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id="toc-Golden_Age_of_Hollywood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 1930s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 1940s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_in_the_1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_in_the_1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Transition in the 1950s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_in_the_1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_age_of_exploitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_age_of_exploitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Golden age of exploitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_age_of_exploitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 1960s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_in_the_2000s_and_after" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_in_the_2000s_and_after"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Transition in the 2000s and after </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_in_the_2000s_and_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Associated terms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Associated_terms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Associated terms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Associated_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-C_movie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C_movie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 C movie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C_movie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Z_movie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Z_movie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Z movie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Z_movie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychotronic_movie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychotronic_movie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Psychotronic movie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychotronic_movie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-B-television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#B-television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 B-television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-B-television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interviews_of_B_movie_professionals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interviews_of_B_movie_professionals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Interviews of B movie professionals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interviews_of_B_movie_professionals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Miscellaneous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">B movie</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" > 39 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-film" title="B-film – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="B-film" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فيلم درجة ثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلم درجة ثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_de_serie_B" title="Cine de serie B – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cine de serie B" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B" title="Serie B – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Serie B" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_filml%C9%99ri" title="B filmləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="B filmləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8rie_B_(cinema)" title="Sèrie B (cinema) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sèrie B (cinema)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C4%8Dkov%C3%BD_film" title="Béčkový film – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Béčkový film" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-film" title="B-film – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="B-film" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-Movie" title="B-Movie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="B-Movie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_B" title="Cine B – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cine B" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_filmo" title="B filmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="B filmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_film" title="B film – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="B film" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87_%D8%A8" title="فیلم درجه ب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلم درجه ب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rie_B" title="Série B – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Série B" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-film" title="B-film – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="B-film" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%EA%B8%89_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="B급 영화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="B급 영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2-%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB_%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բ-կարգի ֆիլմեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բ-կարգի ֆիլմեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_di_serie_B" title="Film di serie B – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Film di serie B" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99" title="בי מובי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בי מובי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_klases_filma" title="B klases filma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="B klases filma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-Movie" title="B-Movie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="B-Movie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_B" title="فيلم B – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيلم B" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-film" title="B-film – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="B-film" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E7%B4%9A%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB" title="B級映画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="B級映画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-film" title="B-film – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="B-film" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmy_klasy_B" title="Filmy klasy B – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filmy klasy B" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filme_B" title="Filme B – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filme B" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_de_categoria_B" title="Film de categoria B – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Film de categoria B" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_B" title="Фильм категории B – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фильм категории B" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-movie" title="B-movie – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="B-movie" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-movie" title="B-movie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="B-movie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C4%8Dkov%C3%BD_film" title="Béčkový film – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Béčkový film" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-film" title="B-film – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="B-film" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-elokuva" title="B-elokuva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="B-elokuva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-film" title="B-film – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="B-film" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="B movie" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_filmi" title="B filmi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="B filmi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-kategorijan_fil%27m" title="B-kategorijan fil'm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="B-kategorijan fil'm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E7%B4%9A%E7%89%87" title="B級片 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="B級片" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccf; padding:0.15em 0; font-size:200%; font-weight:normal"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">B movies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zombies as portrayed in the movie "Night of the Living Dead""><img alt="Zombies as portrayed in the movie "Night of the Living Dead"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg/150px-Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg/225px-Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg/300px-Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1472" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_(Hollywood_Golden_Age)" title="B movies (Hollywood Golden Age)">Hollywood Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_in_the_1950s" title="B movies in the 1950s">1950s transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_(exploitation_boom)" title="B movies (exploitation boom)">Exploitation boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_since_the_1980s" title="B movies since the 1980s">Since the 1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BMovie" title="Template:BMovie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BMovie" title="Template talk:BMovie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BMovie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BMovie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RavenPoster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RavenPoster.jpg/250px-RavenPoster.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RavenPoster.jpg/375px-RavenPoster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RavenPoster.jpg/500px-RavenPoster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="2925" /></a><figcaption>The "King of the Bs", <a href="/wiki/Roger_Corman" title="Roger Corman">Roger Corman</a>, produced and directed <a href="/wiki/The_Raven_(1963_film)" title="The Raven (1963 film)">The Raven</a> (1963) for <a href="/wiki/American_International_Pictures" title="American International Pictures">American International Pictures</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Price" title="Vincent Price">Vincent Price</a> headlines a cast of veteran character actors along with a young <a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a>.</figcaption></figure> A B movie, or B film, is a type of cheap, poorly made commercial <a href="/wiki/Motion_picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion picture">motion picture</a>. Originally, during the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Golden Age of Hollywood</a>, this term specifically referred to films meant to be shown as the lesser-known second half of a <a href="/wiki/Double_feature" title="Double feature">double feature</a>, somewhat similar to <a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">B-sides</a> in recorded music. However, the production of such films as "second features" in the United States largely declined by the end of the 1950s. This shift was due to the rise of commercial television, which prompted film studio B movie production departments to transition into television film production divisions. These divisions continued to create content similar to B movies, albeit in the form of low-budget films and series. Today, the term "B movie" is used in a broader sense. In post-Golden Age usage, B movies can encompass a wide spectrum of films, ranging from sensationalistic <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploitation films">exploitation films</a> to independent arthouse productions. In either usage, most B movies represent a particular <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genre</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western</a> was a Golden Age B movie staple, while low-budget <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">science-fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror</a> films became more popular in the 1950s. Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character. Almost always shorter than the top-billed feature films,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> many had running times of 70 minutes or less. The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more lavishly budgeted headliners; individual B films were often ignored by critics. Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">sequels</a>, but series are less common. As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased, so did that of B pictures. In its current usage, the term has somewhat contradictory connotations: it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is (a) a "genre film" with minimal artistic ambitions or (b) a lively, energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively serious <a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">independent film</a>. The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budget, mainstream films with exploitation-style content, usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie. From their beginnings to the present day, B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning. Celebrated filmmakers such as <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Mann" title="Anthony Mann">Anthony Mann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Demme" title="Jonathan Demme">Jonathan Demme</a> learned their craft in B movies. They are where actors such as <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a> first became established, and they have provided work for former A movie actors and actresses, such as <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Price" title="Vincent Price">Vincent Price</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karen_Black" title="Karen Black">Karen Black</a>. Some actors and actresses, such as <a href="/wiki/Bela_Lugosi" title="Bela Lugosi">Bela Lugosi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Constantine" title="Eddie Constantine">Eddie Constantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Campbell" title="Bruce Campbell">Bruce Campbell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pam_Grier" title="Pam Grier">Pam Grier</a>, worked in B movies for most of their careers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The terms "B actor and actress" are sometimes used to refer to performers who find work primarily or exclusively in B pictures. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ThatCertainThing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/ThatCertainThing.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia</a>'s That Certain Thing (1928) was made for less than $20,000 (about $297,791 today). Soon, director <a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a>'s association with Columbia helped vault the studio toward Hollywood's major leagues.<a href="#cite_note-Hirschhorn_1999,_pp._9–10,_17-2">[2]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1927–28, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent era</a>, the production cost of an average feature from a <a href="/wiki/Major_film_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Major film studio">major Hollywood studio</a> ranged from $190,000 at <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">Fox</a> to $275,000 at <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a>. That average reflected both "specials" that might cost as much as $1 million and films made quickly for around $50,000. These cheaper films (not yet called B movies) allowed the studios to derive maximum value from facilities and contracted staff in between a studio's more important productions, while also breaking in new personnel.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Studios in the minor leagues of the industry, such as <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film_Booking_Offices_of_America" title="Film Booking Offices of America">Film Booking Offices of America</a> (FBO), focused on exactly those sorts of cheap productions. Their movies, with relatively short running times, targeted theaters that had to economize on rental and operating costs, particularly small-town and urban neighborhood venues, or "nabes". Even smaller production houses, known as <a href="/wiki/Poverty_Row" title="Poverty Row">Poverty Row</a> studios, made films whose costs might run as low as $3,000, seeking a profit through whatever bookings they could pick up in the gaps left by the larger concerns.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> With the widespread arrival of <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound film</a> in American theaters in 1929, many independent exhibitors began dropping the then-dominant presentation model, which involved live acts and a broad variety of <a href="/wiki/Short_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Short subject">shorts</a> before a single featured film. A new programming scheme developed that soon became standard practice: a <a href="/wiki/Newsreel" title="Newsreel">newsreel</a>, a short and/or <a href="/wiki/Movie_serial" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie serial">serial</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">cartoon</a>, followed by a double feature. The second feature, which actually screened before the main event, cost the exhibitor less per minute than the equivalent running time in shorts.<a href="#cite_note-Balio-5">[5]</a> The majors' "clearance" rules favoring their affiliated theaters prevented timely access to top-quality films for independent theaters; the second feature allowed them to promote quantity instead.<a href="#cite_note-Balio-5">[5]</a> The additional movie also gave the program "balance", the practice of pairing different sorts of features suggested to potential customers that they could count on something of interest no matter what specifically was on the bill. The low-budget picture of the 1920s thus evolved into the second feature, the B movie, of Hollywood's Golden Age.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_Age_of_Hollywood">Golden Age of Hollywood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Golden Age of Hollywood">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/B_movies_(Hollywood_Golden_Age)" title="B movies (Hollywood Golden Age)">B movies (Hollywood Golden Age)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For British B movies, see <a href="/wiki/Quota_quickies" class="mw-redirect" title="Quota quickies">Quota quickies</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1930s">1930s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1930s">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Studio_system" title="Studio system">major studios</a>, at first resistant to the double feature, soon adapted; all established B units to provide films for the expanding second-feature market. <a href="/wiki/Block_booking" title="Block booking">Block booking</a> became standard practice: to get access to a studio's attractive A pictures, many theaters were obliged to rent the company's entire output for a season. With the B films rented at a flat fee (rather than the box office percentage basis of A films), rates could be set virtually guaranteeing the profitability of every B movie. The parallel practice of <a href="/wiki/Block_booking" title="Block booking">blind bidding</a> largely freed the majors from worrying about their Bs' quality; even when booking in less than seasonal blocks, exhibitors had to buy most pictures sight unseen. The five largest studios: <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_Film_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox Film Corporation">Fox Film Corporation</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a> as of 1935), <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/RKO_Radio_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="RKO Radio Pictures">RKO Radio Pictures</a> (descendant of FBO), also belonged to companies with sizable theater chains, further securing the bottom line.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Poverty Row studios, from modest outfits like <a href="/wiki/Mascot_Pictures" title="Mascot Pictures">Mascot Pictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiffany_Pictures" title="Tiffany Pictures">Tiffany Pictures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sono_Art-World_Wide_Pictures" title="Sono Art-World Wide Pictures">Sono Art-World Wide Pictures</a>, down to shoestring operations, made exclusively B movies, serials, and other shorts, and also distributed totally independent productions and imported films. In no position to directly block book, they mostly sold regional distribution exclusivity to "<a href="/wiki/Film_distribution#Pre-studio_era_film_release" title="Film distribution">states rights</a>" firms, which in turn peddled blocks of movies to exhibitors, typically six or more pictures featuring the same star (a relative status on Poverty Row).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Two "major-minors", <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Studios</a> and rising <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a> had production lines roughly similar to, though somewhat better endowed than, the top Poverty Row studios. In contrast to the Big Five majors, Universal and Columbia had few or no theaters, though they did have top-rank <a href="/wiki/Film_distribution" title="Film distribution">film distribution</a> exchanges.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In the standard Golden Age model, the industry's top product, the A films, premiered at a small number of select first-run houses in major cities. Double features were not the rule at these prestigious venues. As described by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jay_Epstein" title="Edward Jay Epstein">Edward Jay Epstein</a>, "During these first runs, films got their reviews, garnered publicity, and generated the word of mouth that served as the principal form of advertising."<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Then it was off to the subsequent-run market where the double feature prevailed. At the larger local venues controlled by the majors, movies might turn over on a weekly basis. At the thousands of smaller, independent theaters, programs often changed two or three times a week. To meet the constant demand for new B product, the low end of Poverty Row turned out a stream of micro-budget movies rarely much more than sixty minutes long; these were known as "quickies" for their tight production schedules—as short as four days.<a href="#cite_note-Taves_p325-11">[11]</a> As Azam Patel describes, "Many of the poorest theaters, such as the 'grind houses' in the larger cities, screened a continuous program emphasizing action with no specific schedule, sometimes offering six quickies for a nickel in an all-night show that changed daily."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Many small theaters never saw a big-studio A film, getting their movies from the states rights concerns that handled almost exclusively Poverty Row product. Millions of Americans went to their local theaters as a matter of course: for an A picture, along with the <a href="/wiki/Trailer_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trailer (film)">trailers</a>, or screen previews, that presaged its arrival, "[t]he new film's title on the marquee and the listings for it in the local newspaper constituted all the advertising most movies got", writes Epstein.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Aside from at the theater itself, B films might not be advertised at all. The introduction of sound had driven costs higher: by 1930, the average U.S. feature film cost $375,000 to produce.<a href="#cite_note-F42-14">[14]</a> A broad range of motion pictures occupied the B category. The leading studios made not only clear-cut A and B films, but also movies classifiable as "programmers" (also known as "in-betweeners" or "intermediates"). As Taves describes, "Depending on the prestige of the theater and the other material on the double bill, a programmer could show up at the top or bottom of the marquee."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> On Poverty Row, many Bs were made on budgets that would have barely covered petty cash on a major's A film, with costs at the bottom of the industry running as low as $5,000.<a href="#cite_note-Taves_p325-11">[11]</a> By the mid-1930s, the double feature was the dominant U.S. exhibition model, and the majors responded. In 1935, B movie production at Warner Bros. was raised from 12 to 50% of studio output. The unit was headed by <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Foy" title="Bryan Foy">Bryan Foy</a>, known as the "Keeper of the Bs".<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> At Fox, which also shifted half of its production line into B territory, <a href="/wiki/Sol_M._Wurtzel" title="Sol M. Wurtzel">Sol M. Wurtzel</a> was similarly in charge of more than twenty movies a year during the late 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PalsOfSaddlePoster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/PalsOfSaddlePoster.jpg/170px-PalsOfSaddlePoster.