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silabukan_Protection_Forest_Reserve" title="Silabukan Protection Forest Reserve">Silabukan Protection Forest Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usun_Apau_National_Park" title="Usun Apau National Park">Usun Apau National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">History of Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">History of Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">History of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">British Borneo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kalimantan" title="Languages of Kalimantan">Languages of Kalimantan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Borneo" title="Category:Borneo">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" 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1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170462#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170462#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170462#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1225795/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4051682-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2014031833">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11883336w">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11883336w">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01051408">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35475807">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX457149">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftww43126b6s2q">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559833205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514354106706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/05fa380d-3ced-4ff7-a005-ff2e7f4d05b0">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-kpnzx","wgBackendResponseTime":256,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_aa5428aa3bed082cd6bc21f687bc02a14c519895":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q170462","properties":{"title":"Sarawak","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":3,"fill":"#606060"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoline?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q170462","properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Sarawak"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.293","walltime":"4.734","ppvisitednodes":{"value":28715,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":890494,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":46600,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":38,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1369418,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 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1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlo1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChanWong2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharlesMarkPauline2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen_Ai_Shih2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheng2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChieng2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChin1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChin_Huat2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopher2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChua2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuhaj2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDOSM\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_LeaColette_Milward2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesmond2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald_F2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdgar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElegant2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErivina\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaisal2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarah_Najihah_Zuraimi2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaulkner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandez2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrans2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrans_Welman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuruoka2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavin_Long1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH.S.RG.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHara2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarun2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHow_Pim2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutchison2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIb_Larsen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIr._Ooi_Choon_Ann1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIshikawa2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJC2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJack2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Leasor2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenifer_Laeng2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJessica\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaur2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeat2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlemen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoshy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKratoska2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKris1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaw2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeng_CheeBarraclough2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLeong2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLian2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLim2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLim2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLing2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew_Umpang2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeijaard,_E.Nijman,_V.Supriatna,_J.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMering2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetom2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMike\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMike2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMike_Gaworecki2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohd2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewsdesk2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholas2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNieDurin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNigel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNigel_Edgar2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgilvy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgmore1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOng2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPail2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandianChing_LingAi_Lin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatricia2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_Mathews2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlatzdaschSaravanamuttu2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR.SK.J2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Haller-Trost1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRainsford\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasoul2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReporters2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReporters2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhett2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRinggit2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRozan_Yunos2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaiful2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel_Aubrey2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSangTayLimSaeid2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharon_LingGeryl_Ogilvy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheith_Khidir2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilcock1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSim2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephanie_LeeFatimah_Zainal2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSulok2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSulok2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwitow2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTAWIE2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTai2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTawie2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThiessen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTieng_Hii2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTingRose2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTogunwaAbdullah2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrudyNoellePaul2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUbaidillah_Masli2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVanitha2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVergano2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVernon_L._Porritt1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVikneswaran_Raman2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWendy_Hutton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYes2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYussop2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZheng1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZulkifli2021\"] = 1,\n [\"SPU2015\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'s\"] = 1,\n [\"*\"] = 7,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Additional citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 2,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 10,\n [\"Borneo\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Centre\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 42,\n [\"Cite iucn\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 109,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 186,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 23,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 2,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Hidden begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Hidden end\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-may\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Image array\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 6,\n [\"Infobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox mapframe\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Legend\"] = 4,\n [\"Legend inline\"] = 2,\n [\"MYS\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 6,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 4,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 6,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 2,\n [\"Party color\"] = 2,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Sarawak\"] = 1,\n [\"Sarawak Labelled Map\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 3,\n [\"States and Federal Territories of Malaysia\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","480","17.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","320","11.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","10.7"],["dataWrapper 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