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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity_and_classical_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity_and_classical_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Antiquity and classical era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity_and_classical_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_of_Islam_and_the_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_Islam_and_the_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Birth of Islam and the Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_Islam_and_the_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_sultanates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_sultanates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Early modern sultanates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_sultanates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isaaq_Sultanate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isaaq_Sultanate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Isaaq Sultanate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isaaq_Sultanate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Berbera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Berbera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Battle of Berbera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Berbera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Somaliland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Somaliland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 British Somaliland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Somaliland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-colonial_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-colonial_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Anti-colonial resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-colonial_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burao_Tax_Revolt_and_RAF_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burao_Tax_Revolt_and_RAF_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Burao Tax Revolt and RAF bombing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burao_Tax_Revolt_and_RAF_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945_Sheikh_Bashir_Rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945_Sheikh_Bashir_Rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945_Sheikh_Bashir_Rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_Somaliland_(Independence)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_Somaliland_(Independence)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 State of Somaliland (Independence) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_Somaliland_(Independence)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somali_Republic_(union_with_Somalia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somali_Republic_(union_with_Somalia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Somali Republic (union with Somalia) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somali_Republic_(union_with_Somalia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somali_National_Movement,_Barre_persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somali_National_Movement,_Barre_persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Somali National Movement, Barre persecution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somali_National_Movement,_Barre_persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_of_sovereignty_(end_of_the_unity_with_Somalia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_of_sovereignty_(end_of_the_unity_with_Somalia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Restoration of sovereignty (end of the unity with Somalia) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_of_sovereignty_(end_of_the_unity_with_Somalia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001_constitutional_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001_constitutional_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 2001 constitutional referendum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001_constitutional_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_Las_Anod_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_Las_Anod_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 2023 Las Anod conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_Las_Anod_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Constitution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_and_cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_and_cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 President and cabinet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_and_cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parties_and_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parties_and_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Parties and elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parties_and_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Border_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Border disputes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administrative divisions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regions_and_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions_and_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Regions and districts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions_and_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Location and habitat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Wildlife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monetary_and_payment_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monetary_and_payment_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Monetary and payment system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monetary_and_payment_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Telecommunications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Ports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Oil exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clan_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clan_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Clan groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clan_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Somaliland</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 133 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-133" aria-hidden="true" > 133 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B6%E1%88%9B%E1%88%8A%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ሶማሊላንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሶማሊላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="सोमालीदेश – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सोमालीदेश" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalaland" title="Somalaland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Somalaland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сомалиленд – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Сомалиленд" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="صوماليلاند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صوماليلاند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalilandia" title="Somalilandia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Somalilandia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A8%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%A0%DC%A2%DC%95" title="ܨܘܡܐܠܝܠܢܕ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܨܘܡܐܠܝܠܢܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalilande" title="Somalilande – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Somalilande" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalilandia" title="Somalilandia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Somalilandia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalilend" title="Somalilend – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Somalilend" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سومالی‌لند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سومالی‌لند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="সোমালিল্যান্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সোমালিল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сомалиленд – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сомалиленд" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Самаліленд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Самаліленд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Самалілэнд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Самалілэнд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сомалиленд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сомалиленд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalil%C3%A0ndia" title="Somalilàndia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Somalilàndia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%AE%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%8D%DE%A9%DE%8D%DE%AD%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%AA" title="ސޮމާލީލޭންޑު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސޮމާލީލޭންޑު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaalimaa" title="Somaalimaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Somaalimaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B7" title="Σομαλιλάνδη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σομαλιλάνδη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalilandia" title="Somalilandia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Somalilandia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalilando" title="Somalilando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Somalilando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalilandia" title="Somalilandia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Somalilandia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سومالی‌لند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سومالی‌لند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADoch_Shom%C3%A1ile" title="Críoch Shomáile – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Críoch Shomáile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Tomaalee" title="Yn Tomaalee – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Tomaalee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalilandia" title="Somalilandia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Somalilandia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A7%90%EB%A6%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C" title="소말릴란드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소말릴란드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Սոմալիլենդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոմալիլենդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="सोमालीलैंड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सोमालीलैंड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сомалиленд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сомалиленд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISomaliland" title="ISomaliland – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ISomaliland" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3mal%C3%ADland" title="Sómalíland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sómalíland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="סומלילנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סומלילנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="სომალილენდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სომალილენდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сомалиленд – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сомалиленд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somal%C3%AElenda" title="Somalîlenda – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Somalîlenda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalilandia" title="Somalilandia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Somalilandia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Som%C4%81lilenda" title="Somālilenda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Somālilenda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalilandas" title="Somalilandas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Somalilandas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szom%C3%A1lif%C3%B6ld" title="Szomáliföld – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szomáliföld" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сомалиленд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сомалиленд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4malilandy" title="Sômalilandy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sômalilandy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="സോമാലിലാന്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോമാലിലാന്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1" title="सोमालीलँड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सोमालीलँड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="სომალილენდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სომალილენდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="صوماليلاند – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صوماليلاند" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سومالی‌لند – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سومالی‌لند" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сомалиланд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сомалиланд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="ソマリランド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソマリランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сомалиленд – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сомалиленд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaalilun" title="Somaalilun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Somaalilun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalilend" title="Somalilend – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Somalilend" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਸੋਮਾਲੀਲੈਂਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੋਮਾਲੀਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="सोमालिलैंड – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="सोमालिलैंड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="صومالی لینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صومالی لینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%89" title="سومالیلانډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سومالیلانډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalil%C3%A2ndia" title="Somalilândia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Somalilândia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сомалиленд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сомалиленд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="सोमालिलैंड – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सोमालिलैंड" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalilandi" title="Somalilandi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Somalilandi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="සෝමාලිලන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෝමාලිලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland_(neuznan%C3%BD_%C5%A1t%C3%A1t)" title="Somaliland (neuznaný štát) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Somaliland (neuznaný štát)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%AFmaliland" title="Sůmaliland – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sůmaliland" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soomaaliland" title="Soomaaliland – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Soomaaliland" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سۆماڵیلاند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سۆماڵیلاند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сомалиланд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сомалиланд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalimaa" title="Somalimaa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Somalimaa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="சோமாலிலாந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சோமாலிலாந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сомалиленд – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сомалиленд" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%99%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းသူဝ်ႇမႃးလီးလႅၼ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းသူဝ်ႇမႃးလီးလႅၼ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="โซมาลีแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โซมาลีแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сомаліленд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сомаліленд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="صومالی لینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صومالی لینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD" title="索馬里蘭 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="索馬里蘭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0" title="索马里兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="索马里兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD" title="索馬里蘭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="索馬里蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0" title="索马里兰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="索马里兰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalilan" title="Somalilan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Somalilan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Somaliland&params=9_45_N_45_58_E_">9°45′N 45°58′E / 9.750°N 45.967°E / 9.750; 45.967</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected."><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unrecognised country in the Horn of Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. For other uses of the name "Somaliland", see <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Somaliland (disambiguation)">Somaliland (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Somaliland</div><div class="ib-country-names">Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliland (<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>) جمهورية صوماليلاند (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>) Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Somaliland"><img alt="Flag of Somaliland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/140px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/210px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/280px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Somaliland" title="Flag of Somaliland">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Somaliland"><img alt="Emblem of Somaliland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Somaliland"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله Lā ilāhā illā-llāhu; muḥammadun rasūlu-llāh "<a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">There is no God but Allah; Muhammad is the Messenger of God</a>"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Samo_ku_waar" title="Samo ku waar">Samo ku waar</a> حياة طويلة مع السلام "Live in Eternal Peace"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Somaliland_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Somaliland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Somaliland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Somaliland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Somaliland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Somaliland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Somaliland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  Territory controlled <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Territory disputed</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Somaliland&params=9_33_N_44_03_E_type:city">9°33′N 44°03′E / 9.550°N 44.050°E / 9.550; 44.050</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Second language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Y0P0l-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (official)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="#Demographics">Somalilander</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Somaliland" title="Politics of Somaliland">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> republic</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Somaliland" title="President of Somaliland">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muse_Bihi_Abdi" title="Muse Bihi Abdi">Muse Bihi Abdi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Somaliland" title="Vice President of Somaliland">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Saylici" title="Abdirahman Saylici">Abdirahman Saylici</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Somaliland)" title="House of Representatives (Somaliland)">Speaker of the House</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yasin_Haji_Mohamoud" title="Yasin Haji Mohamoud">Yasin Haji Mohamoud</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Somaliland">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adan_Haji_Ali" title="Adan Haji Ali">Adan Haji Ali</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Somaliland" title="Parliament of Somaliland">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Elders_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Elders of Somaliland">House of Elders</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Somaliland">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Unrecognised independence <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1750–1884</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Establishment of <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British protectorate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1884</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 June 1960</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">Trust Territory of Somaliland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1960</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Somaliland Declaration of Independence">Declaration of independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 May 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Somaliland" title="Constitution of Somaliland">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 June 2001</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somaliland" title="Geography of Somaliland">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">76,000 km2 (29,000 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Somaliland">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,200,000<a href="#cite_note-horndiplo-5">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">109th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">28.27<a href="#cite_note-auto2-3">[3]</a>/km2 (73.2/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$3.782 billion<a href="#cite_note-slmof-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$852<a href="#cite_note-slmof-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_shilling" title="Somaliland shilling">Somaliland shilling</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (<a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Time" title="East Africa Time">EAT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">d/m/yy (<a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Somaliland" title="Telephone numbers in Somaliland">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B252" class="mw-redirect" title="+252">+252</a> (Somalia)</td></tr></tbody></table> Somaliland, officially the Republic of Somaliland,<a href="#cite_note-7">[b]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">unrecognised</a> country in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>. It is located in the southern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> and bordered by <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> to the south and west, and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> to the east.<a href="#cite_note-XJmEz-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2002_p.8352-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> Its claimed territory has an area of 176,120 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-KitGhrsM12-12">[10]</a> with approximately 6.2 million people as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-horndiplo2-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-hiiraan.com-14">[12]</a> The capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>. Various Somali Muslim kingdoms were established in the area during the early Islamic period, including in the 14th to 15th centuries the Zeila-based <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lewispohoa-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-qGEXu-16">[14]</a> In the early modern period, successor states to the Adal Sultanate emerged, including the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a> which was established in the middle of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-:132-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:023-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> In the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> signed agreements with various clans in the area, establishing the <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland Protectorate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EB19112-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Issa-Salwe-23">[21]</a> which was formally granted independence by the United Kingdom as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a> on 26 June 1960. Five days later, the State of Somaliland voluntarily united with the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">Trust Territory of Somalia</a> (the former Italian Somalia) to form the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wssom1-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB19112-21">[19]</a> The union of the two states proved problematic early on,<a href="#cite_note-auto-25">[23]</a> and in response to the harsh policies enacted by Somalia's Barre regime against the main clan family in Somaliland, the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a>, shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> a 10-year <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">war of independence</a> concluded with the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Somaliland Declaration of Independence">declaration</a> of Somaliland's independence in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Somaliland" title="Government of Somaliland">Government of Somaliland</a> regards itself as the <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">successor state</a> to <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2002_p.835-28">[26]</a> Since 1991, the territory has been governed by democratically elected governments that seek international recognition as the government of the Republic of Somaliland.<a href="#cite_note-profile-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-nI4lO-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-0RE1o-32">[30]</a> The central government maintains <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somaliland" title="Foreign relations of Somaliland">informal ties</a> with some foreign governments, who have sent delegations to Hargeisa;<a href="#cite_note-NYT-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-jwTog-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Qg1ly-35">[33]</a> Somaliland hosts <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Somaliland" title="List of diplomatic missions in Somaliland">representative offices</a> from several countries, including <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RdFuh-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-taiwanmofa-37">[35]</a> However, Somaliland's self-proclaimed independence has not been officially recognised by any UN member state or international organisation.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-DaV6b-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-T3L29-39">[37]</a> It is the largest unrecognised state in the world by de facto controlled land area. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a>, an advocacy group whose members consist of indigenous peoples, minorities and unrecognised or occupied territories.<a href="#cite_note-It6qP-40">[38]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Somalis#Etymology" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis § Etymology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annali_del_Museo_civico_di_storia_naturale_di_Genova_(1895)_(18411100885).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Annali_del_Museo_civico_di_storia_naturale_di_Genova_%281895%29_%2818411100885%29.jpg/220px-Annali_del_Museo_civico_di_storia_naturale_di_Genova_%281895%29_%2818411100885%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Annali_del_Museo_civico_di_storia_naturale_di_Genova_%281895%29_%2818411100885%29.jpg/330px-Annali_del_Museo_civico_di_storia_naturale_di_Genova_%281895%29_%2818411100885%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Annali_del_Museo_civico_di_storia_naturale_di_Genova_%281895%29_%2818411100885%29.jpg/440px-Annali_del_Museo_civico_di_storia_naturale_di_Genova_%281895%29_%2818411100885%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3396" data-file-height="3022" /></a><figcaption>Map of Somaliland in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> The name Somaliland is derived from two words: "<a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a>" and "land". The area was named when <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> took control from the <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Egyptian administration</a> in 1884, after signing successive treaties with the ruling Somali Sultans from the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Issa_(clan)" title="Issa (clan)">Issa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadabursi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabursi">Gadabursi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warsangali" title="Warsangali">Warsangali</a> clans. The British established a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> in the region referred to as <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>. In 1960, when the protectorate became <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(State_of_Somaliland)" title="Independence Day (State of Somaliland)">independent</a> from Britain, it was called the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a>. Five days later, on 1 July 1960, Somaliland united with the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland"> Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian Administration</a> (the former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>). The name "Republic of Somaliland" was adopted upon the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Somaliland Declaration of Independence">declaration of independence</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-const-41">[39]</a> At the Grand conference in <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a> held in 1991 many names for the country were suggested, including Puntland, in reference to Somaliland's location in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a> and which is now the name of the <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a> state in neighbouring Somalia, and Shankaroon, meaning "better than five" in <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, in reference to the five regions of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland" title="History of Somaliland">History of Somaliland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caves_in_Somaliland" title="Caves in Somaliland">Caves in Somaliland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the <a href="/wiki/Laas_Geel" title="Laas Geel">Laas Geel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhambalin" title="Dhambalin">Dhambalin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhaymoole" title="Dhaymoole">Dhaymoole</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhaymoole_Rock_art_in_Somaliland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dhaymoole_Rock_art_in_Somaliland.jpg/220px-Dhaymoole_Rock_art_in_Somaliland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dhaymoole_Rock_art_in_Somaliland.jpg/330px-Dhaymoole_Rock_art_in_Somaliland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dhaymoole_Rock_art_in_Somaliland.jpg/440px-Dhaymoole_Rock_art_in_Somaliland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wild_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animals">Wild animals</a> depicted in the caves of <a href="/wiki/Dhaymoole" title="Dhaymoole">Dhaymoole</a>, many of which have gone extinct in the region</figcaption></figure> The area of Somaliland was inhabited around 10,000 years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic age">Neolithic age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> The ancient shepherds raised cows and other livestock and created vibrant rock art paintings. During the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>, the Doian and Hargeisan cultures flourished here.<a href="#cite_note-IqTdh-45">[43]</a> The oldest evidence of burial customs in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> comes from <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">cemeteries</a> in Somaliland dating back to the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a>E.<a href="#cite_note-DaznH-46">[44]</a> The stone implements from the Jalelo site in the north were also characterised in 1909 as important artefacts demonstrating the archaeological universality during the Paleolithic between the East and the West.<a href="#cite_note-dKhgU-47">[45]</a> According to linguists, the first <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a>-speaking populations arrived in the region during the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period from the family's proposed <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroasiatic Urheimat">urheimat</a> ("original homeland") in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a>,<a href="#cite_note-0djHT-48">[46]</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-g0KkI-49">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Laas_Geel" title="Laas Geel">Laas Geel</a> complex on the outskirts of Hargeisa dates back around 5,000 years, and has <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> depicting both wild animals and decorated cows.