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/PalsOfSaddlePoster.jpg/255px-PalsOfSaddlePoster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/PalsOfSaddlePoster.jpg/340px-PalsOfSaddlePoster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1513" /></a><figcaption>Stony Brooke (<a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">Wayne</a>), Tucson Smith (<a href="/wiki/Ray_%22Crash%22_Corrigan" title="Ray "Crash" Corrigan">Corrigan</a>), and Lullaby Joslin (<a href="/wiki/Max_Terhune" title="Max Terhune">Terhune</a>) did not get much time in harness. <a href="/wiki/Republic_Pictures" title="Republic Pictures">Republic Pictures</a>' <a href="/wiki/Pals_of_the_Saddle" title="Pals of the Saddle">Pals of the Saddle</a> (1938) lasts just 55 minutes, average for a <a href="/wiki/The_Three_Mesquiteers" title="The Three Mesquiteers">Three Mesquiteers</a> adventure.</figcaption></figure> A number of the top Poverty Row firms consolidated: Sono Art joined another company to create <a href="/wiki/Monogram_Pictures" title="Monogram Pictures">Monogram Pictures</a> early in the decade. In 1935, Monogram, Mascot, and several smaller studios merged to establish <a href="/wiki/Republic_Pictures" title="Republic Pictures">Republic Pictures</a>. The former heads of Monogram soon sold off their Republic shares and set up a new Monogram production house.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Into the 1950s, most Republic and Monogram product was roughly on par with the low end of the majors' output. Less sturdy Poverty Row concerns, with a penchant for grand sobriquets like Conquest, Empire, Imperial, and Peerless, continued to churn out dirt-cheap quickies.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Joel Finler has analyzed the average length of feature releases in 1938, indicating the studios' relative emphasis on B production<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a> produced little, focusing on the distribution of prestigious films from independent outfits; <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Films_Inc." title="Grand National Films Inc.">Grand National</a>, active 1936–40, occupied an analogous niche on Poverty Row, releasing mostly independent productions<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>): <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Studio </th> <th>Category </th> <th>Avg. duration </th></tr> <tr> <td>MGM </td> <td>Big Five </td> <td>87.9 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paramount </td> <td>Big Five </td> <td>76.4 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td>20th Century Fox </td> <td>Big Five </td> <td>75.3 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Warner Bros. </td> <td>Big Five </td> <td>75.0 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td>RKO </td> <td>Big Five </td> <td>74.1 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Artists </td> <td>Little Three </td> <td>87.6 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Columbia </td> <td>Little Three </td> <td>66.4 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Universal </td> <td>Little Three </td> <td>66.4 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grand National </td> <td>Poverty Row </td> <td>63.6 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Republic </td> <td>Poverty Row </td> <td>63.1 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monogram </td> <td>Poverty Row </td> <td>60.0 minutes </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> Taves estimates that half of the films produced by the eight majors in the 1930s were B movies. Calculating in the three hundred or so films made annually by the many Poverty Row firms, approximately 75% of Hollywood movies from the decade, more than four thousand pictures, are classifiable as Bs.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The Western was by far the predominant B genre in both the 1930s and, to a lesser degree, the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Film historian Jon Tuska has argued that "the 'B' product of the Thirties—the Universal films with <a href="/wiki/Tom_Mix" title="Tom Mix">[Tom] Mix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Maynard" title="Ken Maynard">[Ken] Maynard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buck_Jones" title="Buck Jones">[Buck] Jones</a>, the Columbia features with Buck Jones and <a href="/wiki/Tim_McCoy" title="Tim McCoy">Tim McCoy</a>, the RKO <a href="/wiki/George_O%27Brien_(actor)" title="George O'Brien (actor)">George O'Brien</a> series, the Republic Westerns with <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Three_Mesquiteers" title="The Three Mesquiteers">Three Mesquiteers</a> achieved a uniquely American perfection of the well-made story."<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> At the far end of the industry, Poverty Row's Ajax put out <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oater" class="extiw" title="wikt:oater">oaters</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Harry_Carey_(actor)" title="Harry Carey (actor)">Harry Carey</a>, then in his fifties. The Weiss outfit had the Range Rider series, the American Rough Rider series, and the Morton of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Mounted</a> "northwest action thrillers".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> One low-budget oater of the era, made totally outside the studio system, profited from an outrageous concept: a Western with a cast consisting of only <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">little people</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Terror_of_Tiny_Town" title="The Terror of Tiny Town">The Terror of Tiny Town</a> (1938) was such a success in its independent bookings that Columbia picked it up for distribution.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Series of various genres, featuring recurrent, title-worthy characters or name actors in familiar roles, were particularly popular during the first decade of sound film. Fox's many B series, for instance, included <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chan" title="Charlie Chan">Charlie Chan</a> mysteries, <a href="/wiki/Ritz_Brothers" title="Ritz Brothers">Ritz Brothers</a> comedies, and musicals with child star <a href="/wiki/Jane_Withers" title="Jane Withers">Jane Withers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> These series films are not to be confused with the short, <a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">cliffhanger</a>-structured serials that sometimes appeared on the same program. As with serials, however, many series were intended to attract young people—a theater that twin-billed part-time might run a "balanced" or entirely youth-oriented double feature as a matinee and then a single film for a more mature audience at night. In the words of one industry report, afternoon moviegoers, "composed largely of housewives and children, want quantity for their money while the evening crowds want 'something good and not too much of it.'"<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Series films are often unquestioningly consigned to the B movie category, but even here there is ambiguity: at MGM, for example, popular series like the <a href="/wiki/Andy_Hardy" title="Andy Hardy">Andy Hardy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dr._Kildare" title="Dr. Kildare">Dr. Kildare</a>–<a href="/wiki/Dr._Gillespie" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Gillespie">Dr. Gillespie</a> chronicles had leading stars and budgets that would have been A-level at most of the lesser studios.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> For many series, even a lesser major's standard B budget was far out of reach: Poverty Row's Consolidated Pictures featured Tarzan, the Police Dog in a series with the proud name of Melodramatic Dog Features.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1940s">1940s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1940s">edit</a>]</div> By 1940, the average production cost of an American feature was $400,000, a negligible increase over ten years.<a href="#cite_note-F42-14">[14]</a> A number of small Hollywood companies had folded around the turn of the decade, including the ambitious <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Films_Inc." title="Grand National Films Inc.">Grand National</a>, but a new firm, <a href="/wiki/Producers_Releasing_Corporation" title="Producers Releasing Corporation">Producers Releasing Corporation</a> (PRC), emerged as third in the Poverty Row hierarchy behind Republic and Monogram. The double feature, never universal, was still the prevailing exhibition model: in 1941, fifty percent of theaters were double-billing exclusively, and others employed the policy part-time.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In the early 1940s, legal pressure forced the studios to replace seasonal block booking with packages generally limited to five pictures. Restrictions were also placed on the majors' ability to enforce blind bidding.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> These were crucial factors in the progressive shift by most of the Big Five over to A-film production, making the smaller studios even more important as B movie suppliers. Genre pictures made at very low cost remained the backbone of Poverty Row, with even Republic's and Monogram's budgets rarely climbing over $200,000. Many smaller Poverty Row firms folded as the eight majors, with their proprietary distribution exchanges, now commanded about 95% of U.S. and Canadian box office receipts.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In 1946, independent producer <a href="/wiki/David_O._Selznick" title="David O. Selznick">David O. Selznick</a> brought his bloated-budget spectacle <a href="/wiki/Duel_in_the_Sun_(film)" title="Duel in the Sun (film)">Duel in the Sun</a> to market with heavy nationwide promotion and wide release. The distribution strategy was a major success, despite what was widely perceived as the movie's poor quality.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The Duel release anticipated practices that fueled the B movie industry in the late 1950s; when the top Hollywood studios made them standard two decades after that, the B movie was hard hit.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Considerations beside cost made the line between A and B movies ambiguous. Films shot on B-level budgets were occasionally marketed as A pictures or emerged as <a href="/wiki/Sleeper_hit" title="Sleeper hit">sleeper hits</a>: one of 1943's biggest films was <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Children_(1943_film)" title="Hitler's Children (1943 film)">Hitler's Children</a>, an RKO thriller made for a fraction over $200,000. It earned more than $3 million in rentals, industry language for a distributor's share of gross <a href="/wiki/Box_office" title="Box office">box office</a> receipts.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Particularly in the realm of <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a>, A pictures sometimes echoed visual styles generally associated with cheaper films. Programmers, with their flexible exhibition role, were ambiguous by definition. As late as 1948, the double feature remained a popular exhibition mode. It was standard policy at 25% of theaters and used part-time at an additional 36%.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The leading Poverty Row firms began to broaden their scope; in 1947, Monogram established a subsidiary, <a href="/wiki/Allied_Artists_Pictures_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Artists Pictures Corporation">Allied Artists</a>, to develop and distribute relatively expensive films, mostly from independent producers. Around the same time, Republic launched a similar effort under the "Premiere" rubric.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In 1947 as well, PRC was subsumed by <a href="/wiki/Eagle-Lion_Films" title="Eagle-Lion Films">Eagle-Lion</a>, a British company seeking entry to the American market. Warners' former "Keeper of the Bs", Brian Foy, was installed as production chief.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RawDealPoster2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/RawDealPoster2.jpg/170px-RawDealPoster2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/RawDealPoster2.jpg/255px-RawDealPoster2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/RawDealPoster2.jpg/340px-RawDealPoster2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Often marketed as pure sensationalism, many <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">films noir</a> also possessed great visual beauty. <a href="/wiki/Raw_Deal_(1948_film)" title="Raw Deal (1948 film)">Raw Deal</a> (1948), writes scholar Robert Smith, is "resplendent with velvety blacks, mists, netting, and other expressive accessories of poetic noir decor and lighting".<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Directed by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Mann" title="Anthony Mann">Anthony Mann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">shot</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Alton" title="John Alton">John Alton</a>, it was released by Poverty Row's <a href="/wiki/Eagle-Lion_Films" title="Eagle-Lion Films">Eagle-Lion</a> firm.</figcaption></figure> In the 1940s, RKO stood out among the industry's Big Five for its focus on B pictures.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> From a latter-day perspective, the most famous of the major studios' Golden Age B units is <a href="/wiki/Val_Lewton" title="Val Lewton">Val Lewton</a>'s horror unit at RKO. Lewton produced such moody, mysterious films as <a href="/wiki/Cat_People_(1942_film)" title="Cat People (1942 film)">Cat People</a> (1942), <a href="/wiki/I_Walked_with_a_Zombie" title="I Walked with a Zombie">I Walked with a Zombie</a> (1943), and <a href="/wiki/The_Body_Snatcher_(1945_film)" title="The Body Snatcher (1945 film)">The Body Snatcher</a> (1945), directed by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tourneur" title="Jacques Tourneur">Jacques Tourneur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise">Robert Wise</a>, and others who became renowned only later in their careers or entirely in retrospect.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The movie now widely described as the first classic film noir, <a href="/wiki/Stranger_on_the_Third_Floor" title="Stranger on the Third Floor">Stranger on the Third Floor</a> (1940), a 64-minute B, was produced at RKO, which released many additional melodramatic thrillers in a similarly stylish vein.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The other major studios also turned out a considerable number of movies now identified as noir during the 1940s. Though many of the best-known film noirs were A-level productions, most 1940s pictures in the mode were either of the ambiguous programmer type or destined straight for the bottom of the bill. In the decades since, these cheap entertainments, generally dismissed at the time, have become some of the most treasured products of Hollywood's Golden Age.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In one sample year, 1947, RKO produced along with several noir programmers and A pictures, two straight B noirs: <a href="/wiki/Desperate_(film)" title="Desperate (film)">Desperate</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Devil_Thumbs_a_Ride" title="The Devil Thumbs a Ride">The Devil Thumbs a Ride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Ten B noirs that year came from Poverty Row's big three: Republic, Monogram, and PRC/Eagle-Lion, and one came from tiny Screen Guild. Three majors beside RKO contributed a total of five more. Along with these eighteen unambiguous B noirs, an additional dozen or so noir programmers came out of Hollywood.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Still, most of the majors' low-budget production remained the sort now largely ignored. RKO's representative output included the <a href="/wiki/Lupe_V%C3%A9lez" title="Lupe Vélez">Mexican Spitfire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lum_and_Abner" title="Lum and Abner">Lum and Abner</a> comedy series, thrillers featuring the <a href="/wiki/Simon_Templar" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Templar">Saint</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Falcon_(literary_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Falcon (literary character)">Falcon</a>, Westerns starring <a href="/wiki/Tim_Holt" title="Tim Holt">Tim Holt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tarzan" title="Tarzan">Tarzan</a> movies with <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Weissmuller" title="Johnny Weissmuller">Johnny Weissmuller</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Hersholt" title="Jean Hersholt">Jean Hersholt</a> played <a href="/wiki/Dr._Christian" title="Dr. Christian">Dr. Christian</a> in six films between 1939 and 1941.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Courageous_Dr._Christian" title="The Courageous Dr. Christian">The Courageous Dr. Christian</a> (1940) was a standard entry: "In the course of an hour or so of screen time, the saintly physician managed to cure an epidemic of spinal meningitis, demonstrate benevolence towards the disenfranchised, set an example for wayward youth, and calm the passions of an amorous old maid."<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Down in Poverty Row, low budgets led to less palliative fare. Republic aspired to major-league respectability while making many cheap and modestly budgeted Westerns, but there was not much from the bigger studios that compared with Monogram "<a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">exploitation pictures</a>" like <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">juvenile delinquency</a> <a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">exposé</a> Where Are Your Children? (1943) and the prison film <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bondage" title="Women in Bondage">Women in Bondage</a> (1943).<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 1947, PRC's <a href="/wiki/The_Devil_on_Wheels_(1947_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Devil on Wheels (1947 film)">The Devil on Wheels</a> brought together teenagers, <a href="/wiki/Hot_rods" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot rods">hot rods</a>, and death. The little studio had its own house <a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">auteur</a>: with his own crew and relatively free rein, director <a href="/wiki/Edgar_G._Ulmer" title="Edgar G. Ulmer">Edgar G. Ulmer</a> was known as "the Capra of PRC".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Ulmer made films of every generic stripe: his <a href="/wiki/Girls_in_Chains" title="Girls in Chains">Girls in Chains</a> was released in May 1943, six months before Women in Bondage; by the end of the year, Ulmer had also made the teen-themed musical Jive Junction as well as <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Forgotten_Sins" title="Isle of Forgotten Sins">Isle of Forgotten Sins</a>, a South Seas adventure set around a brothel.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_in_the_1950s">Transition in the 1950s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transition in the 1950s">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/B_movies_in_the_1950s" title="B movies in the 1950s">B movies in the 1950s</a></div> In 1948, a Supreme Court ruling in a <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Paramount_Pictures,_Inc." title="United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.">federal antitrust suit against the majors</a> outlawed block booking and led to the Big Five divesting their theater chains. With audiences draining away to television and studios scaling back production schedules, the classic double feature vanished from many American theaters during the 1950s. The major studios promoted the benefits of recycling, offering former headlining movies as second features in the place of traditional B films.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> With television airing many classic Westerns as well as producing its own original Western series, the cinematic market for B oaters in particular was drying up. After barely inching forward in the 1930s, the average U.S. feature production cost had essentially doubled over the 1940s, reaching $1 million by the turn of the decade—a 93% rise after adjusting for inflation.<a href="#cite_note-F42-14">[14]</a> The first prominent victim of the changing market was Eagle-Lion, which released its last films in 1951. By 1953, the old Monogram brand had disappeared, the company having adopted the identity of its higher-end subsidiary, Allied Artists. The following year, Allied released Hollywood's last B series Westerns. Non-series B Westerns continued to appear for a few more years, but Republic Pictures, long associated with cheap sagebrush sagas, was out of the filmmaking business by decade's end. In other genres, Universal kept its <a href="/wiki/Ma_and_Pa_Kettle" title="Ma and Pa Kettle">Ma and Pa Kettle</a> series going through 1957, while Allied Artists stuck with the Bowery Boys until 1958.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> RKO, weakened by years of mismanagement, exited the movie industry in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Hollywood's A product was getting longer, the top ten box-office releases of 1940 had averaged 112.5 minutes; the average length of 1955's top ten was 123.4.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In their modest way, the Bs were following suit. The age of the hour-long feature film was past; 70 minutes was now roughly the minimum. While the Golden Age-style second feature was dying, B movie was still used to refer to any low-budget genre film featuring relatively unheralded performers (sometimes referred to as B actors). The term retained its earlier suggestion that such movies relied on formulaic plots, "stock" character types, and simplistic action or unsophisticated comedy.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> At the same time, the realm of the B movie was becoming increasingly fertile territory for experimentation, both serious and outlandish. <a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Ida Lupino</a>, a leading actress, established herself as Hollywood's sole female director of the era.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In short, low-budget pictures made for her production company, The Filmakers, Lupino explored taboo subjects such as rape in 1950's <a href="/wiki/Outrage_(1950_film)" title="Outrage (1950 film)">Outrage</a> and 1953's self-explanatory <a href="/wiki/The_Bigamist_(1953_film)" title="The Bigamist (1953 film)">The Bigamist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Her best known directorial effort, <a href="/wiki/The_Hitch-Hiker_(1953_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hitch-Hiker (1953 film)">The Hitch-Hiker</a>, a 1953 RKO release, is the only film noir from the genre's classic period directed by a woman.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> That year, RKO released <a href="/wiki/Split_Second_(1953_film)" title="Split Second (1953 film)">Split Second</a>, which concludes in a nuclear test range, and is perhaps the first "atomic noir".<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The most famous such movie, the independently produced <a href="/wiki/Kiss_Me_Deadly" title="Kiss Me Deadly">Kiss Me Deadly</a> (1955), typifies the persistently murky middle ground between the A and B picture, as Richard Maltby describes: a "programmer capable of occupying either half of a neighbourhood theatre's double-bill, [it was] budgeted at approximately $400,000. [Its] distributor, United Artists, released around twenty-five programmers with production budgets between $100,000 and $400,000 in 1955."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The film's length, 106 minutes, is A level, but its star, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Meeker" title="Ralph Meeker">Ralph Meeker</a>, had previously appeared in only one major film. Its source is pure <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Spillane" title="Mickey Spillane">Mickey Spillane</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mike_Hammer_(character)" title="Mike Hammer (character)">Mike Hammer</a> novels, but <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Robert Aldrich</a>'s direction is self-consciously aestheticized. The result is a brutal genre picture that also evokes contemporary anxieties about what was often spoken of simply as the Bomb.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RocketshipXM2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/RocketshipXM2.jpg/285px-RocketshipXM2.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/RocketshipXM2.jpg/428px-RocketshipXM2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/RocketshipXM2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rocketship_X-M" title="Rocketship X-M">Rocketship X-M</a> (1950), produced and released by small Lippert Pictures, is cited as possibly "the first postnuclear holocaust film".