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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balovale_Dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Balovale Dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balovale_Dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barotseland_Agreement_1964" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barotseland_Agreement_1964"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Barotseland Agreement 1964</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barotseland_Agreement_1964-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Post-colonial era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="بروتسلاند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتسلاند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_de_Barotsel%C3%A0ndia" title="Regne de Barotselàndia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne de Barotselàndia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Barotseland" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Barotseland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotselandia" title="Barotselandia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Barotselandia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Barotseland" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Barotseland" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Barotseland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Barotseland" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotselandas" title="Barotselandas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Barotselandas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Barotseland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AD%E3%83%84%E3%82%A7%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="バロツェランド王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バロツェランド王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotsel%C3%A2ndia" title="Barotselândia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Barotselândia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Баротселенд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Баротселенд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefatshe_la_barotse" title="Lefatshe la barotse – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Lefatshe la barotse" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotsemaa" title="Barotsemaa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Barotsemaa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barotseland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Barotseland" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Баротселенд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Баротселенд" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Barotseland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Barotseland"><img alt="Flag of Barotseland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_Barotseland.svg/125px-Flag_of_Barotseland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_Barotseland.svg/188px-Flag_of_Barotseland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_Barotseland.svg/250px-Flag_of_Barotseland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div> <div>Flag</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barotseland_Coat-Arms_shaded.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Barotseland"><img alt="Coat of arms of Barotseland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Barotseland_Coat-Arms_shaded.jpg/85px-Barotseland_Coat-Arms_shaded.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Barotseland_Coat-Arms_shaded.jpg/128px-Barotseland_Coat-Arms_shaded.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Barotseland_Coat-Arms_shaded.jpg/170px-Barotseland_Coat-Arms_shaded.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barotseland_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate location of Barotseland"><img alt="Approximate location of Barotseland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Barotseland_Map.jpg/200px-Barotseland_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Barotseland_Map.jpg/300px-Barotseland_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Barotseland_Map.jpg/400px-Barotseland_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1683" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Approximate location of Barotseland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mongu" title="Mongu">Mongu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">Common languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Lozi</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Barotse, Barotselandian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">252,386 km<sup>2</sup> (97,447 sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">muLozi, Murotse</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">baLozi, Barotse</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Silozi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Silozi language">Silozi</a>, Rozi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Barotseland, Bulozi</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Barotseland</b> (<a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Lozi</a>: <i>Mubuso Bulozi</i>) is a region between <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> including half of north-western province, southern province, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Province" title="Lusaka Province">Lusaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Province,_Zambia" title="Central Province, Zambia">Central</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copperbelt_Province" title="Copperbelt Province">Copperbelt</a> provinces of <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and the whole of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga Province</a>. It is the homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Lozi people</a> or <i>Barotse</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Malozi, who are a unified group of over 46 individual formerly diverse tribes related through kinship, whose original branch are the Luyi (Maluyi), and also assimilated <a href="/wiki/Southern_Sotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Sotho">Southern Sotho</a> tribe of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Sotho_people#Zulu_expansionism_and_White_migration" title="Sotho people">Makololo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Phiri_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phiri-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UPNO_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPNO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Barotse speak <a href="/wiki/SiLozi" class="mw-redirect" title="SiLozi">siLozi</a>, a language most closely related to <a href="/wiki/Sesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesotho">Sesotho</a>. Barotseland covers an area of 252,386 square kilometres, but is estimated to have been twice as large at certain points in its history.