<a href="#cite_note-nFvRY-50">[48]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a> are found in the northern <a href="/wiki/Dhambalin" title="Dhambalin">Dhambalin</a> region, which feature one of the earliest known depictions of a hunter on horseback. The rock art is in the distinctive Ethiopian-Arabian style, dated to 1,000 to 3,000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-KmKxL-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-vDpdF-52">[50]</a> Additionally, between the towns of <a href="/wiki/Las_Khorey" title="Las Khorey">Las Khorey</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Ayo" title="El Ayo">El Ayo</a> in eastern Somaliland lies <a href="/wiki/Karinhegane" title="Karinhegane">Karinhegane</a>, the site of numerous cave paintings of real and mythical animals. Each painting has an inscription below it, which collectively have been estimated to be around 2,500 years old.<a href="#cite_note-i3tZl-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-dyZtk-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity_and_classical_era">Antiquity and classical era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheekh_Isaaq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sheekh_Isaaq.jpg/220px-Sheekh_Isaaq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sheekh_Isaaq.jpg/330px-Sheekh_Isaaq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sheekh_Isaaq.jpg/440px-Sheekh_Isaaq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>The tomb of <a href="/wiki/Ishaaq_bin_Ahmed" title="Ishaaq bin Ahmed">Sheikh Isaaq</a>, the founding father of the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> clan, in <a href="/wiki/Maydh" title="Maydh">Maydh</a>, Sanaag</figcaption></figure> Ancient <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramidical</a> structures, <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleums</a>, ruined cities and stone walls, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wargaade_Wall" title="Wargaade Wall">Wargaade Wall</a>, are evidence of civilisations thriving in the Somali peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-Nthos-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-8J8SA-56">[54]</a> Ancient Somaliland had a trading relationship with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a> dating back to at least the second millennium BCE, supporting the hypothesis that Somalia or adjacent regions were the location of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nthos-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-TB9hR-57">[55]</a> The Puntites traded <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>, spices, gold, ebony, short-horned cattle, ivory and <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> with the Egyptians, Phoenicians, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a>, Indians, Chinese and Romans through their commercial ports. An Egyptian expedition sent to Punt by the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt">18th dynasty</a> Queen <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a> is recorded on the temple reliefs at <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari" title="Deir el-Bahari">Deir el-Bahari</a>, during the reign of the Puntite King Parahu and Queen Ati.<a href="#cite_note-Nthos-55">[53]</a> In 2015, isotopic analysis of ancient baboon mummies from Punt that had been brought to Egypt as gifts indicated that the specimens likely originated from an area encompassing eastern Somalia and the Eritrea-Ethiopia corridor.<a href="#cite_note-mnKa4-58">[56]</a> The camel is believed to have been domesticated in the Horn region sometime between the 2nd and 3rd millennium BCE. From there, it spread to Egypt and the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-uepm3-59">[57]</a> During the classical period, the northern <a href="/wiki/Barbara_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara (region)">Barbara</a> city-states of <a href="/wiki/Mosylon" title="Mosylon">Mosylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heis_(town)" title="Heis (town)">Mundus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulhar" title="Bulhar">Isis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Avalites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_(Somalia)" title="Nikon (Somalia)">Nikon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a> developed a lucrative trade network, connecting with merchants from <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Saba</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. They used the ancient Somali maritime vessel known as the <a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">beden</a> to transport their cargo.<a href="#cite_note-DzFJ8-60">[58]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Nabatea#Roman_annexation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabatea">Roman conquest of the Nabataean Empire</a> and the establishment of a Roman naval presence at <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> to curb piracy, Arab and Somali merchants cooperated with the Romans to bar Indian ships from trading in the free port cities of the Arabian peninsula<a href="#cite_note-srJWa-61">[59]</a> to protect the interests of Somali and Arab merchants in the lucrative commerce between the Red and Mediterranean Seas.<a href="#cite_note-EHW-62">[60]</a> However, Indian merchants continued to trade in the port cities of the Somali peninsula, which was free from Roman interference.<a href="#cite_note-rNe4n-63">[61]</a> For centuries, Indian merchants brought large quantities of cinnamon to Somalia and Arabia from <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Spice Islands</a>. The source of the spices is said to have been the best-kept secret of Arab and Somali merchants in their trade with the Roman and Greek world; the Romans and Greeks believed the source to have been the Somali peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-fqoYZ-64">[62]</a> The collaboration between Somali and Arab traders inflated the price of Indian and Chinese cinnamon in North Africa, the Near East, and Europe, and made the spice trade profitable, especially for the Somali merchants through whose hands large quantities were shipped across sea and land routes.<a href="#cite_note-EHW-62">[60]</a> In 2007, more rock art sites with Sabaean and Himyarite writings in and around Hargeisa were found, but some were bulldozed by developers.<a href="#cite_note-qDY7X-65">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_Islam_and_the_Middle_Ages">Birth of Islam and the Middle Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Somali_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Somali aristocratic and court titles">Somali aristocratic and court titles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifat_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifat Sultanate">Ifat Sultanate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG/220px-YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG/330px-YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG/440px-YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2379" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>A 15th-century French artist's rendering of a battle between troops of the <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Sultan of Adal</a> (right) and King <a href="/wiki/Yagbe%27u_Seyon_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagbe'u Seyon of Ethiopia">Yagbea-Sion</a> and his men (left). From Le livre des Merveilles.</figcaption></figure> Various Somali Muslim kingdoms were established in the area in the early Islamic period.<a href="#cite_note-Lewispohoa-15">[13]</a> In the 14th century, the <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> battled the forces of the Ethiopian emperor <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I" title="Amda Seyon I">Amda Seyon I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-qGEXu-16">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> later occupied <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> and environs in the 1500s. <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, subsequently established a foothold in the area between 1821 and 1841.<a href="#cite_note-Clifford-66">[64]</a> The Sanaag region is home to the ruined Islamic city of <a href="/wiki/Maduna" title="Maduna">Maduna</a> near <a href="/wiki/El_Afweyn" title="El Afweyn">El Afweyn</a>, which is considered the most substantial and accessible ruin of its type in Somaliland.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Addis_Ababa-68">[66]</a> The main feature of the ruined city is a large rectangular mosque, its 3-metre high walls still standing, which include a mihrab and possibly several smaller arched niches.<a href="#cite_note-Addis_Ababa-68">[66]</a> Swedish-Somali archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Sada_Mire" title="Sada Mire">Sada Mire</a> dates the ruined city to the 15th–17th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-:13-69">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_sultanates">Early modern sultanates</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish movement (Somali)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaaq_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Isaaq_Flag.svg/300px-Isaaq_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Isaaq_Flag.svg/450px-Isaaq_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Isaaq_Flag.svg/600px-Isaaq_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>A banner used by the Adal Sultanate and later the Isaaq on key religious shrines</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isaaq_Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</h4></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">early modern</a> period, successor states to the Adal Sultanate began to flourish in Somaliland. These included the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate" title="Habr Yunis Sultanate">Habr Yunis Sultanate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8ot6e-70">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> kingdom that ruled parts of the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> during the 18th and 19th centuries. It spanned the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> clan, descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a> clan,<a href="#cite_note-Lewisapd-71">[69]</a> in modern-day Somaliland and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. The sultanate was governed by the Rer Guled branch established by the first sultan, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Guled_Abdi_(Sultan)" title="Guled Abdi (Sultan)">Guled Abdi</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Eidagale" title="Eidagale">Eidagale</a> clan. The sultanate is the pre-colonial predecessor to the modern Republic of Somaliland.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> According to oral tradition, prior to the Guled dynasty the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> clan-family were ruled by a dynasty of the Tolje'lo branch descending from Ahmed nicknamed Tol Je'lo, the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Ishaaq_bin_Ahmed" title="Ishaaq bin Ahmed">Sheikh Ishaaq</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Harari_people" title="Harari people">Harari</a> wife. There were eight Tolje'lo rulers in total, starting with Boqor Harun (<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: Boqor Haaruun) who ruled the Isaaq Sultanate for centuries starting from the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> The last Tolje'lo ruler <a href="/wiki/Garad" title="Garad">Garad</a> Dhuh Barar (<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: Dhuux Baraar) was overthrown by a coalition of Isaaq clans. The once strong Tolje'lo clan were scattered and took refuge among the <a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a> with whom they still mostly live.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> The Sultan of Isaaq regularly convened shirs (meetings) where he would be informed and advised by leading elders or religious figures on what decisions to make. In the case of the <a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish movement</a>, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Deria_Hassan" title="Deria Hassan">Deria Hassan</a> had chosen not to join after receiving counsel from <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Madar" title="Sheikh Madar">Sheikh Madar</a>. He addressed early tensions between the Saad Musa and Eidagale upon the former's settlement into the growing town of Hargeisa in the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> The Sultan was also responsible for organising grazing rights and, in the late 19th century, new agricultural spaces.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> The allocation of resources and sustainable use of them was also a matter that Sultans concerned themselves with and was crucial in this arid region. In the 1870s, at a famous meeting between <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Madar" title="Sheikh Madar">Sheikh Madar</a> and Sultan Deria, it was proclaimed that hunting and tree cutting in the vicinity of Hargeisa would be banned,<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> and that the holy relics from <a href="/wiki/Aw_Barkhadle" class="mw-redirect" title="Aw Barkhadle">Aw Barkhadle</a> would be brought and oaths would be sworn on them by the Isaaqs in the presence of the Sultan whenever internal combat broke out.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Aside from the leading Sultan of Isaaq there were numerous Akils, Garaads and subordinate Sultans alongside religious authorities that constituted the Sultanate; occasionally these would declare their independence or simply break from its authority. The Isaaq Sultanate had 5 rulers prior to the creation of <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> in 1884. Historically, Sultans would be chosen by a committee of several important members of the various Isaaq subclans. Sultans were usually buried at <a href="/wiki/Toon,_Somaliland" title="Toon, Somaliland">Toon</a>, south of Hargeisa, which was a significant site and the capital of the Sultanate during <a href="/wiki/Farah_Guled" title="Farah Guled">Farah Guled</a>'s rule.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Sultans of the Isaaq Sultanate </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Reign from </th> <th scope="col">Reign till </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abdi_Eisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdi Eisa">Abdi Eisa</a> (Traditional Chief) </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap">Mid 1700s </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap">Mid 1700s </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap">Sultan <a href="/wiki/Guled_Abdi_(Sultan)" title="Guled Abdi (Sultan)">Guled</a> Abdi (First Sultan) </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap">1750 </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap">1808 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap">Sultan <a href="/wiki/Farah_Guled" title="Farah Guled">Farah</a> Sultan Guled </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap">1808 </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap">1845 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap">Sultan Hassan Sultan Farah </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap">1845 </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap">1870 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap">Sultan <a href="/wiki/Deria_Hassan" title="Deria Hassan">Deria</a> Sultan Hassan </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap">1870 </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap">1939 (Creation of British Somaliland in 1884) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Deria_Hassan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sultan_Deria_Hassan.jpg/100px-Sultan_Deria_Hassan.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Sultan_Deria_Hassan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="265" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdillahi_Deria" title="Abdillahi Deria">Abdillahi</a> Sultan Deria </td> <td>1939 </td> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Abdillahi_Sultan_Deria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sultan_Abdillahi_Sultan_Deria.jpg/100px-Sultan_Abdillahi_Sultan_Deria.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sultan_Abdillahi_Sultan_Deria.jpg/150px-Sultan_Abdillahi_Sultan_Deria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sultan_Abdillahi_Sultan_Deria.jpg/199px-Sultan_Abdillahi_Sultan_Deria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="887" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Abdillahi" title="Rashid Abdillahi">Rashid</a> Sultan Abdillahi </td> <td>1967 </td> <td>1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:NUF_Founders_1956_(cropped).webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/NUF_Founders_1956_%28cropped%29.webp/100px-NUF_Founders_1956_%28cropped%29.webp.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/NUF_Founders_1956_%28cropped%29.webp/149px-NUF_Founders_1956_%28cropped%29.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/NUF_Founders_1956_%28cropped%29.webp/199px-NUF_Founders_1956_%28cropped%29.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="322" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdiqadir_Abdillahi" title="Abdiqadir Abdillahi">Abdiqadir</a> Sultan Abdillahi </td> <td>1969 </td> <td>1975 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahamed_Abdiqadir" title="Mahamed Abdiqadir">Mohamed</a> Sultan Abdiqadir </td> <td>1975 </td> <td>2021 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sultanmahamed.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sultanmahamed.webp/100px-Sultanmahamed.webp.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sultanmahamed.webp/150px-Sultanmahamed.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sultanmahamed.webp/200px-Sultanmahamed.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="479" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Daud_Mahamed" title="Daud Mahamed">Daud</a> Sultan Mohamed </td> <td>2021 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SuldaanDaud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SuldaanDaud.jpg/100px-SuldaanDaud.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SuldaanDaud.jpg/150px-SuldaanDaud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SuldaanDaud.jpg/200px-SuldaanDaud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="565" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Berbera">Battle of Berbera</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_attack_on_Berbera_(1827)" title="British attack on Berbera (1827)">British attack on Berbera (1827)</a></div> The first engagement between Somalis of the region and the British was in 1825 and led to hostilities,<a href="#cite_note-d4IlR-84">[82]</a> ending in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berbera_1827" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Berbera 1827">Battle of Berbera</a> and a subsequent trade agreement between the <a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a> and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-b6sTC-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-jFVbI-86">[84]</a> This was followed by a British treaty with the Governor of <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> in 1840. An engagement was then started between the British and elders of <a href="/wiki/Garhajis" title="Garhajis">Habar Garhajis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Habar Toljaala</a> clans of the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> in 1855, followed a year later by the conclusion of the "Articles of Peace and Friendship" between the Habar Awal and <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>. These engagements between the British and Somali clans culminated in the formal treaties the British signed with the henceforth 'British Somaliland' clans, which took place between 1884 and 1886 (treaties were signed with the Habar Awal, Gadabursi, Habar Toljaala, Habar Garhajis, Esa, and the Warsangali clans), and paved the way for the British to establish a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> in the region referred to as <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vsQPx-87">[85]</a> The British garrisoned the protectorate from <a href="/wiki/Aden_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Aden Settlement">Aden</a> and administered it as part of <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British India</a> until 1898. British Somaliland was then administered by the <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign Office</a> until 1905, and afterwards by the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6ot4n-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Somaliland">British Somaliland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland campaign (1920)">Somaliland campaign (1920)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">Italian conquest of British Somaliland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corriere_Della_Sera_-_17_agosto_1940_-_Offensiva_in_Africa_-_titolo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Corriere_Della_Sera_-_17_agosto_1940_-_Offensiva_in_Africa_-_titolo.JPG/170px-Corriere_Della_Sera_-_17_agosto_1940_-_Offensiva_in_Africa_-_titolo.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Corriere_Della_Sera_-_17_agosto_1940_-_Offensiva_in_Africa_-_titolo.JPG/255px-Corriere_Della_Sera_-_17_agosto_1940_-_Offensiva_in_Africa_-_titolo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Corriere_Della_Sera_-_17_agosto_1940_-_Offensiva_in_Africa_-_titolo.JPG/340px-Corriere_Della_Sera_-_17_agosto_1940_-_Offensiva_in_Africa_-_titolo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Italian newspaper <a href="/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a> covering the start of the <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> offensive</div></figcaption></figure> The Somaliland Campaign, also called the Anglo-Somali War or the Dervish War, was a series of military expeditions that took place between 1900 and 1920 in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, pitting the <a href="/wiki/Dervish_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Dervish state">Dervishes</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Abdullah Hassan">Mohammed Abdullah Hassan</a> (nicknamed the "Mad Mullah") against the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RdDPF-89">[87]</a> The British were assisted in their offensives by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Ethiopia">Ethiopians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italians</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> (1914–1918), Hassan also received aid from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germans</a> and, for a time, from the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Iyasu_V_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyasu V of Ethiopia">Iyasu V of Ethiopia</a>. The conflict ended when the British <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland campaign (1920)">aerially bombed</a> the Dervish capital of <a href="/wiki/Taleh" title="Taleh">Taleh</a> in February 1920.<a href="#cite_note-zwS5A-90">[88]</a> The Fifth Expedition of the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> in 1920 was the final <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> expedition against the <a href="/wiki/Dervish_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Dervish State">Dervish</a> forces of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Abdullah Hassan">Mohammed Abdullah Hassan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> religious leader. Although most of the combat took place in January of the year, British troops had begun preparations for the assault as early as November 1919. The British forces included elements of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Camel_Corps" title="Somaliland Camel Corps">Somaliland Camel Corps</a>. After three weeks of battle, Hassan's Dervishes were defeated, bringing an effective end to their 20-year resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-91">[89]</a> It was one of the bloodiest and longest militant movements in sub-Saharan Africa during the colonial era, one that overlapped with World War I. The battles between various sides over two decades killed nearly a third of Somaliland's population and ravaged the local economy.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> The Italian conquest of British Somaliland was a military campaign in East Africa, which took place in August 1940 between forces of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> and those of several British and <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a> countries. The Italian attack was part of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hG8Mf-95">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-colonial_resistance">Anti-colonial resistance</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Burao_Tax_Revolt_and_RAF_bombing">Burao Tax Revolt and RAF bombing</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1922_Burao_tax_revolt" title="1922 Burao tax revolt">1922 Burao tax revolt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captainallangibb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Captainallangibb.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="97" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Captain Allan Gibb</figcaption></figure> The people of Burao clashed with the British in 1922. They revolted in opposition to a new tax that was imposed upon them, rioting and attacking British government officials. This led to a shootout between the British and Burao residents in which Captain Allan Gibb, a Dervish war veteran and district commissioner, was shot and killed. The British requested Sir <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a>, to send troops from <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> and Air Force bombers Burao the revolting clans' livestock.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> The RAF planes arrived at Burao within two days and proceeded to bomb the town with incendiaries, effectively burning the entire settlement to the ground.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-corr_1922-100">[98]</a> Telegram from <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Archer_(colonial_administrator)" title="Geoffrey Archer (colonial administrator)">Sir Geoffrey Archer</a>, Governor of British Somaliland to <a href="/wiki/Sir_Winston_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Winston Churchill">Sir Winston Churchill</a> the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a>: <blockquote>I deeply regret to inform that during an affray at Burao yesterday between Rer Sugulleh and Akils of other tribes Captain Gibb was shot dead. Having called out Camel corps company to quell the disturbance, he went forward himself with his interpreter, whereupon fire opened on him by some Rer segulleh riflemen and he was instantly killed..Miscreants then disappeared under the cover of darkness. To meet the situation created by the Murder of Gibb, we require two aeroplanes for about fourteen days. I have arranged with resident, Aden, for these. And made formal application, which please confirm. It is proposed they fly via Perim, confining sea crossing to 12 miles. We propose to inflict fine of 2,500 camels on implicated sections, who are practically isolated and demand surrender of man who killed Gibbs. He is known. Fine to be doubled in failure to comply with latter conditions and aeroplanes to be used to bomb stock on grazing grounds.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a></blockquote> Sir Winston Churchill reporting on the Burao incident at the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a>: <blockquote>On 25th February the Governor of Somaliland telegraphed that an affray between tribesmen had taken place at Burao on the previous day, in the course of which Captain Allan Gibb, D.S.O., D.C.M., the District Commissioner at Burao, had been shot dead. Captain Gibb had advanced with his interpreter to quell the disturbance, when 1954 fire was opened upon him by some riflemen, and he was instantly killed. The murderers escaped under cover of falling darkness. Captain Gibb was an officer of long and valued service in Somaliland, whose loss I deeply regret. From the information available, his murder does not appear to have been premeditated, but it inevitably had a disturbing effect upon the surrounding tribes, and immediate dispositions of troops became necessary to ensure the apprehension and punishment of those responsible for the murder. On 27th February the Governor telegraphed that, to meet the situation which had arisen, he required two aeroplanes for purposes of demonstration, and suggested that two aeroplanes from the Royal Air Force Detachment at Aden should fly over to Berber a from Aden. He also telegraphed that in certain circumstances it might become necessary to ask for reinforcements of troops to be sent to the Protectorate.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a></blockquote> James Lawrence author of Imperial Rearguard: Wars of Empire writes <blockquote>[Gibb]..was murdered by rioters during a protest against taxation at Burao. Governor Archer immediately called for aircraft which were at Burao within two days. The inhabitants of the native township were turned out of their houses, and the entire area was razed by a combination of bombing, machine-gun fire and burning.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a></blockquote> After the RAF aircraft bombed Burao to the ground, the leaders of the rebellion acquiesced, agreeing to pay a fine for Gibb's death, but they refused to identify and apprehend the accused individuals. Most of the men responsible for Gibb's shooting evaded capture. In light of the failure to implement the taxation without provoking a violent response, the British abandoned the policy altogether.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-corr_1922-100">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1945_Sheikh_Bashir_Rebellion">1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1945_Sheikh_Bashir_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion">1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Bashir_praying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sheikh_Bashir_praying.jpg/300px-Sheikh_Bashir_praying.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sheikh_Bashir_praying.jpg/450px-Sheikh_Bashir_praying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sheikh_Bashir_praying.jpg/600px-Sheikh_Bashir_praying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Sheikh Bashir praying <a href="/wiki/Sunnah_prayer" title="Sunnah prayer">Sunnah prayer</a>, 1920</figcaption></figure> The 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion was a rebellion waged by tribesmen of the <a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Habr Je'lo</a> clan in the former <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> protectorate against British authorities in July 1945 led by <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Bashir" title="Sheikh Bashir">Sheikh Bashir</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> religious leader.<a href="#cite_note-:0-106">[104]</a> On 2 July, Sheikh Bashir collected 25 of his followers in the town of <a href="/wiki/Wadamago" title="Wadamago">Wadamago</a> and transported them on a lorry to the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a>, where he distributed arms to half of his followers. On the evening of 3 July, the group entered Burao and opened fire on the police guard of the central prison in the city, which was filled with prisoners arrested for previous demonstrations. The group also attacked the house of the district commissioner of <a href="/wiki/Burao_District" title="Burao District">Burao District</a>, Major Chambers, resulting in the death of Major Chamber's police guard before escaping to Bur Dhab, a strategic mountain south-east of Burao, where Sheikh Bashir's small unit occupied a fort and took up a defensive position in anticipation of a British counterattack.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> The British campaign against Sheikh Bashir's troops proved abortive after several defeats as his forces kept moving from place to place and avoiding any permanent location. No sooner had the expedition left the area, than the news travelled fast among the Somali nomads across the plain. The war had exposed the British administration to humiliation. The government came to a conclusion that another expedition against him would be useless; that they must build a railway, make roads and effectively occupy the whole of the protectorate, or else abandon the interior completely. The latter course was decided upon, and during the first months of 1945, the advance posts were withdrawn, and the British administration confined to the coast town of <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> Sheikh Bashir settled many disputes among the tribes in the vicinity, which kept them from raiding each other. He was generally thought to settle disputes through the use of Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> and gathered around him a strong following.