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class="vector-toc-link" href="#León_and_Castile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>León and Castile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-León_and_Castile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Art and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of León</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="مملكة ليون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة ليون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Ley%C3%B3n" title="Reino de Leyón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reino de Leyón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_de_Lli%C3%B3n" title="Reinu de Llión – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu de Llión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="لئون شاهلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لئون شاهلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="লিওন রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিওন রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Каралеўства Леон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каралеўства Леон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahadean_kan_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kahadean kan León – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kahadean kan León" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кралство Леон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралство Леон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh_Le%C3%B3n" title="Rouantelezh León – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh León" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_de_Lle%C3%B3" title="Regne de Lleó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne de Lleó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3nsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD" title="Leónské království – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leónské království" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Le%C3%B3n" title="Königreich León – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich León" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3ni_kuningriik" title="Leóni kuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leóni kuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Βασίλειο του Λεόν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο του Λεόν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Reino de León – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de León" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dlando_Leono" title="Reĝlando Leono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝlando Leono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Reinu de León – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Reinu de León" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leongo_Erresuma" title="Leongo Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leongo Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86" title="پادشاهی لئون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی لئون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Royaume de León – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de León" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keninkryk_Le%C3%B6n" title="Keninkryk Leön – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Keninkryk Leön" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Reino de León – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de León" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A8_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="레온 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레온 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Լեոնի թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեոնի թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kraljevina León – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevina León" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Leon" title="Kerajaan Leon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Leon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Le%C3%B3n" title="Regno di León – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di León" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ממלכת לאון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת לאון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="ლეონის სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლეონის სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyaniya_Le%C3%B3n%C3%AA" title="Keyaniya Leónê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keyaniya Leónê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Legionense" title="Regnum Legionense – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum Legionense" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonas_Karaliste" title="Leonas Karaliste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Leonas Karaliste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leono_karalyst%C4%97" title="Leono karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leono karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rena_de_Leon" title="Rena de Leon – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rena de Leon" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3ni_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Leóni Királyság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Leóni Királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кралство Леон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралство Леон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="مملكة ليون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مملكة ليون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kerajaan León – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan León" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Lhion" title="Reino de Lhion – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Reino de Lhion" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Le%C3%B3n" title="Koninkrijk León – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk León" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="レオン王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レオン王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8mmet_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kongedømmet León – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongedømmet León" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8met_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kongedømet León – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kongedømet León" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiaume_de_Leon" title="Reiaume de Leon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reiaume de Leon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_(qirollik)" title="Leon (qirollik) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Leon (qirollik)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="مملکت لیون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مملکت لیون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Le%C3%B3nu" title="Królestwo Leónu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Leónu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Le%C3%A3o" title="Reino de Leão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Leão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Le%C3%B3n" title="Regatul León – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul León" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Королевство Леон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевство Леон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinrick_o_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kinrick o León – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kinrick o León" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingdom of León" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3nske_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo" title="Leónske kráľovstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Leónske kráľovstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Краљевина Леон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљевина Леон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Leon" title="Kraljevina Leon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kraljevina Leon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3nin_kuningaskunta" title="Leónin kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leónin kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kungariket León – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket León" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ราชอาณาจักรเลออน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรเลออน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="León Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="León Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Леонське королівство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Леонське королівство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="مملکت لیون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت لیون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Le%C3%B3n" title="Vương quốc León – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc León" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E6%98%82%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="萊昂王國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="萊昂王國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="莱昂王国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="莱昂王国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n&params=42_35_54_N_05_34_13_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°35′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">05°34′13″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.59833°N 5.57028°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.59833; -5.57028</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country on the Iberian Peninsula (910–1230)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of León</div><div class="ib-country-names"><i>Regno de Leon</i> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a>)<br /><span title="Asturian-language text"><i lang="ast">Reinu de Llión</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Reino de León</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span><br /><span title="Galician-language text"><i lang="gl">Reino de León</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>)</span><br /><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Reino de Leão</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>)</span><br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Regnum Legionense</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span><br /><span title="Mirandese-language text"><i lang="mwl">Reino de Lhion</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">910–1833</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Banner_of_Leon_(Variant).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of León"><img alt="Flag of León" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Royal_Banner_of_Leon_%28Variant%29.svg/125px-Royal_Banner_of_Leon_%28Variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Royal_Banner_of_Leon_%28Variant%29.svg/188px-Royal_Banner_of_Leon_%28Variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Royal_Banner_of_Leon_%28Variant%29.svg/250px-Royal_Banner_of_Leon_%28Variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of León">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Le%C3%B3n_(1390-15th_Century).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shield of León"><img alt="Shield of León" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Le%C3%B3n_%281390-15th_Century%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Le%C3%B3n_%281390-15th_Century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Le%C3%B3n_%281390-15th_Century%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Le%C3%B3n_%281390-15th_Century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Le%C3%B3n_%281390-15th_Century%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Le%C3%B3n_%281390-15th_Century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="1263" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Shield of León"> Shield</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n_(1095).png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of León (green) in 1095."><img alt="The Kingdom of León (green) in 1095." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n_%281095%29.png/250px-Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n_%281095%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n_%281095%29.png/375px-Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n_%281095%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n_%281095%29.png/500px-Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n_%281095%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Kingdom of León (green) in 1095.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spain" title="León, Spain">León</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Mozarabic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a> (official, until 1054)<br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (official, from <a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">1054</a>) <p>Minority </p> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudal monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 910–914 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="García I of León">García I</a> <small>(first)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1188–1230 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX</a> <small>(last)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortes of León">Cortes of León</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">910</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Permanent union of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> and León </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 December 1230</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1833_territorial_division_of_Spain" title="1833 territorial division of Spain">1833 territorial division of Spain</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1833</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cruz_de_Asturias.svg/20px-Cruz_de_Asturias.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cruz_de_Asturias.svg/30px-Cruz_de_Asturias.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cruz_de_Asturias.svg/40px-Cruz_de_Asturias.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Kingdom of Asturias</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bandeira_Hist%C3%B3rica_Galega_do_Escudo_de_Armas_do_Reino_da_Galiza.svg/20px-Bandeira_Hist%C3%B3rica_Galega_do_Escudo_de_Armas_do_Reino_da_Galiza.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bandeira_Hist%C3%B3rica_Galega_do_Escudo_de_Armas_do_Reino_da_Galiza.svg/30px-Bandeira_Hist%C3%B3rica_Galega_do_Escudo_de_Armas_do_Reino_da_Galiza.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bandeira_Hist%C3%B3rica_Galega_do_Escudo_de_Armas_do_Reino_da_Galiza.svg/40px-Bandeira_Hist%C3%B3rica_Galega_do_Escudo_de_Armas_do_Reino_da_Galiza.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5669" data-file-height="3402" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Spain</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfonso_jimena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Alfonso_jimena.jpg/170px-Alfonso_jimena.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Alfonso_jimena.jpg/255px-Alfonso_jimena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Alfonso_jimena.jpg/340px-Alfonso_jimena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso the Great">Alfonso the Great</a> (848–910), king of León, Galicia and Asturias</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Kingdom of León</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. It was founded in 910 when the Christian princes of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">northern coast of the peninsula</a> shifted their capital from <a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a> to the city of <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spain" title="León, Spain">León</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">kings of León</a> fought civil wars, wars against neighbouring kingdoms, and campaigns to repel invasions by both the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>, all in order to protect their kingdom's changing fortunes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="García I of León">García</a> is the first of the kings described by the charters as reigning in León. It is generally assumed that the old Asturian kingdom was divided among the three sons of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Asturias" title="Alfonso III of Asturias">Alfonso III of Asturias</a>: García (León), <a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ordoño II of León">Ordoño</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Fruela_II_of_Asturias" title="Fruela II of Asturias">Fruela</a> (<a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>), as all three participated in deposing their father. When García died in 914, León went to Ordoño, who now ruled both León and Galicia as Ordoño II.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Ordoño's death in 924, the throne went to his brother Fruela II (924–925), who died of leprosy a year later. Fruela's death in 925 was followed by a civil war, after which Alfonso, the eldest son of Ordoño II, emerged as the new king <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IV_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IV of León">Alfonso IV</a>, ruling from 925 to 932. After a further power struggle, <a href="/wiki/Ramiro_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ramiro II of León">Ramiro</a>, the younger brother of Alfonso IV, became king in 932, having captured his brother Alfonso, as well as the three sons of Fruela II – Alfonso, Ordoño and Ramiro. Alfonso IV may have died soon after, but he left two infant sons, called Ordoño and Fruela. When Ramiro died in 951, he left two sons by two different wives. When the elder son <a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_III_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ordoño III of León">Ordoño III</a>, who ruled from 951 to 956, suddenly died aged little more than thirty, he was succeeded by his younger half-brother <a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho I of León">Sancho I</a> "The Fat" (956–966), as Ordoño had failed to produce a legitimate heir.