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once an empire, the Kingdom stretched into Namibia, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> including half of eastern and northern provinces of Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo's <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the British colonial administration, Barotseland was a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a> from the late 19th-century. The Litunga, the monarch of Barotseland, had negotiated agreements, first with the <a href="/wiki/British_South_African_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British South African Company">British South African Company</a> (BSAC), and then with the British government that ensured the kingdom maintained much of its traditional authority under the Litunga. Barotseland was essentially a nation-state, a protectorate within the larger protectorate of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>. In return for this protectorate status, the <a href="/wiki/Litunga" title="Litunga">Litunga</a> gave the BSAC mineral exploration rights in Barotseland.<sup id="cite_ref-gga.org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gga.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964, Barotseland became part of Zambia when that country achieved independence. In 2012, a group of traditional Lozi leaders, calling itself the Barotseland National Council, called for independence; other tribal chieftains oppose secession, however.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCseeks_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCseeks-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barotseland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Barotseland" title="Special:EditPage/Barotseland">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Barotseland%22">"Barotseland"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Barotseland%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Barotseland%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Barotseland%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Barotseland%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Barotseland%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Barotseland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Le_Barotseland.jpg/256px-Le_Barotseland.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Le_Barotseland.jpg/384px-Le_Barotseland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Le_Barotseland.jpg/512px-Le_Barotseland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the principal towns of Barotseland</figcaption></figure> <p>Its heartland is the <a href="/wiki/Barotse_Floodplain" title="Barotse Floodplain">Barotse Floodplain</a> on the upper <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezi River">Zambezi River</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it includes the surrounding higher ground of the plateau comprising all of what was the <a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Zambia" title="Western Province, Zambia">Western Province</a> of Zambia. In pre-colonial times, Barotseland included some neighbouring parts of what are now the <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Province,_Zambia" title="North-Western Province, Zambia">Northwestern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Province,_Zambia" title="Central Province, Zambia">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Zambia" title="Southern Province, Zambia">Southern Province</a> as well as Caprivi in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> and parts of southeastern <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> beyond the <a href="/wiki/Cuando_River" title="Cuando River">Cuando River</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barotseland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barotseland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of Barotseland are unclear, but are a prominent subject in <a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi mythology</a>. It is believed that the Barotse state was founded by Queen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuywamwambwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mbuywamwambwa (page does not exist)">Mbuywamwambwa</a>, the Lozi matriarch, over 500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its people were migrants from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Congo</a>. Other ethnic groupings that constitute the current Barotse kingdom migrated from <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Congo</a>. The Barotse (the Lozi) reached the Zambezi River in the 17th century and their kingdom grew until it comprised some 25 peoples from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> to the Congo and from Angola to the <a href="/wiki/Kafue_River" title="Kafue River">Kafue River</a>. At the time, Barotseland was already a monarchy, when <a href="/wiki/Lealui" title="Lealui">Lealui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limulunga" title="Limulunga">Limulunga</a> were seasonal capitals of the Lozi kings.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A detailed investigation into the history of the Barotse was carried out in 1939 in connection with the Balovale Dispute, see below.<sup id="cite_ref-spanglefish.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spanglefish.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1845 Barotseland had been conquered by the Makololo (Kololo) from Lesotho<sup id="cite_ref-Phiri_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phiri-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – which is why the Barotse language, Silozi, is a variant of <a href="/wiki/Sotho%E2%80%93Tswana_languages" title="Sotho–Tswana languages">Sesotho</a>. The Makololo were in power when <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">Livingstone</a> visited Barotseland, but after thirty years the Luyi successfully overthrew the Kololo king.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_colonisation">British colonisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barotseland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British colonisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_Years_in_South_Africa,_page_220,_king_Sepopo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Seven_Years_in_South_Africa%2C_page_220%2C_king_Sepopo.jpg/220px-Seven_Years_in_South_Africa%2C_page_220%2C_king_Sepopo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Seven_Years_in_South_Africa%2C_page_220%2C_king_Sepopo.jpg/330px-Seven_Years_in_South_Africa%2C_page_220%2C_king_Sepopo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Seven_Years_in_South_Africa%2C_page_220%2C_king_Sepopo.jpg/440px-Seven_Years_in_South_Africa%2C_page_220%2C_king_Sepopo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Sipopa Lutangu, king of the Lozi people in 1864–1876</figcaption></figure> <p>Barotseland's status at the onset of the colonial era differed from the other regions which became Zambia. It was the first territory north of the Zambezi to sign a <a href="/wiki/Mining_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining rights">minerals concession</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> agreement with the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a> (BSAC) of <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_Years_in_South_Africa,_page_357,_Wana_Wena,_the_new_king_of_the_Marutse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seven_Years_in_South_Africa%2C_page_357%2C_Wana_Wena%2C_the_new_king_of_the_Marutse.jpg/220px-Seven_Years_in_South_Africa%2C_page_357%2C_Wana_Wena%2C_the_new_king_of_the_Marutse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seven_Years_in_South_Africa%2C_page_357%2C_Wana_Wena%2C_the_new_king_of_the_Marutse.jpg/330px-Seven_Years_in_South_Africa%2C_page_357%2C_Wana_Wena%2C_the_new_king_of_the_Marutse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seven_Years_in_South_Africa%2C_page_357%2C_Wana_Wena%2C_the_new_king_of_the_Marutse.jpg/440px-Seven_Years_in_South_Africa%2C_page_357%2C_Wana_Wena%2C_the_new_king_of_the_Marutse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="1415" /></a><figcaption>Mwanawina II, king of the Lozi people in 1876–1878</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1880, the kingdom was stabilised and King Lewanika signed a treaty on 26 June 1889 to provide the kingdom international recognition as a State. After the discovery of diamonds, King Lewanika began trading with Europe. The first trade concession was signed on 27 June 1889 with Harry Ware, in return King Lewanika and his kingdom were to be protected. Ware transferred his concession to Cecil Rhodes of the British South Africa Company. Seeking the improvement of the military protection and with the intention to sign a treaty with the British Government, King Lewanika signed on 26 June 1890 the Lochner concession putting Barotseland under the protection of the British South Africa Company. At that time, there was European administration in Southern Rhodesia, in Nyasaland further East, and the beginnings of European administration in what was then called North-Eastern Rhodesia (centred on Fort Jameson, now Chipata) and also North-Western Rhodesia - basically Barotseland. Later, these two were administratively combined as simply "Northern Rhodesia", later divided up in five Provinces and Barotseland, which was treated slightly differently from the rest.<sup id="cite_ref-UPNO_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPNO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later Lewanika protested to <a href="/wiki/British_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">London</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> that the BSAC agents had misrepresented the terms of the concession,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but his protests fell on deaf ears,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1899 the United Kingdom proclaimed a protectorate and governed it as part of <a href="/wiki/Barotziland-North-Western_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia">Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spectrum_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spectrum-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balovale_Dispute">Balovale Dispute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barotseland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Balovale Dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1930s, there was trouble between the Barotse and the <a href="/wiki/Lovale_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovale people">Balovale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunda_people" title="Lunda people">Balunda</a> tribes who occupied the land to the north of the land occupied by the Barotse. The Barotse claimed that these were vassal tribes, while they claimed that they were not. Eventually, the Government set up a Commission to adjudicate, and the Barotse lost.<sup id="cite_ref-spanglefish.com_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spanglefish.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barotseland_Agreement_1964">Barotseland Agreement 1964</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barotseland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Barotseland Agreement 1964"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 18 May 1964, the Litunga and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a>, Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia, signed the "Barotseland Agreement 1964"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which established Barotseland's position within Zambia in place of the earlier agreement between Barotseland and the British Government. The agreement was based on a long history of close social, economic and political interactions, but granted significant continued autonomy to Barotseland. The Barotseland Agreement granted Barotse authorities local self-governance rights and rights to be consulted on specified matters, including over land, natural resources and local government. It also established the Litunga of Barotseland as "the principal local authority for the government and administration of Barotseland", that he would remain in control of the "Barotse Native Government", the "Barotse Native Authorities", the courts known as the "Barotse Native Courts", "matters relating to local government", "land", "forests", "fishing", "control of hunting", "game preservation", the "Barotse native treasury", the supply of beer and "local taxation". There was also to be no appeal from Barotseland's courts to the courts of Zambia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Within a year of taking office as president of the newly independent Zambia on 24 October 1964, President Kenneth Kaunda began to introduce various acts that abrogated most of the powers allotted to Barotseland under the agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-gga.org_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gga.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, the Local Government Act of 1965 abolished the traditional institutions that had governed Barotseland and brought the kingdom under the administration of a uniform local government system. Then in 1969, the Zambian Parliament passed the Constitutional Amendment Act, annulling the Barotseland Agreement of 1964. Later that year the government changed Barotseland's name to Western Province and announced that all provinces would be treated "equally". The agreement's dissolution and the stubbornness of successive governments in ignoring repeated calls to restore it have fuelled the region's ongoing tension.<sup id="cite_ref-gga.org_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gga.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the reasons why Kenneth Kaunda "revoked" the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Zambia_Independence_Act_1964" title="Zambia Independence Act 1964">Zambia Independence Act</a> is reported to be that it called for the continuation of Barotseland.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barotseland independentists continued to lobby to be treated as a separate state and was given substantial <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> within the later states, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> and independent Zambia. At the pre-Independence talks, the Barotse simply asked for a continuation of "Queen Victoria's protection".