<a href="#cite_note-:1-109">[107]</a> The British administration recruited Indian and South African troops, led by police general James David, to fight against Sheikh Bashir and had intelligence plans to capture him alive. The British authorities mobilised a police force, and eventually on 7 July found Sheikh Bashir and his unit in defensive positions behind their fortifications in the mountains of Bur Dhab. After clashes Sheikh Bashir and his second-in-command, Alin Yusuf Ali, nicknamed Qaybdiid, were killed. A third rebel was wounded and was captured along with two other rebels. The rest fled the fortifications and dispersed. On the British side the police general leading the British troops as well as a number of Indian and South African troops perished in the clashes, and a policeman was injured.<a href="#cite_note-:1-109">[107]</a> After his death, Sheikh Bashir was widely hailed by locals as a martyr and was held in great reverence. His family took quick action to remove his body from the place of his death at Geela-eeg mountain, about 20 miles from <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_Somaliland_(Independence)">State of Somaliland (Independence)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(State_of_Somaliland)" title="Independence Day (State of Somaliland)">Independence Day (State of Somaliland)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somaliland_Flying_for_the_first_time_The_White_and_Blue_Somali_Flag_at_the_Independence_Celebrations_on_26_June_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Somaliland_Flying_for_the_first_time_The_White_and_Blue_Somali_Flag_at_the_Independence_Celebrations_on_26_June_1960.jpg/170px-Somaliland_Flying_for_the_first_time_The_White_and_Blue_Somali_Flag_at_the_Independence_Celebrations_on_26_June_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Somaliland_Flying_for_the_first_time_The_White_and_Blue_Somali_Flag_at_the_Independence_Celebrations_on_26_June_1960.jpg/255px-Somaliland_Flying_for_the_first_time_The_White_and_Blue_Somali_Flag_at_the_Independence_Celebrations_on_26_June_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Somaliland_Flying_for_the_first_time_The_White_and_Blue_Somali_Flag_at_the_Independence_Celebrations_on_26_June_1960.jpg/340px-Somaliland_Flying_for_the_first_time_The_White_and_Blue_Somali_Flag_at_the_Independence_Celebrations_on_26_June_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Somaliland flying the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali Flag">Somali Flag</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(State_of_Somaliland)" title="Independence Day (State of Somaliland)">Independence</a> ceremony on 26 June 1960. The then Prime Minister of the State of Somaliland <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal" title="Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal">Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal</a> salutes the flag.</figcaption></figure> Initially the <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a> planned to delay <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> independence in favour of a gradual transfer of power. The arrangement would allow local politicians to gain more political experience in running the protectorate before official independence. However, strong pan-Somali nationalism and a landslide victory in the earlier elections encouraged them to demand independence and unification with the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland"> Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian Administration</a> (the former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>).<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> In May 1960, the British government stated that it would be prepared to grant independence to the then <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> of British Somaliland, with the intention that the territory would unite with the Italian-administered Trust Territory of Somaliland.<a href="#cite_note-0JY3U-112">[110]</a> The Legislative Council of British Somaliland passed a resolution in April 1960 requesting independence and union with the Trust Territory of Somaliland, which was scheduled to gain independence on 1 July that year. The legislative councils of both territories agreed to this proposal following a joint conference in <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wardheernews.com-113">[111]</a> On 26 June 1960, the former British Somaliland protectorate briefly obtained independence as the State of Somaliland, with the Trust Territory of Somaliland following suit five days later.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2002_p.835-28">[26]</a> During its brief period of independence, the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a> garnered recognition from thirty-five sovereign states.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan257-114">[112]</a> However, the United States merely acknowledged Somaliland's independence: <blockquote>The United States did not extend formal recognition to Somaliland, but Secretary of State Herter sent a congratulatory message dated June 26 to the Somaliland Council of Ministers.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a></blockquote> The following day, on 27 June 1960, the newly convened Somaliland Legislative Assembly approved a bill that would formally allow for the union of the State of Somaliland with the Trust Territory of Somaliland on 1 July 1960.<a href="#cite_note-wardheernews.com-113">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somali_Republic_(union_with_Somalia)">Somali Republic (union with Somalia)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1961_revolt_in_Somalia" title="1961 revolt in Somalia">1961 revolt in Somalia</a></div> On 1 July 1960, the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">Trust Territory of Somaliland</a> (the former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>) united as planned to form the <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somali Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-buluugleey.com-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tmotss-117">[115]</a> Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali nationalism</a>, the northerners were initially enthusiastic about the union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards201484–85-118">[116]</a> A government was formed by <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Issa" title="Abdullahi Issa">Abdullahi Issa</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Aden_Adde" title="Aden Adde">Aden Abdullah Osman Daar</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somalia" title="List of presidents of Somalia">President</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdirashid_Shermarke" title="Abdirashid Shermarke">Abdirashid Ali Shermarke</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Somalia" title="List of prime ministers of Somalia">Prime Minister</a> (later becoming president, from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>, the Somali people ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-y4Fnm-119">[117]</a> The constitution had little support in the former Somaliland and was believed to favour the south. Many northerners boycotted the referendum in protest, and over 60% of those who voted in the north were against the new constitution. Regardless, the referendum passed, and Somaliland became quickly dominated by southerners. As result, dissatisfaction became widespread in the north, and support for the union plummeted. British-trained Somaliland officers attempted a <a href="/wiki/1961_revolt_in_Somalia" title="1961 revolt in Somalia">revolt to end the union in December 1961</a>. Their uprising failed, and Somaliland continued to be marginalised by the south during the next decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards201484–85-118">[116]</a> In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal" title="Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal">Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal</a> became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke. Shermarke was assassinated two years later by one of his own bodyguards. His murder was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces" title="Somali Armed Forces">Somalian Army</a> seized power without encountering armed opposition. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Mohamed Siad Barre</a>, who at the time commanded the army.<a href="#cite_note-Myswenvwp-120">[118]</a> The new regime would go on to rule Somalia for the next 22 years.<a href="#cite_note-Mr87M-121">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somali_National_Movement,_Barre_persecution">Somali National Movement, Barre persecution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Movement" title="Somali National Movement">Somali National Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq genocide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">Somaliland War of Independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somaliland,_fighters_of_the_Somali_National_Movement_(SNM),_1980s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Somaliland%2C_fighters_of_the_Somali_National_Movement_%28SNM%29%2C_1980s.jpg/250px-Somaliland%2C_fighters_of_the_Somali_National_Movement_%28SNM%29%2C_1980s.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Somaliland%2C_fighters_of_the_Somali_National_Movement_%28SNM%29%2C_1980s.jpg/375px-Somaliland%2C_fighters_of_the_Somali_National_Movement_%28SNM%29%2C_1980s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Somaliland%2C_fighters_of_the_Somali_National_Movement_%28SNM%29%2C_1980s.jpg/500px-Somaliland%2C_fighters_of_the_Somali_National_Movement_%28SNM%29%2C_1980s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption> SNM fighters, late 1980s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hargeisa_destroyed_by_Somali_government.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hargeisa_destroyed_by_Somali_government.jpg/200px-Hargeisa_destroyed_by_Somali_government.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hargeisa_destroyed_by_Somali_government.jpg/300px-Hargeisa_destroyed_by_Somali_government.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hargeisa_destroyed_by_Somali_government.jpg/400px-Hargeisa_destroyed_by_Somali_government.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="1183" /></a><figcaption>Up to 90% of Hargeisa (2nd largest city of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>) was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Somali_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali government">Somali government</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Moral_authority" title="Moral authority">moral authority</a> of Barre's government was gradually eroded, as many Somalis became disillusioned with life under military rule. By the mid-1980s, resistance movements supported by Ethiopia's communist <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> administration had sprung up across the country, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">Somaliland War of Independence</a>. Barre responded by ordering punitive measures against those he perceived as locally supporting the guerrillas, especially in the northern regions. The clampdown included bombing of cities, with the northwestern administrative centre of Hargeisa, a <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Movement" title="Somali National Movement">Somali National Movement</a> (SNM) stronghold, among the targeted areas in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-Locsg-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-IYEz3-123">[121]</a> The bombardment was led by General <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Said_Hersi_Morgan" title="Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan">Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan</a>, Barre's son-in-law.<a href="#cite_note-UKPZE-124">[122]</a> In May 1988, the SNM launched a <a href="/wiki/1988_Hargeisa-Burao_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Hargeisa-Burao offensive">major offensive</a> on the cities of Hargeisa and <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-:04-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> then the second and third largest cities of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-:21-129">[127]</a> The SNM captured Burao on 27 May within two hours,<a href="#cite_note-:12-130">[128]</a> while the SNM entered Hargeisa on 29 May, overrunning most of the city apart from its airport by 1 June.<a href="#cite_note-:04-126">[124]</a> According to Abou Jeng and other scholars, the Barre regime rule was marked by a targeted brutal persecution of the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> clan.<a href="#cite_note-bzPKm-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeSRJ-132">[130]</a> Mohamed Haji Ingiriis and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Chris Mullin</a> state that the clampdown by the Barre regime against the Hargeisa-based Somali National Movement targeted the Isaaq clan, to which most members of the SNM belonged. They refer to the clampdown as the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaaq Genocide">Isaaq Genocide</a> or "Hargeisa Holocaust".<a href="#cite_note-TQ11H-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-0CBv8-134">[132]</a> A United Nations investigation concluded that the crime of genocide was "conceived, planned and perpetrated by the Somali Government against the Isaaq people".<a href="#cite_note-Mburu-135">[133]</a> The number of civilian casualties is estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000 according to various sources,<a href="#cite_note-Peifer-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-taQH4-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones-138">[136]</a> while some reports estimate the total civilian deaths to be upwards of 200,000 Isaaq civilians.<a href="#cite_note-eeDVy-139">[137]</a> Along with the deaths, Barre regime bombarded and razed the second and third largest cities in Somalia, Hargeisa and <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Eaf0N-140">[138]</a> This displaced an estimated 400,000 local residents to <a href="/wiki/Hart_Sheik" title="Hart Sheik">Hart Sheik</a> in Ethiopia;<a href="#cite_note-BXq6o-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-LbREj-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-4ZCBy-143">[141]</a> another 400,000 individuals were also internally displaced.<a href="#cite_note-sh6vy-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-chsTS-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-LQiHc-146">[144]</a> The counterinsurgency by the Barre regime against the SNM targeted the rebel group's civilian base of support, escalating into a genocidal onslaught against the Isaaq clan. This led to anarchy and violent campaigns by fragmented militias, which then wrested power at a local level.<a href="#cite_note-yEPtQ-147">[145]</a> The Barre regime's persecution was not limited to the Isaaq, as it targeted other clans such as the <a href="/wiki/Hawiye" title="Hawiye">Hawiye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hWrRd-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richards2016p98-149">[147]</a> The Barre regime collapsed in January 1991. Thereafter, as the political situation in Somaliland stabilised, the displaced people returned to their homes, the militias were demobilised or incorporated into the army, and tens of thousands of houses and businesses were reconstructed from rubble.<a href="#cite_note-oksO0-150">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration_of_sovereignty_(end_of_the_unity_with_Somalia)">Restoration of sovereignty (end of the unity with Somalia)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Peace_Process" title="Somaliland Peace Process">Somaliland Peace Process</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Somaliland Declaration of Independence">Somaliland Declaration of Independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hargeisa_War_Memorial_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hargeisa_War_Memorial_2012.jpg/170px-Hargeisa_War_Memorial_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hargeisa_War_Memorial_2012.jpg/255px-Hargeisa_War_Memorial_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hargeisa_War_Memorial_2012.jpg/340px-Hargeisa_War_Memorial_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa_War_Memorial" title="Hargeisa War Memorial">MiG monument in Hargeisa</a> commemorating Somaliland's breakaway from the rest of Somalia in 1991</figcaption></figure> Although the SNM at its inception had a unionist constitution, it eventually began to pursue independence, looking to secede from the rest of Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-Sqfirhbmsscf-151">[149]</a> Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Ahmed_Ali_Tuur" title="Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur">Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur</a>, the local administration declared the northwestern Somali territories independent at a conference held in <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a> between 27 April 1991 and 15 May 1991.<a href="#cite_note-boAu1-152">[150]</a> Tuur then became the newly established Somaliland polity's first President, but subsequently renounced the separatist platform in 1994 and began instead to publicly seek and advocate reconciliation with the rest of Somalia under a power-sharing <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal</a> system of governance.<a href="#cite_note-Sqfirhbmsscf-151">[149]</a> A brief armed conflict had begun in January 1992 against rebels against Tuur in the period that he was in power, lasting until August 1992, when it was settled by a conference at the town of Sheikh.<a href="#cite_note-prunierwritenet-153">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal" title="Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal">Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal</a> was appointed as Tuur's successor in 1993 by the Grand Conference of National Reconciliation in <a href="/wiki/Borama" title="Borama">Borama</a>, which met for four months, leading to a gradual improvement in security, as well as a consolidation of the new territory.<a href="#cite_note-wRrOl-154">[152]</a> Another armed conflict between the Somaliland government, now under Egal, and rebels began, as militias of the Eidagalley clan occupied Hargeisa airport for some time. Conflict re-erupted when troops of the government attacked the airport to drive out the Eidagalley militias in October 1994, sparking a new war that would spread out of Hargeisa and last until around April 1995, with a rebel defeat. Around the same time, Djiboutian-backed forces of the Issa-dominated United Somali Front attempted and failed to carve out Issa-inhabited areas of Somaliland.<a href="#cite_note-prunierwritenet-153">[151]</a> Egal was reappointed in 1997, and remained in power until his death on 3 May 2002. The vice-president, <a href="/wiki/Dahir_Riyale_Kahin" title="Dahir Riyale Kahin">Dahir Riyale Kahin</a>, who was during the 1980s the highest-ranking <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Somalia)" title="National Security Service (Somalia)">National Security Service</a> (NSS) officer in <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> in Siad Barre's government, was sworn in as president shortly afterward.<a href="#cite_note-Albla-155">[153]</a> In 2003, Kahin became the first elected president of Somaliland.<a href="#cite_note-3qgvQ-156">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Somalia (2006–present)">war in southern Somalia</a> between <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Islamist insurgents</a> on the one hand, and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Federal Government of Somalia</a> and its <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> allies on the other, has for the most part not directly affected Somaliland, which, like neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a>, has remained relatively stable.<a href="#cite_note-HUSwk-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-TAE8S-158">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2001_constitutional_referendum">2001 constitutional referendum</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2001_Somaliland_constitutional_referendum" title="2001 Somaliland constitutional referendum">2001 Somaliland constitutional referendum</a></div> In August 2000, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal" title="Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal">President Egal's government</a> distributed thousands of copies of the proposed constitution throughout Somaliland for consideration and review by the people. One critical clause of the 130 individual articles of the constitution would ratify Somaliland's self-declared independence and final separation from <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, restoring the nation's independence for the first time since 1960. In late March 2001, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal" title="Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal">President Egal</a> set the date for the referendum on the Constitution for 31 May 2001.<a href="#cite_note-1IyKy-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-zxHzV-160">[158]</a> 99.9% of eligible voters took part in the referendum and 97.1% of them voted in favour of the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_Las_Anod_conflict">2023 Las Anod conflict</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Las_Anod_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Las Anod conflict (2023–present)">Las Anod conflict (2023–present)</a></div> On 6 February 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Dhulbahante" title="Dhulbahante">Dhulbahante</a> clan elders of <a href="/wiki/Las_Anod" title="Las Anod">Las Anod</a> declared their intent to secede from Somaliland and form a state government named <a href="/wiki/Khatumo_State" title="Khatumo State">"SSC-Khatumo"</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Federal Government of Somalia</a>, triggering armed conflict. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Somaliland" title="Government of Somaliland">Government of Somaliland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Somaliland" title="Politics of Somaliland">Politics of Somaliland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Somaliland_politicians" title="List of Somaliland politicians">List of Somaliland politicians</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:93px;max-width:93px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Muse_Bihi_official_portrait_2017_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Muse_Bihi_official_portrait_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/91px-Muse_Bihi_official_portrait_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Muse_Bihi_official_portrait_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/137px-Muse_Bihi_official_portrait_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Muse_Bihi_official_portrait_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/182px-Muse_Bihi_official_portrait_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4169" data-file-height="5906" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Muse_Bihi_Abdi" title="Muse Bihi Abdi">Muse Bihi Abdi</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.png/20px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.png/30px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.png/40px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.png 2x" data-file-width="4480" data-file-height="4480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Somaliland" title="President of Somaliland">President</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdirahman_Abdallahi_Ismail_Saylici,_Vice_President_of_Somaliland_(6409719759).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Abdirahman_Abdallahi_Ismail_Saylici%2C_Vice_President_of_Somaliland_%286409719759%29.jpg/193px-Abdirahman_Abdallahi_Ismail_Saylici%2C_Vice_President_of_Somaliland_%286409719759%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Abdirahman_Abdallahi_Ismail_Saylici%2C_Vice_President_of_Somaliland_%286409719759%29.jpg/290px-Abdirahman_Abdallahi_Ismail_Saylici%2C_Vice_President_of_Somaliland_%286409719759%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Abdirahman_Abdallahi_Ismail_Saylici%2C_Vice_President_of_Somaliland_%286409719759%29.jpg/386px-Abdirahman_Abdallahi_Ismail_Saylici%2C_Vice_President_of_Somaliland_%286409719759%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="1676" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Saylici" title="Abdirahman Saylici">Abdirahman Saylici</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/15px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/23px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/30px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Somaliland" title="Vice President of Somaliland">Vice President</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution">Constitution</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Somaliland" title="Constitution of Somaliland">Constitution of Somaliland</a> defines the political system; the Republic of Somaliland is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Republic">Presidential Republic</a>, based on peace, co-operation, democracy and a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President_and_cabinet">President and cabinet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/President_of_Somaliland" title="President of Somaliland">President of Somaliland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Somaliland">Cabinet of Somaliland</a></div> The executive is led by an elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Somaliland" title="President of Somaliland">president</a>, whose government includes a vice-president and a Council of Ministers.<a href="#cite_note-Administration-163">[161]</a> The Council of Ministers, who are responsible for the normal running of government, are nominated by the President and approved by the Parliament's House of Representatives.<a href="#cite_note-Cabinet-164">[162]</a> The President must approve bills passed by the Parliament before they come into effect.<a href="#cite_note-Administration-163">[161]</a> Presidential elections are confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Commission_(Somaliland)" title="National Electoral Commission (Somaliland)">National Electoral Commission of Somaliland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-afp_2010-07-01-165">[163]</a> The President can serve a maximum of two five-year terms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament">Parliament</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Somaliland" title="Parliament of Somaliland">Parliament of Somaliland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Representatives_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.jpg/170px-House_of_Representatives_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.jpg/255px-House_of_Representatives_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.jpg/340px-House_of_Representatives_of_the_Republic_of_Somaliland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Somaliland">House of Representatives</a> (Lower House) of the Somaliland Parliament.</figcaption></figure> Legislative power is held by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Somaliland" title="Parliament of Somaliland">Parliament</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a>. Its upper house is the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Elders_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Elders of Somaliland">House of Elders</a>, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Mohamoud_Adan" title="Suleiman Mohamoud Adan">Suleiman Mohamoud Adan</a>, and the lower house is the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Somaliland">House of Representatives</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Administration-163">[161]</a> chaired by <a href="/wiki/Yasin_Haji_Mohamoud" title="Yasin Haji Mohamoud">Yasin Haji Mohamoud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> Each house has 82 members. Members of the House of Elders are elected indirectly by local communities for six-year terms. The House of Elders shares power in passing laws with the House of Representatives, and also has the role of solving internal conflicts, and exclusive power to extend the terms of the President and representatives under circumstances that make an election impossible. Members of the House of Representatives are directly elected by the people for five-year terms. The House of Representatives shares voting power with the House of Elders, though it can pass a law that the House of Elders rejects if it votes for the law by a two-thirds majority and has absolute power in financial matters and confirmation of Presidential appointments (except for the <a href="/wiki/Adan_Haji_Ali" title="Adan Haji Ali">Chief Justice of the Supreme Court</a>).<a href="#cite_note-MbST6-167">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Somaliland">Law of Somaliland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_Somaliland_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Supreme_Court_of_Somaliland_Building.jpg/220px-Supreme_Court_of_Somaliland_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Supreme_Court_of_Somaliland_Building.jpg/330px-Supreme_Court_of_Somaliland_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Supreme_Court_of_Somaliland_Building.jpg/440px-Supreme_Court_of_Somaliland_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>The Court House of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Somaliland" title="Supreme Court of Somaliland">Supreme Court</a></figcaption></figure> The judicial system is divided into district courts (which deal with matters of family law and succession, lawsuits for amounts up to 3 million <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_shilling" title="Somaliland shilling">SLSH</a>, criminal cases punishable by up to 3 years' imprisonment or 3 million SL fines, and crimes committed by juveniles), regional courts (which deal with lawsuits and criminal cases not within the jurisdiction of district courts, labour and employment claims, and local government elections), regional appeals courts (which deal with all appeals from the district and regional courts), and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">Supreme court</a> (which deals with issues between courts and in government, and reviews its own decisions), which is the highest court and also functions as the Constitutional Court.<a href="#cite_note-QDbwG-168">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_nationality_law" title="Somaliland nationality law">Somaliland nationality law</a> defines who is a Somaliland citizen,<a href="#cite_note-o48bn-169">[167]</a> as well as the procedures by which one may be <a href="/wiki/Naturalised" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalised">naturalised</a> into Somaliland citizenship or <a href="/wiki/Renunciation_of_citizenship" title="Renunciation of citizenship">renounce it</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jeCoJ-170">[168]</a> The Somaliland government continues to apply the 1962 penal code of the Somali Republic. As such, homosexual acts are illegal in the territory.<a href="#cite_note-ILGA-171">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parties_and_elections">Parties and elections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Somaliland">Political parties in Somaliland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Somaliland" title="Elections in Somaliland">Elections in Somaliland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somaliland_Kulmiye_party_elections.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Somaliland_Kulmiye_party_elections.jpg/170px-Somaliland_Kulmiye_party_elections.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Somaliland_Kulmiye_party_elections.jpg/255px-Somaliland_Kulmiye_party_elections.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Somaliland_Kulmiye_party_elections.jpg/340px-Somaliland_Kulmiye_party_elections.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Participating in a parade for <a href="/wiki/Kulmiye_Peace,_Unity,_and_Development_Party" title="Kulmiye Peace, Unity, and Development Party">Kulmiye Party</a> prior to <a href="/wiki/2021_Somaliland_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Somaliland parliamentary election">parliamentary elections</a> in 2021</figcaption></figure> The guurti worked with rebel leaders to set up a new government, and was incorporated into the governance structure, becoming the Parliament's <a href="/wiki/House_of_Elders_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Elders of Somaliland">House of Elders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gettleman-172">[170]</a> The government became in essence a "power-sharing coalition of Somaliland's main clans", with seats in the Upper and Lower houses proportionally allocated to clans according to a predetermined formula, although not all clans are satisfied with their representation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2002, after several extensions of this interim government, Somaliland transitioned to multi-party democracy.<a href="#cite_note-X5D7m-173">[171]</a> The election was limited to three parties, in an attempt to create ideology-based elections rather than clan-based elections.<a href="#cite_note-Gettleman-172">[170]</a> As of December 2014, Somaliland has three <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Somaliland" title="List of political parties in Somaliland">political parties</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Kulmiye_Peace,_Unity,_and_Development_Party" title="Kulmiye Peace, Unity, and Development Party">Peace, Unity, and Development Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Welfare_Party" title="Justice and Welfare Party">Justice and Development Party</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waddani" title="Waddani">Wadani</a>. Under the Somaliland Constitution, a maximum of three political parties at the national level is allowed.<a href="#cite_note-RHoR2-174">[172]</a> The minimum age required to vote is 15. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> ranks the Somaliland government as partly free.<a href="#cite_note-dZYEs-175">[173]</a> Seth Kaplan (2011) argues that in contrast to southern Somalia and adjacent territories, Somaliland, the secessionist northwestern portion of Somalia, has built a more democratic mode of governance from the bottom up, with virtually no foreign assistance.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan248252-176">[174]</a> Specifically, Kaplan suggests that Somaliland has the most democratic political system in the Horn of Africa because it has been largely insulated from the extremist elements in the rest of Somalia and has viable electoral and legislative systems as well as a robust private sector-dominated economy, unlike neighbouring authoritarian governments. He largely attributes this to Somaliland's integration of customary laws and tradition with modern state structures, which he indicates most post-colonial states in Africa and the Middle East have not had the opportunity to do. Kaplan asserts that this has facilitated cohesiveness and conferred greater governmental legitimacy in Somaliland, as has the territory's comparatively homogeneous population, relatively equitable income distribution, a common fear of the south, and absence of interference by outside forces, which has obliged local politicians to observe a degree of accountability.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan248249253-177">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somaliland" title="Foreign relations of Somaliland">Foreign relations of Somaliland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_President_of_Somaliland,_Musa_Bihi_Abdi_And_the_Guinean_Foreign_minister,_Mamadi_Toure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_President_of_Somaliland%2C_Musa_Bihi_Abdi_And_the_Guinean_Foreign_minister%2C_Mamadi_Toure.jpg/220px-The_President_of_Somaliland%2C_Musa_Bihi_Abdi_And_the_Guinean_Foreign_minister%2C_Mamadi_Toure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_President_of_Somaliland%2C_Musa_Bihi_Abdi_And_the_Guinean_Foreign_minister%2C_Mamadi_Toure.jpg/330px-The_President_of_Somaliland%2C_Musa_Bihi_Abdi_And_the_Guinean_Foreign_minister%2C_Mamadi_Toure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_President_of_Somaliland%2C_Musa_Bihi_Abdi_And_the_Guinean_Foreign_minister%2C_Mamadi_Toure.jpg/440px-The_President_of_Somaliland%2C_Musa_Bihi_Abdi_And_the_Guinean_Foreign_minister%2C_Mamadi_Toure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>The President of Somaliland <a href="/wiki/Muse_Bihi_Abdi" title="Muse Bihi Abdi">Muse Bihi Abdi</a> during a visit to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Guinea">Republic of Guinea</a>. He received a high-ranking delegation headed by the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Guinea)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Guinea)">Minister of Foreign Affairs of Guinea</a> Mamadi Touré in 2019.</figcaption></figure> Somaliland has political contacts with its neighbours <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a><a href="#cite_note-Future_recognition-178">[176]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Djibouti-179">[177]</a> non-UN member state <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China (Taiwan)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cwhhB-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Diplo-181">[179]</a> as well as with South Africa,<a href="#cite_note-Future_recognition-178">[176]</a> Sweden,<a href="#cite_note-zNeov-182">[180]</a> and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-sBLFI-183">[181]</a> On 17 January 2007, the European Union (EU) sent a delegation for foreign affairs to discuss future co-operation.<a href="#cite_note-SGlUE-184">[182]</a> The <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU) has also sent a foreign minister to discuss the future of international acknowledgment, and on 29 and 30 January 2007, the ministers stated that they would discuss acknowledgement with the organisation's member states.<a href="#cite_note-hIkqD-185">[183]</a> In early 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">National Assembly for Wales</a> extended an official invitation to the Somaliland government to attend the royal opening of the <a href="/wiki/Senedd_building" title="Senedd building">Senedd building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>. The move was seen as an act of recognition by the Welsh Assembly of the breakaway government's legitimacy. The <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign and Commonwealth Office</a> made no comment on the invitation. Wales is home to a significant Somali <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> community from Somaliland.<a href="#cite_note-rWlgv-186">[184]</a> In 2007, a delegation led by President Kahin was present at the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2007">Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a>, Uganda. Although Somaliland has applied to join the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> under <a href="/wiki/Observer_status" title="Observer status">observer status</a>, its application is still pending.<a href="#cite_note-1561D-187">[185]</a> On 24 September 2010, <a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Carson" title="Johnnie Carson">Johnnie Carson</a>, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, stated that the United States would be modifying its strategy in Somalia and would seek deeper engagement with the governments of Somaliland and Puntland while continuing to support the Somali Transitional Government.<a href="#cite_note-PSMPf-188">[186]</a> Carson said the US would send aid workers and diplomats to Puntland and Somaliland and alluded to the possibility of future development projects. However, Carson emphasised that the US would not extend formal recognition to either region.<a href="#cite_note-LRG65-189">[187]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somaliland_Foreign_Minister_Hagi_Mohamoud_with_Taiwan_President_Tsai_Ing-wen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Somaliland_Foreign_Minister_Hagi_Mohamoud_with_Taiwan_President_Tsai_Ing-wen.jpg/220px-Somaliland_Foreign_Minister_Hagi_Mohamoud_with_Taiwan_President_Tsai_Ing-wen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Somaliland_Foreign_Minister_Hagi_Mohamoud_with_Taiwan_President_Tsai_Ing-wen.jpg/330px-Somaliland_Foreign_Minister_Hagi_Mohamoud_with_Taiwan_President_Tsai_Ing-wen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Somaliland_Foreign_Minister_Hagi_Mohamoud_with_Taiwan_President_Tsai_Ing-wen.jpg/440px-Somaliland_Foreign_Minister_Hagi_Mohamoud_with_Taiwan_President_Tsai_Ing-wen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Somaliland Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Yasin_Haji_Mohamoud" title="Yasin Haji Mohamoud">Hagi Mohamoud</a> with Taiwan President <a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai Ing-wen</a></figcaption></figure> The then-UK Minister for Africa, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bellingham,_Baron_Bellingham" title="Henry Bellingham, Baron Bellingham">Henry Bellingham</a> MP, met President Silanyo of Somaliland in November 2010 to discuss ways in which to increase the UK's engagement with Somaliland.<a href="#cite_note-YAv8r-190">[188]</a> President Silanyo said during his visit to London: "We have been working with the international community and the international community has been engaging with us, giving us assistance and working with us in our democratisation and development programmes. And we are very happy with the way the international community has been dealing with us, particularly the UK, the US, other European nations, and our neighbours who continue to seek recognition."<a href="#cite_note-J659i-191">[189]</a> Recognition of Somaliland by the UK was also supported by the <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a>, which came third in the popular vote at the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a>, though only electing a single MP. The leader of UKIP, <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Nigel Farage</a>, met with Ali Aden Awale, Head of the Somaliland UK Mission on Somaliland's national day, 18 May, in 2015, to express UKIP's support for Somaliland.<a href="#cite_note-2dW78-192">[190]</a> In 2011, Somaliland and the neighbouring Puntland region each entered a security-related <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>. Following the framework of an earlier agreement signed between the Transitional Federal Government and Seychelles, the memorandum is "for the transfer of convicted persons to prisons in 'Puntland' and 'Somaliland'."<a href="#cite_note-37bHo-193">[191]</a> On 1 July 2020, Somaliland and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> signed an agreement to set up representative offices to promote cooperation between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-WlYiq-194">[192]</a> Cooperation between the two polities on education, maritime security, and medicine began in 2009, and Taiwanese staff entered Somaliland in February 2020 to prepare for the representative office.<a href="#cite_note-XifKf-195">[193]</a> As of 2023, Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs refers to Somaliland as a country.<a href="#cite_note-taiwanmofa-37">[35]</a> On 1 January 2024, a <a href="/wiki/2024_Ethiopia%E2%80%93Somaliland_memorandum_of_understanding" title="2024 Ethiopia–Somaliland memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> was signed between Ethiopia and Somaliland, where Ethiopia will lease the port of <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>, and a 20-kilometre stretch of Gulf of Aden coastline, for 20 years, in exchange for eventual recognition of Somaliland as an independent state and a stake in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Airlines" title="Ethiopian Airlines">Ethiopian Airlines</a>. If this agreement is honoured, Ethiopia would become the first United Nations member state to recognise the breakaway nation.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Border_disputes">Border disputes</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Puntland%E2%80%93Somaliland_dispute" title="Puntland–Somaliland dispute">Puntland–Somaliland dispute</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Somalia%E2%80%93Somaliland_border" title="Somalia–Somaliland border">Somalia–Somaliland border</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somaliland-Khatumo_Agreement.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Somaliland-Khatumo_Agreement.png/220px-Somaliland-Khatumo_Agreement.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Somaliland-Khatumo_Agreement.png/330px-Somaliland-Khatumo_Agreement.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Somaliland-Khatumo_Agreement.png/440px-Somaliland-Khatumo_Agreement.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mohamed_Mohamoud" title="Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud">Silanyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khalif_Galaydh" title="Ali Khalif Galaydh">Ali Khalif</a> signing the Somaliland-Khatumo Agreement in <a href="/wiki/Aynabo" class="mw-redirect" title="Aynabo">Aynabo</a> in October 2017</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somaliland._Anglo-Italian_Boundary_Commission_1929-1930._Index_to_Field_sheets_etc._War_Office_ledger_(WOOS-33-1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Somaliland._Anglo-Italian_Boundary_Commission_1929-1930._Index_to_Field_sheets_etc._War_Office_ledger_%28WOOS-33-1%29.jpg/220px-Somaliland._Anglo-Italian_Boundary_Commission_1929-1930._Index_to_Field_sheets_etc._War_Office_ledger_%28WOOS-33-1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Somaliland._Anglo-Italian_Boundary_Commission_1929-1930._Index_to_Field_sheets_etc._War_Office_ledger_%28WOOS-33-1%29.jpg/330px-Somaliland._Anglo-Italian_Boundary_Commission_1929-1930._Index_to_Field_sheets_etc._War_Office_ledger_%28WOOS-33-1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Somaliland._Anglo-Italian_Boundary_Commission_1929-1930._Index_to_Field_sheets_etc._War_Office_ledger_%28WOOS-33-1%29.jpg/440px-Somaliland._Anglo-Italian_Boundary_Commission_1929-1930._Index_to_Field_sheets_etc._War_Office_ledger_%28WOOS-33-1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5405" data-file-height="5533" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the eastern boundaries of Somaliland by the Somaliland Treaties including the Anglo-Italian boundary.</figcaption></figure> Somaliland continues to claim the entire area of the former <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> which gained independence in 1960 in the name of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-const-41">[39]</a> It is currently in control of the vast majority of the former <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a>, a federal member state of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, disputes the <a href="/wiki/Harti" title="Harti">Harti</a>-inhabited territory in the former British Somaliland protectorate based on kinship. In 1998, the northern Darod clans established the state, and the <a href="/wiki/Dhulbahante" title="Dhulbahante">Dhulbahante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warsangali" title="Warsangali">Warsangali</a> clans wholly participated in its foundation.<a href="#cite_note-Lund-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> The Harti were the second most powerful clan confederation in Somaliland until the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Borama" title="Borama">Borama</a> Conference, when they were replaced in importance by the Gadabursi.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dhulbahante" title="Dhulbahante">Dhulbahante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warsangali" title="Warsangali">Warsangali</a> clans established two separate administrations in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> First, the former was to hold the <a href="/wiki/Boocame" class="mw-redirect" title="Boocame">Boocame</a> I conference in May 1993, while the later held a conference in <a href="/wiki/Hadaaftimo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadaaftimo">Hadaaftimo</a> in September 1992.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> In both conferences the desire to remain part of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> was expressed. Tensions between Puntland and Somaliland escalated into violence several times between 2002 and 2009. In October 2004, and again in April and October 2007, armed forces of Somaliland and Puntland clashed near the town of <a href="/wiki/Las_Anod" title="Las Anod">Las Anod</a>, the capital of Sool region. In October 2007, Somaliland troops took control of the town.<a href="#cite_note-CtrHR-205">[203]</a> While celebrating Puntland's 11th anniversary on 2 August 2009, Puntland officials vowed to recapture Las Anod. While Somaliland claims independent statehood and therefore "split up" the "old" Somalia, Puntland works for the re-establishment of a united but <a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">federal</a> Somali state.<a href="#cite_note-QMuAy-206">[204]</a> Somaliland forces took control of the town of <a href="/wiki/Las_Qorey" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Qorey">Las Qorey</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a> on 10 July 2008, along with positions 5 km (3 mi) east of the town. The defence forces completed their operations on 9 July 2008 after the Maakhir and Puntland militia in the area left their positions.<a href="#cite_note-1hhVN-207">[205]</a> In the late 2000s, <a href="/wiki/SSC_(militia)" title="SSC (militia)">SSC Movement</a> (Hoggaanka Badbaadada iyo Mideynta SSC), a local unionist group based in <a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a> was formed with the goal to establish its own regional administration (Sool, Sanaag and Cayn, or SSC).<a href="#cite_note-Sqfirhbmsscf-151">[149]</a> This later evolved into <a href="/wiki/Khatumo_State" title="Khatumo State">Khatumo State</a>, which was established in 2012. The local administration and its constituents does not recognise the Somaliland government's claim to sovereignty or to its territory.<a href="#cite_note-Srwiks-208">[206]</a> On 20 October 2017 in <a href="/wiki/Aynaba" title="Aynaba">Aynabo</a>, an agreement was signed with the Somaliland government which stipulated the amendment of Somaliland's constitution and to integrate the organisation into the Somaliland government.<a href="#cite_note-JUrFgD3S-209">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-bz9hy-210">[208]</a> This signalled the end of the organisation even though it was an unpopular event among the <a href="/wiki/Dhulbahante" title="Dhulbahante">Dhulbahante</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-MufR56NB-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-JUrFgD3S-209">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Armed_Forces" title="Somaliland Armed Forces">Somaliland Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commemoration_of_the_27th_Anniversary_of_the_Establishment_of_the_Somaliland_National_Army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Commemoration_of_the_27th_Anniversary_of_the_Establishment_of_the_Somaliland_National_Army.jpg/220px-Commemoration_of_the_27th_Anniversary_of_the_Establishment_of_the_Somaliland_National_Army.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Commemoration_of_the_27th_Anniversary_of_the_Establishment_of_the_Somaliland_National_Army.jpg/330px-Commemoration_of_the_27th_Anniversary_of_the_Establishment_of_the_Somaliland_National_Army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Commemoration_of_the_27th_Anniversary_of_the_Establishment_of_the_Somaliland_National_Army.jpg/440px-Commemoration_of_the_27th_Anniversary_of_the_Establishment_of_the_Somaliland_National_Army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Commemoration (on 2 February 2021) of the 27th anniversary of the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_National_Army" title="Somaliland National Army">Somaliland National Army</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Armed_Forces" title="Somaliland Armed Forces">Somaliland Armed Forces</a> are the main military command in Somaliland. Along with the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Police" title="Somaliland Police">Somaliland Police</a> and all other internal security forces, they are overseen by Somaliland's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Somaliland)" title="Ministry of Defence (Somaliland)">Ministry of Defence</a>. The current head of Somaliland's Armed Forces is the Minister of Defence, <a href="/wiki/Abdiqani_Mohamoud_Aateye" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdiqani Mohamoud Aateye">Abdiqani Mohamoud Aateye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Z6CbY-212">[210]</a> Following the declaration of independence, various pre-existing militia affiliated with different clans were absorbed into a centralised military structure. The resultant large military takes up around half of the country's budget, but the action served to help prevent inter-clan violence.<a href="#cite_note-Mesfin-213">[211]</a>: 2–3  The Somaliland Army consists of twelve divisions equipped primarily with light weaponry, though it is equipped with some <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a> and mobile <a href="/wiki/Rocket_launcher" title="Rocket launcher">rocket launchers</a>. Its armoured vehicles and tanks are mostly of Soviet design, though there are some ageing Western vehicles and tanks in its arsenal. The Somaliland Navy (often referred to as a Coast Guard by the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>), despite a crippling lack of equipment and formal training, has apparently had some success at curbing both piracy and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal fishing">illegal fishing</a> within Somaliland waters.<a href="#cite_note-06jX7-214">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-DsayD-215">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Somaliland" title="Human rights in Somaliland">Human rights in Somaliland</a></div> According to the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> report, Somaliland has seen a consistent erosion of political rights and civic space. Public figures and journalists face pressure from authorities. Minority clans are subject to economic and political marginalisation, and violence against women remains a serious problem.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Somaliland" title="Administrative divisions of Somaliland">Administrative divisions of Somaliland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Somaliland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Map_of_Somaliland.svg/220px-Map_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Map_of_Somaliland.svg/330px-Map_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Map_of_Somaliland.svg/440px-Map_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Republic of Somaliland</figcaption></figure> The Republic of Somaliland is divided into six administrative regions: <a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahil,_Somaliland" title="Sahil, Somaliland">Sahil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maroodi_Jeex" title="Maroodi Jeex">Maroodi Jeeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togdheer" title="Togdheer">Togdheer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sool,_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sool, Somaliland">Sool</a>. The regions are divided into eighteen administrative districts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions_and_districts">Regions and districts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Somaliland" title="Regions of Somaliland">Regions of Somaliland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Somaliland" title="Districts of Somaliland">Districts of Somaliland</a></div> The following regions are taken from Michael Walls: State Formation in Somaliland: Bringing Deliberation to Institutionalism from 2011, Somaliland: The Strains of Success from 2015 and ActionAID, a humanitarian organisation currently active in Somaliland.<a href="#cite_note-Y5tyh-217">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-R9lv5-218">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-vS8VA-219">[217]</a> In 2019, the local government law passed in 2019 (Lr. 23/2019, hereinafter referred to as the 2019 local government law), regions that "Somaliland is divided into six regions (Article 9 of the same law)".<a href="#cite_note-auto4-220">[218]</a> The 2019 Local Government Act came into force on January 4, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> Under Article 11, Section 1 of the Act, the regional boundaries are supposed to correspond to the boundaries of the six districts under the <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland protectorate</a>; however, the <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a> era boundaries subsist as the de facto boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-220">[218]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Map</th> <th>Regions</th> <th>Area (km2)</th> <th>Capital</th> <th>Districts </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/File:Regions_of_Somaliland_labelled_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Regions_of_Somaliland_labelled_EN.svg/280px-Regions_of_Somaliland_labelled_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Regions_of_Somaliland_labelled_EN.svg/420px-Regions_of_Somaliland_labelled_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Regions_of_Somaliland_labelled_EN.svg/560px-Regions_of_Somaliland_labelled_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="504" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a></td> <td>16,294</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borama" title="Borama">Borama</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baki_District" title="Baki District">Baki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borama_District" title="Borama District">Borama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeila_District" title="Zeila District">Zeila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lughaya_District" title="Lughaya District">Lughaya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sahil,_Somaliland" title="Sahil, Somaliland">Sahil</a></td> <td>13,930</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_District" title="Sheikh District">Sheikh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berbera_District" title="Berbera District">Berbera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maroodi_Jeex" title="Maroodi Jeex">Maroodi Jeeh</a></td> <td>17,429</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabiley_District" title="Gabiley District">Gabiley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa_District" title="Hargeisa District">Hargeisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salahlay_District" title="Salahlay District">Salahlay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baligubadle_District" title="Baligubadle District">Baligubadle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Togdheer" title="Togdheer">Togdheer</a></td> <td>30,426</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oodweyne_District" title="Oodweyne District">Oodweyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buhoodle_District" title="Buhoodle District">Buhoodle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burao_District" title="Burao District">Burao</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a></td> <td>54,231</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erigavo" title="Erigavo">Erigavo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Garadag_District" title="Garadag District">Garadag</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Afweyn_District" title="El Afweyn District">El Afweyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erigavo_District" title="Erigavo District">Erigavo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Khorey_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Khorey District">Lasqoray</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sool,_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sool, Somaliland">Sool</a></td> <td>39,240</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Las_Anod" title="Las Anod">Las Anod</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aynabo_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Aynabo District">Aynabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Anod_District" title="Las Anod District">Las Anod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taleh_District" title="Taleh District">Taleh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xudun_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Xudun District">Hudun</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somaliland" title="Geography of Somaliland">Geography of Somaliland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location_and_habitat">Location and habitat</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographic_map_of_Somaliland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Geographic_map_of_Somaliland.svg/220px-Geographic_map_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Geographic_map_of_Somaliland.svg/330px-Geographic_map_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Geographic_map_of_Somaliland.svg/440px-Geographic_map_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4110" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>Geographic map of Somaliland</figcaption></figure> Somaliland is situated in the northwest of recognised Somalia. It lies between 08°N and 11°30'N, and between 42°30'E and 49°00'E.<a href="#cite_note-const-41">[39]</a> It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> to the east. Somaliland has an 850 kilometres (528 mi) coastline with the majority lying along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mesfin-213">[211]</a>: 1  In terms of landmass, Somaliland has an area of 176,120 km2 (68,000 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-KitGhrsM12-12">[10]</a> Somaliland's climate is a mixture of wet and dry conditions. The northern part of the region is hilly, and in many places the altitude ranges between 900 and 2,100 metres (3,000 and 6,900 ft) above sea level. The <a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahil,_Somaliland" title="Sahil, Somaliland">Sahil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maroodi_Jeex" title="Maroodi Jeex">Maroodi Jeex</a> regions are fertile and mountainous, while <a href="/wiki/Togdheer" title="Togdheer">Togdheer</a> is mostly <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-arid">semi-desert</a> with little fertile greenery around. The Awdal region is also known for its offshore islands, <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a>. A scrub-covered, semi-desert plain referred as the <a href="/wiki/Guban" title="Guban">Guban</a> lies parallel to the Gulf of Aden littoral. With a width of twelve kilometres (7.5 miles) in the west to as little as two kilometres (1.2 miles) in the east, the plain is bisected by watercourses that are essentially beds of dry sand except during the rainy seasons. When the rains arrive, the Guban's low bushes and grass clumps transform into lush vegetation.<a href="#cite_note-Hadden-222">[220]</a> This coastal strip is part of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_xeric_grasslands_and_shrublands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands">Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands</a> ecoregion. <a href="/wiki/Cal_Madow" title="Cal Madow">Cal Madow</a> is a mountain range in the eastern part of the country. Extending from the northwest of <a href="/wiki/Erigavo" title="Erigavo">Erigavo</a> to several kilometres west of the city of <a href="/wiki/Bosaso" title="Bosaso">Bosaso</a> in neighbouring Somalia, it features Somaliland's highest <a href="/wiki/Summit_(topography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Summit (topography)">peak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shimbiris" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimbiris">Shimbiris</a>, which sits at an elevation of about 2,416 metres (7,927 ft).<a href="#cite_note-2009factbook-223">[221]</a> The rugged east–west ranges of the Karkaar Mountains also lie to the interior of the Gulf of Aden littoral.<a href="#cite_note-Hadden-222">[220]</a> In the central regions, the northern mountain ranges give way to shallow plateaus and typically dry watercourses that are referred to locally as the <a href="/wiki/Ogo_Mountains" title="Ogo Mountains">Ogo</a>. The Ogo's western plateau, in turn, gradually merges into the <a href="/wiki/Haud" title="Haud">Haud</a>, an important grazing area for livestock.<a href="#cite_note-Hadden-222">[220]</a> In the east, the Haud is separated from the Ain and Nugal valleys by the <a href="/wiki/Buur_Dhaab" title="Buur Dhaab">Buur Dhaab</a> mountain range.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Landscapes of Somaliland</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamadayawaterfalls6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lamadaya are waterfalls located in the Cal Madow mountain range."><img alt="Lamadaya are waterfalls located in the Cal Madow mountain range." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lamadayawaterfalls6.jpg/240px-Lamadayawaterfalls6.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lamadayawaterfalls6.jpg/360px-Lamadayawaterfalls6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lamadayawaterfalls6.jpg/480px-Lamadayawaterfalls6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lamadaya" title="Lamadaya">Lamadaya</a> are waterfalls located in the <a href="/wiki/Cal_Madow" title="Cal Madow">Cal Madow</a> mountain range.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Somalia_(Somaliland)(168).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Somaliland countryside"><img alt="The Somaliland countryside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Somalia_%28Somaliland%29%28168%29.jpg/240px-Somalia_%28Somaliland%29%28168%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Somalia_%28Somaliland%29%28168%29.jpg/360px-Somalia_%28Somaliland%29%28168%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Somalia_%28Somaliland%29%28168%29.jpg/480px-Somalia_%28Somaliland%29%28168%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Somaliland countryside</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Almadow_Overview.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the Cal Madow Mountains, home to numerous endemic species"><img alt="View of the Cal Madow Mountains, home to numerous endemic species" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Almadow_Overview.JPG/240px-Almadow_Overview.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Almadow_Overview.JPG/360px-Almadow_Overview.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Almadow_Overview.JPG/480px-Almadow_Overview.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the <a href="/wiki/Cal_Madow" title="Cal Madow">Cal Madow</a> Mountains, home to numerous endemic species</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Somaliland_(6790659460)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Berbera beach"><img alt="Berbera beach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Somaliland_%286790659460%29_%282%29.jpg/320px-Somaliland_%286790659460%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Somaliland_%286790659460%29_%282%29.jpg/480px-Somaliland_%286790659460%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Somaliland_%286790659460%29_%282%29.jpg/640px-Somaliland_%286790659460%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2232" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> beach</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacadin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sacadin, Zeila Archipelago"><img alt="Sacadin, Zeila Archipelago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sacadin.jpg/310px-Sacadin.