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simulation method. Regional settlement patterns are investigated in order to understand what feedback levels for settlement benefits, or incentives, and abilities to move or disperse between sites in a landscape and period could have enabled observed settlement structures to emerge or be maintained. Archaeological and historical data are then used to interpret the best results. We suggest that in the Late Chalcolithic (LC) and first half of the Early Bronze Age (EBA), the KT and SM appear to have comparable urban patterns and development, where settlement advantage feedbacks and movement are similarly shaping the two regions for those periods. Within period variations, such as restrictions to population diffusion or movement in the EBA, are possible. In the KT during the Middle Bronze Age (MBA), multiple centers begin to emerge, suggesting a lack of social cohesion and/or political fragmentation. This is similar to SM in the MBA, but we also see the emergence of a single, dominant site. In the Iron Age (IA), movement in the KT likely becomes the least constrained in all assessed periods, as socio-political cohesion facilitates this process, with small sites now the norm and dominance by one state over the region is evident. For the same period in SM, a single site (Babylon) obtains significant settlement advantages relative to its neighbors and easy movement enables it to become far larger in size and likely socially, economically, and politically dominant. Overall, the results demonstrate that the method is useful for archaeologists and social theorists in allowing them to compare different archaeological survey results, with varied spatial dimensions and diachronically, while providing a level of explanation that addresses empirical settlement patterns observed.","publication_date":"2015,,","publication_name":"Structure and Dynamics: eJournal of Anthropological and Related Sciences","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"115771803"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Evaluating Settlement Structures in the Ancient Near East using Spatial Interaction Entropy Maximization","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [31896297]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":115771803,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Evaluating Settlement Structures in the Ancient Near East using Spatial Interaction Entropy Maximization”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/115771803/mini_magick20240802-1-wtw72s.png?1722567121" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Evaluating Settlement Structures in the Ancient Near East using Spatial Interaction Entropy Maximization</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31896297" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MAltaweel"><img alt="Profile image of Mark Altaweel" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/31896297/24999880/23811146/s65_mark.altaweel.jpg" />Mark Altaweel</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2015, Structure and Dynamics: eJournal of Anthropological and Related Sciences</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":115771803,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/120707062/Evaluating_Settlement_Structures_in_the_Ancient_Near_East_using_Spatial_Interaction_Entropy_Maximization"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":115771803,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/120707062/Evaluating_Settlement_Structures_in_the_Ancient_Near_East_using_Spatial_Interaction_Entropy_Maximization"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="115771803" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/120707062/Evaluating_Settlement_Structures_in_the_Ancient_Near_East_using_Spatial_Interaction_Entropy_Maximization" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="16992726" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16992726/Evaluating_Settlement_Structures_in_the_Ancient_Near_East_using_Spatial_Interaction_Entropy_Maximization_2015_">Evaluating Settlement Structures in the Ancient Near East using Spatial Interaction Entropy Maximization (2015)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="445798" href="https://unito.academia.edu/AlessioPalmisano">Alessio Palmisano</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Structure and Dynamics, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We explore settlement structures and hierarchy found in different archaeological periods in northern, specifically the Khabur Triangle (KT), and southern Mesopotamia (SM) using a spatial interaction entropy maximization (SIEM) modeling and simulation method. Regional settlement patterns are investigated in order to understand what feedback levels for settlement benefits, or incentives, and abilities to move or disperse between sites in a landscape and period could have enabled observed settlement structures to emerge or be maintained. Archaeological and historical data are then used to interpret the best results. We suggest that in the Late Chalcolithic (LC) and first half of the Early Bronze Age (EBA), the KT and SM appear to have comparable urban patterns and development, where settlement advantage feedbacks and movement are similarly shaping the two regions for those periods. Within period variations, such as restrictions to population diffusion or movement in the EBA, are possible. In the KT during the Middle Bronze Age (MBA), multiple centers begin to emerge, suggesting a lack of social cohesion and/or political fragmentation. This is similar to SM in the MBA, but we also see the emergence of a single, dominant site. In the Iron Age (IA), movement in the KT likely becomes the least constrained in all assessed periods, as socio-political cohesion facilitates this process, with small sites now the norm and dominance by one state over the region is evident. For the same period in SM, a single site (Babylon) obtains significant settlement advantages relative to its neighbors and easy movement enables it to become far larger in size and likely socially, economically, and politically dominant. 