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-colonial_era">Post-colonial era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barotseland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-colonial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A desire to secede was expressed from time to time, causing some friction with the government of <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a>, reflected in Kaunda changing the name from Barotseland Province to Western Province, and subsequently tearing up the 1964 Agreement. According to Barotse activists' views, the government in <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a> also starved Barotseland of development – it has only one tarred road into the centre, from <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a> to the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Mongu" title="Mongu">Mongu</a>, and lacks the kind of state infrastructure projects found in other provinces. Electricity supplies are erratic, relying on an aging connection<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/Kariba_Dam" title="Kariba Dam">Kariba Dam</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> plant. Consequently, secessionist views are still aired from time to time.<sup id="cite_ref-Spectrum_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spectrum-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012_call_for_independence">2012 call for independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barotseland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2012 call for independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, a Barotseland National Council accepted Zambia's <a href="/wiki/Abrogation_in_public_law" title="Abrogation in public law">abrogation</a> of the Barotseland Agreement 1964, alleging to terminate the treaty by which Barotseland initially joined Zambia.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCseeks_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCseeks-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, Barotseland became a member of the UNPO, the <a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UPNO_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPNO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to continuing human rights violations on the part of Zambia, in 2013 the Barotseland National Freedom Alliance also petitioned the <a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> in <a href="/wiki/Banjul" title="Banjul">Banjul, the Gambia</a>, to examine Zambia's violations. This matter is currently being examined by the commission.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barotseland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutions">Institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barotseland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barotseland_Royal_Flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Barotseland_Royal_Flag.jpg/220px-Barotseland_Royal_Flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Barotseland_Royal_Flag.jpg/330px-Barotseland_Royal_Flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Barotseland_Royal_Flag.jpg/440px-Barotseland_Royal_Flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1258" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption>The Royal Standard of Barotseland<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The national flag of Barotseland has a red field and a white stripe.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional constitutional monarchy of Barotseland has <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_peoples" title="Nilotic peoples">Nilotic</a> origins<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with the kingdom originally divided into north and south. The north being ruled by a man, the King, called the <a href="/wiki/Litunga" title="Litunga">Litunga</a> meaning "keeper" or "guardian of the earth", and the south is ruled by a woman, <i>Litunga</i> la Mboela or Mulena Mukwae, "Queen of the south". Both are allegedly directly descended from the ancient <i>Litunga</i> Mulambwa who ruled at the turn of the nineteenth century and through his grandson, <i>Litunga</i> <a href="/wiki/Lewanika" title="Lewanika">Lewanika</a> who ruled from 1878 to 1916, with one break in 1884–85. He restored the traditions of the Lozi political economy in the arena of the invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Makololo" class="mw-redirect" title="Makololo">Makololo</a>, internal competition, external threats such as that posed by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Matabele</a> and the spread of <a href="/wiki/European_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonialism">European colonialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government of Barotseland is the Kuta, presided over by the Ngambela (Prime Minister).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_situation">Current situation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barotseland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Current situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Activists claim Barotseland is now theoretically independent from Zambia on the basis of the Zambian High Court ruling (see below), that the 1964 Agreement was unilaterally abrogated<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Zambia, as being null and void (see above) – i.e., Zambia washed its hands of Barotseland, which therefore reverted to the situation that existed before Zambian Independence; i.e. that Barotseland remains a Protectorate of Great Britain. However, Britain does not want to get involved.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_parties">Political parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barotseland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesian_general_election,_1962" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Rhodesian general election, 1962">1962 elections</a>, the Barotse National Party was established to contest the two Barotseland districts, as part of an electoral alliance with the <a href="/wiki/United_Federal_Party" title="United Federal Party">United Federal Party</a>. In both districts, the BNP candidate heavily lost to the <a href="/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party" title="United National Independence Party">UNIP</a> candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, there are three groups who claim to represent Barotseland. In January 2012, the president of Zambia, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sata" title="Michael Sata">Michael Sata</a>, met the representatives of the three groups at the Zambian State House in <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>. The groups are Linyungandambo, Barotse Freedom Movement (BFM), and the Movement for the Restoration of Barotseland.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experts have said that these three groups may become political parties should Barotseland gain independence. Fighting between the three groups has already surfaced. An article which appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Zambian_Watchdog" title="Zambian Watchdog">Zambian Watchdog</a>, purported to be authored by a BFM representative, condemned the activities of the Linyungandambo group.