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sancho's son <a href="/wiki/Ramiro_III_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ramiro III of León">Ramiro</a> had been born in 961 and was only about five years old when his father died.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also the only legitimate member of the direct family line. His mother <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Ans%C3%BArez" title="Teresa Ansúrez">Teresa Ansúrez</a> had retired into the recently founded monastery of San Pelayo, of which her sister-in-law Elvira was the abbess. Another nun, Sancho's full sister <a href="/wiki/Elvira_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Elvira Ramírez">Elvira Ramírez</a> emerged as regent during his long minority. Under the regency of Elvira, fresh raids of the <a href="/wiki/Northmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Northmen">Northmen</a> were repelled from the coast of Galicia. In 968, <a href="/wiki/Gunrod" title="Gunrod">Gunrod</a> of Norway, the Viking leader, established himself on Galician soil and held out for a year and a half: <a href="/wiki/Sisnando_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Sisnando Menéndez">Bishop Sisnando</a> of Compostela died fighting him, and his successor St <a href="/wiki/Rudesind" title="Rudesind">Rudesind</a> carried on the struggle until Count Gonzalo Sánchez defeated the invaders and killed Gunrod himself.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Count Sánchez destroyed the entire fleet of Gunrod. In 1008, <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> Vikings attacked Galicia, destroying <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a> and seventeen other towns, while <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olaf Haraldsson</a> of Norway raided Spain's Atlantic coast.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also reports of a series of attacks on the Christian lands of north Spain in 1028, 1032, and 1038, and the Christian kingdoms in the north commonly used Vikings as mercenaries in their internecine wars.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">County of Castile</a> split off in 931, the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a> separated to become the independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a> in 1139. The Kingdom of León expanded south beyond the <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a>, and then beyond the <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Central" title="Sistema Central">Sistema Central</a> in the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries into the so-called <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Extremadura Leonesa</i></span>, whose southern <a href="/wiki/Frontier" title="Frontier">frontier</a> was primarily settled by <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)" title="Military order (religious society)">military orders</a>. The Kingdom of León became part of a personal union with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a> since the 1230s, in dispute from 1296 to 1300. It remained from then on and up to 1833 a constituent realm of the Crown of Castile and then the Spanish Crown. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spain" title="León, Spain">León</a> was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Legio_VII_Gemina" title="Legio VII Gemina">Legio VII Gemina</a> ("twin seventh legion") of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. It was the headquarters of that legion in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Roman Empire">Late Roman Empire</a> and was a centre for trade in <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, which was mined at <a href="/wiki/Las_M%C3%A9dulas" title="Las Médulas">Las Médulas</a> nearby. In 569, the city was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigothic</a> king <a href="/wiki/Liuvigild" title="Liuvigild">Liuvigild</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who did not harass the already well-established <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> population. In 717, León fell again, this time to the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>. However, León was one of the first cities retaken during the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> and became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Kingdom of Asturias</a> in 742. </p><p>León was a small town during this time, but one of the few former Roman cities in the Kingdom of Asturias which still held significance (the surviving Roman walls bear the medieval walling upon them). During Visigothic times, the city had served as a <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">bishopric</a>, and incorporating the city into Asturias brought legitimacy to the Asturian monarchs who sought to lead a unified Iberian church, during a time when most of the Iberian Peninsula was governed by <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> powers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>León was created as a separate kingdom when the Asturian king, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso the Great">Alfonso the Great</a>, divided his realm among his three sons. León was inherited by <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="García I of León">García I</a> (910–914) who moved the capital of the kingdom of Astures to León. His successor was <a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ordoño II of León">Ordoño II of León</a> (914–924). Ordoño II was also a military leader who brought expeditions from León south to <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Spain" title="Guadalajara, Spain">Guadalajara</a>, in the heart of the Muslim territory. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Espa%C3%B1a910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Espa%C3%B1a910.jpg/220px-Espa%C3%B1a910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Espa%C3%B1a910.jpg/330px-Espa%C3%B1a910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Espa%C3%B1a910.jpg/440px-Espa%C3%B1a910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The new kingdom of León, 910</figcaption></figure> <p>After a few years of civil wars during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Fruela_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruela II">Fruela II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Fr%C3%B3ilaz" title="Alfonso Fróilaz">Alfonso Fróilaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IV_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IV of León">Alfonso IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramiro_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ramiro II of León">Ramiro II</a> (931–951) assumed the throne and brought stability to the kingdom. A brave military commander who defeated the Muslim armies in their own territory, Ramiro's expeditions turned the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a> into a no-man's land that separated Christian kingdoms in the north of Iberia from the Muslim states in the south. Ramiro II was nicknamed "The Devil" by Muslims because of his great military skill. </p><p>As the Leonese troops advanced they were followed by a process of <i><a href="/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n" title="Repoblación">repoblación</a></i>, which consisted of repopulating the <i>Meseta</i> high plains, with people coming from <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> and especially from Asturias and León. This migration of Asturian and Leonese peoples greatly influenced the <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese language</a>. During the <i>repoblación</i> period, there arose a distinct form of art known as <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic art">Mozarabic art</a>. Mozarabic art is a mixing of Visigoth, Islamic, and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> elements. Notable examples of the Mozarabic style are the Leonese churches of <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Escalada" class="mw-redirect" title="San Miguel de Escalada">San Miguel de Escalada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Pe%C3%B1alba" title="Santiago de Peñalba">Santiago de Peñalba</a>. </p><p>During the early 10th century, León expanded to the south and east, securing territory that became the County of <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>. Fortified with numerous <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a>, Burgos remained within Leon until the 930s, at which time Count <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand II of Castile">Ferdinand II of Castile</a> began a campaign to expand Burgos and make it independent and hereditary. He took for himself the title Count of Castile, in reference to the many castles of the territory (around Burgos), and continued expanding his area at the expense of León by allying with the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a>, until 966, when he was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho I of León">Sancho I of León</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viking_raids">Viking raids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Viking raids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sancho I died towards the end of 966 and five year old <a href="/wiki/Ramiro_III_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ramiro III of León">Ramiro III</a> (966–982) ascended to the throne of León. In the second year of his reign, 968, a Viking fleet of 100 ships landed in Galicia led by king <a href="/wiki/Gunrod" title="Gunrod">Gunrod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2021)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> defeated the Galician forces, and killed <a href="/wiki/Sisnando_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Sisnando Menéndez">Sisnando</a>, the bishop of Compostela.