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Sacadin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sacadin" title="Sacadin">Sacadin</a>, Zeila Archipelago</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Somaliland" title="Special:EditPage/Somaliland">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_Somaliland_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Somaliland_present.svg/290px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Somaliland_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Somaliland_present.svg/435px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Somaliland_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Somaliland_present.svg/580px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Somaliland_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Somaliland map of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">Semi-arid climate</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid climate">Arid climate</a></div></figcaption></figure> Somaliland is located north of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>. It is semi-arid. The average daily temperatures range from 25 to 35 °C (77 to 95 °F). The sun passes vertically overhead twice a year, in April and in August or September. Somaliland consists of three main topographic zones: a coastal plain (Guban), the coastal range (Ogo), and a plateau (Hawd). The coastal plain is a zone with high temperatures and low rainfall. Summer temperatures in the region easily average over 100 °F (38 °C). However, temperatures come down during the winter, and both human and livestock populations increase dramatically in the region. The coastal range (Ogo) is a high plateau to the immediate south of Guban. Its elevation ranges from 6,000 feet (1,800 m) above sea level in the West to 7,000 feet (2,100 m) in the East. Rainfall is heavier there than in Guban, although it varies considerably within the zone. The plateau (Hawd) region lies to the south of Ogo range. It is generally more heavily populated during the wet season, when surface water is available. It is also an important area for grazing. Somalilanders recognise four seasons in the year; GU and Hagaa comprise spring and summer in that order, and Dayr and Jiilaal correspond to autumn and winter, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-uluZF-225">[223]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The average annual rainfall is 446 millimetres (17.6 in) in some parts of country according to availability of rain gauge, and most of it comes during Gu and Dayr. Gu, which is the first, or major, rainy season (late March, April, May, and early June), is where Ogo range and Hawd experience the heaviest rainfall. This constitutes the period of fresh grazing and abundant surface water. It is also the breeding season for livestock. Hagaa (from late June through August) is usually dry although there are often some scattered showers in the Ogo range, these are known as Karan rains. Hagaa tends to be hot and windy in most parts of the country. Dayr (September, October, and early November), which roughly corresponds to autumn, is the second, or minor, wet season; the amount of precipitation is generally less than that of Gu. Jilaal, or winter, falls in the coolest and driest months of the year (from late November to early March). It is a season of thirst. Hawd receive virtually no rainfall in winter. The rainfall in the Guban zone, known as "Hays", comes from December to February. The humidity of the country varies from 63% in the dry season to 82% in the wet season.<a href="#cite_note-pi0IP-226">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Somaliland" title="Wildlife of Somaliland">Wildlife of Somaliland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Somaliland" title="Economy of Somaliland">Economy of Somaliland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_Somaliland_2012_to_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/GDP_Somaliland_2012_to_2018.png/220px-GDP_Somaliland_2012_to_2018.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/GDP_Somaliland_2012_to_2018.png/330px-GDP_Somaliland_2012_to_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/GDP_Somaliland_2012_to_2018.png/440px-GDP_Somaliland_2012_to_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>GDP Somaliland 2012 to 2018</figcaption></figure> Somaliland has the fourth-lowest GDP per capita in the world, and there are huge socio-economic challenges for Somaliland, with an unemployment rate between 60 and 70% among youth, if not higher. According to ILO, illiteracy exists up to 70% in several areas of Somaliland, especially among females and the elder population.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> Since Somaliland is unrecognised, international donors have found it difficult to provide aid. As a result, the government relies mainly upon tax receipts and <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">remittances</a> from the large <a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">Somali diaspora</a>, which contribute significantly to the Somaliland economy.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-229">[227]</a> Remittances come to Somaliland through <a href="/wiki/Informal_value_transfer_system" title="Informal value transfer system">money transfer companies</a>, the largest of which is <a href="/wiki/Dahabshiil" title="Dahabshiil">Dahabshiil</a>,<a href="#cite_note-gILjI-230">[228]</a> one of the few Somali money transfer companies that conform to modern money-transfer regulations. The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> estimates that remittances worth approximately US$1 billion reach Somalia annually from <a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Émigrés">émigrés</a> working in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf states</a>, Europe and the United States. Analysts say that Dahabshiil may handle around two-thirds of that figure and as much as half of it reaches Somaliland alone.<a href="#cite_note-mUIbN-231">[229]</a> Since the late 1990s, service provisions have significantly improved through limited government provisions and contributions from <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organisations">non-governmental organisations</a>, religious groups, the international community (especially the diaspora), and the growing private sector. Local and municipal governments have been developing key public service provisions such as water in Hargeisa and education, electricity, and security in Berbera.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-229">[227]</a> In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Banque_pour_le_Commerce_et_l%27Industrie_%E2%80%93_Mer_Rouge" title="Banque pour le Commerce et l'Industrie – Mer Rouge">Banque pour le Commerce et l'Industrie – Mer Rouge</a> (BCIMR), based in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, opened a branch in Hargeisa and became the first bank in the country since the 1990 collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia" title="Central Bank of Somalia">Commercial and Savings Bank of Somalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dI9wN-232">[230]</a> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Dahabshil_Bank_International" title="Dahabshil Bank International">Dahabshil Bank International</a> became the country's first commercial bank.<a href="#cite_note-yZID3-233">[231]</a> In 2017 <a href="/wiki/Premier_Bank" title="Premier Bank">Premier Bank</a> from Mogadishu opened a branch in Hargeisa.<a href="#cite_note-wVOZO-234">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monetary_and_payment_system">Monetary and payment system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Somaliland" title="Bank of Somaliland">Bank of Somaliland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_shilling" title="Somaliland shilling">Somaliland shilling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somaliland_Shillings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Somaliland_Shillings.jpg/170px-Somaliland_Shillings.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Somaliland_Shillings.jpg/255px-Somaliland_Shillings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Somaliland_Shillings.jpg/340px-Somaliland_Shillings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>500 Somaliland Shillings, 1000 Somaliland Shillings, 5000 Somaliland Shillings</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_shilling" title="Somaliland shilling">Somaliland shilling</a>, which cannot easily be exchanged outside of Somaliland on account of the nation's lack of recognition, is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Somaliland" title="Bank of Somaliland">Bank of Somaliland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a>, which was established constitutionally in 1994. The most popular and used payment system in the country is the ZAAD service, which is a mobile money transfer service that was launched in Somaliland in 2009 by the largest mobile operator <a href="/wiki/Telesom" title="Telesom">Telesom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Somaliland" title="Telecommunications in Somaliland">Telecommunications in Somaliland</a></div> Telecommunications companies serving Somaliland include <a href="/wiki/Telesom" title="Telesom">Telesom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-iaXqS-237">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Somtel" title="Somtel">Somtel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telcom_(Somalia)" title="Telcom (Somalia)">Telcom</a> and <a href="/wiki/NationLink_Telecom" title="NationLink Telecom">NationLink</a>.<a href="#cite_note-f5ql8-238">[236]</a> The state-run <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_National_TV" title="Somaliland National TV">Somaliland National TV</a> is the main national public service television channel, and was launched in 2005. Its radio counterpart is <a href="/wiki/Radio_Hargeisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Hargeisa">Radio Hargeisa</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Somaliland" title="Agriculture in Somaliland">Agriculture in Somaliland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livestock_export_in_Somaliland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Livestock_export_in_Somaliland.jpg/220px-Livestock_export_in_Somaliland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Livestock_export_in_Somaliland.jpg/330px-Livestock_export_in_Somaliland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Livestock_export_in_Somaliland.jpg/440px-Livestock_export_in_Somaliland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>Livestock export in <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a>, Somaliland</figcaption></figure> Livestock is the backbone of Somaliland's economy. Sheep, camels, and cattle are shipped from the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Berbera" title="Port of Berbera">Berbera port</a> and sent to Gulf Arab countries, such as Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-GkNyc-239">[237]</a> The country is home to some of the largest livestock markets, known in Somali as seylad, in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, with as many as 10,000 heads of sheep and goats sold daily in the markets of <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yirowe" title="Yirowe">Yirowe</a>, many of whom shipped to <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Gulf states</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Berbera" title="Port of Berbera">port</a> of <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8NvIo-240">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-HvMwZ-241">[239]</a> The markets handle livestock from all over the Horn of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-KzVoC-242">[240]</a> Agriculture is generally considered to be a potentially successful industry, especially in the production of cereals and horticulture. Mining also has potential, though simple <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarrying</a> represents the extent of current operations, despite the presence of diverse quantities of mineral deposits.<a href="#cite_note-profile-29">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Somaliland" title="Tourism in Somaliland">Tourism in Somaliland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naasa_Hablood_-_Virgin%27s_Breast_Mountain,_Hargeisa,_Somalilanad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Naasa_Hablood_-_Virgin%27s_Breast_Mountain%2C_Hargeisa%2C_Somalilanad.jpg/220px-Naasa_Hablood_-_Virgin%27s_Breast_Mountain%2C_Hargeisa%2C_Somalilanad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Naasa_Hablood_-_Virgin%27s_Breast_Mountain%2C_Hargeisa%2C_Somalilanad.jpg/330px-Naasa_Hablood_-_Virgin%27s_Breast_Mountain%2C_Hargeisa%2C_Somalilanad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Naasa_Hablood_-_Virgin%27s_Breast_Mountain%2C_Hargeisa%2C_Somalilanad.jpg/440px-Naasa_Hablood_-_Virgin%27s_Breast_Mountain%2C_Hargeisa%2C_Somalilanad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naasa_Hablood" title="Naasa Hablood">Naasa Hablood</a>, also known as Virgin's Breast Mountain</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> and caves at <a href="/wiki/Laas_Geel" title="Laas Geel">Laas Geel</a>, situated on the outskirts of Hargeisa, are a popular local tourist attraction. Totaling ten caves, they were discovered by a French archaeological team in 2002 and are believed to date back around 5,000 years. The government and locals keep the <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a> safe and only a restricted number of tourists are allowed entry.<a href="#cite_note-Ggsesl-243">[241]</a> Other notable sights include the Freedom Arch in Hargeisa and the <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa_War_Memorial" title="Hargeisa War Memorial">War Memorial</a> in the city centre. Natural attractions are very common around the region. The <a href="/wiki/Naasa_Hablood" title="Naasa Hablood">Naasa Hablood</a> are twin hills located on the outskirts of Hargeisa that Somalis in the region consider to be a majestic natural landmark.<a href="#cite_note-tourism-244">[242]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The Ministry of Tourism has also encouraged travellers to visit historic towns and cities in Somaliland. The historic town of <a href="/wiki/Sheekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheekh">Sheekh</a> is located near Berbera and is home to old British colonial buildings that have remained untouched for over forty years. <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> also houses historic and impressive <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architectural</a> buildings. Another equally famous historic city is <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a>. Zeila was once part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, a dependency of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and a major trade city during the 19th century. The city has been visited for its old colonial landmarks, offshore <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a> and coral reefs, towering cliffs, and beach. The <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> culture of Somaliland has also attracted tourists. Most nomads live in the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-tourism-244">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa_Airport" title="Hargeisa Airport">Hargeisa Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berbera_Airport" title="Berbera Airport">Berbera Airport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berbera_Airport_Jun_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Berbera_Airport_Jun_2020.png/170px-Berbera_Airport_Jun_2020.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Berbera_Airport_Jun_2020.png/255px-Berbera_Airport_Jun_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Berbera_Airport_Jun_2020.png/340px-Berbera_Airport_Jun_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Berbera_Airport" title="Berbera Airport">Berbera Airport</a></figcaption></figure> Bus services operate in <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabiley" title="Gabiley">Gabiley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borama" title="Borama">Borama</a>. There are also road transportation services between the major towns and adjacent villages, which are operated by different types of vehicles. Among these are taxis, <a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">four-wheel drives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">minibuses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light_goods_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Light goods vehicle">light goods vehicles</a> (LGV).<a href="#cite_note-qpKuN-245">[243]</a> The most prominent airlines serving Somaliland is <a href="/wiki/Daallo_Airlines" title="Daallo Airlines">Daallo Airlines</a>, a Somali-owned private carrier with regular international flights that emerged after <a href="/wiki/Somali_Airlines" title="Somali Airlines">Somali Airlines</a> ceased operations. <a href="/wiki/African_Express_Airways" title="African Express Airways">African Express Airways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Airlines" title="Ethiopian Airlines">Ethiopian Airlines</a> also fly from airports in Somaliland to <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, and offer flights for the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a> pilgrimages via the <a href="/wiki/Egal_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Egal International Airport">Egal International Airport</a> in Hargeisa. Other major airports in the region include the <a href="/wiki/Berbera_Airport" title="Berbera Airport">Berbera Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-m7CIS-246">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-wDjuf-247">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ports">Ports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Berbera" title="Port of Berbera">Port of Berbera</a> and <a href="/wiki/DP_World_Berbera_New_Port" title="DP World Berbera New Port">DP World Berbera New Port</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DP_World_Berbera_new_Port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DP_World_Berbera_new_Port.jpg/150px-DP_World_Berbera_new_Port.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DP_World_Berbera_new_Port.jpg/225px-DP_World_Berbera_new_Port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DP_World_Berbera_new_Port.jpg/300px-DP_World_Berbera_new_Port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/DP_World_Berbera_New_Port" title="DP World Berbera New Port">DP World Berbera New Port</a></figcaption></figure> In June 2016, the Somaliland government signed an agreement with <a href="/wiki/DP_World" title="DP World">DP World</a> to manage the strategic port of <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> with the aim of enhancing productive capacity and acting as an alternative port for landlocked Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-dAvd3-248">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-JfZiJ-249">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_exploration">Oil exploration</h3></div> In 1958, the first test well was dug by Standard Vacuum (Exxon Mobil and Shell) in Dhagax Shabeel, Saaxil region. These wells were selected without field data or seismic testing and were solely based on the geological makeup of the region. Three of the four test wells were successful in producing of light crude oil.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> In August 2012, the Somaliland government awarded <a href="/wiki/Genel_Energy" title="Genel Energy">Genel Energy</a> a licence to explore oil within its territory. Results of a surface seep study completed early in 2015 confirmed the outstanding potential offered in the SL-10B, SL-13, and Oodweyne blocks, with estimated oil reserves of 1 billion barrels each.<a href="#cite_note-T8jte-251">[249]</a> Genel Energy is set to drill an exploration well for SL-10B and SL-13 block in <a href="/wiki/Buur_Dhaab" title="Buur Dhaab">Buur-Dhaab</a>, 20 kilometres northwest of <a href="/wiki/Aynaba" title="Aynaba">Aynaba</a> by the end of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-xfic8-252">[250]</a> In December 2021, <a href="/wiki/Genel_Energy" title="Genel Energy">Genel Energy</a> signed a farm-out deal with OPIC Somaliland Corporation, backed by <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/CPC_Corporation" title="CPC Corporation">CPC Corporation</a>, on the SL10B/13 block neary <a href="/wiki/Aynaba" title="Aynaba">Aynaba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Genel_reaches-253">[251]</a> According to Genel, the block could contain more than 5 billion barrels of prospective resources.<a href="#cite_note-Genel_reaches-253">[251]</a> Drilling in SL-10B and SL-13 is scheduled to begin in late 2023, or early 2024 according to Genel.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1899</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">246,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">650,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+164.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1997</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,000,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+207.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2006</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,500,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+75.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2013</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,500,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+28.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,700,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2024</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,200,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.8%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Various<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-horndiplo-5">[4]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> There has not been an official census conducted in Somaliland since the <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> census in 1975, while the results from a 1986 census were never released into public domain.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> A population estimate was conducted by <a href="/wiki/UNFPA" class="mw-redirect" title="UNFPA">UNFPA</a> in 2014 primarily for the purpose of distributing United Nations funding among the regions and to offer a reliable population estimate in lieu of a census. This population estimate puts the combined population of the regions of Somaliland at 3.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> The Somaliland government estimates that there are 6,200,000 residents as of 2024,<a href="#cite_note-horndiplo-5">[4]</a> an increase from a 2021 government estimate of 5,700,000.<a href="#cite_note-hiiraan.com-14">[12]</a> The last British population estimate on the basis of clan in Somaliland occurred before independence in 1960,<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> according to which, out of some 650,000 ethnic Somalis belonging to three major clans residing in the protectorate, the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darod" title="Darod">Darod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dir_(clan)" title="Dir (clan)">Dir</a> made up 66%, 19% and 16% of the population, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somaliland_clans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Somaliland_clans.jpg/220px-Somaliland_clans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Somaliland_clans.jpg/330px-Somaliland_clans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Somaliland_clans.jpg/440px-Somaliland_clans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Map of British Somaliland indicating clan territories and respective populations.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Somaliland_Protectorate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Map_of_Somaliland_Protectorate.jpg/220px-Map_of_Somaliland_Protectorate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Map_of_Somaliland_Protectorate.jpg/330px-Map_of_Somaliland_Protectorate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Map_of_Somaliland_Protectorate.jpg/440px-Map_of_Somaliland_Protectorate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Map of the British Somaliland Protectorate.</figcaption></figure> The largest clan family in Somaliland is the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8ju5Q-264">[262]</a> currently making up 80% of Somaliland's population.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> The populations of the five largest cities in Somaliland – <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erigavo" title="Erigavo">Erigavo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabiley" title="Gabiley">Gabiley</a> – are predominantly Isaaq.<a href="#cite_note-oJ4M5-269">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> The second largest clan is the <a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi" title="Gadabuursi">Gadabursi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dir_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dir clan">Dir clan</a><a href="#cite_note-GKIqD-271">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Harti" title="Harti">Harti</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Darod" title="Darod">Darod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> Other small clans are often not accounted for in such estimates, however, clans including Gabooye, Gahayle, Jibrahil, Magaadle, Fiqishini, and Akisho settle in Somaliland. Somaliland in addition has an estimated 600,000<a href="#cite_note-Profile_Somaliland-275">[273]</a> to a million<a href="#cite_note-not_a_nation-276">[274]</a> strong diaspora, mainly residing in Western Europe, the Middle East, North America, and several other African countries.<a href="#cite_note-Profile_Somaliland-275">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-not_a_nation-276">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clan_groups">Clan groups</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somalia_tribes1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Somalia_tribes1977.jpg/220px-Somalia_tribes1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Somalia_tribes1977.jpg/330px-Somalia_tribes1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Somalia_tribes1977.jpg/440px-Somalia_tribes1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> clan-family and other <a href="/wiki/Somali_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali clan">Somali clans</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi" title="Gadabuursi">Gadabursi</a> subclan of the <a href="/wiki/Dir_(clan)" title="Dir (clan)">Dir</a> are the predominant clan of the <a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a> region,<a href="#cite_note-45ZQY-277">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-GVllJ-278">[276]</a> where there is also a sizeable minority of the <a href="/wiki/Issa_(clan)" title="Issa (clan)">Issa</a> subclan of the <a href="/wiki/Dir_(clan)" title="Dir (clan)">Dir</a> who mainly inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Zeila_District" title="Zeila District">Zeila District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Janzen_von_Vitzthum_Somali_Studies_International_Association_2001_p._132-279">[277]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a> subclan of the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> form the majority of the population living in both the northern and western portions of the <a href="/wiki/Maroodi_Jeex" title="Maroodi Jeex">Maroodi Jeex</a> region, including the cities and towns of northern <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabiley" title="Gabiley">Gabiley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Da%27ar_buduq" title="Da'ar buduq">Madheera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wajaale" class="mw-redirect" title="Wajaale">Wajaale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabsiyo" title="Arabsiyo">Arabsiyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulhar" title="Bulhar">Bulhar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalabaydh" title="Kalabaydh">Kalabaydh</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a> also have a strong presence in the <a href="/wiki/Sahil,_Somaliland" title="Sahil, Somaliland">Saaxil</a> region as well, principally around the city of <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> and the town of <a href="/wiki/Sheikh,_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh, Somalia">Sheikh</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Arap" title="Arap">Arap</a> subclan of the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> predominantly live in the southern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Maroodi_Jeex" title="Maroodi Jeex">Maroodi Jeex</a> region including the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-280">[278]</a> Additionally, they form the majority of communities living in the <a href="/wiki/Hawd_Region" title="Hawd Region">Hawd</a> region including <a href="/wiki/Baligubadle" title="Baligubadle">Baligubadle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-280">[278]</a> The Arap are also well represented in <a href="/wiki/Sahil,_Somaliland" title="Sahil, Somaliland">Sahil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Togdheer" title="Togdheer">Togdheer</a> regions.<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Garhajis" title="Garhajis">Garhajis</a> subclan of the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> have a sizeable presence among the population inhabiting the southern and eastern portions of <a href="/wiki/Maroodi_Jeex" title="Maroodi Jeex">Maroodi Jeex</a> region including Southern <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salahlay" title="Salahlay">Salahlay</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Garhajis" title="Garhajis">Garhajis</a> are also represented well in western <a href="/wiki/Togdheer" title="Togdheer">Togdheer</a> region, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Oodweyne" title="Oodweyne">Oodweyne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Sheikh,_Somaliland" title="Sheikh, Somaliland">Sheekh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sahil,_Somaliland" title="Sahil, Somaliland">Sahil</a> region. The <a href="/wiki/Garhajis" title="Garhajis">Garhajis</a> also have a significant presence in the western and central areas of <a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a> region as well, including the regional capital <a href="/wiki/Erigavo" title="Erigavo">Erigavo</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Maydh" title="Maydh">Maydh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yxjjR-283">[281]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Habr Je'lo</a> subclan of the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> have a large presence in the western parts of <a href="/wiki/Sool,_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sool, Somalia">Sool</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Togdheer" title="Togdheer">Togdheer</a> region and western <a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a> as well,<a href="#cite_note-CvJ2E-284">[282]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Habr Je'lo</a> form a majority of the population living in <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a> as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Togdheer" title="Togdheer">Togdheer</a> region, western <a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a>, including the towns of <a href="/wiki/Garadag" title="Garadag">Garadag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiis" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiis">Xiis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceel_Afweyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceel Afweyn">Ceel Afweyn</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aynabo_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Aynabo District">Aynabo District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sool,_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sool, Somalia">Sool</a>. The clan also has a significant presence in the <a href="/wiki/Sahil,_Somaliland" title="Sahil, Somaliland">Sahil</a> region, particularly in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Karin,_Sahil" title="Karin, Sahil">Karin</a> and <a href="/wiki/El-Darad" title="El-Darad">El-Darad</a>, and also inhabit the regional capital <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7vuNz-285">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-O2vRa-286">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somali_People.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Somali_People.jpg/220px-Somali_People.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Somali_People.jpg/330px-Somali_People.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Somali_People.jpg/440px-Somali_People.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Issa man and woman in traditional attire (1844)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sool,_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sool, Somalia">Sool</a> region residents mainly hail from the <a href="/wiki/Dhulbahante" title="Dhulbahante">Dhulbahante</a>, a subdivision of the <a href="/wiki/Harti_(Darod)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harti (Darod)">Harti</a> confederation of <a href="/wiki/Darod" title="Darod">Darod</a> sub-clans, and are concentrated at majority of <a href="/wiki/Sool" title="Sool">Sool</a> region districts.