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BFM accused the Linyungandambo of having set up Barotseland Government portal website without consultations, and included BFM members in the purported Barotseland Government without their consent, and in disregard of the effort being made by Sata to find a lasting solution. The author, Shuwanga Shuwanga, stated that Linyungandambo had refused to work with the BFM back in 2011. </p><p>The various activist groups championing the <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> of Barotseland have since formed one umbrella organisation called the Barotse National Freedom Alliance (BNFA) which is headed by the former Ngambela of Barotseland (Prime Minister) <a href="/wiki/Clement_Sinyinda" title="Clement Sinyinda">Clement W. Sinyinda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barotseland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Barotse_and_Barotseland" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Barotse and Barotseland">Barotse and Barotseland</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Barotseland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Barotseland">Barotseland</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The prefixes "Ma-" (singular) or "Ba-" (plural) indicate "a man / the people/tribe of"; "Lozi" or "-rotse" are different interpretations/spellings of the same word. "Si-" indicates the language.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phiri-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phiri_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phiri_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPhiri,_Bizeck_J.2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Phiri, Bizeck J. (2005). "Lozi Kingdom and the Kololo". In Shillington, Kevin (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of African History, Volume II, H-O</i>. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn (Routledge). pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&pg=PA851">851–852</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-454-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-454-2"><bdi>978-1-57958-454-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lozi+Kingdom+and+the+Kololo&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+History%2C+Volume+II%2C+H-O&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=851-852&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn+%28Routledge%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-454-2&rft.au=Phiri%2C+Bizeck+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UPNO-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UPNO_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UPNO_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UPNO_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unpo.org/members/16714">"Barotseland"</a>. Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103091001/http://www.unpo.org/members/16714">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barotseland&rft.pub=Unrepresented+Nations+and+Peoples+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unpo.org%2Fmembers%2F16714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017205214/https://sites.google.com/site/kuombokageographic/politics-and-economics-of-barotseland">"Politics and Economics of Barotseland - Kuomboka Geographic"</a>. <i>sites.google.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/kuombokageographic/politics-and-economics-of-barotseland">the original</a> on 17 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.google.com&rft.atitle=Politics+and+Economics+of+Barotseland+-+Kuomboka+Geographic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fkuombokageographic%2Fpolitics-and-economics-of-barotseland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatulwende2005" class="citation book cs1">Katulwende, Malama (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RUZe_pgx8zgC&q=Barotseland+extends+to+which+countries&pg=PA163"><i>Bitterness (An African Novel from Zambia)</i></a>. Mondial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59569-031-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59569-031-9"><bdi>978-1-59569-031-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bitterness+%28An+African+Novel+from+Zambia%29&rft.pub=Mondial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59569-031-9&rft.aulast=Katulwende&rft.aufirst=Malama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRUZe_pgx8zgC%26q%3DBarotseland%2Bextends%2Bto%2Bwhich%2Bcountries%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gga.org-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gga.org_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gga.org_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gga.org_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084326/http://gga.org/stories/editions/aif-18-fault-lines-africas-separation-anxiety/all-shook-up">"All shook up: Zambia's president Michael Sata broke a 2011 campaign promise to restore the Barotseland kingdom's autonomy"</a>. Good Governance Africa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gga.org/stories/editions/aif-18-fault-lines-africas-separation-anxiety/all-shook-up">the original</a> on 7 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+shook+up%3A+Zambia%27s+president+Michael+Sata+broke+a+2011+campaign+promise+to+restore+the+Barotseland+kingdom%27s+autonomy&rft.pub=Good+Governance+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgga.org%2Fstories%2Feditions%2Faif-18-fault-lines-africas-separation-anxiety%2Fall-shook-up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCseeks-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCseeks_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCseeks_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17546620">"Barotseland kingdom seeks to leave Zambia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 29 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Barotseland+kingdom+seeks+to+leave+Zambia&rft.date=2012-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-17546620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilviusOnekaVerhagen2000" class="citation journal cs1">Silvius, Marcel J.; Oneka, M.; Verhagen, A. (2000). "Wetlands: lifeline for people at the edge". <i>Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere</i>. <b>25</b> (7/8): 645–652. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PCEB...25..645S">2000PCEB...25..645S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1464-1909%2800%2900079-4">10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00079-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+and+Chemistry+of+the+Earth%2C+Part+B%3A+Hydrology%2C+Oceans+and+Atmosphere&rft.atitle=Wetlands%3A+lifeline+for+people+at+the+edge&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=7%2F8&rft.pages=645-652&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1464-1909%2800%2900079-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PCEB...25..645S&rft.aulast=Silvius&rft.aufirst=Marcel+J.&rft.au=Oneka%2C+M.&rft.au=Verhagen%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaplan1968" class="citation journal cs1">Caplan, Gerald L. (October 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/barotseland-the-secessionist-challenge-to-zambia/267CAE95D7DCC846E37B06F130FFAAC6">"Barotseland: the secessionist challenge to Zambia"</a>. <i>The Journal of Modern African Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 343–360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X00017456">10.1017/S0022278X00017456</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-7777">1469-7777</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153463371">153463371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Barotseland%3A+the+secessionist+challenge+to+Zambia&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=343-360&rft.date=1968-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153463371%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1469-7777&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022278X00017456&rft.aulast=Caplan&rft.aufirst=Gerald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-modern-african-studies%2Farticle%2Fbarotseland-the-secessionist-challenge-to-zambia%2F267CAE95D7DCC846E37B06F130FFAAC6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unpo.org/members/16714">"UNPO: Barotseland"</a>. <i>unpo.