<sup id="cite_ref-Brink_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brink-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defeat in the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Fornelos" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Fornelos">Battle of Fornelos</a> left Galicia without an authority capable of facing the Vikings, who for three years camped comfortably, looting different Galician regions. In 971, Gunrod and his Vikings were surprised and defeated by Count <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_S%C3%A1nchez" class="extiw" title="es:Gonzalo Sánchez">Gonzalo Sánchez</a> upon return towards Ría de Ferrol (where they had their stranded ships). The Galician troops captured Gunrod and many of his warriors, executing them all.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sporadic Viking assaults continued in the north of Spain even into the 11th century. In 1008, Galicia and the <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a> region were attacked, and in 1014 or 1015 a major raid was launched against the city of <a href="/wiki/Tui,_Pontevedra" title="Tui, Pontevedra">Tui</a> at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Minho_(river)" title="Minho (river)">Minho River</a>. The Vikings managed to successfully capture the bishop and many of the town's inhabitants. The <i><a href="/wiki/Kn%C3%BDtlinga_saga" title="Knýtlinga saga">Knýtlinga saga</a></i> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a></i></span> describe another big raid after this one, in the year 1028. It was led by <a href="/wiki/Ulv_Galiciefarer" title="Ulv Galiciefarer">Ulv Galiciefarer</a>, who tried to go to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ri%C3%A1_de_Arousa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riá de Arousa (page does not exist)">Riá de Arousa</a> area and then became a mercenary for Rodrigo Romániz, but was defeated by the bishop of Compostela. The last recorded raids occurred during the period 1047–1066 when <a href="/wiki/Cresconius_(bishop_of_Iria)" title="Cresconius (bishop of Iria)">Cresconius</a>, the bishop of Compostela, fought and won several battles against the Vikings.<sup id="cite_ref-Brink_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brink-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peak">Peak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Peak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Leon_1037.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kingdom_of_Leon_1037.svg/250px-Kingdom_of_Leon_1037.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kingdom_of_Leon_1037.svg/375px-Kingdom_of_Leon_1037.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kingdom_of_Leon_1037.svg/500px-Kingdom_of_Leon_1037.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of León in 1037</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kingdom of León continued to be the most important of all those of the Iberian Peninsula. However, <a href="/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho III of Navarre">Sancho III of Navarre</a> (1004–1035) took over Castile in the 1020s, and managed León in the last year of his life, leaving <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> to temporary independence. In the division of lands which followed his death, his son Fernando succeeded to the county of Castile. Two years later, in 1037, he defeated the king of León who died in the battle and, because Fernando was married to the Leonese king's sister, he became king of León and Galicia. For nearly 30 years, until his death in 1065, he ruled over the kingdom of León and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Castile">county of Castile</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand I of León">Ferdinand I of León</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in its existence, León lay directly to the north of the powerful Caliphate of Córdoba. When internal dissensions divided <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>' loyalties in the 11th century, leading to the age of smaller <a href="/wiki/Taifa" title="Taifa">Taifa</a> successor states of the Caliphate, the Christian kingdoms, who had been sending tribute to the Caliphate, found themselves in a position to demand payments (<i><a href="/wiki/Parias" title="Parias">parias</a></i>) instead, in return for favours to particular factions or as simple <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a>. </p><p>Thus, though scarcely influenced by the culture of the successor territories of the former Caliphate, Ferdinand I followed the example of the counts of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and the kings of <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> and became hugely wealthy from the <i>parias</i> of the Taifas. When he died in 1065, his territories and the <i>parias</i> were split among his three sons, of whom Alfonso emerged the victor in the classic fratricidal strife common to feudal successions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Few in Europe would have known of this immense new wealth in a kingdom so isolated that its bishops had virtually no contact with Rome, except that Ferdinand and his heirs (the kings of León and Castile) became the greatest benefactors of the <a href="/wiki/Cluny" title="Cluny">Abbey of Cluny</a>, where Abbot Hugh (died 1109) undertook construction of the huge third abbey church, the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cynosure" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:cynosure">cynosure</a> of every eye. The <a href="/wiki/Way_of_Saint_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Way of Saint James">Way of Saint James</a> called pilgrims from Western Europe to the supposed tomb of <a href="/wiki/Saint_James_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint James the Great">Saint James the Great</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>, and the large hostels and churches along the route encouraged building in the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> style. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso VI">Alfonso VI</a> was one of the most important kings of León of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. He assumed control of first León, and later Castile and Galicia, when his brother died attacking the Leonese city of <a href="/wiki/Zamora,_Spain" title="Zamora, Spain">Zamora</a>. He was crowned Emperor of Spain over all the kings of the Iberian Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="León_and_Castile"><span id="Le.C3.B3n_and_Castile"></span>León and Castile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: León and Castile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Early_Medieval_Kingdom_of_Leon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Early_Medieval_Kingdom_of_Leon.svg/160px-Flag_of_Early_Medieval_Kingdom_of_Leon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Early_Medieval_Kingdom_of_Leon.svg/240px-Flag_of_Early_Medieval_Kingdom_of_Leon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Early_Medieval_Kingdom_of_Leon.svg/320px-Flag_of_Early_Medieval_Kingdom_of_Leon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="183" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Heraldry of León">Flag of Kingdom of León</a> at the times of King Alfonso VII (1105–1157)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg/130px-Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg/195px-Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg/260px-Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Heraldry of León">Shield</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX</a> displayed in the <i>Tumbo A</i> manuscript of 12th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Emblem_of_the_kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.jpg/130px-Emblem_of_the_kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Emblem_of_the_kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.jpg/195px-Emblem_of_the_kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Emblem_of_the_kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="162" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Heraldry of León">purple lion emblem</a> displayed in <i>the Tumbo A</i>.</figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toledo_(1085)" title="Siege of Toledo (1085)">1085 taking of Toledo</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso VI of León">Alfonso VI of León</a> was seen as an epochal event in medieval Iberia, as Toledo was the first major Andalusi city conquered by Christians. Modern historians see the fall of Toledo as marking a basic change in relations with the Moorish south, turning from the simple extortion of annual tribute to outright territorial expansion. Alfonso VI was drawn into local politics by strife within Toledo and inherited the political alliances of the city-state. He found himself faced with problems unfamiliar to him, such as appointing and dealing with a Catholic <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> in Toledo and the settling of garrisons in the small Muslim strongholds, the <i><a href="/wiki/Taifa" title="Taifa">taifas</a></i>, which were dependent on Toledo and which often bought the king's favour with gold from their trade with Al-Andalus and the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>. Alfonso VI thus found his role as a Catholic king redefined as he governed large cities with sophisticated urban, Muslim subjects and growing Christian populations. </p><p>The two kingdoms of León and Castile were split in 1157, when a major defeat for <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso VII of Castile">Alfonso VII of Castile</a> weakened the authority of Castile. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:506-Castile_1210.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/506-Castile_1210.png/220px-506-Castile_1210.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/506-Castile_1210.png/330px-506-Castile_1210.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/506-Castile_1210.png/440px-506-Castile_1210.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Kingdom of León in 1210</figcaption></figure> <p>The last two kings of an independent Kingdom of León (1157–1230) were <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand II of León">Ferdinand II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX</a>. Fernando II led León's conquest of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a>, a city dating from Roman times. <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso IX">Alfonso IX</a>, besides conquering the whole of <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a> (including the cities of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1ceres,_Spain" title="Cáceres, Spain">Cáceres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badajoz" title="Badajoz">Badajoz</a>), was the most modern king of his time, founding the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a> in 1212 and summoning in 1188 the first <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a> with representation of the citizenry ever seen in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes of León</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Alfonso IX did not want his kingdom to disappear upon his death and designated his heirs as Sancha and Dulce, the daughters of his first wife. In order to maintain the independence of the Kingdom of León, Afonso IX applied in his testament the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galician</a> right of inheritance, which granted men and women equality in succession, thus leaving his daughters to be the future queens of León. However, when Alfonso IX died in 1230, his son by <a href="/wiki/Berenguela_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenguela of Castile">Berenguela of Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III of Castile</a>, invaded León and assumed the crown. He thus became the first joint sovereign of both kingdoms since the death of Alfonso VII in 1157. The isolated Atlantic province, the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a>, had won independence in 1139 to become the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1112%E2%80%931279)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Portugal (1112–1279)">Kingdom of Portugal</a>. </p><p>The union between León and Castile was not accepted by the Leonese people. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> King Ferdinand III needed two years to suppress the secessionist revolts in the Kingdom of León, so his son <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a> restored the independence of the Kingdom of León. However, this was not respected by his son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a>, whose brother <a href="/wiki/John_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Valencia_de_Campos" title="John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos">John</a> waited until 1296, following Sancho's death the previous year, to be crowned as John I, King of León, Galicia and Seville. In 1301, he abdicated, and the king of Castile assumed the Crown of León, reuniting the two kingdoms. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Leon_with_the_Royal_Crest.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leon_with_the_Royal_Crest.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leon_with_the_Royal_Crest.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leon_with_the_Royal_Crest.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leon_with_the_Royal_Crest.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leon_with_the_Royal_Crest.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leon_with_the_Royal_Crest.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="1718" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Heraldry of León">Leonese royal arms</a> with <a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">crest</a> (after the union with Castile)</figcaption></figure> <p>Though the kings of Castile and León initially continued to take the title King of León as the superior title, and to use a <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a> as part of their <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">standard</a>, power in fact became centralized in Castile, as exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese language</a>'s replacement by Castilian. The Kingdom of León and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a> kept different Parliaments, different flags, different coin and different laws until the Modern Era, when Spain, like other European states, centralized governmental power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kingdom of León coexisted as a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a>, with León possessing separate institutions, such as its own <i>cortes</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Adelantado" title="Adelantado">Real Adelantamiento</a></i> of the Kingdom of León, and the <i>Merino mayor</i> of León, among others, many of which lasted until the 19th century. The Castilian monarchs, however, soon began a process of unifying the laws of the two kingdoms, as exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Siete_Partidas" title="Siete Partidas">Siete Partidas</a>. By the 16th century, León became a <a href="/wiki/Captaincy" title="Captaincy">captaincy-general</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century, León declared war, together with Galicia and Asturias, against the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish War of Independence">Peninsular War</a>, and organised the <i>Junta General del Reino de León</i> as its own government. The modern region of León was established in 1833<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and was divided into León, Zamora, and Salamanca provinces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Art and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic art and architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arcos_de_herradura_en_la_iglesia_de_Santiago_de_Pe%C3%B1alba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arcos_de_herradura_en_la_iglesia_de_Santiago_de_Pe%C3%B1alba.jpg/220px-Arcos_de_herradura_en_la_iglesia_de_Santiago_de_Pe%C3%B1alba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arcos_de_herradura_en_la_iglesia_de_Santiago_de_Pe%C3%B1alba.jpg/330px-Arcos_de_herradura_en_la_iglesia_de_Santiago_de_Pe%C3%B1alba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arcos_de_herradura_en_la_iglesia_de_Santiago_de_Pe%C3%B1alba.jpg/440px-Arcos_de_herradura_en_la_iglesia_de_Santiago_de_Pe%C3%B1alba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Mozarabic church of <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Pe%C3%B1alba" title="Santiago de Peñalba">Santiago de