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Davies, H. Fry, A. Wilson, A. Palmisano and M. Altaweel, Application of an Entropy Maximizing and Dynamics Model for Understanding Settlement Structure: The Khabur Triangle in the Middle Bronze and Iron Ages. Journal of Archaeological Science 43 (2014) 141-154. </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="445798" href="https://unito.academia.edu/AlessioPalmisano">Alessio Palmisano</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="331025" href="https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/KarenRadner">Karen Radner</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"2014 with T. Davies, H. Fry, A. Wilson, A. Palmisano and M. 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Using statistical and spatial analysis, the authors developed two approaches which allowed to go further in order to model settlements cycles and territorial dynamics in a long term scale with a better chronological resolution, in two areas of South-East France.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"From Archaeological Sherds to Qualitative Information for Settlement Pattern Studies","attachmentId":3251272,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/401991/From_Archaeological_Sherds_to_Qualitative_Information_for_Settlement_Pattern_Studies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/401991/From_Archaeological_Sherds_to_Qualitative_Information_for_Settlement_Pattern_Studies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="7043518" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7043518/Uziel_J_Shai_I_and_Cassuto_D_The_Ups_and_Downs_of_Settlement_Patterns_Why_Sites_Fluctuate">Uziel, J. Shai, I. and Cassuto, D. The Ups and Downs of Settlement Patterns: Why Sites Fluctuate</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1046755" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/ItzickShai">Itzick Shai</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Material Culture Matters: Essays on the Archaeology of the Southern Levant in Honor of Seymour Gitin, edited by John Spencer, Robert Mullins, and Aaron Brody, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Uziel, J. Shai, I. and Cassuto, D. The Ups and Downs of Settlement Patterns: Why Sites Fluctuate","attachmentId":33784406,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7043518/Uziel_J_Shai_I_and_Cassuto_D_The_Ups_and_Downs_of_Settlement_Patterns_Why_Sites_Fluctuate","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7043518/Uziel_J_Shai_I_and_Cassuto_D_The_Ups_and_Downs_of_Settlement_Patterns_Why_Sites_Fluctuate"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="1453692" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1453692/Describing_and_comparing_archaeological_spatial_structures">Describing and comparing archaeological spatial structures</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="716218" href="https://un-lincoln.academia.edu/LuAnnWandsnider">LuAnn Wandsnider</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Describing and comparing archaeological spatial structures","attachmentId":11254599,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1453692/Describing_and_comparing_archaeological_spatial_structures","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1453692/Describing_and_comparing_archaeological_spatial_structures"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="124995731" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124995731/Statistical_analysis_of_associations_between_subsequent_prehistoric_settlement_patterns">Statistical analysis of associations between subsequent prehistoric settlement patterns</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24075709" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ThomasWeber6">Thomas Weber</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">By means of methods of point pattern analysis we study associations between subsequent prehistoric settlement patterns in the Rhineland around Cologne, between Protohistoric (Iron Age) and Gallo-Roman sites in the Picardie, between Early and Late Merovingian sites in the Thuringian Basin and between Neolithic sites in the south Polish loess zone. For the settlements in the Rhineland, the analysis shows a spatial association between the sites of Linear Pottery Culture and Rössen Culture in the sense that similar locations were used. In contrast to that, the positions of the Rössen Culture and the subsequent Michelsberg Culture are independent. The pattern of sites in the Picardie serves as an example of both obvious discontinuity and random mixture of sites. For the sites in south Poland some short-range attraction between Linear Pottery, Lengyel, and Funnel-necked Beaker Culture is found, which seems to show parallels to the observations for the Rhineland. For the Thuringian Basin, the statistical analysis indicates and quantifies the expansion of the settled areas in the alluvial valleys and the surrounding highlands for the change from the 6th to the 7th century CE.