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unpo.org&rft.atitle=UNPO%3A+Barotseland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funpo.org%2Fmembers%2F16714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spanglefish.com-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spanglefish.com_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spanglefish.com_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spanglefish.com/balovaledispute193941">"The Balovale Dispute 1939–1941"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140423191452/http://www.spanglefish.com/BalovaleDispute193941/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Balovale+Dispute+1939%E2%80%931941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spanglefish.com%2Fbalovaledispute193941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannDuignan1999" class="citation book cs1">Gann, Lewis H.; Duignan, Peter (1999). <i>Africa and the world: An introduction to the history of sub-Saharan Africa from antiquity to 1840</i>. University Press of America. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IWFOBb9rOgEC&pg=PA413">413–414</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-1520-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-1520-1"><bdi>0-7618-1520-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+and+the+world%3A+An+introduction+to+the+history+of+sub-Saharan+Africa+from+antiquity+to+1840&rft.pages=413-414&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7618-1520-1&rft.aulast=Gann&rft.aufirst=Lewis+H.&rft.au=Duignan%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewanika wrote to Queen Victoria, "My country is your blanket, and my people are the fleas in that blanket."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClay,_G._C._R.1968" class="citation book cs1">Clay, G. C. R. (1968). <i>Your Friend, Lewanika: the life and times of Lubosi Lewanika, Litunga of Barotseland 1842 to 1916</i>. London: Chatto & Windus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Your+Friend%2C+Lewanika%3A+the+life+and+times+of+Lubosi+Lewanika%2C+Litunga+of+Barotseland+1842+to+1916&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Clay%2C+G.+C.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spectrum-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spectrum_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spectrum_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lusakatimes.com/2011/01/31/barotseland-agreement-1964-document/">"Barotseland Agreement 1964 Document"</a>. The Lusaka Times. 31 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110203035943/http://www.lusakatimes.com/2011/01/31/barotseland-agreement-1964-document">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barotseland+Agreement+1964+Document&rft.pub=The+Lusaka+Times&rft.date=2011-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lusakatimes.com%2F2011%2F01%2F31%2Fbarotseland-agreement-1964-document%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bnfa.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Zambia-Independence-Act-1964.pdf">"Zambia Independence Act 1964"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zambia+Independence+Act+1964&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbnfa.info%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F11%2FZambia-Independence-Act-1964.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanglefish.com/gervasclay/">"Gervas Clay | Home"</a>. <i>www.spanglefish.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.spanglefish.com&rft.atitle=Gervas+Clay+%7C+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spanglefish.com%2Fgervasclay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">African languages in general do not have a word for "maintenance"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/ngambela-on-bbc-we-are-forming-our-own-barotse-country/">"Ngambela on BBC: we are forming our own Barotse country"</a>. <i>Zambian Watchdog</i>. 29 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130803010229/http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/ngambela-on-bbc-we-are-forming-our-own-barotse-country/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zambian+Watchdog&rft.atitle=Ngambela+on+BBC%3A+we+are+forming+our+own+Barotse+country&rft.date=2012-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zambianwatchdog.com%2Fngambela-on-bbc-we-are-forming-our-own-barotse-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121205950/http://bnfa.info/2014/03/07/zambia-governments-desperation-over-the-people-of-barotselands-banjul-petition/">"Zambian government's desperation over the people of Barotseland's Banjul petition"</a>. <i>bnfa.info</i>. 7 March 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bnfa.info/2014/03/07/zambia-governments-desperation-over-the-people-of-barotselands-banjul-petition/">the original</a> on 21 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bnfa.info&rft.atitle=Zambian+government%27s+desperation+over+the+people+of+Barotseland%27s+Banjul+petition&rft.date=2014-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbnfa.info%2F2014%2F03%2F07%2Fzambia-governments-desperation-over-the-people-of-barotselands-banjul-petition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barotselandpost.com/top-stories/barotseland-national-symbols-know-your-national-flag">"Barotseland: National symbols, know your national flag"</a>. <i>Barotseland Post</i>. 16 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Barotseland+Post&rft.atitle=Barotseland%3A+National+symbols%2C+know+your+national+flag&rft.date=2016-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarotselandpost.com%2Ftop-stories%2Fbarotseland-national-symbols-know-your-national-flag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadzudzoMulandaNagoliLunda2013" class="citation book cs1">Madzudzo, E.; Mulanda, A.; Nagoli, J.; Lunda, J.; Ratner, B.D. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IUZHAgAAQBAJ&dq=The+government+of+Barotseland+is+the+Kuta%2C+presided+over+by+the+Ngambela+%28Prime+Minister%29&pg=PA6"><i>A Governance analysis of the Barotse Floodplain System, Zambia: Identifying obstacles and opportunities</i></a>. Penang, Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/WorldFish" title="WorldFish">WorldFish</a>. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Governance+analysis+of+the+Barotse+Floodplain+System%2C+Zambia%3A+Identifying+obstacles+and+opportunities&rft.place=Penang%2C+Malaysia&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=WorldFish&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Madzudzo&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Mulanda%2C+A.&rft.au=Nagoli%2C+J.&rft.au=Lunda%2C+J.&rft.au=Ratner%2C+B.