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> It was at the leading edge of a large cycle of movies, mostly low-budget and many long forgotten, classifiable as "atomic bomb cinema".</figcaption></figure> The fear of nuclear war with the Soviet Union, along with less expressible qualms about radioactive fallout from America's own atomic tests, energized many of the era's genre films. Science fiction, horror, and various hybrids of the two were now of central economic importance to the low-budget end of the business. Most down-market films of the type—like many of those produced by <a href="/wiki/William_Alland" title="William Alland">William Alland</a> at Universal (such as <a href="/wiki/Creature_from_the_Black_Lagoon" title="Creature from the Black Lagoon">Creature from the Black Lagoon</a> (1954)) and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Katzman" title="Sam Katzman">Sam Katzman</a> at Columbia (including <a href="/wiki/It_Came_from_Beneath_the_Sea" title="It Came from Beneath the Sea">It Came from Beneath the Sea</a> (1955))—provided little more than thrills, though their special effects could be impressive.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> But these were genres whose fantastic nature could also be used as cover for mordant cultural observations often difficult to make in mainstream movies. Director <a href="/wiki/Don_Siegel" title="Don Siegel">Don Siegel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Body_Snatchers_(1956_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956 film)">Invasion of the Body Snatchers</a> (1956), released by Allied Artists, treats conformist pressures and the evil of banality in haunting, allegorical fashion.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Colossal_Man" title="The Amazing Colossal Man">The Amazing Colossal Man</a> (1957), directed by <a href="/wiki/Bert_I._Gordon" title="Bert I. Gordon">Bert I. Gordon</a>, is both a monster movie that happens to depict the horrific effects of radiation exposure and "a ferocious cold-war fable [that] spins <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korea</a>, the army's obsessive secrecy, and America's post-war growth into one fantastic whole".<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The Amazing Colossal Man was released by a new company whose name was much bigger than its budgets. <a href="/wiki/American_International_Pictures" title="American International Pictures">American International Pictures</a> (AIP), founded in 1956 by <a href="/wiki/James_H._Nicholson" title="James H. Nicholson">James H. Nicholson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Z._Arkoff" title="Samuel Z. Arkoff">Samuel Z. Arkoff</a> in a reorganization of their American Releasing Corporation (ARC), soon became the leading U.S. studio devoted entirely to B-cost productions.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> American International helped keep the original-release double bill alive through paired packages of its films: these movies were low-budget, but instead of a flat rate, they were rented out on a percentage basis, like A films.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The success of <a href="/wiki/I_Was_a_Teenage_Werewolf" title="I Was a Teenage Werewolf">I Was a Teenage Werewolf</a> (1957) thus brought AIP a large return, made for about $100,000, it grossed more than $2 million.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> As the film's title suggests, the studio relied on both fantastic genre subjects and new, teen-oriented angles. When Hot Rod Gang (1958) turned a profit, hot rod horror was given a try: Ghost of Dragstrip Hollow (1959). David Cook credits AIP with leading the way "in <a href="/wiki/Market_segment" class="mw-redirect" title="Market segment">demographic exploitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Target_market" title="Target market">target marketing</a>, and saturation booking, all of which became standard procedure for the majors in planning and releasing their mass-market 'event' films" by the late 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In terms of content, the majors were already there, with films about <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">juvenile delinquency</a> such as Warner Bros.' <a href="/wiki/Untamed_Youth" title="Untamed Youth">Untamed Youth</a> (1957) and MGM's <a href="/wiki/High_School_Confidential_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="High School Confidential (film)">High School Confidential</a> (1958), both starring <a href="/wiki/Mamie_Van_Doren" title="Mamie Van Doren">Mamie Van Doren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In 1954, a young filmmaker named <a href="/wiki/Roger_Corman" title="Roger Corman">Roger Corman</a> received his first screen credits as writer and associate producer of Allied Artists' <a href="/wiki/Highway_Dragnet" title="Highway Dragnet">Highway Dragnet</a>. Corman soon independently produced his first movie, <a href="/wiki/Monster_from_the_Ocean_Floor" title="Monster from the Ocean Floor">Monster from the Ocean Floor</a>, on a $12,000 budget and a six-day shooting schedule.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Among the six films he worked on in 1955, Corman produced and directed the first official ARC release, <a href="/wiki/Apache_Woman_(1955_film)" title="Apache Woman (1955 film)">Apache Woman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Day_the_World_Ended" title="Day the World Ended">Day the World Ended</a>, half of Arkoff and Nicholson's first twin-bill package. Corman directed over fifty feature films through 1990. As of 2007, he remained active as a producer, with more than 350 movies to his credit. Often referred to as the "King of the Bs", Corman has said that "to my way of thinking, I never made a 'B' movie in my life", as the traditional B movie was dying out when he began making pictures. He prefers to describe his metier as "low-budget exploitation films".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In later years Corman, both with AIP and as head of his own companies, helped launch the careers of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Demme" title="Jonathan Demme">Jonathan Demme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Towne" title="Robert Towne">Robert Towne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a>, among many others.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In the late 1950s, <a href="/wiki/William_Castle" title="William Castle">William Castle</a> became known as the great innovator of the B movie publicity gimmick. Audiences of Macabre (1958), an $86,000 production distributed by Allied Artists, were invited to take out insurance policies to cover potential death from fright. The 1959 creature feature <a href="/wiki/The_Tingler" title="The Tingler">The Tingler</a> featured Castle's most famous gimmick, Percepto: at the film's climax, buzzers attached to select theater seats unexpectedly rattled a few audience members, prompting either appropriate screams or even more appropriate laughter.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> With such films, Castle "combine[d] the saturation advertising campaign perfected by Columbia and Universal in their Sam Katzman and William Alland packages with centralized and standardized publicity stunts and gimmicks that had previously been the purview of the local exhibitor".<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The postwar <a href="/wiki/Drive-in_theater" title="Drive-in theater">drive-in theater</a> boom was vital to the expanding independent B movie industry. In January 1945, there were 96 drive-ins in the United States; a decade later, there were more than 3,700.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Unpretentious pictures with simple, familiar plots and reliable shock effects were ideally suited for auto-based film viewing, with all its attendant distractions. The phenomenon of the drive-in movie became one of the defining symbols of American popular culture in the 1950s. At the same time, many local television stations began showing B genre films in late-night slots, popularizing the notion of the <a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Increasingly, American-made genre films were joined by foreign movies acquired at low cost and, where necessary, dubbed for the U.S. market. In 1956, distributor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Levine" title="Joseph E. Levine">Joseph E. Levine</a> financed the shooting of new footage with American actor <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Burr" title="Raymond Burr">Raymond Burr</a> that was edited into the Japanese sci-fi horror film <a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(1954_film)" title="Godzilla (1954 film)">Godzilla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The British <a href="/wiki/Hammer_Film_Productions" title="Hammer Film Productions">Hammer Film Productions</a> made the successful <a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_Frankenstein" title="The Curse of Frankenstein">The Curse of Frankenstein</a> (1957) and <a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1958_film)" title="Dracula (1958 film)">Dracula</a> (1958), major influences on future horror film style. In 1959, Levine's <a href="/wiki/Embassy_Pictures" title="Embassy Pictures">Embassy Pictures</a> bought the worldwide rights to <a href="/wiki/Hercules_(1958_film)" title="Hercules (1958 film)">Hercules</a>, a cheaply made Italian movie starring American-born bodybuilder <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reeves" title="Steve Reeves">Steve Reeves</a>. On top of a $125,000 purchase price, Levine then spent $1.5 million on advertising and publicity, a virtually unprecedented amount.<a href="#cite_note-Cook324-80">[80]</a> The New York Times was not impressed, claiming that the movie would have drawn "little more than yawns in the film market ... had it not been [launched] throughout the country with a deafening barrage of publicity".<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Levine counted on first-weekend box office for his profits, booking the film "into as many cinemas as he could for a week's run, then withdrawing it before poor word-of-mouth withdrew it for him".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Hercules opened at a remarkable 600 theaters, and the strategy was a smashing success: the film earned $4.7 million in domestic rentals. Just as valuable to the bottom line, it was even more successful overseas.<a href="#cite_note-Cook324-80">[80]</a> Within a few decades, Hollywood was dominated by both movies and an exploitation philosophy very much like Levine's. Also playing rounds during this time was <a href="/wiki/K._Gordon_Murray" title="K. Gordon Murray">K. Gordon Murray</a>, known for distributing international matinee fare like the 1959 <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Mexican kids' movie</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_(1959_film)" title="Santa Claus (1959 film)">Santa Claus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_age_of_exploitation">Golden age of exploitation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Golden age of exploitation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1960s">1960s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1960s">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/B_movies_(exploitation_boom)" title="B movies (exploitation boom)">B movies (exploitation boom)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">Midnight movie</a></div> Despite all the transformations in the industry, by 1961 the average production cost of an American feature film was still only $2 million—after adjusting for inflation, less than 10% more than it had been in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-F42-14">[14]</a> The traditional twin bill of B film preceding and balancing a subsequent-run A film had largely disappeared from American theaters. The AIP-style dual genre package was the new model. In July 1960, the latest Joseph E. Levine <a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and sandal">sword-and-sandals</a> import, <a href="/wiki/Hercules_and_the_Queen_of_Lydia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercules and the Queen of Lydia">Hercules Unchained</a>, opened at neighborhood theaters in New York. A suspense film, <a href="/wiki/Terror_Is_a_Man" title="Terror Is a Man">Terror Is a Man</a>, ran as a "co-feature" with a now familiar sort of exploitation gimmick: "The dénouement helpfully includes a 'warning bell' so the sensitive can 'close their eyes.'"<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> That year, Roger Corman took AIP down a new road: "When they asked me to make two ten-day black-and-white horror films to play as a double feature, I convinced them instead to finance one horror film in color."<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The resulting <a href="/wiki/House_of_Usher_(film)" title="House of Usher (film)">House of Usher</a> typifies the continuing ambiguities of B picture classification. It was clearly an A film by the standards of both director and studio, with the longest shooting schedule and biggest budget Corman had ever enjoyed. But it is generally seen as a B movie: the schedule was still a mere fifteen days, the budget just $200,000 (one tenth the industry average),<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> and its 85-minute running time close to an old thumbnail definition of the B: "Any movie that runs less than 80 minutes."<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> With the loosening of industry <a href="/wiki/Production_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Production Code">censorship constraints</a>, the 1960s saw a major expansion in the commercial viability of a variety of B movie subgenres that became known collectively as exploitation films. The combination of intensive and gimmick-laden publicity with movies featuring vulgar subject matter and often outrageous imagery dated back decades. The term had originally defined truly fringe productions, made at the lowest depths of Poverty Row or entirely outside the Hollywood system. Many graphically depicted the wages of sin in the context of promoting prudent lifestyle choices, particularly "<a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film#1930s_and_1940s_cautionary_films" title="Exploitation film">sexual hygiene</a>". Audiences might see explicit footage of anything from a live birth to a ritual circumcision.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Such films were not generally booked as part of movie theaters' regular schedules but rather presented as special events by traveling roadshow promoters (they might also appear as fodder for "<a href="/wiki/Grindhouse" title="Grindhouse">grindhouses</a>", which typically had no regular schedule at all). The most famous of those promoters, <a href="/wiki/Kroger_Babb" title="Kroger Babb">Kroger Babb</a>, was in the vanguard of marketing low-budget, sensationalistic films with a "100% saturation campaign", inundating the target audience with ads in almost any imaginable medium.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In the era of the traditional double feature, no one would have characterized these graphic exploitation films as "B movies". With the majors having exited traditional B production and exploitation-style promotion becoming standard practice at the lower end of the industry, "exploitation" became a way to refer to the entire field of low-budget genre films.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The 1960s saw exploitation-style themes and imagery become increasingly central to the realm of the B. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MotorpsychoPoster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/MotorpsychoPoster.jpg/250px-MotorpsychoPoster.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/MotorpsychoPoster.jpg/375px-MotorpsychoPoster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/MotorpsychoPoster.jpg/500px-MotorpsychoPoster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1981" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Motorpsycho_(film)" title="Motorpsycho (film)">Motorpsycho</a> (1965) was not hard to market. It had director <a href="/wiki/Russ_Meyer" title="Russ Meyer">Russ Meyer</a>'s reputation for eroticism; the biker theme ("MURDERcycles") that soon proved its popularity in historic fashion; and that trendy title word—psycho.</figcaption></figure> Exploitation movies in the original sense continued to appear: 1961's Damaged Goods, a <a href="/wiki/Cautionary_tale" title="Cautionary tale">cautionary tale</a> about a young lady whose boyfriend's promiscuity leads to <a href="/wiki/Venereal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Venereal disease">venereal disease</a>, comes complete with enormous, grotesque closeups of VD's physical effects.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> At the same time, the concept of fringe exploitation was merging with a related, similarly venerable tradition: "<a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_film" title="Nudity in film">nudie</a>" films featuring <a href="/wiki/Naturist_resort" title="Naturist resort">nudist-camp</a> footage or striptease artists like <a href="/wiki/Bettie_Page" title="Bettie Page">Bettie Page</a> had simply been the <a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">softcore</a> pornography of previous decades. As far back as 1933, This Nude World was "Guaranteed the Most Educational Film Ever Produced!"<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In the late 1950s, as more of the old grindhouse theaters devoted themselves specifically to "adult" product, a few filmmakers began making nudies with greater attention to plot. Best known was <a href="/wiki/Russ_Meyer" title="Russ Meyer">Russ Meyer</a>, who released his first successful narrative nudie, the comic <a href="/wiki/The_Immoral_Mr._Teas" title="The Immoral Mr. Teas">Immoral Mr. Teas</a>, in 1959. Five years later, Meyer came out with his breakthrough film, <a href="/wiki/Lorna_(film)" title="Lorna (film)">Lorna</a>, which combined sex, violence, and a dramatic storyline.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Faster,_Pussycat!_Kill!_Kill!" title="Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill!">Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill!</a> (1965), made for about $45,000, ultimately became the most famous of Meyer's <a href="/wiki/Sexploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexploitation">sexploitation</a> pictures. Crafted for constant titillation but containing no nudity, it was aimed at the same "passion pit" drive-in circuit that screened AIP teen movies with wink-wink titles like <a href="/wiki/Beach_Blanket_Bingo" title="Beach Blanket Bingo">Beach Blanket Bingo</a> (1965) and <a href="/wiki/How_to_Stuff_a_Wild_Bikini" title="How to Stuff a Wild Bikini">How to Stuff a Wild Bikini</a> (1966), starring <a href="/wiki/Annette_Funicello" title="Annette Funicello">Annette Funicello</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Avalon" title="Frankie Avalon">Frankie Avalon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Roger Corman's <a href="/wiki/The_Trip_(1967_film)" title="The Trip (1967 film)">The Trip</a> (1967) for American International, written by veteran AIP/Corman actor <a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a>, never shows a fully bared, unpainted breast, but flirts with nudity throughout.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The Meyer and Corman lines were drawing closer. One of the most influential films of the era, on Bs and beyond, was Paramount's <a href="/wiki/Psycho_(1960_film)" title="Psycho (1960 film)">Psycho</a>. Its $8.5 million in earnings against a production cost of $800,000 made it the most profitable movie of 1960.<a href="#cite_note-C222-96">[96]</a> Its mainstream distribution without the <a href="/wiki/Production_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Production Code">Production Code</a> seal of approval helped weaken U.S. film censorship. And, as William Paul notes, this move into the horror genre by respected director <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a> was made, "significantly, with the lowest-budgeted film of his American career and the least glamorous stars. [Its] greatest initial impact ... was on schlock horror movies (notably those from second-tier director William Castle), each of which tried to bill itself as scarier than Psycho."<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Castle's first film in the Psycho vein was <a href="/wiki/Homicidal" title="Homicidal">Homicidal</a> (1961), an early step in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">slasher</a> subgenre that took off in the late 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-C222-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blood_Feast" title="Blood Feast">Blood Feast</a> (1963), a movie about human dismemberment and culinary preparation made for approximately $24,000 by experienced nudie-maker <a href="/wiki/Herschell_Gordon_Lewis" title="Herschell Gordon Lewis">Herschell Gordon Lewis</a>, established a new, more immediately successful subgenre, the gore or <a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">splatter film</a>. Lewis's business partner <a href="/wiki/David_F._Friedman" title="David F. Friedman">David F. Friedman</a> drummed up publicity by distributing vomit bags to theatergoers, the sort of gimmick Castle had mastered, and arranging for an injunction against the film in Sarasota, Florida, the sort of problem exploitation films had long run up against, except Friedman had planned it.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> This new breed of gross-out movie typified the emerging sense of "exploitation", the progressive adoption of traditional exploitation and nudie elements into horror, into other classic B genres, and into the low-budget film industry as a whole. Imports of Hammer Film's increasingly explicit horror movies and Italian <a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">gialli</a>, highly stylized pictures mixing sexploitation and ultraviolence, fueled this trend.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The Production Code was officially scrapped in 1968, to be replaced by the first version of the modern <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America_film_rating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Association of America film rating system">rating system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> That year, two horror films came out that heralded directions American cinema would take in the next decade, with major consequences for the B movie. One was a high-budget Paramount production, directed by the celebrated <a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a>. Produced by B horror veteran William Castle, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary%27s_Baby_(film)" title="Rosemary's Baby (film)">Rosemary's Baby</a> was the first upscale Hollywood picture in the genre in three decades.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> It was a critical success and the year's seventh-biggest hit.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The other was <a href="/wiki/George_A._Romero" title="George A. Romero">George A. Romero</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Living_Dead" title="Night of the Living Dead">Night of the Living Dead</a>, produced on weekends in and around Pittsburgh for $114,000. Building on the achievement of B genre predecessors like Invasion of the Body Snatchers in its subtextual exploration of social and political issues, it doubled as a highly effective thriller and an incisive allegory for both the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and domestic racial conflicts. Its greatest influence, though, derived from its clever subversion of genre clichés and the connection made between its exploitation-style imagery, low-cost, truly independent means of production, and high profitability.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> With the Code gone and the <a href="/wiki/X-rated" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rated">X rating</a> established, major studio A films like <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Cowboy" title="Midnight Cowboy">Midnight Cowboy</a> could now show "adult" imagery, while the market for increasingly <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">hardcore pornography</a> exploded. In this transformed commercial context, work like Russ Meyer's gained a new legitimacy. In 1969, for the first time a Meyer film, <a href="/wiki/Finders_Keepers,_Lovers_Weepers!" title="Finders Keepers, Lovers Weepers!">Finders Keepers, Lovers Weepers!</a>, was reviewed in The New York Times.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Soon, Corman was creating nudity-filled sexploitation pictures such as Private Duty Nurses (1971) and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cages" title="Women in Cages">Women in Cages</a> (1971).