Peñalba</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanctio_(Meister_der_Bibel_von_Le%C3%B3n_von_960)_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sanctio_%28Meister_der_Bibel_von_Le%C3%B3n_von_960%29_001.jpg/220px-Sanctio_%28Meister_der_Bibel_von_Le%C3%B3n_von_960%29_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sanctio_%28Meister_der_Bibel_von_Le%C3%B3n_von_960%29_001.jpg/330px-Sanctio_%28Meister_der_Bibel_von_Le%C3%B3n_von_960%29_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sanctio_%28Meister_der_Bibel_von_Le%C3%B3n_von_960%29_001.jpg/440px-Sanctio_%28Meister_der_Bibel_von_Le%C3%B3n_von_960%29_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1887" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Bible_of_960" title="León Bible of 960">Codex biblicus legionensis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The art of the Kingdom of León, originating in the 10th century and flourishing until the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">European Romanesque</a> period, is characterized by a unique blend of influences, notably from <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, resulting in what is traditionally known as <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic art</a>. This artistic expression, rooted in <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Andalusian</a> traditions, produced structures ranging from modest single-nave churches to elaborate monastic complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Key figures, including monarchs and ecclesiastical leaders, played a pivotal role in shaping this art, with a notable infusion of Andalusian tastes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The art of León during the 9th to 11th centuries successfully merged diverse traditions, creating a distinctive style within the context of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">pre-Romanesque art</a>. Noteworthy features include a mix of architectural styles, experimentation with various artistic elements like <a href="/wiki/Modillion" title="Modillion">modillions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">horseshoe arches</a>, and the use of mural painting techniques influenced by both Roman and Caliphal styles.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the realm of painting, <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a> like the "beatos" exemplify the vibrancy and evolution of Leonese art, incorporating elements from Byzantine-Merovingian influences to an Islamic-Carolingian character.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 11th and 12th centuries, the arrival of Romanesque art marked a significant shift in Leonese artistic expression. Masterpieces such as the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Isidoro,_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of San Isidoro, León">Basilica of San Isidoro</a> became prominent examples of Romanesque sculpture and painting. This period also laid the foundation for the Romanesque predecessors of the cathedrals of <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Cathedral" title="León Cathedral">León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela_Cathedral" title="Santiago de Compostela Cathedral">Santiago de Compostela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sculpture, goldsmithing, and heraldry further thrived, with <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">King Alfonso IX</a> pioneering the use of personal emblems, contributing to the visual language of <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> that became crucial in medieval battles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Las_Glorias_Nacionales,_1852_%22Don_Ramiro_de_Le%C3%B3n_derrota_al_cordob%C3%A9s_junto_a_Simancas%22._(4013184561).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Las_Glorias_Nacionales%2C_1852_%22Don_Ramiro_de_Le%C3%B3n_derrota_al_cordob%C3%A9s_junto_a_Simancas%22._%284013184561%29.jpg/220px-Las_Glorias_Nacionales%2C_1852_%22Don_Ramiro_de_Le%C3%B3n_derrota_al_cordob%C3%A9s_junto_a_Simancas%22._%284013184561%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Las_Glorias_Nacionales%2C_1852_%22Don_Ramiro_de_Le%C3%B3n_derrota_al_cordob%C3%A9s_junto_a_Simancas%22._%284013184561%29.jpg/330px-Las_Glorias_Nacionales%2C_1852_%22Don_Ramiro_de_Le%C3%B3n_derrota_al_cordob%C3%A9s_junto_a_Simancas%22._%284013184561%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Las_Glorias_Nacionales%2C_1852_%22Don_Ramiro_de_Le%C3%B3n_derrota_al_cordob%C3%A9s_junto_a_Simancas%22._%284013184561%29.jpg/440px-Las_Glorias_Nacionales%2C_1852_%22Don_Ramiro_de_Le%C3%B3n_derrota_al_cordob%C3%A9s_junto_a_Simancas%22._%284013184561%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2428" data-file-height="1470" /></a><figcaption><i>"Don <a href="/wiki/Ramiro_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ramiro II of León">Ramiro of León</a> defeats the Cordoban near Simancas" (1852)</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The culture of the Kingdom of León was notable for its richness and diversity, reflecting its position as a political and religious center of Christianity in the Iberian Peninsula. Key Latin literary works such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Vigilanus" title="Codex Vigilanus">Codex Vigilanus</a></i> and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historia_Legionense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historia Legionense (page does not exist)">Historia Legionense</a></i> documented the kingdom’s history and helped consolidate its legacy. The Fueros de León (1017), promulgated by Alfonso V, established a legal framework that was advanced for its time, while texts like the <i><a href="/wiki/Glosas_Emilianenses" title="Glosas Emilianenses">Glosas Emilianenses</a></i> marked a significant step in the transition from Latin to Romance languages. Among the earliest <a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">proto-Romance</a> texts produced in the Iberian Peninsula was the <i><a href="/wiki/Nodicia_de_kesos" title="Nodicia de kesos">Nodicia de kesos</a></i>. Another notable work of this period is the <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Calixtinus" title="Codex Calixtinus">Codex Calixtinus</a></i>, a manuscript linked to the <a href="/wiki/Camino_de_Santiago" title="Camino de Santiago">Camino de Santiago</a>, which served as a guide for pilgrims and underscored the cultural and spiritual importance of the pilgrimage, reinforcing León’s connection to European Christianity. </p><p>Religion played a fundamental role in León’s cultural expression. Monasteries and churches such as <a href="/wiki/San_Isidoro,_Le%C3%B3n" title="San Isidoro, León">San Isidoro de León</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1bara" title="Tábara">Tábara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samos,_Lugo" title="Samos, Lugo">Samos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Sahagún">Sahagún</a> became key centers for intellectual and artistic production. At San Isidoro, a renowned <i>scriptorium</i> facilitated the copying and dissemination of liturgical, legal, and scientific manuscripts. The transition from the <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Hispano-Mozarabic rite</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman rite</a> after the Council of Burgos (1080) marked a significant shift in religious and cultural practices. </p><p>Simultaneously, the Camino de Santiago emerged as a vital axis for cultural, artistic, and spiritual exchange. Pilgrims traveling through León brought with them new ideas, artistic styles, and liturgical practices, strengthening the kingdom’s ties with the rest of Europe. </p><p>Religious and military orders also played a crucial role, combining defensive, administrative, and religious functions. Orders such as <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Santiago" title="Order of Santiago">Santiago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Order of Alcántara">Alcántara</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a> managed strategic fortresses like the castles of <a href="/wiki/Ponferrada" title="Ponferrada">Ponferrada</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Castle_of_Cornatel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castle of Cornatel (page does not exist)">Cornatel</a>, ensuring territorial control and the protection of the Camino de Santiago. They also promoted the construction of hospitals, churches, and hostels, facilitating the organization of reconquered territories and integrating cultural and economic networks within the kingdom. </p><p>The Kingdom of León’s cultural richness was further enhanced by its interactions with other territories. Exchanges with al-Andalus, as well as the migration of <a href="/wiki/Mozarabs" title="Mozarabs">Mozarabic</a> communities, introduced artistic techniques and scientific knowledge. Additionally, relations with other Christian kingdoms fostered the consolidation of a shared identity rooted in Christianity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="León (historical region)">León (historical region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonesism" title="Leonesism">Leonesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">List of Leonese monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Heraldry of León">Heraldry of León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">History of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[leˈon]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a>: <i lang="ast">Reinu de Llión</i>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Reino de León</i>; <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>: <i lang="gl">Reino de León</i>; <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Reino de Leão</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Regnum Legionense</i>; <a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a>: <i lang="mwl">Reino de Lhion</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menéndez Pidal, Ramón. "El Dialecto Leonés" pp. 33–37. 