<a href="#cite_note-tZpTn-288">[286]</a> The Dhulbahante clans also settle in the <a href="/wiki/Buuhoodle_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Buuhoodle District">Buuhoodle District</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Togdheer" title="Togdheer">Togdheer</a> region,<a href="#cite_note-JbXm8-289">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-lDf4p-290">[288]</a> and the southern and eastern parts of <a href="/wiki/Erigavo_District" title="Erigavo District">Erigavo District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IneasDl7h-291">[289]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Warsangali" title="Warsangali">Warsangali</a>, another Harti Darod sub-clan, and is dominan clan of <a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a>, and their population is mainly concentrated majority of sanaag districts <a href="/wiki/Erigavo" title="Erigavo">Erigavo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Khorey" title="Las Khorey">Las Qorey</a> <a href="/wiki/Badhan,_Sanaag" title="Badhan, Sanaag">Badhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhahar" title="Dhahar">Dhahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xingalool" class="mw-redirect" title="Xingalool">Xingalool</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buraan" title="Buraan">Buraan</a> Districts.<a href="#cite_note-IneasDl7h-291">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Somaliland" title="Languages of Somaliland">Languages of Somaliland</a></div> Many people in Somaliland speak at least two of the three national languages: <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, Arabic and English, although the rate of bilingualism is lower in rural areas. Article 6 of the Constitution of 2001 designates the official language of Somaliland to be Somali,<a href="#cite_note-const-41">[39]</a> though Arabic is a mandatory subject in school and is used in mosques around the region and English is spoken and taught in schools.<a href="#cite_note-B6x0e-292">[290]</a> The Somali language is the mother tongue of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali people</a>, the nation's most populous ethnic group. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> language family, and its nearest relatives are the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saho_language" title="Saho language">Saho</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-MF5h5-293">[291]</a> Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages,<a href="#cite_note-dOMDZ-294">[292]</a> with academic studies of it dating from before 1900. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Somali" title="Northern Somali">Northern Somali</a> is the main dialect spoken in the country, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Benadiri_Somali" title="Benadiri Somali">Benadiri Somali</a> which is the main dialect spoken in Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-YRXon-295">[293]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Somaliland" title="Template:Largest cities of Somaliland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Somaliland" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Somaliland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Somaliland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Somaliland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Somaliland <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Source?</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Somaliland" title="List of cities in Somaliland">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Somaliland" title="Regions of Somaliland">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:HargeisaDrone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hargeisa"><img alt="Hargeisa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/HargeisaDrone.jpg/120px-HargeisaDrone.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/HargeisaDrone.jpg/180px-HargeisaDrone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/HargeisaDrone.jpg/240px-HargeisaDrone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Burao,_Somaliland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Burao"><img alt="Burao" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Burao%2C_Somaliland.jpg/120px-Burao%2C_Somaliland.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Burao%2C_Somaliland.jpg/180px-Burao%2C_Somaliland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Burao%2C_Somaliland.jpg/240px-Burao%2C_Somaliland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Marodi_Jeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Marodi Jeh">Marodi Jeh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,200,000<a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a> </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:FB_KB_1687856969599.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Borama"><img alt="Borama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FB_KB_1687856969599.jpg/120px-FB_KB_1687856969599.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FB_KB_1687856969599.jpg/180px-FB_KB_1687856969599.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FB_KB_1687856969599.jpg/240px-FB_KB_1687856969599.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="606" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Borama" title="Borama">Borama</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Berbera_6666.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Berbera"><img alt="Berbera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Berbera_6666.png/120px-Berbera_6666.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Berbera_6666.png/180px-Berbera_6666.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Berbera_6666.png/240px-Berbera_6666.png 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="879" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Togdheer" title="Togdheer">Togdheer</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">425,000<a href="#cite_note-dawladda-297">[295]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Borama" title="Borama">Borama</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">300,000<a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sahil,_Somaliland" title="Sahil, Somaliland">Sahil</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">245,000<a href="#cite_note-hills-299">[297]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Erigavo" title="Erigavo">Erigavo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">180,000<a href="#cite_note-visura-300">[298]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Las_Anod" title="Las Anod">Las Anod</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sool" title="Sool">Sool</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">156,438<a href="#cite_note-The_State_in_Somaliland-301">[299]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gabiley" title="Gabiley">Gabiley</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Marodi_Jeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Marodi Jeh">Marodi Jeh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">141,000<a href="#cite_note-visit-302">[300]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tog_Wajaale" title="Tog Wajaale">Tog Wajaale</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Marodi_Jeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Marodi Jeh">Marodi Jeh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">70,450<a href="#cite_note-TA20220426-303">[301]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/El_Afweyn" title="El Afweyn">El Afweyn</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">60,000<a href="#cite_note-briggs-304">[302]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aynaba" title="Aynaba">Aynaba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sool" title="Sool">Sool</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,000<a href="#cite_note-Zenker-305">[303]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Somaliland">Islam in Somaliland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Somaliland" title="Christianity in Somaliland">Christianity in Somaliland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korantafel_im_%C3%9Cberseemuseum_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Korantafel_im_%C3%9Cberseemuseum_03.JPG/170px-Korantafel_im_%C3%9Cberseemuseum_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Korantafel_im_%C3%9Cberseemuseum_03.JPG/255px-Korantafel_im_%C3%9Cberseemuseum_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Korantafel_im_%C3%9Cberseemuseum_03.JPG/340px-Korantafel_im_%C3%9Cberseemuseum_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Somali <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'anic</a> tablet</figcaption></figure> With few exceptions, Somalis in Somaliland and elsewhere are <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>, the majority belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic jurisprudence">Islamic jurisprudence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mohamed_Diriye_Abdullahi-306">[304]</a> As with southern Somali coastal towns such as <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merca" title="Merca">Merca</a>, there is also a presence of <a href="/wiki/Sufi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi Islam">Sufism</a>, Islamic mysticism; particularly the Arab Rifa'iya <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">tariiqa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lewissaisom-307">[305]</a> Through the influence of the diaspora from Yemen and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf states</a>, stricter <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> also has a noticeable presence.<a href="#cite_note-Rgilp-308">[306]</a> Though traces of pre-Islamic traditional religion exist in Somaliland, Islam is dominant to the Somali sense of national identity. Many of the Somali social norms come from their religion. For example, most Somali women wear a <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> when they are in public. In addition, religious Somalis abstain from pork and <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, and also try to avoid receiving or paying any form of interest (<a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a>). Muslims generally congregate on Friday afternoons for a sermon and group prayer.<a href="#cite_note-somarel-309">[307]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Somaliland" title="Constitution of Somaliland">Constitution of Somaliland</a>, Islam is the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, and no laws may violate the principles of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>. The promotion of any religion other than Islam is illegal, and the state promotes Islamic tenets and discourages behaviour contrary to "Islamic morals".<a href="#cite_note-B96uF-310">[308]</a> Somaliland has very few Christians. In 1913, during the early part of the colonial era, there were virtually no Christians in the Somali territories, with about 100–200 followers coming from the schools and orphanages of the handful of <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a> missions in the British Somaliland protectorate.<a href="#cite_note-bI7vl-311">[309]</a> The small number of Christians in the region today mostly come from similar Catholic institutions in <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dc5dg-312">[310]</a> Somaliland falls within the Episcopal Area of the Horn of Africa as part of Somalia, under the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Diocese of Egypt">Anglican Diocese of Egypt</a>. However, there are no current congregations in the territory.<a href="#cite_note-N7KJd-313">[311]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mogadiscio" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mogadiscio">Roman Catholic Diocese of Mogadiscio</a> is designated to serve the area as part of Somalia. However, since 1990 there has been no Bishop of Mogadishu, and the Bishop of Djibouti acts as Apostolic Administrator.<a href="#cite_note-9EmMX-314">[312]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Adventist_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist Mission">Adventist Mission</a> also indicates that there are no Adventist members.<a href="#cite_note-3GFXo-315">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Somaliland">Healthcare in Somaliland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edna_Adan_Hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Edna_Adan_Hospital.jpg/220px-Edna_Adan_Hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Edna_Adan_Hospital.jpg/330px-Edna_Adan_Hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Edna_Adan_Hospital.jpg/440px-Edna_Adan_Hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edna_Adan_Maternity_Hospital" title="Edna Adan Maternity Hospital">Edna Adan Maternity Hospital</a> in Hargeisa</figcaption></figure> While 40.5% of households in Somaliland have access to improved water sources, almost a third of households lie at least an hour away from their primary source of drinking water. 1 in 11 children die before their first birthday, and 1 in 9 die before their fifth birthday.<a href="#cite_note-etJLq-316">[314]</a> The UNICEF multiple indicator cluster survey (MICS) in 2006 found that 94.8% of women in Somaliland had undergone some form of <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a>;<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-317">[315]</a> in 2018 the Somaliland government issued a fatwa condemning the two most severe forms of FGM, but no laws are present to punish those responsible for the practice.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-317">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Somaliland" title="Education in Somaliland">Education in Somaliland</a></div> Somaliland has an urban literacy rate of 59% and a rural literacy rate of 47%, according to a 2015 <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> assessment.<a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Somaliland" title="Culture of Somaliland">Culture of Somaliland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hargeisa_(28986744304).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hargeisa_%2828986744304%29.jpg/220px-Hargeisa_%2828986744304%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hargeisa_%2828986744304%29.jpg/330px-Hargeisa_%2828986744304%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hargeisa_%2828986744304%29.jpg/440px-Hargeisa_%2828986744304%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3142" data-file-height="2356" /></a><figcaption>People in Hargeisa</figcaption></figure> The main clans of Somaliland: <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garhajis" title="Garhajis">Garhajis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Habr Je'lo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arap" title="Arap">Arap</a>, Ayub), <a href="/wiki/Harti" title="Harti">Harti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dhulbahante" title="Dhulbahante">Dhulbahante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsangali" title="Warsangali">Warsangali</a>, Kaskiqabe, Gahayle), <a href="/wiki/Dir_(clan)" title="Dir (clan)">Dir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi" title="Gadabuursi">Gadabuursi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Issa_(clan)" title="Issa (clan)">Issa</a>, Magaadle) and <a href="/wiki/Madhiban" title="Madhiban">Madhiban</a>. Other smaller clans include: Jibraahil, Akisho, and others. The <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> groupings of the Somali people are important <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">social units</a>, and have a central role in Somali culture and politics. Clans are <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal</a> and are often divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions.<a href="#cite_note-dqGsr-319">[317]</a> Somali society is traditionally ethnically <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamous</a>. To extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Somalis">ethnic Somali</a> from a different clan. Thus, for example, a 1954 study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the <a href="/wiki/Dhulbahante" title="Dhulbahante">Dhulbahante</a> clan, 55 (62%) were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than those of their husbands; 30 (33.7%) were with women of surrounding clans of other clan families (<a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a>, 28; <a href="/wiki/Hawiye" title="Hawiye">Hawiye</a>, 3); and 3 (4.3%) were with women of other clans of the <a href="/wiki/Darod" title="Darod">Darod</a> clan family (<a href="/wiki/Majerteen" class="mw-redirect" title="Majerteen">Majerteen</a> 2, <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_(clan)" title="Ogaden (clan)">Ogaden</a> 1).<a href="#cite_note-HAhCu-320">[318]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somali_art" title="Somali art">Somali art</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrawi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hadrawi.jpg/135px-Hadrawi.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hadrawi.jpg/203px-Hadrawi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hadrawi.jpg/270px-Hadrawi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hadrawi" title="Hadrawi">Hadrawi</a>, a prominent Somali poet and songwriter</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and poetry have been described as the twin pillars of Somali culture. Somali poetry is mainly oral, with both male and female poets. They use things that are common in the Somali language as metaphors. Almost all Somalis are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslims</a> and Islam is vitally important to the Somali sense of <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a>. Most Somalis do not belong to a specific mosque or sect and can pray in any mosque they find.<a href="#cite_note-somarel-309">[307]</a> Celebrations come in the form of religious festivities. Two of the most important are <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Adha" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Adha">Eid ul-Adha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid ul-Fitr</a>, which marks the end of the fasting month. Families get dressed up to visit one another, and money is donated to the poor. Other holidays include 26 June and 18 May, which celebrate British Somaliland's independence and the Somaliland region's establishment, respectively; the latter, however, is not recognised by the international community.<a href="#cite_note-nbKjg-321">[319]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henna_for_hair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Henna_for_hair.jpg/220px-Henna_for_hair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Henna_for_hair.jpg/330px-Henna_for_hair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Henna_for_hair.jpg/440px-Henna_for_hair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">Henna</a> powder is mixed with water and then applied on the hair.</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> culture, where one's possessions are frequently moved, there is little reason for the <a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">plastic arts</a> to be highly developed. Somalis embellish and decorate their woven and wooden milk jugs (haamo; the most decorative jugs are made in <a href="/wiki/Ceerigaabo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceerigaabo">Ceerigaabo</a>) as well as wooden headrests.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Traditional dance is also important, though mainly as a form of courtship among young people. One such dance known as Ciyaar Soomaali is a local favourite.<a href="#cite_note-2cpce-322">[320]</a> An important form of art in Somali culture is <a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a> art. The custom of applying henna dates back to antiquity. During special occasions, a Somali woman's hands and feet are expected to be covered in decorative <a href="/wiki/Mendhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendhi">mendhi</a>. Girls and women usually apply or decorate their hands and feet in henna on festive celebrations like <a href="/wiki/Muslim_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim holidays">Eid</a> or weddings. The henna designs vary from very simple to highly intricate. Somali designs vary, with some more modern and simple while others are traditional and intricate. Traditionally, only women apply it as <a href="/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art">body art</a>, as it is considered a feminine custom. Henna is not only applied on the hands and feet but is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a>. Somali men and women alike use henna as a dye to change their hair colour. Women are free to apply henna on their hair as most of the time they are wearing a <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-YjLlr-323">[321]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Somaliland" title="Sports in Somaliland">Sports in Somaliland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somaliland_National_Football_Team.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Somaliland_National_Football_Team.jpg/220px-Somaliland_National_Football_Team.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Somaliland_National_Football_Team.jpg/330px-Somaliland_National_Football_Team.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Somaliland_National_Football_Team.jpg/440px-Somaliland_National_Football_Team.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_national_football_team" title="Somaliland national football team">Somaliland national football team</a> at a friendly match.</figcaption></figure> Popular sports in Somaliland include <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, track and field and basketball.<a href="#cite_note-324">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[323]</a> Somaliland has a <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_national_football_team" title="Somaliland national football team">national football team</a>, though it is not a member of <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football" title="Confederation of African Football">Confederation of African Football</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Sport_2018-326">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Somaliland" title="Portal:Somaliland">Somaliland portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Somaliland-related_articles" title="Index of Somaliland-related articles">Index of Somaliland-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Somalilanders" title="List of Somalilanders">List of Somalilanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Somaliland" title="Outline of Somaliland">Outline of Somaliland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> The claimed territory is 177,000km2,<a href="#cite_note-auto2-3">[3]</a> although due to various conflicts the exact size of control has varied over time. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliland; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: جمهورية صوماليلاند, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Y0P0l-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Y0P0l_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 2 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.somalilandlaw.com&rft.atitle=Somaliland+Constitution&rft.aulast=website&rft.aufirst=Somallilandlaw.com+%E2%80%93+an+independent+non-for-profit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.somalilandlaw.com%2Fbody_somaliland_constitution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://somalilandchronicle.com/tag/somaliland-country-profile/">"Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unveils The Somaliland Country Profile"</a>. somalilandchronicle.com. 21 June 2021. 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CQ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-7155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-7155-9"><bdi>978-1-4833-7155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Handbook+of+the+World+2015&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-7155-9&rft.aulast=Lansford&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyNGfBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT5625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-horndiplo2-13"><a href="#cite_ref-horndiplo2_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.horndiplomat.com/2024/04/19/somalilands-population-reaches-6-2-million/">"Somaliland's population reaches 6.2 million"</a>. 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The Red Sea Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-19-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-19-6"><bdi>978-0-932415-19-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+Borderlands%3A+Essays+in+Regional+History+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+End+of+the+18th+Century&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-932415-19-6&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzpYBD3bzW1wC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988">, page 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-:132-17"><a href="#cite_ref-:132_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYlönen2023" class="citation book cs1">Ylönen, Aleksi Ylönen (28 December 2023). The Horn Engaging the Gulf Economic Diplomacy and Statecraft in Regional Relations. Bloomsbury. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780755635191" title="Special:BookSources/9780755635191"><bdi>9780755635191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horn+Engaging+the+Gulf+Economic+Diplomacy+and+Statecraft+in+Regional+Relations&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2023-12-28&rft.isbn=9780755635191&rft.aulast=Yl%C3%B6nen&rft.aufirst=Aleksi+Yl%C3%B6nen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:023-18"><a href="#cite_ref-:023_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html#Isaaq">"Somali Traditional States"</a>. www.worldstatesmen.org. 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Una Visión Diferente De La Política Internacional [2023]</a>. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8393720292" title="Special:BookSources/979-8393720292"><bdi>979-8393720292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Su%C3%A1rez%2C+J.+A.+Geopol%C3%ADtica+De+Lo+Desconocido.+Una+Visi%C3%B3n+Diferente+De+La+Pol%C3%ADtica+Internacional+%5B2023%5D&rft.pages=227&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=979-8393720292&rft.au=J.+A.+Su%C3%A1rez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuarez-j.-a.-geopolitica-de-lo-desconocido.-una-vision-diferente-de-la-politica-internacional-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irmaannews.com:443/mobile/articles/2462/Maxaad-ka-taqaana-Saldanada-Ugu-Faca-Weyn-Beesha-Isaaq">"Maxaad ka taqaana Saldanada Ugu Faca Weyn Beesha Isaaq"</a>. irmaannews.com. 13 February 2021. 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Médecins Sans Frontières. p. 214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somalia+1991-1993%3A+Civil+War%2C+Famine+Alert+and+a+UN+%22Military-Humanitarian%22+Intervention&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=M%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft.aulast=Binet&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLboiAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-129"><a href="#cite_ref-:21_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTekle1994" class="citation book cs1">Tekle, Amare (1 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC&pg=PA152">Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation</a>. The Red Sea Press. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-97-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-97-4"><bdi>978-0-932415-97-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eritrea+and+Ethiopia%3A+From+Conflict+to+Cooperation&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-932415-97-4&rft.aulast=Tekle&rft.aufirst=Amare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxbQTEF0rd7wC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-130"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Somalia : a government at war with its own people: testimonies about the killings and the conflict in the north. New York: Africa Watch Committee. 1990. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929692-33-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-929692-33-0"><bdi>0-929692-33-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24108168">24108168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somalia+%3A+a+government+at+war+with+its+own+people%3A+testimonies+about+the+killings+and+the+conflict+in+the+north.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Africa+Watch+Committee&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24108168&rft.isbn=0-929692-33-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bzPKm-131"><a href="#cite_ref-bzPKm_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbou_Jeng2012" class="citation book cs1">Abou Jeng (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bUKxfDKkKi0C&pg=PA245">Peacebuilding in the African Union: Law, Philosophy and Practice</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01521-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01521-0"><bdi>978-1-107-01521-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peacebuilding+in+the+African+Union%3A+Law%2C+Philosophy+and+Practice&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01521-0&rft.au=Abou+Jeng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbUKxfDKkKi0C%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeSRJ-132"><a href="#cite_ref-DeSRJ_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarleen_Renders2012" class="citation book cs1">Marleen Renders (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPlgycWcpzAC&pg=PA59">Consider Somaliland: State-Building with Traditional Leaders and Institutions</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 59–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21848-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21848-2"><bdi>978-90-04-21848-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consider+Somaliland%3A+State-Building+with+Traditional+Leaders+and+Institutions&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21848-2&rft.au=Marleen+Renders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwPlgycWcpzAC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TQ11H-133"><a href="#cite_ref-TQ11H_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngiriis2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ingiriis, Mohamed Haji (2 July 2016). ""We Swallowed the State as the State Swallowed Us": The Genesis, Genealogies, and Geographies of Genocides in Somalia". African Security. 9 (3): 237–258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19392206.2016.1208475">10.1080/19392206.2016.1208475</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-2206">1939-2206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148145948">148145948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Security&rft.atitle=%22We+Swallowed+the+State+as+the+State+Swallowed+Us%22%3A+The+Genesis%2C+Genealogies%2C+and+Geographies+of+Genocides+in+Somalia&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=237-258&rft.date=2016-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148145948%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1939-2206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19392206.2016.1208475&rft.aulast=Ingiriis&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Haji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-0CBv8-134"><a href="#cite_ref-0CBv8_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullin2010" class="citation book cs1">Mullin, Chris (1 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/viewfromfoothill0000mull">A View From The Foothills: The Diaries of Chris Mullin</a>. Profile Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/viewfromfoothill0000mull/page/504">504</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84765-186-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84765-186-0"><bdi>978-1-84765-186-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+View+From+The+Foothills%3A+The+Diaries+of+Chris+Mullin&rft.pages=504&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84765-186-0&rft.aulast=Mullin&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fviewfromfoothill0000mull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mburu-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Mburu_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMburuRightsOffice2002" class="citation book cs1">Mburu, Chris; Rights, United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human; Office, United Nations Development Programme Somalia Country (1 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7w8VAQAAIAAJ">Past human rights abuses in Somalia: report of a preliminary study conducted for the United Nations (OHCHR/UNDP-Somalia)</a>. s.n.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Past+human+rights+abuses+in+Somalia%3A+report+of+a+preliminary+study+conducted+for+the+United+Nations+%28OHCHR%2FUNDP-Somalia%29&rft.pub=s.n.&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.aulast=Mburu&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Rights%2C+United+Nations+Office+of+the+High+Commissioner+for+Human&rft.au=Office%2C+United+Nations+Development+Programme+Somalia+Country&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7w8VAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peifer-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Peifer_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeifer2009" class="citation book cs1">Peifer, Douglas C. (1 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tOgOwSXB164C&pg=PA23">Stopping Mass Killings in Africa: Genocide, Airpower, and Intervention</a>. DIANE Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-1281-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-1281-4"><bdi>978-1-4379-1281-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stopping+Mass+Killings+in+Africa%3A+Genocide%2C+Airpower%2C+and+Intervention&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4379-1281-4&rft.aulast=Peifer&rft.aufirst=Douglas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtOgOwSXB164C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-taQH4-137"><a href="#cite_ref-taQH4_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraus2015" class="citation book cs1">Straus, Scott (24 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mKWiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149">Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5567-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5567-4"><bdi>978-0-8014-5567-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+and+Unmaking+Nations%3A+The+Origins+and+Dynamics+of+Genocide+in+Contemporary+Africa&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-5567-4&rft.aulast=Straus&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmKWiBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2017" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Adam (22 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZybbAAAAMAAJ">Genocide, war crimes and the West: history and complicity</a>. Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-191-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-191-4"><bdi>978-1-84277-191-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%2C+war+crimes+and+the+West%3A+history+and+complicity&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2017-01-22&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-191-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZybbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eeDVy-139"><a href="#cite_ref-eeDVy_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinl" class="citation news cs1">Reinl, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/2/6/investigating-genocide-in-somaliland">"Somaliland massacre"</a>. www.aljazeera.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Somaliland+massacre&rft.aulast=Reinl&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2014%2F2%2F6%2Finvestigating-genocide-in-somaliland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eaf0N-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Eaf0N_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTekle1994" class="citation book cs1">Tekle, Amare (1 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC&pg=PA152">Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation</a>. The Red Sea Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-97-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-97-4"><bdi>978-0-932415-97-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eritrea+and+Ethiopia%3A+From+Conflict+to+Cooperation&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-932415-97-4&rft.aulast=Tekle&rft.aufirst=Amare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxbQTEF0rd7wC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BXq6o-141"><a href="#cite_ref-BXq6o_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190326060340/https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf">Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 11 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somaliland+%2A+%E2%80%93+Country+report+%E2%80%93+Freedom+in+the+World+%E2%80%93+2017&rft.pub=Freedom+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-world%2F2017%2Fsomaliland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplan248252-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan248252_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Seth (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807065437/http://www.sethkaplan.org/doc/JOD,%20Democratization%20in%20Africa%20chapter%203.10.pdf">"The Remarkable Story of Somaliland"</a> (PDF). Journal of Democracy. 19 (3): 248, 252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.0.0009">10.1353/jod.0.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153442685">153442685</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sethkaplan.org/doc/JOD,%20Democratization%20in%20Africa%20chapter%203.10.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2017. <q>The Republic of Somaliland, the secessionist northwestern slice of Somalia that declared independence in 1991, has a far better democratic track record than any of its neighbors despite—or, perhaps, because of—a dearth of assistance from the international community. ... Whereas attempts to build stable state structures in Mogadishu have mostly been top-down, with outsiders in the lead, Somaliland has constructed a functioning government from the bottom up, on its own, with little outside assistance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=The+Remarkable+Story+of+Somaliland&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=248%2C+252&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.0.0009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153442685%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sethkaplan.org%2Fdoc%2FJOD%2C%2520Democratization%2520in%2520Africa%2520chapter%25203.10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplan248249253-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan248249253_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Seth (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807065437/http://www.sethkaplan.org/doc/JOD,%20Democratization%20in%20Africa%20chapter%203.10.pdf">"The Remarkable Story of Somaliland"</a> (PDF). Journal of Democracy. 19 (3): 248–249, 253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.0.0009">10.1353/jod.0.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153442685">153442685</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sethkaplan.org/doc/JOD,%20Democratization%20in%20Africa%20chapter%203.10.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2017. <q>Abutting the Gulf of Aden just south of the Red Sea, across the water from Yemen and Saudi Arabia, and bordered by Ethiopia and the rest of Somalia, this strategically important territory is not even recognised by the international community but undoubtedly has the most democratic political system in the entire Horn of Africa. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saxafimedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/State-Making-In-Somalia-And-Somaliland.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=STATE-MAKING+IN+SOMALIA+AND+SOMALILAND+Understanding+War%2C+Nationalism+and+State+Trajectories+as+Processes+of+Institutional+and+Socio-Cognitive+Standardization&rft.degree=PhD&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Dominik+Balthasar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaxafimedia.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F10%2FState-Making-In-Somalia-And-Somaliland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerouk_Mesfin2009" class="citation web cs1">Berouk Mesfin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/111689/p200.pdf">"The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland"</a> (PDF). Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eidgen%C3%B6ssische+Technische+Hochschule+Z%C3%BCrich&rft.atitle=The+political+development+of+Somaliland+and+its+conflict+with+Puntland&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Berouk+Mesfin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.files.ethz.ch%2Fisn%2F111689%2Fp200.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8ju5Q-264"><a href="#cite_ref-8ju5Q_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResearch_Directorate,_ImmigrationRefugee_Board,_Canada1996" class="citation web cs1">Research Directorate, Immigration & Refugee Board, Canada (1 September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=3ae6ac0350">"Somaliland: Information on the current situation of the Isaaq clan and on the areas in which they live"</a>. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. SML24647.E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019232322/http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=3ae6ac0350">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somaliland%3A+Information+on+the+current+situation+of+the+Isaaq+clan+and+on+the+areas+in+which+they+live&rft.pub=Immigration+and+Refugee+Board+of+Canada&rft.date=1996-09-01&rft.au=Research+Directorate%2C+Immigration&rft.au=Refugee+Board%2C+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftexis%2Fvtx%2Frwmain%3Fdocid%3D3ae6ac0350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/3df0bbc14.html">"Somalia: Somali government policy towards the Isaaq clan"</a>. Refworld. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">United States Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services</a>. 9 January 1998. <q>the Isaaq who make up 80 percent of the former British Somaliland</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Somalia%3A+Somali+government+policy+towards+the+Isaaq+clan&rft.date=1998-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F3df0bbc14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiafe-Amoako2018" class="citation book cs1">Wiafe-Amoako, Francis (4 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_SRqDwAAQBAJ&dq=isaaq+80%25&pg=PA238">Africa 2018–2019</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4758-4179-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4758-4179-4"><bdi>978-1-4758-4179-4</bdi></a>. <q>[...] Isaaq clans representing 80% of the population of former British Somaliland reached an agreement with other clans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+2018%E2%80%932019&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2018-10-04&rft.isbn=978-1-4758-4179-4&rft.aulast=Wiafe-Amoako&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_SRqDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Disaaq%2B80%2525%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesse2013" class="citation book cs1">Hesse, Brian J. (13 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=he_bAAAAQBAJ&dq=somalia:+State+Collapse,+Terrorism+and+Piracy+isaaq+80%25&pg=PT124">Somalia: State Collapse, Terrorism and Piracy</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-98591-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-98591-4"><bdi>978-1-317-98591-4</bdi></a>. <q>[...] whereas 80% of Somaliland's citizens are from the Isaaq clan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somalia%3A+State+Collapse%2C+Terrorism+and+Piracy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-317-98591-4&rft.aulast=Hesse&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhe_bAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsomalia%3A%2BState%2BCollapse%2C%2BTerrorism%2Band%2BPiracy%2Bisaaq%2B80%2525%26pg%3DPT124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newint.org/columns/country/2017/10/01/somaliland">"A look at Somaliland between clan politics, regional turmoil and November elections"</a>. New Internationalist. 1 October 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2023. <q>The Isaaq make up 80% of the population, making Somaliland considerably more homogenous than Somalia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Internationalist&rft.atitle=A+look+at+Somaliland+between+clan+politics%2C+regional+turmoil+and+November+elections&rft.date=2017-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewint.org%2Fcolumns%2Fcountry%2F2017%2F10%2F01%2Fsomaliland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oJ4M5-269"><a href="#cite_ref-oJ4M5_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Briggs2012" class="citation book cs1">Philip Briggs (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC&pg=PA137">Somaliland: With Addis Ababa & Eastern Ethiopia</a>. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-371-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-371-9"><bdi>978-1-84162-371-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somaliland%3A+With+Addis+Ababa+%26+Eastern+Ethiopia&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-371-9&rft.au=Philip+Briggs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM6NI2FejIuwC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC&dq=erigavo+isaaq+clan+population&pg=PA137">Somaliland: With Addis Ababa & Eastern Ethiopia</a> By Philip Briggs. Google Books. </li> <li id="cite_note-GKIqD-271"><a href="#cite_ref-GKIqD_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVries2005" class="citation book cs1">Vries, F. W. T. Penning de (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=me4YBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA67">Bright spots demonstrate community successes in African agriculture</a>. IWMI. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9090-618-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9090-618-6"><bdi>978-92-9090-618-6</bdi></a>. <q>Gadabursi, the second largest clan in Somaliland, was peacefully elected as president.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bright+spots+demonstrate+community+successes+in+African+agriculture&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=IWMI&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-92-9090-618-6&rft.aulast=Vries&rft.aufirst=F.+W.+T.+Penning+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dme4YBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse_(U.S.)2008" class="citation book cs1">House (U.S.), Freedom (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-tI2NuQLLuYC&dq=somaliland+second+largest+clan&pg=PA855">Freedom in the World 2008: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 855. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6306-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6306-3"><bdi>978-0-7425-6306-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+in+the+World+2008%3A+The+Annual+Survey+of+Political+Rights+and+Civil+Liberties&rft.pages=855&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6306-3&rft.aulast=House+%28U.S.%29&rft.aufirst=Freedom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-tI2NuQLLuYC%26dq%3Dsomaliland%2Bsecond%2Blargest%2Bclan%26pg%3DPA855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVries2005" class="citation book cs1">Vries, F. W. T. Penning de (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=me4YBQAAQBAJ&dq=somaliland+second+largest+clan&pg=PA67">Bright spots demonstrate community successes in African agriculture</a>. 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Taurus. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-634-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-634-7"><bdi>1-85043-634-7</bdi></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1457606427_easo-somalia-security-feb-2016.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EASO+Country+of+Origin+Information+Report+Somalia+Security+Situation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecoi.net%2Ffile_upload%2F1226_1457606427_easo-somalia-security-feb-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-B6x0e-292"><a href="#cite_ref-B6x0e_292-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20010302083933/http://www.somalilandgov.com/cprofile.htm">"Somaliland Republic: Country Profile"</a>. 2 March 2001. 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BBC Sport. 19 November 2018. 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South Asia Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0670-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0670-0"><bdi>81-215-0670-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commerce+Between+the+Roman+Empire+and+India&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=81-215-0670-0&rft.aulast=Warmington&rft.aufirst=Eric+Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bradbury, Mark, Becoming Somaliland (James Currey, 2008)</li> <li>Michael Schoiswohl: Status and (Human Rights) Obligations of Non-Recognized De Facto Regimes in International Law: The Case of 'Somaliland' (Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13655-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13655-X">90-04-13655-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2014" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Rebecca (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BFd7BAAAQBAJ">Understanding Statebuilding: Traditional Governance and the Modern State in Somaliland</a>. Surrey: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-2589-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-2589-8"><bdi>978-1-4724-2589-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Statebuilding%3A+Traditional+Governance+and+the+Modern+State+in+Somaliland&rft.place=Surrey&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-2589-8&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBFd7BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomaliland" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Somaliland at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Somaliland" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Somaliland">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" class="extiw" title="c:Somaliland">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Somaliland" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Somaliland">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Somaliland" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Somaliland">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Somaliland" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Somaliland">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Somaliland" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Somaliland">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Somaliland" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Somaliland">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Somaliland" class="extiw" title="voy:Somaliland">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Somaliland" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Somaliland">Wikimedia Atlas of Somaliland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=somaliland">Somaliland</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govsomaliland.org/">Government of Somaliland</a> (official website)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/3794847.stm">Somaliland</a> – BBC Country Profile</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414190802/http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a8060.html">Update on the Situation in the Somaliland</a> (archived version)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Somaliland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Somaliland_topics" title="Template:Somaliland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Somaliland_topics" title="Template talk:Somaliland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somaliland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Somaliland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Somaliland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Somaliland</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Somaliland-related_articles" title="Index of Somaliland-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland" title="History of Somaliland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laas_Geel" title="Laas Geel">Laas Geel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhambalin" title="Dhambalin">Dhambalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat" title="Sultanate of Ifat">Sultanate of Ifat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berbera" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Berbera">Battle of Berbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate" title="Habr Yunis Sultanate">Habr Yunis Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_British_Somaliland" title="Postage stamps and postal history of British Somaliland">Postage stamps and postal history of British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland campaign (1920)">Somaliland campaign (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Burao_Tax_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1922 Burao Tax Revolt">1922 Burao Tax Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Italian invasion of British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Camel_Corps" title="Somaliland Camel Corps">Somaliland Camel Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Scouts" title="Somaliland Scouts">Somaliland Scouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Sheikh_Bashir_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion">1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland" title="List of colonial governors of British Somaliland">List of colonial governors of British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Movement" title="Somali National Movement">National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Somaliland Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntland%E2%80%93Somaliland_dispute" title="Puntland–Somaliland dispute">Border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Waheen_Market_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Waheen Market fire">2022 Waheen Market fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Somaliland" title="Outline of Somaliland">Outline of Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Somalia" title="Military history of Somalia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_British_Somaliland" title="Postage stamps and postal history of British Somaliland">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Somaliland" title="Coat of arms of Somaliland"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somaliland" title="Geography of Somaliland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Somaliland" title="List of cities in Somaliland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Somaliland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Somaliland" title="Geology of Somaliland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Somalia" title="Wildlife of Somalia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Waterfalls_of_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Waterfalls of Somaliland (page does not exist)">Waterfalls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamadaya" title="Lamadaya">Lamadaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Somaliland" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Somaliland">Mountain ranges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golis_Mountains" title="Golis Mountains">Golis Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal_Madow" title="Cal Madow">Cal Madow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogo_Mountains" title="Ogo Mountains">Ogo Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buur_Dhaab" title="Buur Dhaab">Buur Dhaab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Somaliland" title="Category:Mountains of Somaliland">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Shimbiris" title="Mount Shimbiris">Shimbiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golis_Mountains" title="Golis Mountains">Golis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal_Madow" title="Cal Madow">Cal Madow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buur_Dhaab" title="Buur Dhaab">Buur Dhaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dul_Madoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Dul Madoba">Dul Madoba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Somaliland" title="Category:Islands of Somaliland">Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_ad-Din_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ad ad-Din Islands">Sa'ad ad-Din Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caves_in_Somaliland" title="Caves in Somaliland">Caves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Somaliland" title="Regions of Somaliland">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroodi_Jeex" title="Maroodi Jeex">Maroodi Jeex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saaxil" class="mw-redirect" title="Saaxil">Saaxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sool,_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sool, Somalia">Sool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togdheer" title="Togdheer">Togdheer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Somaliland" title="Politics of Somaliland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Somaliland">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Somaliland" title="Constitution of Somaliland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Somaliland" title="Elections in Somaliland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somaliland" title="Foreign relations of Somaliland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Somaliland" title="List of diplomatic missions in Somaliland">Diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Somaliland" title="Government of Somaliland">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_representative_offices_of_Somaliland" title="List of representative offices of Somaliland">Embassies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Somaliland" title="Human rights in Somaliland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Somaliland">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Somaliland" title="Judiciary of Somaliland">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">Law (Xeer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Armed_Forces" title="Somaliland Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Police" title="Somaliland Police">Somaliland Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Somaliland" title="Parliament of Somaliland">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Elders_(Somaliland)" title="House of Elders (Somaliland)">House of Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Somaliland)" title="House of Representatives (Somaliland)">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Somaliland" title="List of political parties in Somaliland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Somaliland" title="President of Somaliland">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somaliland" title="List of presidents of Somaliland">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of Somaliland">Vice-President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of Somaliland">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministers_of_Somaliland" title="Template:Ministers of Somaliland">Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mayors_of_Somaliland" title="Template:Mayors of Somaliland">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Somaliland" title="Visa policy of Somaliland">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Somaliland" title="Economy of Somaliland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Somaliland" title="Agriculture in Somaliland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Somaliland" title="Bank of Somaliland">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Somaliland" title="List of airports in Somaliland">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of companies of Somaliland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Somalia" title="Exclusive economic zone of Somalia">EEZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Somaliland" title="Energy in Somaliland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ports_in_Somaliland" title="Template:Ports in Somaliland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_shilling" title="Somaliland shilling">Shilling (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Somaliland" title="Telecommunications in Somaliland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Somaliland" title="Tourism in Somaliland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Somaliland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Somaliland" title="Category:Society of Somaliland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samo_ku_waar" title="Samo ku waar">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Somaliland" title="National emblem of Somaliland">National emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Somalia" title="Demographics of Somalia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Somaliland" title="Education in Somaliland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Somaliland" title="Flag of Somaliland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Somaliland" title="National Library of Somaliland">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Somaliland" title="Public holidays in Somaliland">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Somaliland)" title="Independence Day (Somaliland)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Somaliland" title="Telephone numbers in Somaliland">Calling code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Somaliland" title="Supreme Court of Somaliland">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Somaliland" title="Culture of Somaliland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_art" title="Somali art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Somaliland" title="Media of Somaliland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Somaliland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Somaliland" title="Sports in Somaliland">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_national_football_team" title="Somaliland national football team">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Regional_Games" title="Somaliland Regional Games">Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Somaliland" title="Languages of Somaliland">Languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Somaliland" title="Category:Somaliland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Somaliland" title="Portal:Somaliland">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories fully part of non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="The Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="The Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>  (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Africa" title="Template:Geography of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Geography of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Africa" title="Geography of Africa">Geography of Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Algeria" title="Geography of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Angola" title="Geography of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Benin" title="Geography of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Botswana" title="Geography of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Geography of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burundi" title="Geography of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cameroon" title="Geography of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cape_Verde" title="Geography of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Geography of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chad" title="Geography of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Comoros" title="Geography of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Djibouti" title="Geography of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Geography of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Eritrea" title="Geography of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Eswatini" title="Geography of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ethiopia" title="Geography of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gabon" title="Geography of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Gambia" title="Geography of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ghana" title="Geography of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guinea" title="Geography of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Geography of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Geography of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kenya" title="Geography of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lesotho" title="Geography of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Liberia" title="Geography of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Libya" title="Geography of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madagascar" title="Geography of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malawi" title="Geography of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mali" title="Geography of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mauritania" title="Geography of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mauritius" title="Geography of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Morocco" title="Geography of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mozambique" title="Geography of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Namibia" title="Geography of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Niger" title="Geography of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nigeria" title="Geography of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Rwanda" title="Geography of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Geography of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Senegal" title="Geography of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Seychelles" title="Geography of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Geography of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somalia" title="Geography of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Africa" title="Geography of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Sudan" title="Geography of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sudan" title="Geography of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tanzania" title="Geography of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Togo" title="Geography of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tunisia" title="Geography of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uganda" title="Geography of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zambia" title="Geography of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zimbabwe" title="Geography of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somaliland" title="Geography of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Melilla">Melilla</a>  (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Madeira">Madeira</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mayotte" title="Geography of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Geography of Réunion">Réunion</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Helena" title="Geography of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Geography