<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In May 1969, the most important exploitation movie of the era premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Much of <a href="/wiki/Easy_Rider" title="Easy Rider">Easy Rider</a>'s significance owes to the fact that it was produced for a respectable, if still modest, budget and released by a major studio. The project was first taken by one of its cocreators, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fonda" title="Peter Fonda">Peter Fonda</a>, to American International. Fonda had become AIP's top star in the Corman-directed <a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Angels" title="The Wild Angels">The Wild Angels</a> (1966), a biker movie, and The Trip, as in taking <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>. The idea Fonda pitched combined those two proven themes. AIP was intrigued but balked at giving his collaborator, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hopper" title="Dennis Hopper">Dennis Hopper</a>, also a studio alumnus, free directorial rein. Eventually they arranged a financing and distribution deal with Columbia, as two more graduates of the Corman/AIP exploitation mill joined the project: Jack Nicholson and cinematographer <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Kov%C3%A1cs_(cinematographer)" title="László Kovács (cinematographer)">László Kovács</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The film (which incorporated another favorite exploitation theme, the <a href="/wiki/Redneck" title="Redneck">redneck</a> menace, as well as a fair amount of nudity) was brought in at a cost of $501,000. It earned $19.1 million in rentals.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In the words of historians Seth Cagin and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Dray" title="Philip Dray">Philip Dray</a>, Easy Rider became "the seminal film that provided the bridge between all the repressed tendencies represented by schlock/kitsch/hack since the dawn of Hollywood and the mainstream cinema of the seventies."<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1970s">1970s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1970s">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a new generation of low-budget film companies emerged that drew from all the different lines of exploitation as well as the sci-fi and teen themes that had been a mainstay since the 1950s. Operations such as Roger Corman's <a href="/wiki/New_World_Pictures" title="New World Pictures">New World Pictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannon_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannon Films">Cannon Films</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Line_Cinema" title="New Line Cinema">New Line Cinema</a> brought exploitation films to mainstream theaters around the country. The major studios' top product was continuing to inflate in running time—in 1970, the ten biggest earners averaged 140.1 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The Bs were keeping pace. In 1955, Corman had a producorial hand in five movies averaging 74.8 minutes. He played a similar part in five films originally released in 1970, two for AIP and three for his own New World: the average length was 89.8 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> These films could turn a tidy profit. The first New World release, the biker movie Angels Die Hard, cost $117,000 to produce and took in more than $2 million at the box office.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The biggest studio in the low-budget field remained a leader in exploitation's growth. In 1973, American International gave a shot to young director <a href="/wiki/Brian_De_Palma" title="Brian De Palma">Brian De Palma</a>. Reviewing <a href="/wiki/Sisters_(1973_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisters (1973 film)">Sisters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Kael" title="Pauline Kael">Pauline Kael</a> observed that its "limp technique doesn't seem to matter to the people who want their gratuitous gore. ... [H]e can't get two people talking in order to make a simple expository point without its sounding like the drabbest Republic picture of 1938."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Many examples of the <a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">blaxploitation</a> genre, featuring stereotype-filled stories about African Americans and revolving around drugs, violent crime, and prostitution, were the product of AIP. One of blaxploitation's biggest stars was <a href="/wiki/Pam_Grier" title="Pam Grier">Pam Grier</a>, who began her film career with a bit part in Russ Meyer's <a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Valley_of_the_Dolls" title="Beyond the Valley of the Dolls">Beyond the Valley of the Dolls</a> (1970). Several New World pictures followed, including <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Doll_House" title="The Big Doll House">The Big Doll House</a> (1971) and <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Bird_Cage" title="The Big Bird Cage">The Big Bird Cage</a> (1972), both directed by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Hill" title="Jack Hill">Jack Hill</a>. Hill also directed Grier's best-known performances, in two AIP blaxploitation films: <a href="/wiki/Coffy" title="Coffy">Coffy</a> (1973) and <a href="/wiki/Foxy_Brown_(film)" title="Foxy Brown (film)">Foxy Brown</a> (1974).<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Blaxploitation was the first exploitation genre in which the major studios were central. Indeed, the United Artists release <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Comes_to_Harlem" title="Cotton Comes to Harlem">Cotton Comes to Harlem</a> (1970), directed by <a href="/wiki/Ossie_Davis" title="Ossie Davis">Ossie Davis</a>, is seen as the first significant film of the type.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> But the movie that truly ignited the blaxploitation phenomenon was completely independent: <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Sweetback%27s_Baadasssss_Song" title="Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song">Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song</a> (1971) is also perhaps the most outrageous example of the form: wildly experimental, borderline pornographic, and essentially a manifesto for an African American revolution.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Van_Peebles" title="Melvin Van Peebles">Melvin Van Peebles</a> wrote, co-produced, directed, starred in, edited, and composed the music for the film, which was completed with a loan from <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Its distributor was small <a href="/wiki/Cinemation_Industries" title="Cinemation Industries">Cinemation Industries</a>, then best known for releasing dubbed versions of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Mondo_Cane" title="Mondo Cane">Mondo Cane</a> "shockumentaries" and the Swedish skin flick <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Hill#Literary_and_film_adaptations" title="Fanny Hill">Fanny Hill</a>, as well as for its one in-house production, <a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_O.R.G.Y." title="The Man from O.R.G.Y.">The Man from O.R.G.Y.</a> (1970).<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> These sorts of films played in the "grindhouses" of the day—many of them not outright porno theaters, but rather venues for all manner of exploitation cinema. The days of six quickies for a nickel were gone, but a continuity of spirit was evident.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbara_Loden%27s_Wanda_(1970_US_poster).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Barbara_Loden%27s_Wanda_%281970_US_poster%29.jpeg/170px-Barbara_Loden%27s_Wanda_%281970_US_poster%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Barbara_Loden%27s_Wanda_%281970_US_poster%29.jpeg/255px-Barbara_Loden%27s_Wanda_%281970_US_poster%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Barbara_Loden%27s_Wanda_%281970_US_poster%29.jpeg/340px-Barbara_Loden%27s_Wanda_%281970_US_poster%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Loden" title="Barbara Loden">Barbara Loden</a> spent six years raising funds for the production of <a href="/wiki/Wanda_(film)" title="Wanda (film)">Wanda</a> (1970), which was filmed on a <a href="/wiki/Low_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="Low budget">low budget</a> of $115,000.</figcaption></figure> In 1970, a low-budget crime drama shot in <a href="/wiki/16_mm_film" title="16 mm film">16 mm</a> by first-time American director <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Loden" title="Barbara Loden">Barbara Loden</a> won the <a href="/wiki/FIPRESCI" class="mw-redirect" title="FIPRESCI">international critics' prize</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mer-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wanda_(film)" title="Wanda (film)">Wanda</a> is both a seminal event in the independent film movement and a classic B picture. The crime-based plot and often seedy settings would have suited a straightforward exploitation film or an old-school B noir. The $115,000 production,<a href="#cite_note-Mer-120">[120]</a> for which Loden spent six years raising money, was praised by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Canby" title="Vincent Canby">Vincent Canby</a> for "the absolute accuracy of its effects, the decency of its point of view and ... purity of technique".<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Like Romero and Van Peebles, other filmmakers of the era made pictures that combined the gut-level entertainment of exploitation with biting social commentary. The first three features directed by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Cohen" title="Larry Cohen">Larry Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone_(1972_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone (1972 film)">Bone</a> (1972), <a href="/wiki/Black_Caesar_(film)" title="Black Caesar (film)">Black Caesar</a> (1973), and <a href="/wiki/Hell_Up_in_Harlem" title="Hell Up in Harlem">Hell Up in Harlem</a> (1973), were all nominally blaxploitation movies, but Cohen used them as vehicles for a satirical examination of race relations and the wages of dog-eat-dog capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The gory horror film <a href="/wiki/Deathdream" title="Deathdream">Deathdream</a> (1974), directed by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Clark" title="Bob Clark">Bob Clark</a>, is also an agonized protest of the war in Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Canadian filmmaker <a href="/wiki/David_Cronenberg" title="David Cronenberg">David Cronenberg</a> made serious-minded low-budget horror films whose implications are not so much ideological as psychological and existential: <a href="/wiki/Shivers_(1975_film)" title="Shivers (1975 film)">Shivers</a> (1975), <a href="/wiki/Rabid_(1977_film)" title="Rabid (1977 film)">Rabid</a> (1977), <a href="/wiki/The_Brood" title="The Brood">The Brood</a> (1979).<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> An Easy Rider with conceptual rigor, the movie that most clearly presaged the way in which exploitation content and artistic treatment would be combined in modestly budgeted films of later years was United Artists' biker-themed <a href="/wiki/Electra_Glide_in_Blue" title="Electra Glide in Blue">Electra Glide in Blue</a> (1973), directed by <a href="/wiki/James_William_Guercio" title="James William Guercio">James William Guercio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The New York Times reviewer thought little of it: "Under different intentions, it might have made a decent grade-C Roger Corman bike movie—though Corman has generally used more interesting directors than Guercio."<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In the early 1970s, the growing practice of screening nonmainstream motion pictures as late shows, with the goal of building a <a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">cult film</a> audience, brought the midnight movie concept home to the cinema, now in a <a href="/wiki/Countercultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Countercultural">countercultural</a> setting—something like a drive-in movie for the <a href="/wiki/Hip_(slang)" title="Hip (slang)">hip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> One of the first films adopted by the new circuit in 1971 was the three-year-old Night of the Living Dead. The midnight movie success of low-budget pictures made entirely outside the studio system, like <a href="/wiki/John_Waters_(filmmaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Waters (filmmaker)">John Waters</a>' <a href="/wiki/Pink_Flamingos" title="Pink Flamingos">Pink Flamingos</a> (1972), with its campy spin on exploitation, spurred the development of the independent film movement.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show" title="The Rocky Horror Picture Show">The Rocky Horror Picture Show</a> (1975), an inexpensive film from 20th Century Fox that spoofed all manner of classic B picture clichés, became an unparalleled hit when it was relaunched as a late show feature the year after its initial, unprofitable release. Even as Rocky Horror generated its own <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subcultural</a> phenomenon, it contributed to the mainstreaming of the theatrical midnight movie.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Asian <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial arts films">martial arts films</a> began appearing as imports regularly during the 1970s. These "<a href="/wiki/Kung_fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung fu">kung fu</a>" films as they were often called, whatever martial art they featured, were popularized in the United States by the Hong Kong–produced movies of <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a> and marketed to the same audience targeted by AIP and New World.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Horror continued to attract young, independent American directors. As <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> explained in one 1974 review, "Horror and exploitation films almost always turn a profit if they're brought in at the right price. So they provide a good starting place for ambitious would-be filmmakers who can't get more conventional projects off the ground."<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The movie under consideration was <a href="/wiki/The_Texas_Chain_Saw_Massacre" title="The Texas Chain Saw Massacre">The Texas Chain Saw Massacre</a>. Made by <a href="/wiki/Tobe_Hooper" title="Tobe Hooper">Tobe Hooper</a> for less than $300,000, it became one of the most influential horror films of the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Carpenter" title="John Carpenter">John Carpenter</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Halloween_(1978_film)" title="Halloween (1978 film)">Halloween</a> (1978), produced on a $320,000 budget, grossed over $80 million worldwide and effectively established the slasher flick as horror's primary mode for the next decade. Just as Hooper had learned from Romero's work, Halloween, in turn, largely followed the model of <a href="/wiki/Black_Christmas_(1974_film)" title="Black Christmas (1974 film)">Black Christmas</a> (1974), directed by Deathdream's Bob Clark.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> On television, the parallels between the weekly series that became the mainstay of <a href="/wiki/Prime-time" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime-time">prime-time</a> programming and the Hollywood series films of an earlier day had long been clear.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In the 1970s, original feature-length programming increasingly began to echo the B movie as well. As production of <a href="/wiki/TV_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="TV movies">TV movies</a> expanded with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/ABC_Movie_of_the_Week" title="ABC Movie of the Week">ABC Movie of the Week</a> in 1969, soon followed by the dedication of other network slots to original features, time and financial factors shifted the medium progressively into B picture territory. Television films inspired by recent scandals—such as The Ordeal of <a href="/wiki/Patty_Hearst" title="Patty Hearst">Patty Hearst</a>, which premiered a month after her release from prison in 1979—harkened all the way back to the 1920s and such movies as <a href="/wiki/Human_Wreckage" title="Human Wreckage">Human Wreckage</a> and <a href="/wiki/When_Love_Grows_Cold" title="When Love Grows Cold">When Love Grows Cold</a>, FBO pictures made swiftly in the wake of celebrity misfortunes.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Many 1970s TV films—such as <a href="/wiki/The_California_Kid" title="The California Kid">The California Kid</a> (1974), starring <a href="/wiki/Martin_Sheen" title="Martin Sheen">Martin Sheen</a>—were action-oriented genre pictures of a type familiar from contemporary cinematic B production. <a href="/wiki/Nightmare_in_Badham_County" title="Nightmare in Badham County">Nightmare in Badham County</a> (1976) headed straight into the realm of road-tripping-girls-in-redneck-bondage exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The reverberations of Easy Rider could be felt in such pictures, as well as in a host of theatrical exploitation films. But its greatest influence on the fate of the B movie was less direct—by 1973, the major studios were catching on to the commercial potential of genres once largely consigned to the bargain basement. Rosemary's Baby had been a big hit, but it had little in common with the exploitation style. Warner Bros.' <a href="/wiki/The_Exorcist_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Exorcist (film)">The Exorcist</a> demonstrated that a heavily promoted horror film could be an absolute blockbuster: it was the biggest movie of the year and by far the highest-earning horror movie yet made. In William Paul's description, it is also "the film that really established gross-out as a mode of expression for mainstream cinema. ... [P]ast exploitation films managed to exploit their cruelties by virtue of their marginality. The Exorcist made cruelty respectable. By the end of the decade, the exploitation booking strategy of opening films simultaneously in hundreds to thousands of theaters became standard industry practice."<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Writer-director <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Graffiti" title="American Graffiti">American Graffiti</a>, a Universal production, did something similar. Described by Paul as "essentially an American-International teenybopper pic with a lot more spit and polish", it was 1973's third-biggest film and, likewise, by far the highest-earning teen-themed movie yet made.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Even more historically significant movies with B themes and A-level financial backing followed in their wake. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Decline">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/B_movies_since_the_1980s" title="B movies since the 1980s">B movies since the 1980s</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980s">1980s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1980s">edit</a>]</div> Most of the B-movie production houses founded during the exploitation era collapsed or were subsumed by larger companies as the field's financial situation changed in the early 1980s. Even a comparatively cheap, efficiently made genre picture intended for theatrical release began to cost millions of dollars, as the major movie studios steadily moved into the production of expensive genre movies, raising audience expectations for spectacular action sequences and realistic special effects.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Intimations of the trend were evident as early as <a href="/wiki/Airport_(1970_film)" title="Airport (1970 film)">Airport</a> (1970) and especially in the mega-schlock of <a href="/wiki/The_Poseidon_Adventure_(1972_film)" title="The Poseidon Adventure (1972 film)">The Poseidon Adventure</a> (1972), <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_(1974_film)" title="Earthquake (1974 film)">Earthquake</a> (1973), and <a href="/wiki/The_Towering_Inferno" title="The Towering Inferno">The Towering Inferno</a> (1974). Their disaster plots and dialogue were B-grade at best; from an industry perspective, however, these were pictures firmly rooted in a tradition of star-stuffed extravaganzas. The Exorcist had demonstrated the drawing power of big-budget, effects-laden horror. But the tidal shift in the majors' focus owed largely to the enormous success of three films: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">creature feature</a> <a href="/wiki/Jaws_(film)" title="Jaws (film)">Jaws</a> (1975) and George Lucas's <a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">space opera</a> <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars (film)">Star Wars</a> (1977) had each, in turn, become the highest-grossing film in motion picture history. <a href="/wiki/Superman_(1978_film)" title="Superman (1978 film)">Superman</a>, released in December 1978, had proved that a studio could spend $55 million on a movie about a children's comic book character and turn a big profit—it was the top box-office hit of 1978.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Blockbuster fantasy spectacles like the original 1933 <a href="/wiki/King_Kong_(1933_film)" title="King Kong (1933 film)">King Kong</a> had once been exceptional; in the new Hollywood, increasingly under the sway of multi-industrial conglomerates, they ruled.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> It had taken a decade and a half, from 1961 to 1976, for the production cost of the average Hollywood feature to double from $2 million to $4 million—a decline if adjusted for inflation. In just four years it more than doubled again, hitting $8.5 million in 1980 (a constant-dollar increase of about 25%). Even as the U.S. inflation rate eased, the average expense of moviemaking continued to soar.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> With the majors now routinely saturation booking in over a thousand theaters, it was becoming increasingly difficult for smaller outfits to secure the exhibition commitments needed to turn a profit. Double features were now literally history—almost impossible to find except at <a href="/wiki/Revival_house" title="Revival house">revival houses</a>. One of the first leading casualties of the new economic regime was venerable B studio Allied Artists, which declared bankruptcy in April 1979.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In the late 1970s, AIP had turned to producing relatively expensive films like the very successful <a href="/wiki/The_Amityville_Horror_(1979_film)" title="The Amityville Horror (1979 film)">Amityville Horror</a> and the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Meteor_(film)" title="Meteor (film)">Meteor</a> in 1979. The studio was sold off and dissolved as a moviemaking concern by the end of 1980.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Despite the mounting financial pressures, distribution obstacles, and overall risk, many genre movies from small studios and independent filmmakers were still reaching theaters. Horror was the strongest low-budget genre of the time, particularly in the slasher mode as with <a href="/wiki/The_Slumber_Party_Massacre" title="The Slumber Party Massacre">The Slumber Party Massacre</a> (1982), written by feminist author <a href="/wiki/Rita_Mae_Brown" title="Rita Mae Brown">Rita Mae Brown</a>. The film was produced for New World on a budget of $250,000.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> At the beginning of 1983, Corman sold New World; New Horizons, later Concorde–New Horizons, became his primary company. In 1984, New Horizons released a critically applauded movie set amid the <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk scene</a> written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Penelope_Spheeris" title="Penelope Spheeris">Penelope Spheeris</a>. The New York Times review concluded: "<a href="/wiki/Suburbia_(film)" title="Suburbia (film)">Suburbia</a> is a good genre film."<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Larry Cohen continued to twist genre conventions in pictures such as <a href="/wiki/Q_(1982_film)" title="Q (1982 film)">Q</a> (a.k.a. Q: The Winged Serpent; 1982), described by critic Chris Petit as "the kind of movie that used to be indispensable to the market: an imaginative, popular, low-budget picture that makes the most of its limited resources, and in which people get on with the job instead of standing around talking about it".<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In 1981, New Line put out <a href="/wiki/Polyester_(film)" title="Polyester (film)">Polyester</a>, a John Waters movie with a small budget and an old-school exploitation gimmick: Odorama. That October The Book of the Dead, a gore-filled yet stylish horror movie made for less than $400,000, debuted in Detroit.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Its writer, director, and co-executive producer, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Raimi" title="Sam Raimi">Sam Raimi</a>, was a week shy of his twenty-second birthday; star and co-executive producer <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Campbell" title="Bruce Campbell">Bruce Campbell</a> was twenty-three. It was picked up for distribution by <a href="/wiki/New_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="New Line">New Line</a>, retitled <a href="/wiki/The_Evil_Dead" title="The Evil Dead">The Evil Dead</a>, and became a hit. In the words of one newspaper critic, it was a "shoestring tour de force".