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIUZHAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DThe%2Bgovernment%2Bof%2BBarotseland%2Bis%2Bthe%2BKuta%252C%2Bpresided%2Bover%2Bby%2Bthe%2BNgambela%2B%2528Prime%2BMinister%2529%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwalombota" class="citation web cs1">Kwalombota, Saleya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barotsepost.com/index.php/component/k2/item/422-kenneth-kaunda-s-i-wish-to-inform-the-nation-speech-of-1969-an-act-of-deception-in-his-quest-to-fix-barotseland-saleya-kwalombota#.VNijhmkhA7g.facebook">"Barotseland Post"</a>. <i>barotsepost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=barotsepost.com&rft.atitle=Barotseland+Post&rft.aulast=Kwalombota&rft.aufirst=Saleya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barotsepost.com%2Findex.php%2Fcomponent%2Fk2%2Fitem%2F422-kenneth-kaunda-s-i-wish-to-inform-the-nation-speech-of-1969-an-act-of-deception-in-his-quest-to-fix-barotseland-saleya-kwalombota%23.VNijhmkhA7g.facebook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rotberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Rotberg">Robert Rotberg</a>, "Inconclusive Election in Northern Rhodesia." <i><a href="/wiki/Africa_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa Report">Africa Report</a></i>, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Dec., 1962)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lusakatimes.com/2012/01/15/president-sata-officially-barotseland-agreement-1964-public/">"President Sata officially makes the Barotseland Agreement of 1964 public"</a>. <i>Lusaka Times</i>. 15 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019234353/http://www.lusakatimes.com/2012/01/15/president-sata-officially-barotseland-agreement-1964-public/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lusaka+Times&rft.atitle=President+Sata+officially+makes+the+Barotseland+Agreement+of+1964+public&rft.date=2012-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lusakatimes.com%2F2012%2F01%2F15%2Fpresident-sata-officially-barotseland-agreement-1964-public%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/index.php/editors-choice/bfm-fights-linyungandambo-freedom-fighters-puts-hope-in-sata/">"BFM fights Linyungandambo freedom fighters, puts hope in Sata"</a>. <i>zambianwatchdog.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zambianwatchdog.com&rft.atitle=BFM+fights+Linyungandambo+freedom+fighters%2C+puts+hope+in+Sata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zambianwatchdog.com%2Findex.php%2Feditors-choice%2Fbfm-fights-linyungandambo-freedom-fighters-puts-hope-in-sata%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bnfa.info/48-2/">"About Us"</a>. Barotse National Freedom Alliance (BNFA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407173106/http://bnfa.info/48-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Barotse+National+Freedom+Alliance+%28BNFA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbnfa.info%2F48-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukuyoyisa,_Mukunyandela_wa_Nyandi2013" class="citation news cs1">Mukuyoyisa, Mukunyandela wa Nyandi (26 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140423185135/http://zambianeye.com/archives/16797">"Barotse National Freedom Alliance makes a presentation in Cape Town"</a>. <i>Zambian Eye</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zambianeye.com/archives/16797">the original</a> on 23 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zambian+Eye&rft.atitle=Barotse+National+Freedom+Alliance+makes+a+presentation+in+Cape+Town&rft.date=2013-11-26&rft.au=Mukuyoyisa%2C+Mukunyandela+wa+Nyandi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzambianeye.com%2Farchives%2F16797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarotseland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikelan" title="Ikelan">Bellah people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haratin" title="Haratin">Haratin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabylia" title="Kabylia">Kabylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_people" title="Ogoni people">Ogoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia" title="Oromia">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Rehoboth Basters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Togoland" title="Western Togoland">Western Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambesia" title="Zambesia">Zambesia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNPO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UNPO.svg/100px-UNPO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UNPO.svg/150px-UNPO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UNPO.svg/200px-UNPO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom" title="Khmer Krom">Khmer Krom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabs" title="Khuzestani Arabs">Khuzestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madheshi_people" title="Madheshi people">Madhesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagalim">Nagalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Southern Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Maluku" title="Republic of South Maluku">South Moluccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Southern Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">West Balochistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezghin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_West_Papua" title="Republic of West Papua">West Papuans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Africa" title="Template:Geography of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Geography of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Africa" title="Geography of Africa">Geography of Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Algeria" title="Geography of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Angola" title="Geography of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Benin" title="Geography of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Botswana" title="Geography of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Geography of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burundi" title="Geography of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cameroon" title="Geography of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cape_Verde" title="Geography of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Geography of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chad" title="Geography of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Comoros" title="Geography of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Djibouti" title="Geography of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Geography of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Eritrea" title="Geography of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Eswatini" title="Geography of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ethiopia" title="Geography of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gabon" title="Geography of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Gambia" title="Geography of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ghana" title="Geography of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guinea" title="Geography of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Geography of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Geography of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kenya" title="Geography of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lesotho" title="Geography of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Liberia" title="Geography