of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Geography of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Somaliland&#124;link=Somaliland_Regions_of_Somaliland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_Somaliland" title="Template:Regions of Somaliland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_Somaliland" title="Template talk:Regions of Somaliland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_Somaliland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of Somaliland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Somaliland&#124;link=Somaliland_Regions_of_Somaliland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland"><img alt="Somaliland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/36px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Somaliland" title="Regions of Somaliland">Regions</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Somaliland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroodi_Jeex" title="Maroodi Jeex">Maroodi Jeex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahil,_Somaliland" title="Sahil, Somaliland">Sahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sool,_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sool, Somaliland">Sool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togdheer" title="Togdheer">Togdheer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_with_limited_recognition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Template:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Template talk:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_with_limited_recognition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Details concerning <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">international recognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign relations</a> provided by the articles linked in parentheses</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">UN member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Partially_unrecognised" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Partially unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Republic of Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Cyprus">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel" title="International recognition of Israel">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel" title="Foreign relations of Israel">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Korea" title="Foreign relations of South Korea">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">UN specialized agency members or <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">GA observer</a> state</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Partially_unrecognised" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Partially unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Foreign relations of the State of Palestine">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Foreign relations of Kosovo">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Kosovo_in_international_organizations" title="Membership of Kosovo in international organizations">membership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Foreign relations of the Cook Islands">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Niue" title="Foreign relations of Niue">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-UN member states</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised by at least one UN member</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Republic of Abkhazia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Abkhazia" title="Foreign relations of Abkhazia">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Northern_Cyprus_in_international_organizations" title="Membership of Northern Cyprus in international organizations">membership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">Republic of South Ossetia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Ossetia" title="Foreign relations of South Ossetia">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised only by non-UN members</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Transnistria" title="Foreign relations of Transnistria">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republic of Somaliland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somaliland" title="Foreign relations of Somaliland">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNPO" title="Template:UNPO"><abbr title="View this 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title="Ikelan">Bellah people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haratin" title="Haratin">Haratin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabylia" title="Kabylia">Kabylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_people" title="Ogoni people">Ogoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia" title="Oromia">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Rehoboth Basters</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Togoland" title="Western Togoland">Western Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambesia" title="Zambesia">Zambesia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:UNPO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UNPO.svg/100px-UNPO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UNPO.svg/150px-UNPO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UNPO.svg/200px-UNPO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom" title="Khmer Krom">Khmer Krom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabs" title="Khuzestani Arabs">Khuzestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madheshi_people" title="Madheshi people">Madhesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagalim">Nagalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Southern Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Maluku" title="Republic of South Maluku">South Moluccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Southern Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">West Balochistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezghin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_West_Papua" title="Republic of West Papua">West Papuans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Somaliland&#124;link=Somaliland_Mayors_of_Somaliland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mayors_of_Somaliland" title="Template:Mayors of Somaliland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mayors_of_Somaliland" title="Template talk:Mayors of Somaliland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mayors_of_Somaliland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mayors of Somaliland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Somaliland&#124;link=Somaliland_Mayors_of_Somaliland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland"><img alt="Somaliland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/36px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Somaliland_politicians" title="List of Somaliland politicians">Mayors of Somaliland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Hargeisa" title="Mayor of Hargeisa">Mayor of Hargeisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Burao" title="Mayor of Burao">Mayor of Burao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Berbera" title="Mayor of Berbera">Mayor of Berbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Borama" title="Mayor of Borama">Mayor of Borama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Erigavo" title="Mayor of Erigavo">Mayor of Erigavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Las_Anod" title="Mayor of Las Anod">Mayor of Las Anod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incumbents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdikarim_Ahmed_Mooge" title="Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge">Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Hersi_Ahmed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohamed Hersi Ahmed (page does not exist)">Mohamed Hersi Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdishakur_Iddin" title="Abdishakur Iddin">Abdishakur Iddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Hassan_Haddi" title="Suleiman Hassan Haddi">Suleiman Hassan Haddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haji_Nour" title="Ismail Haji Nour">Ismail Haji Nour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdirahim_Ali_Ismail" title="Abdirahim Ali Ismail">Abdirahim Ali Ismail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Somaliland&#124;link=Somaliland_Presidents_of_Somaliland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Somaliland" title="Template:Presidents of Somaliland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Somaliland" title="Template talk:Presidents of Somaliland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Somaliland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Somaliland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Somaliland&#124;link=Somaliland_Presidents_of_Somaliland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland"><img alt="Somaliland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/36px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somaliland" title="List of presidents of Somaliland">Presidents of Somaliland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Somaliland"><img alt="Emblem of Somaliland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Ahmed_Ali_Tuur" title="Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur">Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal" title="Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal">Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahir_Riyale_Kahin" title="Dahir Riyale Kahin">Dahir Riyale Kahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mohamed_Mohamoud" title="Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud">Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muse_Bihi_Abdi" title="Muse Bihi Abdi">Muse Bihi Abdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Mohamed_Abdullahi" title="Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi">Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi</a> (elect)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Somaliland&#124;link=Somaliland_Vice_presidents_of_Somaliland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vice_presidents_of_Somaliland" title="Template:Vice presidents of Somaliland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vice_presidents_of_Somaliland" title="Template talk:Vice presidents of Somaliland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vice_presidents_of_Somaliland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vice presidents of Somaliland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Somaliland&#124;link=Somaliland_Vice_presidents_of_Somaliland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland"><img alt="Somaliland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/36px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Somaliland" title="Vice President of Somaliland">Vice presidents of Somaliland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Isse_Jama" title="Hassan Isse Jama">Hassan Isse Jama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Ahmed_Ali_Tuur" title="Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur">Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Aw_Ali_Farrah" title="Abdirahman Aw Ali Farrah">Abdirahman Aw Ali Farrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahir_Riyale_Kahin" title="Dahir Riyale Kahin">Dahir Riyale Kahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yusuf_Yasin" title="Ahmed Yusuf Yasin">Ahmed Yusuf Yasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Saylici" title="Abdirahman Saylici">Abdirahman Saylici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Ali_Abdi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohamed Ali Abdi (page does not exist)">Mohamed Ali Abdi</a> (elect)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Somaliland&#124;link=Somaliland_Ministers_of_Somaliland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministers_of_Somaliland" title="Template:Ministers of Somaliland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministers_of_Somaliland" title="Template talk:Ministers of Somaliland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers_of_Somaliland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers of Somaliland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Somaliland&#124;link=Somaliland_Ministers_of_Somaliland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland"><img alt="Somaliland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Somaliland_politicians" title="List of Somaliland politicians">Ministers of Somaliland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Somaliland">Current ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saad_Ali_Shire" title="Saad Ali Shire">Saad Ali Shire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasin_Haji_Mohamoud" title="Yasin Haji Mohamoud">Yasin Haji Mohamoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Kahin_Ahmed" title="Mohamed Kahin Ahmed">Mohamed Kahin Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdiqani_Mohamoud_Aateye" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdiqani Mohamoud Aateye">Abdiqani Mohamoud Aateye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Muse_Diriye" title="Mohamed Muse Diriye">Mohamed Muse Diriye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ahmed_Mohamoud" title="Mohamed Ahmed Mohamoud">Mohamed Ahmed Mohamoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinda_Jama_Hersi" title="Hinda Jama Hersi">Hinda Jama Hersi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdillahi_Abokor_Osman" title="Abdillahi Abokor Osman">Abdillahi Abokor Osman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mumin_Seed" title="Ahmed Mumin Seed">Ahmed Mumin Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamoud_Hassan_Saad" title="Mohamoud Hassan Saad">Mohamoud Hassan Saad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Mire_Mohamed" title="Yusuf Mire Mohamed">Yusuf Mire Mohamed</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saleban_Yusuf_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saleban Yusuf Ali (page does not exist)">Saleban Yusuf Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mohamed_Diriye" title="Ahmed Mohamed Diriye">Ahmed Mohamed Diriye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Ali_Abdillahi" title="Omar Ali Abdillahi">Omar Ali Abdillahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama_Mohamoud_Egal" title="Jama Mohamoud Egal">Jama Mohamoud Egal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdirashid_Haji_Duale" title="Abdirashid Haji Duale">Abdirashid Haji Duale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Adan_Elmi" title="Mohamed Adan Elmi">Mohamed Adan Elmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafe_Mohamoud_Ali" title="Mustafe Mohamoud Ali">Mustafe Mohamoud Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Sulub_Mohamed" title="Said Sulub Mohamed">Said Sulub Mohamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdiweli_Sheikh_Abdillahi" title="Abdiweli Sheikh Abdillahi">Abdiweli Sheikh Abdillahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Mohammed_Ali" title="Hassan Mohammed Ali">Hassan Mohammed Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Abdillahi_Ahmed" title="Khalil Abdillahi Ahmed">Khalil Abdillahi Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukri_Haji_Ismail" title="Shukri Haji Ismail">Shukri Haji Ismail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Somaliland_politicians" title="List of Somaliland politicians">Former ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edna_Adan_Ismail" title="Edna Adan Ismail">Edna Adan Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Yonis" title="Mohamed Yonis">Mohamed Yonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Abdullahi_Omar" title="Mohammad Abdullahi Omar">Mohammad Abdullahi Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Ali_Duale" title="Hussein Ali Duale">Hussein Ali Duale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Haji_Mohamoud" title="Hassan Haji Mohamoud">Hassan Haji Mohamoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adan_Ahmed_Elmi" title="Adan Ahmed Elmi">Adan Ahmed Elmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Haglotosiye" title="Suleiman Haglotosiye">Suleiman Haglotosiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Abdi_Dualeh" title="Hussein Abdi Dualeh">Hussein Abdi Dualeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Kassim_Omar" title="Musa Kassim Omar">Musa Kassim Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Mohamoud_Adan" title="Suleiman Mohamoud Adan">Suleiman Mohamoud Adan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohamed_Warancadde" title="Ali Mohamed Warancadde">Ali Mohamed Warancadde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Nour_Arrale" title="Mohamed Nour Arrale">Mohamed Nour Arrale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamzam_Abdi_Adan" title="Zamzam Abdi Adan">Zamzam Abdi Adan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamoud_Hashi_Abdi" title="Mohamoud Hashi Abdi">Mohamoud Hashi Abdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdillahi_Mohamed_Dahir" title="Abdillahi Mohamed Dahir">Abdillahi Mohamed Dahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Haji_Ali_Adami" title="Ahmed Haji Ali Adami">Ahmed Haji Ali Adami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Mohamed_Mohamoud" title="Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud">Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ismail_Yusuf" title="Hassan Ismail Yusuf">Hassan Ismail Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdirisaq_Waberi_Roble" title="Abdirisaq Waberi Roble">Abdirisaq Waberi Roble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isse_Ahmed_Yusuf" title="Isse Ahmed Yusuf">Isse Ahmed Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hashi_Elmi" title="Mohamed Hashi Elmi">Mohamed Hashi Elmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdirisak_Khalif" title="Abdirisak Khalif">Abdirisak Khalif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_regions_in_the_Somali_plate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Somali_Plate" title="Template:Countries and regions in the Somali Plate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Somali_Plate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Countries and regions in the Somali Plate (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Somali_Plate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and regions in the Somali Plate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_regions_in_the_Somali_plate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and regions in the <a href="/wiki/Somali_plate" title="Somali plate">Somali plate</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali Region</a> (Ethiopia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Somaliland&#124;link=Somaliland_Somaliland_government_ministries_and_agencies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:white; background:green;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Somaliland_government_ministries_and_agencies" title="Template:Somaliland government ministries and agencies"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Somaliland_government_ministries_and_agencies" title="Template talk:Somaliland government ministries and agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somaliland_government_ministries_and_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Somaliland government ministries and agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Somaliland&#124;link=Somaliland_Somaliland_government_ministries_and_agencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland"><img alt="Somaliland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Government_ministries_of_Somaliland" title="Category:Government ministries of Somaliland">Somaliland government ministries and agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:white; background:green;;width:1%">Ministries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Somaliland)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (Somaliland)">Ministry of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(Somaliland)" title="Ministry of Commerce (Somaliland)">Ministry of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Aviation_(Somaliland)" title="Ministry of Civil Aviation (Somaliland)">Ministry of Civil Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Somaliland)" title="Ministry of Defence (Somaliland)">Ministry of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Science_(Somaliland)" title="Ministry of Education and Science (Somaliland)">Ministry of Education and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Employment,_Social_and_Family_Affairs_(Somaliland)" title="Ministry of Employment, Social and Family Affairs (Somaliland)">Ministry of Employment, Social and Family Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_and_Minerals_(Somaliland)" title="Ministry of Energy and Minerals (Somaliland)">Ministry of Energy and Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Rural_Development_(Somaliland)" title="Ministry of Environment and Rural Development (Somaliland)">Ministry of Environment and Rural Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Somaliland)" title="Ministry of Interior (Somaliland)">Ministry of Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Somaliland)" title="Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)">Ministry of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Somaliland)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somaliland)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Somaliland)" title="Ministry of Health (Somaliland)">Ministry of Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Somaliland)" title="Ministry of Justice (Somaliland)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Planning_(Somaliland)" title="Ministry of Planning (Somaliland)">Ministry of Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Water_Resources_(Somaliland)" title="Ministry of Water Resources (Somaliland)">Ministry of Water Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_National_Guidance" title="Ministry of Information and National Guidance">Ministry of Information and National Guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Parliamentary_Relations_and_Constitutional_Affairs" title="Ministry of Parliamentary Relations and Constitutional Affairs">Ministry of Parliamentary Relations and Constitutional Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Youth_and_Sports_(Somaliland)" title="Ministry of Youth and Sports (Somaliland)">Ministry of Youth and Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_(Somaliland)" title="Ministry of Transportation (Somaliland)">Ministry of Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:white; background:green;;width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Somaliland" title="Bank of Somaliland">Bank of Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Commission_(Somaliland)" title="National Electoral Commission (Somaliland)">National Electoral Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Governance_and_Anti-Corruption_Commission" title="Good Governance and Anti-Corruption Commission">Good Governance and Anti-Corruption Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Displacement_and_Refugee_Agency" title="National Displacement and Refugee Agency">National Displacement and Refugee Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Civil_Aviation_and_Airports_Authority" title="Somaliland Civil Aviation and Airports Authority">Somaliland Civil Aviation and Airports Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Quality_Control_Commission" title="Somaliland Quality Control Commission">Somaliland Quality Control Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Commission_(Somaliland)" title="Civil Service Commission (Somaliland)">Civil Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Ports_Authority" title="Somaliland Ports Authority">Somaliland Ports Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Roads_Development_Authority" title="Somaliland Roads Development Authority">Somaliland Road Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:white; background:green;;width:1%">Military and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Armed_Forces" title="Somaliland Armed Forces">Somaliland Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Somaliland)" title="National Intelligence Agency (Somaliland)">National Intelligence Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:white; background:green;;width:1%">Law enforcement and prison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Police_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland Police Force">Somaliland Police Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Custodial_Corps" title="Somaliland Custodial Corps">Somaliland Custodial Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Somaliland" title="Portal:Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34754#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34754#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34754#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/248793117">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7723745-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge793599&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/74048d0e-2cca-40c1-9531-7a2ef74f3616">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Somaliland&params=9_45_N_45_58_E_">9°45′N 45°58′E / 9.750°N 45.967°E / 9.750; 45.967</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somaliland&oldid=1258005252">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somaliland&oldid=1258005252</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Somaliland" title="Category:Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" title="Category:Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language">Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_African_countries" title="Category:East African countries">East African countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English-speaking_countries_and_territories" title="Category:English-speaking countries and territories">English-speaking 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[\"CITEREFBlench2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradleyMacHughCunninghamLoftus1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandt1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggs2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCana1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiang_Yi-ching2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFClifford1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCompagnon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDev2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamondBellwood2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDominik_Balthasar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDominyIkramMoritzChristensen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrake-Brockman1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGajraj2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGebrewold2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGettleman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhaniAbdiDualeHersi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._W._Seton-Karr1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbermann1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHesse2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodd1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoehne\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoehne2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoehne2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoehne2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoureld2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouse_(U.S.)2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHöhne\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahimGettleman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngiriis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIssa-Salwe1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFItaborahyZhu2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._A._Suárez2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Marshall1832\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanzenvon_VitzthumSomali_Studies_International_Association2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaques2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan2008\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFKapteijns2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKheyr2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKluijver\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKluijver2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaitin1977\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLansford2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaw2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLundEilenberg2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahmood2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManby2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarleen_Renders2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMburuRightsOffice2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMesfin2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMichel_Ben_ArrousLazare_Ki-Zerbo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMire2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMire2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohamed1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohamed_Haji_Ingiriis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMullin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNjoku2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPankhurst1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeifer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Robertshaw1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_Briggs2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoverty_Global_Practice,_Africa_Region2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPress1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProjectProgramme2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamsay2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRebecca_Richards2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReed2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRefugees\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFReinl\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenders,_Marleen.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFResearch_Directorate,_ImmigrationRefugee_Board,_Canada1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_H._ShultzAndrea_J._Dew2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_L._Hess1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalihWohlgemuth1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayed2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoiswohl2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheekh_Caamir2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShipton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaffordCollenette1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraus2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTekle1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVries2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWSP_Transition_Programme2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaller1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalls2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarmington1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiafe-Amoako2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYlönen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_WaalMeierhenrichConley-Zilkic2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFof_Rodd1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFwebsite\"] = 2,\n [\"Citizenship\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 5,\n [\"Africa\"] = 1,\n [\"Africa topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CathEncy\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Centre\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 71,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 143,\n [\"Convert\"] = 13,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 3,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Geography of Africa\"] = 1,\n [\"GovPubs\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 5,\n [\"Hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Largest cities of Somaliland\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 2,\n [\"Legend2\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 37,\n [\"Mayors of Somaliland\"] = 1,\n [\"Ministers of Somaliland\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 4,\n [\"Native phrase\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Parabr\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Presidents of Somaliland\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Regions of Somaliland\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Somali Plate\"] = 1,\n [\"Somaliland government ministries and agencies\"] = 1,\n [\"Somaliland topics\"] = 1,\n [\"States with limited recognition\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 2,\n [\"UNPO\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vice Presidents of Somaliland\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","14.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","13.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","260","9.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","7.2"],["recursiveClone 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projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-05-05T15:41:45Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T17:20:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4d\/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg","headline":"de facto state in the Horn of Africa"}</script> </body> </html>