<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> One of the most successful 1980s B studios was a survivor from the heyday of the exploitation era, <a href="/wiki/Troma_Entertainment" title="Troma Entertainment">Troma Pictures</a>, founded in 1974. Troma's most characteristic productions, including <a href="/wiki/Class_of_Nuke_%27Em_High" title="Class of Nuke 'Em High">Class of Nuke 'Em High</a> (1986), <a href="/wiki/Redneck_Zombies" title="Redneck Zombies">Redneck Zombies</a> (1986), and <a href="/wiki/Surf_Nazis_Must_Die" title="Surf Nazis Must Die">Surf Nazis Must Die</a> (1987), take exploitation for an absurdist spin. Troma's best-known production is <a href="/wiki/The_Toxic_Avenger_(1984_film)" title="The Toxic Avenger (1984 film)">The Toxic Avenger</a> (1984); its hideous hero, affectionately known as Toxie, was featured in three sequels, a <a href="/wiki/The_Toxic_Avenger_(2023_film)" title="The Toxic Avenger (2023 film)">2023 reboot</a> and a TV cartoon series.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> One of the few successful B studio startups of the decade was Rome-based <a href="/wiki/Empire_International_Pictures" title="Empire International Pictures">Empire Pictures</a>, whose first production, <a href="/wiki/Ghoulies" title="Ghoulies">Ghoulies</a>, reached theaters in 1985. The video rental market was becoming central to B film economics: Empire's financial model relied on seeing a profit not from theatrical rentals, but only later, at the video store.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> A number of Concorde–New Horizon releases went this route as well, appearing only briefly in theaters, if at all. The growth of the <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> industry also helped support the low-budget film industry, as many B movies quickly wound up as "filler" material for 24-hour cable channels or were made expressly for that purpose.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990s">1990s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1990s">edit</a>]</div> By 1990, the cost of the average U.S. film had passed $25 million.<a href="#cite_note-Bomojo-153">[153]</a> Of the nine films released that year to gross more than $100 million at the U.S. box office, two would have been strictly B-movie material before the late 1970s: <a href="/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(1990_film)" title="Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film)">Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dick_Tracy_(1990_film)" title="Dick Tracy (1990 film)">Dick Tracy</a>. Three more—the science-fiction thriller <a href="/wiki/Total_Recall_(1990_film)" title="Total Recall (1990 film)">Total Recall</a>, the action-filled detective thriller <a href="/wiki/Die_Hard_2" title="Die Hard 2">Die Hard 2</a>, and the year's biggest hit, the slapstick kiddie comedy <a href="/wiki/Home_Alone" title="Home Alone">Home Alone</a>—were also far closer to the traditional arena of the Bs than to classic A-list subject matter.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The growing popularity of home video and access to unedited movies on cable and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a> along with real estate pressures were making survival more difficult for the sort of small or non-chain theaters that were the primary home of independently produced genre films.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Drive-in screens too were rapidly disappearing from the American landscape.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Surviving B movie operations adapted in different ways. Releases from Troma now frequently went <a href="/wiki/Direct-to-video" title="Direct-to-video">straight to video</a>. New Line, in its first decade, had been almost exclusively a distributor of low-budget independent and foreign genre pictures. With the smash success of exploitation veteran <a href="/wiki/Wes_Craven" title="Wes Craven">Wes Craven</a>'s original <a href="/wiki/Nightmare_on_Elm_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Nightmare on Elm Street">Nightmare on Elm Street</a> (1984), whose nearly $2 million cost it had directly backed, the company began moving steadily into higher-budget genre productions. In 1994, New Line was sold to the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System" title="Turner Broadcasting System">Turner Broadcasting System</a>; it was soon being run as a midsized studio with a broad range of product alongside Warner Bros. within the <a href="/wiki/Time_Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Warner">Time Warner</a> conglomerate.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The following year, <a href="/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)" title="Showtime (TV network)">Showtime</a> launched Roger Corman Presents, a series of thirteen straight-to-cable movies produced by Concorde–New Horizons. A New York Times reviewer found that the initial installment qualified as "vintage Corman ... spiked with everything from bared female breasts to a mind-blowing quote from <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Death_in_Venice" title="Death in Venice">Death in Venice</a>".<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> At the same time as exhibition venues for B films vanished, the independent film movement was burgeoning; among the results were various crossovers between the low-budget genre movie and the "sophisticated" arthouse picture. Director <a href="/wiki/Abel_Ferrara" title="Abel Ferrara">Abel Ferrara</a>, who built a reputation with violent B movies such as <a href="/wiki/The_Driller_Killer" title="The Driller Killer">The Driller Killer</a> (1979) and <a href="/wiki/Ms._45" class="mw-redirect" title="Ms. 45">Ms. 45</a> (1981), made two works in the early nineties that marry exploitation-worthy depictions of sex, drugs, and general sleaze to complex examinations of honor and redemption: <a href="/wiki/King_of_New_York" title="King of New York">King of New York</a> (1990) was backed by a group of mostly small production companies and the cost of <a href="/wiki/Bad_Lieutenant" title="Bad Lieutenant">Bad Lieutenant</a> (1992), $1.8 million, was financed totally independently.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Larry_Fessenden" title="Larry Fessenden">Larry Fessenden</a>'s micro-budget monster movies, such as No Telling (1991) and <a href="/wiki/Habit_(1997_film)" title="Habit (1997 film)">Habit</a> (1997), reframe classic genre subjects—<a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampirism</a>, respectively—to explore issues of contemporary relevance.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The budget of David Cronenberg's <a href="/wiki/Crash_(1996_film)" title="Crash (1996 film)">Crash</a> (1996), $10 million, was not comfortably A-grade, but it was hardly B-level either. The film's imagery was another matter: "On its scandalizing surface, David Cronenberg's Crash suggests exploitation at its most disturbingly sick", wrote critic <a href="/wiki/Janet_Maslin" title="Janet Maslin">Janet Maslin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Financed, like King of New York, by a consortium of production companies, it was picked up for U.S. distribution by <a href="/wiki/Fine_Line_Features" title="Fine Line Features">Fine Line Features</a>. This result mirrored the film's scrambling of definitions: Fine Line was a subsidiary of New Line, recently merged into the Time Warner empire—specifically, it was the old exploitation distributor's arthouse division.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pulp_Fiction_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulp Fiction (film)">Pulp Fiction</a> (1994), directed by <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a> on an $8.5 million budget, became a hugely influential hit by crossing multiple lines, as James Mottram describes: "With its art house narrative structure, B-movie subject matter and Hollywood cast, the film is the axis for three distinct cinematic traditions to intersect."<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_in_the_2000s_and_after">Transition in the 2000s and after</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transition in the 2000s and after">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/B_movies_since_the_1980s" title="B movies since the 1980s">B movies since the 1980s</a></div> By the turn of the millennium, the average production cost of an American feature had already spent three years above the $50 million mark.<a href="#cite_note-Bomojo-153">[153]</a> In 2005, the top ten movies at the U.S. box office included three adaptations of children's fantasy novels, one extending and another initiating a series (<a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)">Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Lion,_The_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe">The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe</a>, respectively), a child-targeted cartoon (<a href="/wiki/Madagascar_(2005_film)" title="Madagascar (2005 film)">Madagascar</a>), a comic book adaptation (<a href="/wiki/Batman_Begins" title="Batman Begins">Batman Begins</a>), a sci-fi series installment (<a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_III_%E2%80%93_Revenge_of_the_Sith" title="Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith">Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith</a>), a sci-fi remake (<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Worlds_(2005_film)" title="War of the Worlds (2005 film)">War of the Worlds</a>), and a King Kong remake.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> It was a slow year for Corman: he produced just one movie, which had no American theatrical release, true of most of the pictures he had been involved in over the preceding decade.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> As big-budget Hollywood movies further usurped traditional low-rent genres, the ongoing viability of the familiar brand of B movie was in grave doubt. New York Times critic <a href="/wiki/A._O._Scott" title="A. O. Scott">A. O. Scott</a> warned of the impending "extinction" of "the cheesy, campy, guilty pleasures" of the B picture.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> On the other hand, recent industry trends suggest the reemergence of something like the traditional A-B split in major studio production, though with fewer "programmers" bridging the gap. According to a 2006 report by industry analyst Alfonso Marone, "The average budget for a Hollywood movie is currently around $60 m, rising to $100 m when the cost of marketing for domestic launch (USA only) is factored into the equation. However, we are now witnessing a polarisation of film budgets into two tiers: large productions ($120–150 m) and niche features ($5–20m). Fewer $30–70 m releases are expected."<a href="#cite_note-Marone-167">[167]</a> Fox launched a new subsidiary in 2006, <a href="/wiki/Fox_Atomic" title="Fox Atomic">Fox Atomic</a>, to concentrate on teen-oriented genre films. The economic model was deliberately low-rent, at least by major studio standards. According to a <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a> report, "Fox Atomic is staying at or below the $10 million mark for many of its movies. It's also encouraging filmmakers to shoot digitally, a cheaper process that results in a grittier, teen-friendly look. And forget about stars. Of Atomic's nine announced films, not one has a big name".<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The newfangled B movie division was shut down in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> As the Variety report suggests, recent technological advances greatly facilitate the production of truly low-budget motion pictures. Although there have always been economical means with which to shoot movies, including <a href="/wiki/Super_8_mm_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Super 8 mm film">Super 8</a> and <a href="/wiki/16_mm_film" title="16 mm film">16 mm film</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> cameras recording onto <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotape</a>, these media could not rival the image quality of <a href="/wiki/35mm_movie_film" class="mw-redirect" title="35mm movie film">35 mm film</a>. The development of <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital cameras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> methods now allow even low-budget filmmakers to produce films with excellent, and not necessarily "grittier", image quality and editing effects. As Marone observes, "the equipment budget (camera, support) required for shooting digital is approximately 1/10 that for film, significantly lowering the production budget for independent features. At the same time, [since the early 2000s], the quality of digital filmmaking has improved dramatically."<a href="#cite_note-Marone-167">[167]</a> Independent filmmakers, whether working in a genre or arthouse mode, continue to find it difficult to gain access to distribution channels, though digital end-to-end methods of distribution offer new opportunities. In a similar way, Internet sites such as <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> have opened up entirely new avenues for the presentation of low-budget motion pictures.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Likewise, from the year 2000 onward, the acceleration and implementation of computer generated imagery continued at an unprecedented rate.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> This lent to the creation of effects that would otherwise prove too costly using traditional methods. Certain genres in particular, such as <a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">disaster</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">creature features</a>, saw increasing use of CGI. Consequently, this trend spurred a boost in B-grade productions targeted to a mass audience. In this vein, film companies, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Asylum" title="The Asylum">The Asylum</a>, or channels, such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sci_Fi_Pictures_original_films" title="List of Sci Fi Pictures original films">Syfy</a>, made a concerted effort towards the development of B-grade movies with some even making such films a key part of their business model.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Often, however, many of such were produced in an effort to capitalize on the success of more established features. Moreover, this new direction likewise garnered involvement from veteran B-movie filmmakers such as Roger Corman and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Wynorski" title="Jim Wynorski">Jim Wynorski</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associated_terms">Associated terms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Associated terms">edit</a>]</div> The terms C movie and the more common Z movie describe progressively lower grades of the B movie category. The terms <a href="/wiki/Drive-in_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Drive-in movie">drive-in movie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a>, which emerged in association with specific historical phenomena, are now often used as synonyms for B movie. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C_movie">C movie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: C movie">edit</a>]</div> The C movie is the grade of motion picture at the low end of the B movie, or in some taxonomies, simply below it.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> In the 1980s, with the growth of <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a>, the C grade began to be applied with increasing frequency to low-quality genre films used as filler programming for that market. The "C" in the term then does double duty, referring not only to quality that is lower than "B" but also to the initial c of cable. Helping to popularize the notion of the C movie was the TV series <a href="/wiki/Mystery_Science_Theater_3000" title="Mystery Science Theater 3000">Mystery Science Theater 3000</a> (1988–99), which ran on national cable channels (first <a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central">Comedy Central</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Syfy" title="Syfy">Sci Fi Channel</a>) after its first year. Updating a concept introduced by TV hostess <a href="/wiki/Maila_Nurmi" title="Maila Nurmi">Vampira</a> over three decades before, MST3K presented cheap, low-grade movies, primarily science fiction of the 1950s and 1960s, along with running voiceover commentary highlighting the films' shortcomings. Director <a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Ed Wood</a> has been called "the master of the 'C-movie'" in this sense, although Z movie (see below) is perhaps even more applicable to his work.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> The rapid expansion of niche cable and satellite outlets such as Sci Fi (with its <a href="/wiki/Sci_Fi_Pictures_original_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Sci Fi Pictures original films">Sci Fi Pictures</a>) and <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a>'s genre channels in the 1990s and 2000s has meant a market for contemporary C pictures, many of them "direct to cable" movies—small-budget genre films never released in theaters.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Z_movie">Z movie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Z movie">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_9_Alternative_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Plan_9_Alternative_poster.jpg/200px-Plan_9_Alternative_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Plan_9_Alternative_poster.jpg/300px-Plan_9_Alternative_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Plan_9_Alternative_poster.jpg/400px-Plan_9_Alternative_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1857" data-file-height="2794" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Ed Wood</a>'s ultra-low-budget <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Outer_Space" title="Plan 9 from Outer Space">Plan 9 from Outer Space</a> (1957) is often called "the worst film ever made"</figcaption></figure> The term Z movie (or grade-Z movie) is used by some to characterize low-budget pictures with quality standards well below those of most B and even C movies. Most films referred to as Z movies are made on very small budgets by operations on the fringes of the commercial film industry. The micro-budget "quickies" of 1930s fly-by-night <a href="/wiki/Poverty_Row" title="Poverty Row">Poverty Row</a> production houses may be thought of as early Z movies.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The films of director Ed Wood, such as <a href="/wiki/Glen_or_Glenda" title="Glen or Glenda">Glen or Glenda</a> (1953) and <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Outer_Space" title="Plan 9 from Outer Space">Plan 9 from Outer Space</a> (1957), the latter frequently cited as one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_considered_the_worst" title="List of films considered the worst">worst pictures ever made</a>,<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> exemplify the classic grade-Z movie. Latter-day Zs are often characterized by violent, gory or sexual content and a minimum of artistic interest; they are often destined for the <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">subscription TV</a> equivalent of the grindhouse.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychotronic_movie">Psychotronic movie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Psychotronic movie">edit</a>]</div> Psychotronic movie is a term coined by film critic Michael J. Weldon—referred to by a fellow critic as "the historian of marginal movies"—to denote the sort of low-budget genre pictures that are generally disdained or ignored entirely by the critical establishment.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Weldon's immediate source for the term was the Chicago cult film <a href="/wiki/The_Psychotronic_Man" title="The Psychotronic Man">The Psychotronic Man</a> (1980), whose title character is a barber who develops the ability to kill using psychic energy. According to Weldon, "My original idea with that word is that it's a two-part word. 'Psycho' stands for the horror movies, and 'tronic' stands for the science fiction movies. It very quickly expanded the meaning of the word to include any kind of exploitation or B-movie."<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> The term, popularized beginning in the 1980s with publications of Weldon's such as The Psychotronic Encyclopedia of Film, The Psychotronic Video Guide, and <a href="/wiki/Psychotronic_Video" title="Psychotronic Video">Psychotronic Video</a> magazine, has subsequently been adopted by other critics and fans. Use of the term tends to emphasize a focus on and affection for those B movies that lend themselves to appreciation as <a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="B-television">B-television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: B-television">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/B-television" title="B-television">B-television</a></div> B-television is the term used by the German media scholar <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidemarie_Schumacher" class="extiw" title="de:Heidemarie Schumacher">Heidemarie Schumacher</a> in her article "From the True, the Good, the Beautiful to the Truly Beautiful Goods—audience identification strategies on German 'B-Television' programs" as an analogy to "B-movie" to characterize the development of German <a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">commercial</a> television, which adopted "the aesthetics of commercials" with its "inane positiveness radiated by every participant, the inclusion of clips, soft focus, catchy music" as well as "promotion of merchandise through product placement".<a href="#cite_note-Schumacher1-182">[182]</a> Schumacher notes that after 1984 deregulation German public television passed its climax and became marginalized. Newly established commercial stations, operating without the burden of societal legitimacy, focused solely on profitability. To establish and maintain viewer loyalty, these stations broadcast reality shows, sensational <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a>, daily <a href="/wiki/Soap_operas" class="mw-redirect" title="Soap operas">soap operas</a>, infotainment programs, <a href="/wiki/Talk_shows" class="mw-redirect" title="Talk shows">talk shows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_shows" class="mw-redirect" title="Game shows">game shows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft pornography">soft pornography</a>. In his article Schumacher mentions <a href="/wiki/Amusing_Ourselves_to_Death" title="Amusing Ourselves to Death">Amusing Ourselves to Death</a> by an American cultural critic <a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Neil Postman</a>, who formulated the thesis of television programming as a derivative of advertising, creating "a species of information that might properly be called disinformation—misplaced, irrelevant, fragmented or superficial information that creates the illusion of knowing something but which in fact leads one away from knowing". Like Postman, Schumacher notes that contemporary television advertisement often chooses to reinforce brand loyalty rather than promoting product. This <a href="/wiki/Reverse_marketing" title="Reverse marketing">reverse marketing</a> approach is used by television broadcasters to advertise the stations themselves. Schumacher lists three specific principles: grabbing the viewers' attention, establishing emotional involvement with the audience, and maintaining the viewers' interest as the cornerstones to acquiring and maintaining market share. A commercial <a href="/wiki/RTL_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="RTL Television">RTL</a> station described such a building of viewers' loyalty in positive terms: "RTL has discovered something entirely new for television. The viewer".<a href="#cite_note-Schumacher1-182">[182]</a> Schumacher argues that viewer loyalty is established primarily through the representation of familiar emotional situations and the everyday problems of the viewers, which means that private stations broadcast predominantly private affairs. Further development of this approach led to creation of reality TV shows, which generate new realities by intervening directly in the actual life of its participants. Such personalisation and dramatization of television precipitated the "Fall of Public Man", in words of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sennett" title="Richard Sennett">Richard Sennett</a>. The strategy of creating viewer loyalty through emotional sensations is reflected in scandalous "special news" that "favor sex and crime topics and employ highly affective commentary style, a clip aesthetic as well as a musical accompaniment borrowed from the crime film genre".