of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Libya" title="Geography of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madagascar" title="Geography of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malawi" title="Geography of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mali" title="Geography of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mauritania" title="Geography of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mauritius" title="Geography of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Morocco" title="Geography of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mozambique" title="Geography of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Namibia" title="Geography of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Niger" title="Geography of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nigeria" title="Geography of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Rwanda" title="Geography of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Geography of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Senegal" title="Geography of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Seychelles" title="Geography of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Geography of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somalia" title="Geography of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Africa" title="Geography of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Sudan" title="Geography of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sudan" title="Geography of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tanzania" title="Geography of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Togo" title="Geography of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tunisia" title="Geography of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uganda" title="Geography of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zambia" title="Geography of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zimbabwe" title="Geography of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somaliland" title="Geography of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Melilla">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mayotte" title="Geography of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Geography of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Helena" title="Geography of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Geography of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Geography of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_Barotseland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Litungas_of_Barotseland" title="Template:Litungas of Barotseland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Litungas_of_Barotseland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Litungas of Barotseland (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Litungas_of_Barotseland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Litungas of Barotseland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_Barotseland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Litunga" title="Litunga">Rulers</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barotseland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rulers (title <i>Mbumu wa Litunga</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyambe" title="Nyambe">Nyambe</a> (god)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwanasolundwi_Muyunda_Mumbo_wa_Mulonga" title="Mwanasolundwi Muyunda Mumbo wa Mulonga">Mwanasolundwi Muyunda Mumbo wa Mulonga</a> (demigod)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inyambo" title="Inyambo">Inyambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeta_I" title="Yeta I">Yeta I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngalama" title="Ngalama">Ngalama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeta_II_Nalute" title="Yeta II Nalute">Yeta II Nalute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngombala" title="Ngombala">Ngombala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubya" title="Yubya">Yubya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwanawina_I" title="Mwanawina I">Mwanawina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwananyanda_Liwale" title="Mwananyanda Liwale">Mwananyanda Liwale</a> (?–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulambwa_Santulu" title="Mulambwa Santulu">Mulambwa Santulu</a> (1812–1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silumelume" title="Silumelume">Silumelume</a> (1830) – Son of Mulambwa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubukwanu" title="Mubukwanu">Mubukwanu</a> (1830–1838) – Son of Mulambwa</li> <li>Imasiku (1838) – Son of Mubukwanu</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Makololo chiefs (title <i>Morêna</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebetwane" title="Sebetwane">Sebetwane</a> (1838–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamochisane" title="Mamochisane">Mamochisane</a> (female) (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekeletu" title="Sekeletu">Sekeletu</a> (1851–1863)</li> <li>Mambili (1863)</li> <li>Liswaniso (in rebellion) (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbololo_(king)" title="Mbololo (king)">Mbololo</a> (1863–1864) – Brother of Sebetwane</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rulers (title <i>Mbumu wa Litunga</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sipopa_Lutangu" title="Sipopa Lutangu">Sipopa Lutangu</a> (1864–1876)</li> <li>Mowa Mamili – Regent (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwanawina_II" title="Mwanawina II">Mwanawina II</a> (1876–1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewanika" title="Lewanika">Lubosi I</a> (1st time) (1878–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akufuna_Tatila" class="mw-redirect" title="Akufuna Tatila">Akufuna Tatila</a> (1884–1885)</li> <li>Sikufele (in rebellion) (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewanika" title="Lewanika">Lubosi I</a> (Lewanika I) (2nd time) (1885–1916)</li> <li>Mokamba – Regent (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeta_III" title="Yeta III">Yeta III</a> (1916–1945)</li> <li>Shemakone Kalonga Wina -<b>Regent</b> (1st time) (1945–1946)</li> <li>Imwiko Lewanika (1946–1948)</li> <li>Shemakone Kalonga Wina -<b>Regent</b> (2nd time) (1948)</li> <li>Mwanawina III (1948–1968)</li> <li>Hastings Ndangwa Noyoo -<b>Regent</b> (1968)</li> <li>Godwin Mbikusita <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewanika_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewanika II (page does not exist)">Lewanika II</a> (1968–1977)</li> <li>Ilute Yeta IV (1977–2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lubosi_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lubosi II (page does not exist)">Lubosi II</a> Imwiko (2000–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barotseland&oldid=1250464314">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barotseland&oldid=1250464314</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_Africa" title="Category:Regions of Africa">Regions of Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barotseland" title="Category:Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Zambia" title="Category:Geography of Zambia">Geography of Zambia</a></li><li><a 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