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Statistical analysis of associations between subsequent prehistoric settlement patterns","attachmentId":119117736,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124995731/Statistical_analysis_of_associations_between_subsequent_prehistoric_settlement_patterns","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/124995731/Statistical_analysis_of_associations_between_subsequent_prehistoric_settlement_patterns"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="85048786" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/85048786/What_Does_Settlement_Layout_Tell_Us_About_the_Community_An_Ethnoarchaeological_Study_In_the_Archaeology_of_Nucleation_in_the_Old_World_Archaeopress_2022_14_31">What Does Settlement Layout Tell Us About the Community? An Ethnoarchaeological Study.In the Archaeology of Nucleation in the Old World (Archaeopress 2022) 14-31</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="210394098" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YalmanNurcan">Nurcan Yalman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Archaeopress, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The layout of a settlement reflects long-term processes and mutual interactions that occur among many variables. Sometimes, the factors that shape a settlement are the result of various deliberate decisions, but indirect effects also play a role in these processes. At an archaeological site, we usually excavate only parts of a settlement and can observe only those parts that have been preserved. Therefore, we accept that many of the components are missing. Because of this, and especially for prehistoric settlements, it can be difficult to interpret the community by exploring only the site plans. Through an ethnoarchaeological study from Central Anatolia, this paper will discuss the relationship between the structure of a community and the settlement layout, and address the factors that make a settlement nucleated, dispersed, or agglomerated</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"What Does Settlement Layout Tell Us About the Community? An Ethnoarchaeological Study.In the Archaeology of Nucleation in the Old World (Archaeopress 2022) 14-31","attachmentId":89870118,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/85048786/What_Does_Settlement_Layout_Tell_Us_About_the_Community_An_Ethnoarchaeological_Study_In_the_Archaeology_of_Nucleation_in_the_Old_World_Archaeopress_2022_14_31","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/85048786/What_Does_Settlement_Layout_Tell_Us_About_the_Community_An_Ethnoarchaeological_Study_In_the_Archaeology_of_Nucleation_in_the_Old_World_Archaeopress_2022_14_31"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="44002208" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44002208/Review_of_Gillings_Hac%C4%B1g%C3%BCzeller_and_Lock_2020_Archaeological_Spatial_Analysis_A_Methodological_Guide_">Review of Gillings, Hacıgüzeller, & Lock (2020), "Archaeological Spatial Analysis: A Methodological Guide"</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8050861" href="https://ku-dk.academia.edu/EvanLevine">Evan I Levine</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Antiquity, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of Gillings, Hacıgüzeller, \u0026 Lock (2020), \"Archaeological Spatial Analysis: A Methodological Guide\"","attachmentId":64335340,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44002208/Review_of_Gillings_Hac%C4%B1g%C3%BCzeller_and_Lock_2020_Archaeological_Spatial_Analysis_A_Methodological_Guide_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44002208/Review_of_Gillings_Hac%C4%B1g%C3%BCzeller_and_Lock_2020_Archaeological_Spatial_Analysis_A_Methodological_Guide_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":115771803,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":115771803,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_115771803" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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Left Coast Press: 27-52 , 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Intensities, interactions and uncertainties: some new approaches to archaeological distributions (2013)","attachmentId":59412665,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39277201/Intensities_interactions_and_uncertainties_some_new_approaches_to_archaeological_distributions_2013_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39277201/Intensities_interactions_and_uncertainties_some_new_approaches_to_archaeological_distributions_2013_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="73046054" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73046054/Settlement_Scaling_in_Middle_Range_Societies">Settlement Scaling in Middle-Range Societies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1743024" href="https://colorado.academia.edu/ScottOrtman">Scott Ortman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Antiquity</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Settlement Scaling in Middle-Range Societies","attachmentId":81723941,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73046054/Settlement_Scaling_in_Middle_Range_Societies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73046054/Settlement_Scaling_in_Middle_Range_Societies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="4456124" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4456124/Safadi_C_2013_The_Beqaa_Valley_During_the_Early_Bronze_Age_A_GIS_Approach_to_Settlement_Patterns_M_Sc_Thesis_University_of_Southampton_UK">Safadi, C., 2013. 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