<a href="#cite_note-Schumacher1-182">[182]</a> As an example, Schumacher mentions <a href="/wiki/Real_Personal_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Personal (TV series)">Real Personal</a>, a talk show about human sexuality that was televised by <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> five times a week during 1990s. "The title itself encapsulates the message of 'B-TV': real people and their 'real' problems are the focus here",<a href="#cite_note-Schumacher1-182">[182]</a> contemplates Schumacher. Mentioning the highly successful entertainment programs of <a href="/wiki/David_Letterman" title="David Letterman">David Letterman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jay_Leno" title="Jay Leno">Jay Leno</a>, Schumacher proclaims that a talk show host, seen daily on the television screen, becomes almost a part of the family. "Spreading not only inanity, but also a sense of security", the host "provides a fixed portion of our daily routine" along with a daily soap opera, daily infotainment show or a daily game show. "Appeals to viewer emotions and the active participation of the consumer enhance the ability of 'B-TV' to exploit the market", concludes Schumacher. Erik Henriksen from <a href="/wiki/Portland_Mercury" title="Portland Mercury">Portland Mercury</a> used the term "B-TV" when he reviewed <a href="/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis" title="Stargate Atlantis">Stargate Atlantis</a> television series to describe the kind of show that is not "genuinely great", but one that "just works—albeit in a vaguely embarrassing and silly way—at entertaining the audience, at stringing along the same characters from week to week, at churning out boilerplate plots that are nonetheless peppered with just enough originality and uniqueness to make them enjoyable and fun and distracting."<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/B-film">"B-film | motion-picture commercial grade"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=B-film+%7C+motion-picture+commercial+grade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FB-film&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hirschhorn_1999,_pp._9–10,_17-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Hirschhorn_1999,_pp._9–10,_17_2-0">^</a> Hirschhorn (1999), pp. 9–10, 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Finler (2003), pp. 41–42; Balio (2003), p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> See, e.g., Taves (1995), p. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-Balio-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balio_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balio_5-1">b</a> Balio (1995), p. 29. See also Schatz (1999), pp. 16, 324. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> See Finler (2003), pp. 26, 41–43, 47–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Finler (2003), pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Taves (1995), pp. 326–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> See, e.g., Balio (1995), pp. 103–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Epstein (2005), p. 6. See also Schatz (1999), pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-Taves_p325-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taves_p325_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taves_p325_11-1">b</a> Taves (1995), p. 325. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Taves (1995), p. 326. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Epstein (2005), p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-F42-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F42_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-F42_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-F42_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-F42_14-3">d</a> Finler (2003), p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Taves (1995), p. 317. Taves (like this article) adopts the usage of "programmer" argued for by author Don Miller in his 1973 study B Movies (New York: Ballantine). As Taves notes, "the term programmer was used in a variety of different ways by reviewers" of the 1930s (p. 431, n. 8). Some present-day critics employ the Miller–Taves usage; others refer to any B movie from the Golden Age as a "programmer" or "program picture". </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Balio (1995), p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Finler (2003), pp. 26, 111, 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Tuska (1999), pp. 183–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> See Taves (1995), pp. 321–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Adapted from Finler (2003), p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> See Taves (1995), p. 323; McCarthy and Flynn (1975), p. 20. In its peak year, 1937, Grand National did produce around twenty pictures of its own. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Taves (1995), p. 313. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Nachbar (1974), p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Tuska (1974), p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Taves (1995), pp. 327–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Taves (1995), p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> See, e.g., Taves (1995), p. 318. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Quoted in Schatz (1999), p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Naremore (1998), p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Taves (1995), p. 328. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Schatz (1999), p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Schatz (1999), pp. 19–21, 45, 72, 160–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Schatz (1999), p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Schatz (1993), p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> See, e.g., Finler (2003), pp. 4, 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Jewell (1982), 181; Lasky (1989), 184–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Schatz (1999), p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Schatz (1999), pp. 340–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Schatz (1999), p. 295; Naremore (1998), p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Robert Smith ("Mann in the Dark," Bright Lights 2, no. 1 [fall 1976]), quoted in Ottoson (1981), p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Schatz (1999), p. 173, table 6.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Schatz (1999), p. 232; Finler (2003), pp. 219–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Finler (2003), p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> See, e.g., Dave Kehr, "Critic's Choice: New DVD's," The New York Times, August 22, 2006; Dave Kehr, "Critic's Choice: New DVD's," The New York Times, June 7, 2005; Robert Sklar, "Film Noir Lite: When Actions Have No Consequences," The New York Times, "Week in Review," June 2, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Jewell (1982), pp. 218, 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> For a detailed consideration of classic B noir, see Lyons (2000). </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Finler (2003), pp. 214–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Jewell (1982), p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Schatz (1999), p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Naremore (1998), p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> See Mank (2001), p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Strawn (1974), p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Lev (2003), p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Lasky (1989), p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> See Finler (2003), pp. 357–58, for top films. Finler lists <a href="/wiki/The_Country_Girl_(1954_film)" title="The Country Girl (1954 film)">The Country Girl</a> as 1955, when it made most of its money, but it premiered in December 1954. <a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Year_Itch" title="The Seven Year Itch">The Seven Year Itch</a> replaces it in this analysis (the two films happen to be virtually identical in length). </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> See, e.g., Matthews (2007), p. 92; Lyons (2000), p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Lev (2003), pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Hurd (2007), pp. 10–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Muller (1998), p. 176; Cousins (2004), p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Jewell (1982), p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Maltby (2000). </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Schrader (1972), p. 61; Silver (1995). </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Shapiro (2002), p. 96. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conelrad.com/conelrad100/index.html">Atomic Films: The CONELRAD 100</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Kinnard (1988), pp. 67–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Lev (2003), pp. 186, 184; Braucort (1970), p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Auty (2005), p. 34. See also Shapiro (2002), pp. 120–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2012" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Blair (April 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSdSRPZEdEkC&q=AIP+and+B%27s&pg=PA260">The Battle for the Bs: 1950s Hollywood and the Rebirth of Low-Budget Cinema</a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813553245" title="Special:BookSources/9780813553245"><bdi>9780813553245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+the+Bs%3A+1950s+Hollywood+and+the+Rebirth+of+Low-Budget+Cinema&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2012-04-06&rft.isbn=9780813553245&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQSdSRPZEdEkC%26q%3DAIP%2Band%2BB%2527s%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Strawn (1974), p. 259; Lev (2003), p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Lentz (2002), p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Cook (2000), p. 324. See also p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Denisoff and Romanowski (1991), pp. 64–65, 95–100, 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Di Franco (1979), p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Corman (1998), p. 36. It appears Corman made at least one true B picture—according to Arkoff, Apache Woman, to Corman's displeasure, was handled as a second feature (Strawn [1974], p. 258). </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Rausch and Dequina (2008), p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Heffernan (2004), pp. 102–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Heffernan (2004), pp. 95–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Segrave (1992), p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Heffernan (2004), p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Matthews (2007), p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook324-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cook324_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook324_80-1">b</a> Cook (2000), p. 324. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Nason (1959). </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Hirschhorn (1979), p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/miamis-b-movie-mogul-6345666?showFullText=true">Miami's B-Movie Mogul|Miami New Times|</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Thompson (1960). </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Quoted in Di Franco (1979), p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Per Corman, quoted in Di Franco (1979), p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Quoted in Reid (2005a), p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Schaefer (1999), pp. 187, 376. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Schaefer (1999), p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Schaefer (1992), p. 176, n. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibron,_Bill2003" class="citation web cs1">Gibron, Bill (July 24, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061020055922/http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/roadshow.php">"Something Weird Traveling Roadshow Films"</a>. DVD Verdict. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/roadshow.php">the original</a> on October 20, 2006. Retrieved November 17, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Something+Weird+Traveling+Roadshow+Films&rft.pub=DVD+Verdict&rft.date=2003-07-24&rft.au=Gibron%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dvdverdict.com%2Freviews%2Froadshow.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Halperin (2006), p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Frasier (1997), pp. 7–8, 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Frasier (1997), pp. 9–11, 90; Denisoff and Romanowski (1991), pp. 116–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Frank (1998), p. 186; McGilligan (1996), p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-C222-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C222_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C222_96-1">b</a> Cook (2000), p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Paul (1994), p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Rockoff (2002), pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Langford (2005), p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Heffernan (2004), p. 221; Cook (2002), pp. 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Cook (2000), pp. 222–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Heffernan (2004), pp. 190, 200–1. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Cook (2000), p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Canby (1969). </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Di Franco (1979), pp. 162, 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> See, e.g., Mathijs and Mendik (2008), p. 167; James (2005), pp. 282, 398; Cagin and Dray (1984), pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Cagin and Dray (1984), pp. 61–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Financial figures per associate producer William L. Hayward, cited in Biskind (1998), p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Cagin and Dray (1984), p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> See Finler (2003), p. 359, for top films. Finler lists <a href="/wiki/Hello,_Dolly!_(film)" title="Hello, Dolly! (film)">Hello, Dolly!</a> as 1970, when it made most of its money, but it premiered in December 1969. <a href="/wiki/The_Owl_and_the_Pussycat_(film)" title="The Owl and the Pussycat (film)">The Owl and the Pussycat</a>, 51 minutes shorter, replaces it in this analysis. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> From 1955: <a href="/wiki/Apache_Woman_(1955_film)" title="Apache Woman (1955 film)">Apache Woman</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beast_with_a_Million_Eyes" title="The Beast with a Million Eyes">The Beast with a Million Eyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Day_the_World_Ended" title="Day the World Ended">Day the World Ended</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Fast_and_the_Furious_(1954_film)" title="The Fast and the Furious (1954 film)">The Fast and the Furious</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Five_Guns_West" title="Five Guns West">Five Guns West</a>. From 1970: Angels Die Hard, <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Mama" title="Bloody Mama">Bloody Mama</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Dunwich_Horror_(film)" title="The Dunwich Horror (film)">The Dunwich Horror</a>, Ivanna (aka Scream of the Demon Lover; U.S. premiere: 1971), and The Student Nurses. For purchase of Ivanna: Di Franco (1979), p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Di Franco (1979), p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Kael (1973), p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Willis (1997), p. 254, n. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Lawrence (2008), p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Cook (2000), p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Van Peebles (2003). </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Haines (2003), p. 69; Landis and Clifford (2002), pp. 117–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Haines (2003), p. 49; Landis and Clifford (2002), pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mer-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mer_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mer_120-1">b</a> Merritt (2000), p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Quoted in Reynaud (2006). See Reynaud also for Loden's fundraising efforts. See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynaud,_Bérénice1995" class="citation web cs1">Reynaud, Bérénice (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2002/feature-articles/wanda/">"For Wanda"</a>. Sense of Cinema. Retrieved December 29, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+Wanda&rft.pub=Sense+of+Cinema&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Reynaud%2C+B%C3%A9r%C3%A9nice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sensesofcinema.com%2F2002%2Ffeature-articles%2Fwanda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Williams (1996), pp. 171–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Wood (2003), pp. 118–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Kauffman (1998), pp. 118–28; Williams (1996), pp. 198–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> See, e.g., Milne (2005), p. 389. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Greenspun (1973). </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> See, e.g., Stevenson (2003), pp. 49–50; Hollows (2003); Staiger (2000), p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Merritt (2000), pp. 254–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Hoberman and Rosenbaum (1983), p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Cook (2000), pp. 266–71; Desser (2000). </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Ebert (1974). </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> For the film's cost: West (1974), p. 9; Rockoff (2002), p. 42. For its influence: Sapolsky and Molitor (1996), p. 36; Rubin (1999), p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> For the film's cost and worldwide gross: Harper (2004), pp. 12–13. For its influence and debt to Black Christmas: Rockoff (2002), pp. 42–44, 50–55; Paul (1994), p. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Waterman (2005), pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Schaefer (1999), p. 224; Goodwin (1987), p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Levine (2007), pp. 114–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Paul (1994), pp. 288, 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Paul (1994), p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Heffernan (2004), p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=superman.htm">"Superman (1978)"</a>. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 29, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=Superman+%281978%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fmovies%2F%3Fid%3Dsuperman.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Major_film_studio#Historical_organizational_lineage" class="mw-redirect" title="Major film studio">Major film studio#Historical organizational lineage</a> for a record of the sales and mergers involving the eight major studios of the Golden Age. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Finler (2003), p. 42. Prince (2002) gives $9 million as the average production cost in 1980, and a total of $13 million after adding on costs for manufacturing exhibition prints and marketing (p. 20). See also p. 21, chart 1.2. The Box Office Mojo website gives $9.4 million as the 1980 production figure; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/">"Movie Box Office Results by Year, 1980–Present"</a>. Box Office Mojo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061230012726/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2006. Retrieved December 29, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=Movie+Box+Office+Results+by+Year%2C+1980%E2%80%93Present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fyearly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Lubasch (1979). </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Cook (2000), pp. 323–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Collum (2004), pp. 11–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Canby (1984). </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Petit (2005), p. 1481. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Cost per Bruce Campbell, cited in Warren (2001), p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> David Chute (Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, May 27, 1983), quoted in Warren (2001), p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraus,_Daniel1999" class="citation news cs1">Kraus, Daniel (October 30, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/people/feature/1999/10/30/troma">"Tromatized!"</a>. Salon. Retrieved January 8, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Tromatized%21&rft.date=1999-10-30&rft.au=Kraus%2C+Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fpeople%2Ffeature%2F1999%2F10%2F30%2Ftroma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Morrow (1996), p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Berra (2008), p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bomojo-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bomojo_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bomojo_153-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/">"Movie Box Office Results by Year, 1980–Present"</a>. Box Office Mojo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061230012726/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2006. Retrieved December 29, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=Movie+Box+Office+Results+by+Year%2C+1980%E2%80%93Present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fyearly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=1990&p=.htm">"1990 Yearly Box Office Results"</a>. Box Office Mojo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206182952/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=1990&p=.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved December 29, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=1990+Yearly+Box+Office+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fyearly%2Fchart%2F%3Fyr%3D1990%26p%3D.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"> Dick Tracy literally had been B movie material—the character was featured in four low-budget RKO films in the 1940s. For how espionage and crimebusting thrillers were long "widely regarded as nothing more than B-movie fodder," see Chapman (2000), pp. 46–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Heffernan (2004), p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Finler (2003), p. 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Finler (2003), pp. 287, 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> O'Connor (1995). </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Johnstone (1999), p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> King (2005), pp. 167, 170–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Maslin (1997). </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Mottram (2006), pp. 197–98; Wyatt (1998), p. 78. For details of the film's distribution, see Lewis (2002), pp. 286–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Mottram (2006), p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=2005&p=.htm">"2005 Yearly Box Office Results"</a>. Box Office Mojo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070117001752/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=2005&p=.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2007. Retrieved January 2, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=2005+Yearly+Box+Office+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fyearly%2Fchart%2F%3Fyr%3D2005%26p%3D.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> See, e.g., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRausch,_Andrew_J.2000" class="citation web cs1">Rausch, Andrew J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imagesjournal.com/issue09/features/rogercorman/">"Roger Corman on Blair Witch Project and Why Mean Streets Would Have Made a Great Blaxploitation Film"</a>. Images. Retrieved August 13, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roger+Corman+on+Blair+Witch+Project+and+Why+Mean+Streets+Would+Have+Made+a+Great+Blaxploitation+Film&rft.pub=Images&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Rausch%2C+Andrew+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imagesjournal.com%2Fissue09%2Ffeatures%2Frogercorman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaroyan,_Strawberry2007" class="citation web cs1">Saroyan, Strawberry (May 6, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3664957/King-of-the-killer-Bs.html">"King of the Killer B's"</a>. Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3664957/King-of-the-killer-Bs.