1906</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCollins2014" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Roger (2014-01-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8QRfAQAAQBAJ&dq=kingdom+of+leon,+910&pg=PA156"><i>Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796-1031</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-73001-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-73001-0"><bdi>978-1-118-73001-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caliphs+and+Kings%3A+Spain%2C+796-1031&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014-01-28&rft.isbn=978-1-118-73001-0&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8QRfAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkingdom%2Bof%2Bleon%2C%2B910%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Le%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation book cs1">Herbermann, Charles George (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWoQAAAAIAAJ&q=When+Garc%C3%ADa+died+in+914,+Le%C3%B3n+went+to+Ordo%C3%B1o,+who+now+ruled+both+Le%C3%B3n+and+Galicia+as+Ordo%C3%B1o+II."><i>The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church</i></a>. Encyclopedia Press. p. 175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+An+International+Work+of+Reference+on+the+Constitution%2C+Doctrine%2C+Discipline%2C+and+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Herbermann&rft.aufirst=Charles+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvWoQAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DWhen%2BGarc%25C3%25ADa%2Bdied%2Bin%2B914%2C%2BLe%25C3%25B3n%2Bwent%2Bto%2BOrdo%25C3%25B1o%2C%2Bwho%2Bnow%2Bruled%2Bboth%2BLe%25C3%25B3n%2Band%2BGalicia%2Bas%2BOrdo%25C3%25B1o%2BII.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Le%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2012" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Roger (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118273968"><i>Caliphs and Kings</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118273968">10.1002/9781118273968</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18184-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18184-2"><bdi>978-0-631-18184-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caliphs+and+Kings&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118273968&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18184-2&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%2F9781118273968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Le%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDozy1932" class="citation book cs1">Dozy, R P A (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004600935"><i>Histoire des musulmans d'Espagne jusqu'à la conquête de l'Andalousie par les Almoravides (711–1110)</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004600935">10.1163/9789004600935</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-60093-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-60093-5"><bdi>978-90-04-60093-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161072458">161072458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+musulmans+d%27Espagne+jusqu%27%C3%A0+la+conqu%C3%AAte+de+l%27Andalousie+par+les+Almoravides+%28711%E2%80%931110%29&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161072458%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004600935&rft.isbn=978-90-04-60093-5&rft.aulast=Dozy&rft.aufirst=R+P+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F9789004600935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Le%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A History of Portugal</i>. 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Texas A&M University Press. 2001. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Culture+and+the+Mexican+American+Borderlands&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Le%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Vikings at War</i>. 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Revista <i>Historia de Iberia Vieja</i>, n.º 12, Madrid: HRH Editores, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerli2017" class="citation book cs1">Gerli, E Michael, ed. (2017) [2003]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OzArDwAAQBAJ&q=Asturian+kingdom+was+divided+among+three+sons&pg=PA328"><i>Routledge Revivals: Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Routledge. p. 327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351665780" title="Special:BookSources/9781351665780"><bdi>9781351665780</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220623053118/https://books.google.com/books?id=OzArDwAAQBAJ&q=Asturian+kingdom+was+divided+among+three+sons&pg=PA328">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Revivals%3A+Medieval+Iberia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351665780&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOzArDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAsturian%2Bkingdom%2Bwas%2Bdivided%2Bamong%2Bthree%2Bsons%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Le%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReilly1998" class="citation book cs1">Reilly, Bernard F. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twhY6pVNuXsC&q=emperor+of+spain"><i>The Kingdom of León-Castilla Under King Alfonso VII, 1126–1157</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812234527" title="Special:BookSources/9780812234527"><bdi>9780812234527</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220623053051/https://books.google.com/books?id=twhY6pVNuXsC&q=emperor+of+spain">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: Pocket. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1416526063" title="Special:BookSources/978-1416526063"><bdi>978-1416526063</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+and+death+of+democracy&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Pocket&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1416526063&rft.aulast=Keane&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Le%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Real Decreto de 30 de noviembre de 1833</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuentes_Arranz2015" class="citation journal cs1">Puentes Arranz, Miguel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/16353">"La herencia del arte cordobés en Castilla y León"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+herencia+del+arte+cordob%C3%A9s+en+Castilla+y+Le%C3%B3n&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Puentes+Arranz&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuvadoc.uva.es%2Fhandle%2F10324%2F16353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Le%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegueras_Grande2018" class="citation journal cs1">Regueras Grande, Fernando (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6975376">"Promotores, clasicismo y estilo en el arte mozárabe leonés"</a>. <i>Brigecio: Revista de estudios de Benavente y sus tierras</i> (28): <span class="nowrap">27–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1697-5804">1697-5804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brigecio%3A+Revista+de+estudios+de+Benavente+y+sus+tierras&rft.atitle=Promotores%2C+clasicismo+y+estilo+en+el+arte+moz%C3%A1rabe+leon%C3%A9s&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1697-5804&rft.aulast=Regueras+Grande&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Farticulo%3Fcodigo%3D6975376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Le%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_Tejera2002" class="citation journal cs1">Martínez Tejera, Artemio Manuel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=276022">"Cenobios leoneses altomedievales ante la europeización: San Pedro y San Pablo de Montes, Santiago y San Martín de Peñalba y San Miguel de Escalada"</a>. <i>Hispania Sacra</i>. <b>54</b> (109): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fhs.2002.v54.i109.189">10.3989/hs.2002.v54.i109.189</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-215X">0018-215X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispania+Sacra&rft.atitle=Cenobios+leoneses+altomedievales+ante+la+europeizaci%C3%B3n%3A+San+Pedro+y+San+Pablo+de+Montes%2C+Santiago+y+San+Mart%C3%ADn+de+Pe%C3%B1alba+y+San+Miguel+de+Escalada&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=109&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3989%2Fhs.2002.v54.i109.189&rft.issn=0018-215X&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+Tejera&rft.aufirst=Artemio+Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Farticulo%3Fcodigo%3D276022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Le%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turismo-prerromanico.com/home-b__trashed-2__trashed-2__trashed-2-2-2/arte/miniaturas-2/los-beatos-mozarabes/">"Los Beatos Mozárabes"</a>. <i>Turismo Prerrománico</i> (in European Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turismo+Prerrom%C3%A1nico&rft.atitle=Los+Beatos+Moz%C3%A1rabes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turismo-prerromanico.com%2Fhome-b__trashed-2__trashed-2__trashed-2-2-2%2Farte%2Fminiaturas-2%2Flos-beatos-mozarabes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Le%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlonso2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alonso, Fernando de Olaguer-Feliú (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xVJ_4yuVn18C&dq=arte+romanico+reino+de+leon&pg=PA15"><i>El arte románico español</i></a> (in Spanish). Encuentro. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7490-683-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7490-683-7"><bdi>978-84-7490-683-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+arte+rom%C3%A1nico+espa%C3%B1ol&rft.pub=Encuentro&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-84-7490-683-7&rft.aulast=Alonso&rft.aufirst=Fernando+de+Olaguer-Feli%C3%BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxVJ_4yuVn18C%26dq%3Darte%2Bromanico%2Breino%2Bde%2Bleon%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Le%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Special:EditPage/Kingdom of León">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kingdom+of+Le%C3%B3n%22">"Kingdom of León"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kingdom+of+Le%C3%B3n%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kingdom+of+Le%C3%B3n%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kingdom+of+Le%C3%B3n%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kingdom+of+Le%C3%B3n%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kingdom+of+Le%C3%B3n%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leonreal.es/index.php?lang=en">"History of the Kingdom of León"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/ekl/ekl.htm">R.A. Fletcher, <i>The Episcopate in the Kingdom of León in the Twelfth Century</i></a> (Chapter 1): Gives the cultural context of earlier and 12th century León</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031031701/http://elespacioneutro.blogspirit.com/list/een_in_english/texts_in_english_lan.html">"A brief explanation about the modern Leonese Country regionalism"</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n&params=42_35_54_N_05_34_13_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°35′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">05°34′13″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.59833°N 5.57028°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.59833; -5.57028</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Leonese_monarchs" title="Template:Leonese monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leonese_monarchs" title="Template talk:Leonese monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leonese_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leonese monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_León226" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">León</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese_dynasty" title="Astur-Leonese dynasty">Astur-Leonese house</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Asturias" title="Alfonso III of Asturias">Alfonso III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="García I of León">García I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ordoño II of León">Ordoño II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruela_II_of_Asturias" title="Fruela II of Asturias">Fruela II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Fr%C3%B3ilaz" title="Alfonso Fróilaz">Alfonso Fróilaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IV_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IV of León">Alfonso IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ramiro II of León">Ramiro II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_III_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ordoño III of León">Ordoño III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho I of León">Sancho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_IV_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ordoño IV of León">Ordoño IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho I of León">Sancho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_III_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ramiro III of León">Ramiro III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudo_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Bermudo II of León">Bermudo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso V of León">Alfonso V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudo_III_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Bermudo III of León">Bermudo III</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg/50px-Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg/75px-Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Anscarids" title="Anscarids">House of Burgundy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VII of León and Castile">Alfonso VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand II of León">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancha,_heiress_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancha, heiress of León">Sancha</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dulce_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Dulce of León">Dulce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand IV of Castile">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile" title="Peter of Castile">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Castile" title="John I of Castile">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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Suebi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">(Eastern) Roman Province of Spania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cantabria" title="Duchy of Cantabria">Duchy of Cantabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Vasconia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Vasconia">Duchy of Vasconia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Al-Andalus_(711-1492)31"><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></b> (711-1492)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Province of the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a 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class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Feudal_Christian_realms45"><b><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Feudal Christian realms</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Kingdom of Asturias</a> → <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of León</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Castile">County of Castile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a> → <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> (<i>Castile-León</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Toledo_(Crown_of_Castile)" title="Kingdom of Toledo (Crown of Castile)">Kingdom of Toledo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_counties" title="Catalan counties">Catalan counties</a> (<a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Pamplona">Kingdom of Pamplona</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Viguera" title="Kingdom of Viguera">Kingdom of Viguera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Najera" title="Kingdom of Najera">Kingdom of Najera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Artajona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Artajona (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Artajona</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxoako_Erresuma" class="extiw" title="eu:Artaxoako Erresuma">eu</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Aragon" title="County of Aragon">County of Aragon</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> → <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigothic monarchs">Visigothic monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebic_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Suebic monarchs">Suebic monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of 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href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550225405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028554183">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_León&oldid=1275748939">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_León&oldid=1275748939</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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