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.atitle=King+of+the+Killer+B%27s&rft.date=2007-05-06&rft.au=Saroyan%2C+Strawberry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2F3664957%2FKing-of-the-killer-Bs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Scott (2005). </li> <li id="cite_note-Marone-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marone_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marone_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarone,_Alfonso2006" class="citation web cs1">Marone, Alfonso (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203004153/http://www.spectrumstrategy.com/Pages/GB/perspectives/Spectrum-The-Hollywood-movie-business.pdf">"One More Ride on the Hollywood Roller-coaster"</a> (PDF). Spectrum Strategy Consultants. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spectrumstrategy.com/Pages/GB/perspectives/Spectrum-The-Hollywood-movie-business.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 3, 2007. Retrieved December 29, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+More+Ride+on+the+Hollywood+Roller-coaster&rft.pub=Spectrum+Strategy+Consultants&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Marone%2C+Alfonso&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectrumstrategy.com%2FPages%2FGB%2Fperspectives%2FSpectrum-The-Hollywood-movie-business.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Zeitchik and Laporte (2006). </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming,_Michael2009" class="citation web cs1">Fleming, Michael (April 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2009/biz/markets-festivals/fox-folding-atomic-label-1118002584/">"Fox Folding Atomic Label"</a>. Variety. Retrieved April 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Fox+Folding+Atomic+Label&rft.date=2009-04-19&rft.au=Fleming%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2009%2Fbiz%2Fmarkets-festivals%2Ffox-folding-atomic-label-1118002584%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Rabiger (2008), pp. 7, 10; Davies and Wistreich (2007), p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNashville_Film_Institute2021" class="citation web cs1">Nashville Film Institute (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nfi.edu/what-is-cgi/">"What is CGI? – Everything You Need to Know"</a>. NFI. Retrieved January 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NFI&rft.atitle=What+is+CGI%3F+%E2%80%93+Everything+You+Need+to+Know&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Nashville+Film+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfi.edu%2Fwhat-is-cgi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuddath,_Claire2013" class="citation web cs1">Suddath, Claire (July 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-07-12/inventing-sharknado-inside-syfys-booming-b-movie-factory.">"Inventing 'Sharknado': Inside Syfy's Booming B-Movie Factory"</a>. Bloomberg. Retrieved January 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Inventing+%27Sharknado%27%3A+Inside+Syfy%27s+Booming+B-Movie+Factory&rft.date=2013-07-12&rft.au=Suddath%2C+Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2013-07-12%2Finventing-sharknado-inside-syfys-booming-b-movie-factory.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> See, e.g., Komiya and Litman (1990). </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Oppermann (1996). </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> See, e.g., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampos,_Eric2005" class="citation web cs1">Campos, Eric (December 12, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310204706/http://www.filmthreat.com/index.php?section=interviews&Id=924&archive=Date&match=0&page=2">"David Payne: Do Fear the Reeker"</a>. Film Threat. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmthreat.com/index.php?section=interviews&Id=924&archive=Date&match=0&page=2">the original</a> on March 10, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Payne%3A+Do+Fear+the+Reeker&rft.pub=Film+Threat&rft.date=2005-12-12&rft.au=Campos%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmthreat.com%2Findex.php%3Fsection%3Dinterviews%26Id%3D924%26archive%3DDate%26match%3D0%26page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> See, e.g., Taves (1995), p. 323. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/coleman-francis/coleman-francis-the-real-worst-director-in-film-hi/">Coleman Francis: The Real Worst Director in Film History – Paste</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> See, e.g., Quarles (2001), pp. 79–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonagh,_Maitland2006" class="citation web cs1">McDonagh, Maitland (July 17, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20071012143202/http://community.tvguide.com/blog-entry/TVGuide-Editors-Blog/Ask-Flickchick/Sad-News-Psychotronic/700004011">"Sad News: Psychotronic Video Magazine Gives Up the Ghost"</a>. TVGuide.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://community.tvguide.com/thread.jspa?threadID=700004011">the original</a> on October 12, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sad+News%3A+Psychotronic+Video+Magazine+Gives+Up+the+Ghost&rft.pub=TVGuide.com&rft.date=2006-07-17&rft.au=McDonagh%2C+Maitland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.tvguide.com%2Fthread.jspa%3FthreadID%3D700004011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnizio,_Bob2006" class="citation web cs1">Ignizio, Bob (April 20, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uttertrash.net/michaelweldon.htm">"The Psychotronic Man (interview with Michael Weldon)"</a>. Utter Trash. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060911034834/http://www.uttertrash.net/michaelweldon.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2006. Retrieved October 20, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Psychotronic+Man+%28interview+with+Michael+Weldon%29&rft.pub=Utter+Trash&rft.date=2006-04-20&rft.au=Ignizio%2C+Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uttertrash.net%2Fmichaelweldon.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> See, e.g., Schneider and Williams (2005), pp. 2, 5; Syder and Tierney (2005), pp. 34–35, 50–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schumacher1-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schumacher1_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schumacher1_182-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schumacher1_182-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schumacher1_182-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacher1995" class="citation web cs1">Schumacher, Heidemarie (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monoskop.org/images/6/64/New_German_Critique_No_78_Special_Issue_on_German_Media_Studies_1999.pdf">"From the True, the Good, the Beautiful to the Truly Beautiful Goods—audience identification strategies on German "B-Television" programs"</a> (PDF). Schüren Verlag, Marburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+the+True%2C+the+Good%2C+the+Beautiful+to+the+Truly+Beautiful+Goods%E2%80%94audience+identification+strategies+on+German+%22B-Television%22+programs&rft.pub=Sch%C3%BCren+Verlag%2C+Marburg&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=Heidemarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonoskop.org%2Fimages%2F6%2F64%2FNew_German_Critique_No_78_Special_Issue_on_German_Media_Studies_1999.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenriksen2011" class="citation web cs1">Henriksen, Erik (August 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2011/08/19/blu-ray-review-sort-of-stargate-atlantis">"Blu-ray Review (Sort of): Stargate Atlantis"</a>. Portland Mercury. Retrieved June 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portland+Mercury&rft.atitle=Blu-ray+Review+%28Sort+of%29%3A+Stargate+Atlantis&rft.date=2011-08-19&rft.aulast=Henriksen&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portlandmercury.com%2FBlogtownPDX%2Farchives%2F2011%2F08%2F19%2Fblu-ray-review-sort-of-stargate-atlantis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB+movie" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Archer, Eugene (1960). "'House of Usher': Poe Story on Bill With 'Why Must I Die?'" <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, September 15 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9402E6DC1631EF3ABC4D52DFBF66838B679EDE">online</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Auty" title="Chris Auty">Auty, Chris</a> (2005). "The Amazing Colossal Man," in Pym, Time Out Film Guide, p. 34.</li> <li>Balio, Tino (1995 [1993]). Grand Design: Hollywood as a Modern Business Enterprise, 1930–1939. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20334-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20334-8">0-520-20334-8</a></li> <li>Berra, John (2008). Declarations of Independence: American Cinema and the Partiality of Independent production. Bristol, UK, and Chicago: Intellect. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84150-185-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84150-185-9">1-84150-185-9</a></li> <li>Biskind, Peter (1998). Easy Riders, Raging Bulls: How the Sex-Drugs-and-Rock'n'Roll Generation Saved Hollywood. New York: Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80996-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80996-6">0-684-80996-6</a></li> <li>Braucort, Guy (1970). "Interview with Don Siegel", in Focus on the Science Fiction Film (1972), ed. William Johnson, pp. 74–76. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-795161-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-795161-2">0-13-795161-2</a></li> <li>Cagin, Seth, and Philip Dray (1984). Hollywood Films of the Seventies. New York: Harper & Row. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-091117-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-091117-4">0-06-091117-4</a></li> <li>Canby, Vincent (1969). "By Russ Meyer," <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, September 6 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A03E6DC1F3AEE34BC4E53DFBF668382679EDE">online</a>).</li> <li>Canby, Vincent (1984). "Down-and-Out Youths in 'Suburbia'", <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, April 13 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/13/movies/screen-down-and-out-youths-in-suburbia.html">online</a>).</li> <li>Chapman, James (2000). Licence to Thrill: A Cultural History of the James Bond Films. New York and Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12049-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-12049-4">0-231-12049-4</a></li> <li>Collum, Jason Paul (2004). Assault of the Killer B's: Interviews with 20 Cult Film Actresses. Jefferson, N.C., and London: McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1818-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1818-4">0-7864-1818-4</a></li> <li>Cook, David A. (2000). Lost Illusions: American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam, 1970–1979. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23265-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23265-8">0-520-23265-8</a></li> <li>Corman, Roger, with Jim Jerome (1998). How I Made a Hundred Movies in Hollywood and Never Lost a Dime, new ed. New York: Da Capo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80874-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80874-9">0-306-80874-9</a></li> <li>Cousins, Mark (2004). The Story of Film. New York: Thunder's Mouth. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56025-612-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56025-612-5">1-56025-612-5</a></li> <li>Davies, Adam P., and Nicol Wistreich (2007). The Film Finance Handbook: How to Fund Your Film. London: Netribution. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9550143-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9550143-2-8">0-9550143-2-8</a></li> <li>Denby, David (1985). "Where the Coyotes Howl", New York, January 21, pp. 51–53.</li> <li>Denisoff, R. Serge, and William D. Romanowski (1991). Risky Business: Rock in Film. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88738-843-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88738-843-4">0-88738-843-4</a></li> <li>Desser, David (2000). "The Kung Fu Craze: Hong Kong Cinema's First American Reception", in The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity, ed. Poshek Fu and David Desser, pp. 19–43. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-77235-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-77235-4">0-521-77235-4</a></li> <li>Di Franco, J. Philip, ed. (1979). The Movie World of Roger Corman. New York and London: Chelsea House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87754-050-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87754-050-0">0-87754-050-0</a></li> <li>Ebert, Roger (1974). "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre," Chicago Sun-Times, January 1 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19740101/REVIEWS/401010319/1023">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605135946/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F19740101%2FREVIEWS%2F401010319%2F1023">Archived</a> June 5, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li>Epstein, Edward Jay (2005). The Big Picture: The New Logic of Money and Power in Hollywood. New York: Random House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-6353-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-6353-1">1-4000-6353-1</a></li> <li>Finler, Joel W. (2003). The Hollywood Story, 3d ed. London and New York: Wallflower. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903364-66-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-903364-66-3">1-903364-66-3</a></li> <li>Frank, Allan G. (1998). The Films of Roger Corman: "Shooting My Way out of Trouble". London: B.T. Batsford. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-8272-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-8272-9">0-7134-8272-9</a></li> <li>Frasier, David K. (1997 [1990]). Russ Meyer—The Life and Films. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0472-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0472-8">0-7864-0472-8</a></li> <li>Goodwin, Doris Kearns (1987). The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys: An American Saga. New York: Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-23108-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-23108-1">0-671-23108-1</a></li> <li>Greenspun, Roger (1973). "Guercio's 'Electra Glide in Blue' Arrives: Director Makes Debut With a Mystery," <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, August 20 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9807E7D61631E63BBC4851DFBE668388669EDE">online</a>).</li> <li>Haines, Richard W. (2003). The Moviegoing Experience, 1968–2001. Jefferson, N.C., and London: McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1361-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1361-1">0-7864-1361-1</a></li> <li>Halperin, James L., ed. (2006). Heritage Signature Vintage Movie Poster Auction #636. Dallas: Heritage Capital. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59967-060-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-59967-060-7">1-59967-060-7</a></li> <li>Harper, Jim (2004). Legacy of Blood: A Comprehensive Guide to Slasher Movies. Manchester, UK: Headpress. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900486-39-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-900486-39-3">1-900486-39-3</a></li> <li>Heffernan, Kevin (2004). Ghouls, Gimmicks, and Gold: Horror Films and the American Movie Business, 1953–1968. Durham, N.C., and London: Duke University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-3215-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-3215-9">0-8223-3215-9</a></li> <li>Hirschhorn, Clive (1979). The Warner Bros. Story. New York: Crown. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-53834-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-53834-2">0-517-53834-2</a></li> <li>Hirschhorn, Clive (1999). The Columbia Story. London: Hamlyn. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-600-59836-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-600-59836-5">0-600-59836-5</a></li> <li>Hoberman, J., and Jonathan Rosenbaum (1983). Midnight Movies. New York: Da Capo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80433-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80433-6">0-306-80433-6</a></li> <li>Hollows, Joanne (2003). "The Masculinity of Cult," in Defining Cult Movies: The Cultural Politics of Oppositional Taste, ed. Mark Jancovich, pp. 35–53. Manchester, UK, and New York: Manchester University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-6631-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-6631-X">0-7190-6631-X</a></li> <li>Hunter, I. Q. (2009). "Exploitation as Adaptation", in Cultural Borrowings: Appropriation, Reworking, Transformation, ed. Iain Robert Smith, pp. 8–33. Nottingham: Scope. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9564641-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9564641-0-1">978-0-9564641-0-1</a> (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scope.nottingham.ac.uk/cultborr/Cult_borr_ebook.pdf">online</a>).</li> <li>Hurd, Mary G. (2007). Women Directors and Their Films. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98578-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-98578-4">0-275-98578-4</a></li> <li>James, David E. (2005). The Most Typical Avant-Garde: History and Geography of Minor Cinemas in Los Angeles. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24257-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24257-2">0-520-24257-2</a></li> <li>Jewell, Richard B., with Vernon Harbin (1982). The RKO Story. New York: Arlington House/Crown. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-54656-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-54656-6">0-517-54656-6</a></li> <li>Kael, Pauline (1973). "Un-People," in her Reeling (1976), pp. 263–79. New York: Warner. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-83420-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-446-83420-3">0-446-83420-3</a></li> <li>Kauffman, Linda S. (1998). Bad Girls and Sick Boys: Fantasies in Contemporary Art and Culture. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21032-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21032-8">0-520-21032-8</a></li> <li>King, Geoff (2005). American Independent Cinema. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-937-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-937-0">1-85043-937-0</a></li> <li>Kinnard, Roy (1988). Beasts and Behemoths: Prehistoric Creatures in the Movies. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-2062-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-2062-5">0-8108-2062-5</a></li> <li>Komiya, Megumi, and Barry Litman, "The Economics of the Prerecorded Videocassette Industry," in Social and Cultural Aspects of VCR Use, ed. Julia R. Dobrow, pp. 25–44. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-0499-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-0499-4">0-8058-0499-4</a></li> <li>Landis, Bill, and Michelle Clifford (2002). Sleazoid Express: A Mind-Twisting Tour through the Grindhouse Cinema of Times Square. New York: Fireside/Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-1583-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-1583-4">0-7432-1583-4</a></li> <li>Langford, Barry (2005). Film Genre: Hollywood and Beyond, 2d ed. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1903-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1903-8">0-7486-1903-8</a></li> <li>Lasky, Betty (1989). RKO: The Biggest Little Major of Them All. Santa Monica, Calif.: Roundtable. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915677-41-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-915677-41-5">0-915677-41-5</a></li> <li>Lawrence, Novotny (2008). Blaxploitation Films of the 1970s: Blackness and Genre. New York and London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96097-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96097-5">0-415-96097-5</a></li> <li>Lentz, Harris M. (2002). Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2001. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1278-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1278-X">0-7864-1278-X</a></li> <li>Lev, Peter (2003). Transforming the Screen: 1950–1959. New York et al.: Thomson-Gale. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80495-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80495-6">0-684-80495-6</a></li> <li>Levine, Elena (2007). Wallowing in Sex: The New Sexual Culture of 1970s American Television. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-3919-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-3919-6">0-8223-3919-6</a></li> <li>Lewis, Jon (2002). Hollywood v. Hard Core: How the Struggle over Censorship Created the Modern Film Industry. New York: New York University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-5143-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-5143-1">0-8147-5143-1</a></li> <li>Loy, R. Philip (2004). Westerns in a Changing America, 1955–2000. Jefferson, N.C., and London: McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1871-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1871-0">0-7864-1871-0</a></li> <li>Lubasch, Arnold H. (1979). "Allied Artists Seeks Help Under Bankruptcy Act; Allied Artists Files Chapter XI," <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, April 5.</li> <li>Lyons, Arthur (2000). Death on the Cheap: The Lost B Movies of Film Noir. New York: Da Capo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80996-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80996-6">0-306-80996-6</a></li> <li>Maltby, Richard (2000). "'The Problem of Interpretation...': Authorial and Institutional Intentions In and Around Kiss Me Deadly," Screening the Past (June 30, available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latrobe.edu.au/screeningthepast/firstrelease/fr0600/rmfr10e.htm">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505134654/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/screeningthepast/firstrelease/fr0600/rmfr10e.htm">Archived</a> May 5, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li>Mank, Gregory William (2001). Hollywood Cauldron: 13 Horror Films from the Genre's Golden Age. Jefferson, N.C., and London: McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1112-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1112-0">0-7864-1112-0</a></li> <li>Maslin, Janet (1997). "An Orgy of Bent Fenders and Bent Love," <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, March 21 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9402EFDD163BF932A15750C0A961958260">online</a>).</li> <li>Mathijs, Ernest, and Xavier Mendik, eds. (2008). The Cult Film Reader. Maidenhead and New York: Open University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-335-21924-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-335-21924-1">0-335-21924-1</a></li> <li>Matthews, Melvin E. (2007). Hostile Aliens, Hollywood, and Today's News: 1950s Science Fiction Films and 9/11. New York: Algora. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87586-497-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87586-497-X">0-87586-497-X</a></li> <li>McCarthy, Todd, and Charles Flynn, eds. (1975). Kings of the Bs: Working Within the Hollywood System—An Anthology of Film History and Criticism. New York: E.P. Dutton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-47378-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-47378-5">0-525-47378-5</a></li> <li>McGilligan, Patrick (1996). Jack's Life: A Biography of Jack Nicholson. New York: W. W. Norton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31378-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31378-6">0-393-31378-6</a></li> <li>Merritt, Greg (2000). Celluloid Mavericks: The History of American Independent Film. New York: Thunder's Mouth. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56025-232-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56025-232-4">1-56025-232-4</a></li> <li>Milne, Tom (2005). "Electra Glide in Blue," in Pym, Time Out Film Guide, p. 389.</li> <li>Morrow, John (1996). "Cinekirbyesque: Examining Jack's Deal with Empire Pictures," Jack Kirby Collector 12 (July).</li> <li>Mottram, James (2006). The Sundance Kids: How the Mavericks Took Back Hollywood. New York: Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-22267-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-22267-6">0-571-22267-6</a></li> <li>Muller, Eddie (1998). Dark City: The Lost World of Film Noir. New York: St. Martin's. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-18076-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-18076-4">0-312-18076-4</a></li> <li>Nachbar, Jack, ed. (1974). Focus on the Western. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-950626-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-950626-8">0-13-950626-8</a></li> <li>Naremore, James (1998). More Than Night: Film Noir in Its Contexts. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21294-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21294-0">0-520-21294-0</a></li> <li>Nason, Richard (1959). "Weak 'Hercules'; Italian-Made Spectacle Opens at 135 Theatres," <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, July 23 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D01EEDB1F3CE63BBC4B51DFB1668382649EDE">online</a>).</li> <li>O'Connor, John J. (1995). "Horror Hero of the 90's, Half Man, Half Bomb," <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, July 11 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/11/arts/television-review-horror-hero-of-the-90-s-half-man-half-bomb.html">online</a>).</li> <li>Oppermann, Michael (1996). "Ed Wood" (film review), Journal of American Studies of Turkey 3 (spring, available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ake.ege.edu.tr/new/jast/Number3/OppermannEW.html">online</a>).</li> <li>Ottoson, Robert (1981). A Reference Guide to the American Film Noir: 1940–1958. Metuchen, N.J., and London: Scarecrow Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-1363-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-1363-7">0-8108-1363-7</a></li> <li>Paul, William (1994). Laughing, Screaming: Modern Hollywood Horror and Comedy. New York: Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08464-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-08464-1">0-231-08464-1</a></li> <li>Petit, Chris (2005). "The Winged Serpent (aka Q—The Winged Serpent)," in Pym, Time Out Film Guide, p. 1481.</li> <li>Prince, Stephen (2002). A New Pot of Gold: Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow, 1980–1989. Berkeley: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23266-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23266-6">0-520-23266-6</a></li> <li>Pym, John, ed. (2005). Time Out Film Guide, 14th ed. London et al.: Time Out. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904978-87-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-904978-87-8">1-904978-87-8</a></li> <li>Quarles, Mike (2001 [1993]). Down and Dirty: Hollywood's Exploitation Filmmakers and Their Movies. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1142-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1142-2">0-7864-1142-2</a></li> <li>Rabiger, Michael (2008). Directing: Film Techniques and Aesthetics, 4th ed. Burlington, Mass.: Focal Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-80882-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-80882-7">0-240-80882-7</a></li> <li>Rausch, Andrew J., with Michael Dequina (2008). Fifty Filmmakers: Conversations with Directors from Roger Avary to Steven Zaillian. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-3149-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-3149-0">0-7864-3149-0</a></li> <li>Reid, John Howard (2005a). Hollywood 'B' Movies: A Treasury of Spills, Chills & Thrills. Morrisville, N.C.: Lulu. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4116-5065-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4116-5065-4">1-4116-5065-4</a></li> <li>Reid, John Howard (2005b). Movie Westerns: Hollywood Films the Wild, Wild West. Morrisville, N.C.: Lulu. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4116-6610-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4116-6610-0">1-4116-6610-0</a></li> <li>Rockoff, Adam (2002). Going to Pieces: The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film, 1978–1986. Jefferson, N.C., and London: McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1227-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1227-5">0-7864-1227-5</a></li> <li>Reynaud, Bérénice (2006). "Wanda's Shattered Lives" (booklet accompanying Parlour Pictures DVD release of Wanda).</li> <li>Rubin, Martin (1999). Thrillers. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-58183-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-58183-4">0-521-58183-4</a></li> <li>Russell, Carolyn R. (2001). The Films of Joel and Ethan Coen. Jefferson, N.C., and London: McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0973-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0973-8">0-7864-0973-8</a></li> <li>Sapolsky, Barry S., and Fred Molitor (1996). "Content Trends in Contemporary Horror Films," in Horror Films: Current Research on Audience Preferences and Reactions, ed. James B. Weaver, pp. 33–48. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-1174-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-1174-5">0-8058-1174-5</a></li> <li>Schaefer, Eric (1992). "Of Hygiene and Hollywood: Origins of the Exploitation Film", in Hollywood: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies—Vol. 1: Historical Dimensions: The Development of the American Film Industry (2004), ed. Thomas Schatz, pp. 161–80 (originally published in The Velvet Light Trap 30). New York and London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28131-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28131-8">0-415-28131-8</a></li> <li>Schaefer, Eric (1999). "Bold! Daring! Shocking! True!": A History of Exploitation Films, 1919–1959. Durham, N.C., and London: Duke University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-2374-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-2374-5">0-8223-2374-5</a></li> <li>Schatz, Thomas (1993). "The New Hollywood", in Film Theory Goes to the Movies: Cultural Analysis of Contemporary Film, ed. Jim Collins, Hilary Radner, and Ava Preacher Collins, pp. 8–36. New York and London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-90575-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-90575-3">0-415-90575-3</a></li> <li>Schatz, Thomas (1998 [1989]). The Genius of the System: Hollywood Filmmaking in the Studio Era. London: Faber and Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-19596-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-19596-2">0-571-19596-2</a></li> <li>Schatz, Thomas (1999 [1997]). Boom and Bust: American Cinema in the 1940s. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22130-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22130-3">0-520-22130-3</a></li> <li>Schneider, Steven Jay, and Tony Williams (2005). Horror International. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-3101-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-3101-7">0-8143-3101-7</a></li> <li>Schrader, Paul (1972). "Notes on Film Noir", in Silver and Ursini, Film Noir Reader, pp. 53–63 (originally published in Film Comment 8, no. 1).</li> <li>Scott, A. O. (2005). "Where Have All the Howlers Gone?" <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, "Arts & Leisure," December 18.</li> <li>Segrave, Kerry (1992). Drive-In Theaters: A History from Their Inception in 1933. Jefferson, N.C., and London: McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89950-752-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89950-752-2">0-89950-752-2</a></li> <li>Shapiro, Jerome F. (2002). Atomic Bomb Cinema: The Apocalyptic Imagination on Film. New York and London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93659-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93659-4">0-415-93659-4</a></li> <li>Silver, Alain (1995). "Kiss Me Deadly: Evidence of a Style", rev. ver., in Silver and Ursini, Film Noir Reader, pp. 209–35.</li> <li>Silver, Alain, and James Ursini, eds. (1996). Film Noir Reader. Pompton Plains, N.J.: Limelight. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87910-197-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87910-197-0">0-87910-197-0</a></li> <li>Staiger, Janet (2000). Blockbuster TV: Must-see Sitcoms in the Network Era. New York and London: New York University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-9757-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-9757-1">0-8147-9757-1</a></li> <li>Stevenson, Jack (2003). Land of a Thousand Balconies: Discoveries and Confessions of a B-Movie Archaeologist. Manchester, UK: Headpress/Critical Vision. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900486-23-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-900486-23-7">1-900486-23-7</a></li> <li>Strawn, Linda May (1975 [1974]). "Samuel Z. Arkoff [interview]", in McCarthy and Flynn, Kings of the Bs, pp. 255–66.</li> <li>Syder, Andrew, and Dolores Tierney (2005). "Importation/Mexploitation, or, How a Crime-Fighting, Vampire-Slaying Mexican Wrestler Almost Found Himself in an Italian Sword-and-Sandals Epic", in Schneider and Williams, Horror International, pp. 33–55.</li> <li>Taves, Brian (1995 [1993]). "The B Film: Hollywood's Other Half", in Balio, Grand Design, pp. 313–50.</li> <li>Thompson, Howard (1960). "'Hercules Unchained' Heads Twin Bill", <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, July 14 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B04E0D61230EF3ABC4C52DFB166838B679EDE">online</a>).</li> <li>Tuska, Jon (1974). "The American Western Cinema: 1903–Present", in Nachbar, Focus on the Western, pp. 25–43.</li> <li>Tuska, Jon (1999). The Vanishing Legion: A History of Mascot Pictures, 1927–1935. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0749-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0749-2">0-7864-0749-2</a></li> <li>Van Peebles, Melvin (2003). "The Real Deal: What It <s>Was</s>... Is! Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song" (commentary accompanying Xenon Entertainment DVD release of Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song).</li> <li>Warren, Bill (2001). The Evil Dead Companion. New York: St. Martin's. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-27501-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-27501-3">0-312-27501-3</a></li> <li>Waterman, David (2005). Hollywood's Road to Riches. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01945-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01945-8">0-674-01945-8</a></li> <li>West, Richard (1974). "Scariest Movie Ever?", Texas Monthly, March, p. 9.</li> <li>Williams, Tony (1996). Hearths of Darkness: The Family in the American Horror Film. Cranbury, N.J., London, and Mississauga, Ontario: Associated University Presses. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-3564-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8386-3564-4">0-8386-3564-4</a></li> <li>Willis, Sharon (1997). High Contrast: Race and Gender in Contemporary Hollywood Film. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-2041-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-2041-X">0-8223-2041-X</a></li> <li>Wood, Robin (2003). Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan—and Beyond, exp. and rev. ed. New York and Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12967-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-12967-X">0-231-12967-X</a></li> <li>Wyatt, Justin (1998). "The Formation of the 'Major Independent': Miramax, New Line, and the New Hollywood", in Contemporary Hollywood Cinema, ed. Stephen Neale and Murray Smith, pp. 74–90. New York and London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17010-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17010-9">0-415-17010-9</a></li> <li>Zeitchik, Steven, and Nicole Laporte (2006). "Atomic Label Proves a Blast for Fox", Variety, November 19 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2006/film/news/atomic-label-proves-a-blast-for-fox-1117954196/">online</a> ).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/b_movie" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/b movie">b movie</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/2/21701757/">The Biology of B-Movie Monsters</a> analysis by Michael C. LaBarbera, University of Chicago</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.new.oscars.org/Details/Collection/1807">Dwight Cleveland collection of posters</a>, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interviews_of_B_movie_professionals">Interviews of B movie professionals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Interviews of B movie professionals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmonster.com/indexa.html">The Astounding B-Monster Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.badmovies.org/interviews/">Badmovies.org Interviews</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roguecinema.com/">Rogue Cinema</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searchmytrash.com/search.htm">Search My Trash</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=B_movie&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/the-100-best-b-movies-of-all-time/">Paste Magazine's 100 Best "B Movies" of All Time</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180624040038/https://www.pastemagazine.com/blogs/lists/2014/05/the-100-best-b-movies-of-all-time.html?a=1">Archived</a> June 24, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Independent_production" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Independent_production" title="Template:Independent production"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Independent_production" title="Template talk:Independent production"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Independent_production" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Independent production"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Independent_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Independent production</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comics" title="Alternative comics">Alternative comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_manga" title="Alternative manga">Alternative manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">Fanzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_of_webcomics" title="Business of webcomics">business</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic" title="Minicomic">Minicomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic_Co-ops" title="Minicomic Co-ops">Co-ops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi">Doujinshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_convention" title="Doujinshi convention">conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_printer" title="Doujinshi printer">printers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_shop" title="Doujin shop">shops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_press" title="Small press">Small press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_press_association" title="Amateur press association">Amateur press association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">Independent music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Record label</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netlabel" title="Netlabel">Netlabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_record_label" title="Open-source record label">Open-source label</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_radio" title="Independent radio">Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_culture" title="Cassette culture">Cassette culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_music" title="Doujin music">Doujin music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Module_file" title="Module file">Tracker (MOD) music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podsafe" title="Podsafe">Podsafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">Underground music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Amateur</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Home movies">Home movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_film" title="Amateur film">Amateur film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_pornography" title="Amateur pornography">Amateur pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_film" title="Fan film">Fan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_animation" title="Independent animation">Independent animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">B movie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_(Hollywood_Golden_Age)" title="B movies (Hollywood Golden Age)">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_in_the_1950s" title="B movies in the 1950s">'50s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_(exploitation_boom)" title="B movies (exploitation boom)">'60s–'70s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_since_the_1980s" title="B movies since the 1980s">'80s–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">Midnight movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave_cinema" title="No wave cinema">No wave cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_feature" title="Double feature">Double feature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_coding" title="Cowboy coding">Cowboy coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demoscene" title="Demoscene">Demoscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_cracking" title="Software cracking">Software cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unofficial_patch" title="Unofficial patch">Unofficial patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warez_scene" title="Warez scene">Warez scene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">Video games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">Indie games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie game development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indie_game_developers" title="List of indie game developers">developers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrew_(video_games)" title="Homebrew (video games)">Homebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">Fan game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_soft" title="Doujin soft">Doujin soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_video_game" title="Open-source video game">Open-source video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROM_hacking" title="ROM hacking">ROM hack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Food</li><li>Drinks</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_soft_drink" title="Independent soft drink">Independent soft drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrewing" title="Homebrewing">Homebrewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbrewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">Microbrewery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_art" title="Indie art">Indie art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Amateur photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_art" title="Mail art">Mail art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_environment" title="Visionary environment">Visionary environment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_role-playing_game" title="Indie role-playing game">Indie RPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_circuit" title="Independent circuit">Independent circuit (wrestling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">Independent TV station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_design" title="Indie design">Indie design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a> (<a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin" title="Doujin">Doujin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_(magazine)" title="Make (magazine)">Make (magazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maker_Faire" title="Maker Faire">Maker Faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Social peer-to-peer processes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see Exploitation film template</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format, technique, approach, or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Film_genres" title="Category:Film genres">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horror_film" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horror_film" title="Template:Horror film"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horror_film" title="Template talk:Horror film"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horror_film" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horror film"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horror_film" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror film</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation_horror_films" title="Blaxploitation horror films">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_horror" title="Body horror">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_horror" title="Folk horror">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_horror" title="Postmodern horror">Postmodern horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological horror film">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_horror_film" title="Supernatural horror film">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_thriller" title="Social thriller">Social thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Teen horror">Teen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_film" title="Zombie film">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horror_films_of_Asia" title="Horror films of Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horror_films_of_Cambodia" title="Horror films of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshi_fiction" title="Jiangshi fiction">Jiangshi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_horror" title="Indonesian horror">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_horror" title="Thai horror">Thailand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_films_of_Europe" title="Horror films of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_films_of_Mexico" title="Horror films of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_horror_cinema" title="British horror cinema">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horror_films" title="Lists of horror films">Film lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_horror_films" title="List of highest-grossing horror films">Highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_horror_films_by_country" title="List of first horror films by country">First film by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_horror_films" title="List of Indian horror films">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_horror_films" title="List of Hindi horror films">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malayalam_horror_films" title="List of Malayalam horror films">Malayalam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_decade" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By decade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1890s" title="List of horror films of the 1890s">1890s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1900s" title="List of horror films of the 1900s">1900s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1910s" title="List of horror films of the 1910s">1910s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1920s" title="List of horror films of the 1920s">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1930s" title="List of horror films of the 1930s">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1940s" title="List of horror films of the 1940s">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1950s" title="List of horror films of the 1950s">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1960s" title="List of horror films of the 1960s">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1970s" title="List of horror films of the 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1980s" title="List of horror films of the 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1990s" title="List of horror films of the 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_2000s" title="List of horror films of the 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_2010s" title="List of horror films of the 2010s">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_2020s" title="List of horror films of the 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_anthology_films" title="List of horror anthology films">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comedy_horror_films" title="List of comedy horror films">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ghost_movie" title="Indian ghost movie">Indian ghost movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_French_Extremity" title="New French Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Sci-fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_set_in_academic_institutions" title="List of horror films set in academic institutions">Set in academic institutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_horror_films" title="History of horror films">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film_score" title="Horror film score">Score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Gender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_girl" title="Final girl">final girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scream_queen" title="Scream queen">scream queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_mother" title="Archaic mother">archaic mother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jump_scare" title="Jump scare">Jump scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_horror_films" title="Disability in horror films">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_horror_films" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in horror films">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_in_horror_films" title="Race in horror films">Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_burial_ground_trope" title="Indian burial ground trope">Indian burial ground trope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horror_film_characters" title="Lists of horror film characters">Characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horror_host" title="Horror host">hosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_film_villains" title="List of horror film villains">villains</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td 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