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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation,_1833–1836" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation,_1833–1836"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Creation, 1833–1836</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation,_1833–1836-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise,_1836–1841" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise,_1836–1841"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rise, 1836–1841</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise,_1836–1841-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harrison_and_Tyler,_1841–1845" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harrison_and_Tyler,_1841–1845"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Harrison and Tyler, 1841–1845</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harrison_and_Tyler,_1841–1845-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polk_and_the_Mexican–American_War,_1845–1849" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polk_and_the_Mexican–American_War,_1845–1849"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Polk and the Mexican–American War, 1845–1849</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polk_and_the_Mexican–American_War,_1845–1849-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taylor_and_Fillmore,_1849–1853" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taylor_and_Fillmore,_1849–1853"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Taylor and Fillmore, 1849–1853</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taylor_and_Fillmore,_1849–1853-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Collapse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology_and_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology_and_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ideology and policies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideology_and_policies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideology and policies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideology_and_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Whig_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whig_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Whig thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whig_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whig_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whig_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Whig policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whig_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Base_of_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Base_of_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Base of support</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Base_of_support-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Base of support subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Base_of_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Party_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Party leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Factions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Historical reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Namesakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namesakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Namesakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namesakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electoral history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_tickets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_tickets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Presidential tickets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_tickets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressional_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Congressional representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congressional_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Whig Party (United States): Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9)" title="حزب اليمين (الولايات المتحدة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزب اليمين (الولايات المتحدة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viql%C9%99r_Partiyas%C4%B1_(AB%C5%9E)" title="Viqlər Partiyası (ABŞ) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Viqlər Partiyası (ABŞ)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96_(%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Вігі (ЗША) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вігі (ЗША)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Whig_dels_Estats_Units" title="Partit Whig dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Whig dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D3%97_(%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%A8)" title="Вигсен партийӗ (АПШ) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вигсен партийӗ (АПШ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strana_Whig%C5%AF" title="Strana Whigů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Strana Whigů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigpartiet_(USA)" title="Whigpartiet (USA) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Whigpartiet (USA)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Whig_Party" title="United States Whig Party – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="United States Whig Party" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Whig_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Partido Whig (Estados Unidos) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Whig (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partio_Whig_(Usono)" title="Partio Whig (Usono) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Partio Whig (Usono)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF_(%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7)" title="حزب ویگ (آمریکا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب ویگ (آمریکا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_whig_(%C3%89tats-Unis)" title="Parti whig (États-Unis) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti whig (États-Unis)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Whig_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Partido Whig dos Estados Unidos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Partido Whig dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9C%98%EA%B7%B8%EB%8B%B9_(%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD)" title="휘그당 (미국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="휘그당 (미국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վիգերի կուսակցություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիգերի կուսակցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Whig" title="Partai Whig – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Whig" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Whig_(Stati_Uniti_d%27America)" title="Partito Whig (Stati Uniti d'America) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Whig (Stati Uniti d'America)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA_(%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="המפלגה הוויגית (ארצות הברית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפלגה הוויגית (ארצות הברית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A8)" title="ვიგების პარტია (აშშ) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიგების პარტია (აშშ)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factio_Whig_(Civitates_Foederatae)" title="Factio Whig (Civitates Foederatae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Factio Whig (Civitates Foederatae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_Vigu_partija" title="ASV Vigu partija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ASV Vigu partija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAV_vig%C5%B3_partija" title="JAV vigų partija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="JAV vigų partija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_P%C3%A1rt_(Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok)" title="Whig Párt (Amerikai Egyesült Államok) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Whig Párt (Amerikai Egyesült Államok)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC_(%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7)" title="حزب ويج (امريكا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حزب ويج (امريكا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Whig_(Amerika_Syarikat)" title="Parti Whig (Amerika Syarikat) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parti Whig (Amerika Syarikat)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(Verenigde_Staten)" title="Whig Party (Verenigde Staten) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Whig Party (Verenigde Staten)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%82%A4%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0%E5%85%9A_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB)" title="ホイッグ党 (アメリカ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホイッグ党 (アメリカ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(USA)" title="Whig Party (USA) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Whig Party (USA)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Wig%C3%B3w_(Stany_Zjednoczone)" title="Partia Wigów (Stany Zjednoczone) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Partia Wigów (Stany Zjednoczone)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Whig_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Partido Whig (Estados Unidos) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Whig (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidul_Whig,_SUA" title="Partidul Whig, SUA – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Partidul Whig, SUA" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2_(%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Партия вигов (США) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Партия вигов (США)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Whig" title="Partia Whig – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Partia Whig" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Whig Party (United States)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94)" title="Виговска партија (САД) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Виговска партија (САД)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig-puolue_(Yhdysvallat)" title="Whig-puolue (Yhdysvallat) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Whig-puolue (Yhdysvallat)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigpartiet_(USA)" title="Whigpartiet (USA) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Whigpartiet (USA)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE)" title="விக் கட்சி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விக் கட்சி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Partisi_(Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri)" title="Whig Partisi (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Whig Partisi (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B2_(%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Партія вігів (США) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Партія вігів (США)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C_(%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81)" title="وگ پارٹی (ریاستہائے متحدہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وگ پارٹی (ریاستہائے متحدہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_Whig_(Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3)" title="Đảng Whig (Hoa Kỳ) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảng Whig (Hoa Kỳ)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%89%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%9A%EF%BC%88%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%89" title="辉格党（美国） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="辉格党（美国）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%9D%E6%A0%BC%E9%BB%A8_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B)" title="輝格黨 (美國) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="輝格黨 (美國)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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Crittenden]], and [[John Quincy Adams]]. The Whig base of support was amongst entrepreneurs, professionals, [[Protestantism|Protestants]] (particularly [[Evangelicalism in the United States|evangelicals]]), and the urban [[middle class]]. It had much less backing from poor farmers and unskilled workers.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The '''Whig Party''' was a mid-19th century [[political party]] in the United States.<ref name=":0" /> Alongside the [[History of the Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], it was one of two [[Political parties in the United States|major parties]] between the late 1830s and the early 1850s and part of the [[Second Party System]].<ref>Sean Trainor, ''Gale Researcher Guide for: The Second Party System'' (Gale, Cengage Learning, 2018).</ref> As well as four Whig presidents ([[William Henry Harrison]], [[John Tyler]], [[Zachary Taylor]] and [[Millard Fillmore]]), other prominent members included [[Henry Clay]], [[Daniel Webster]], [[Rufus Choate]], [[William Seward]], [[John J. Crittenden]], and [[John Quincy Adams]]. The Whig base of support was amongst entrepreneurs, professionals, [[Protestantism|Protestants]] (particularly [[Evangelicalism in the United States|evangelicals]]), and the urban [[middle class]]. It had much less backing from poor farmers and unskilled workers.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The party was hostile toward [[manifest destiny]], territorial expansion into [[Texas]] and the [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]], and the [[Mexican–American War]]. It disliked presidential power, as exhibited by [[Andrew <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Jackson|</del>Jackson]] and [[James K. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Polk|</del>Polk]], and preferred congressional dominance in lawmaking. Members advocated modernization, [[meritocracy]], the rule of law, protections against majority rule, and vigilance against executive tyranny. They favored an economic program known as the [[American System (economic plan)|American System]], which called for a [[protectionism|protective]] [[tariff in United States history|tariff]], federal subsidies for the construction of infrastructure, and [[Bank War|support for a national bank]]. The party was active in both the [[Northern United States]] and the [[Southern United States]] and did not take a firm stance on [[slavery in the United States|slavery]], but Northern Whigs tended to be less supportive than their Democratic counterparts.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The party was hostile toward [[manifest destiny]], territorial expansion into [[Texas]] and the [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]], and the [[Mexican–American War]]. It disliked presidential power, as exhibited by [[Andrew Jackson]] and [[James K. Polk]], and preferred congressional dominance in lawmaking. Members advocated modernization, [[meritocracy]], the rule of law, protections against majority rule, and vigilance against executive tyranny. They favored an economic program known as the [[American System (economic plan)|American System]], which called for a [[protectionism|protective]] [[tariff in United States history|tariff]], federal subsidies for the construction of infrastructure, and [[Bank War|support for a national bank]]. The party was active in both the [[Northern United States]] and the [[Southern United States]] and did not take a firm stance on [[slavery in the United States|slavery]], but Northern Whigs tended to be less supportive than their Democratic counterparts.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The Whigs emerged in the 1830s in opposition to President [[Andrew Jackson]], pulling together former members of the [[National Republican Party]], the [[Anti-Masonic Party]], and disaffected Democrats. The Whigs had some weak links to the defunct [[Federalist Party (United States)|Federalist Party]], but the Whig Party was not a direct successor to that party, and many Whig leaders, including Henry Clay, had aligned with the rival [[Democratic-Republican Party]]. In the [[1836 United States presidential election|1836 presidential election]], four different Whig candidates received [[United States Electoral College|electoral votes]], but the party failed to defeat Jackson's chosen successor, [[Martin Van Buren]]. Whig nominee William Henry Harrison unseated Van Buren in the [[1840 United States presidential election|1840 presidential election]] but died one month into his term. Harrison's successor, John Tyler, a former Democrat, broke with the Whigs in 1841 after clashing with Clay and other party leaders over economic policies such as the re-establishment of a [[History of central banking in the United States|national bank]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The Whigs emerged in the 1830s in opposition to President [[Andrew Jackson]], pulling together former members of the [[National Republican Party]], the [[Anti-Masonic Party]], and disaffected Democrats. The Whigs had some weak links to the defunct [[Federalist Party (United States)|Federalist Party]], but the Whig Party was not a direct successor to that party, and many Whig leaders, including Henry Clay, had aligned with the rival [[Democratic-Republican Party]]. In the [[1836 United States presidential election|1836 presidential election]], four different Whig candidates received [[United States Electoral College|electoral votes]], but the party failed to defeat Jackson's chosen successor, [[Martin Van Buren]]. Whig nominee William Henry Harrison unseated Van Buren in the [[1840 United States presidential election|1840 presidential election]] but died one month into his term. Harrison's successor, John Tyler, a former Democrat, broke with the Whigs in 1841 after clashing with Clay and other party leaders over economic policies such as the re-establishment of a [[History of central banking in the United States|national bank]].</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 03:30, 21 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">19th century political party</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #F0C862; border-bottom:2px solid #F0C862; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Whig Party</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Whig_political_banner_by_Terrence_J._Kennedy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Whig political banner by Terrence J. Kennedy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Whig_political_banner_by_Terrence_J._Kennedy.png/180px-Whig_political_banner_by_Terrence_J._Kennedy.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Whig_political_banner_by_Terrence_J._Kennedy.png/270px-Whig_political_banner_by_Terrence_J._Kennedy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Whig_political_banner_by_Terrence_J._Kennedy.png/360px-Whig_political_banner_by_Terrence_J._Kennedy.png 2x" data-file-width="1378" data-file-height="1386" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Whig political banner by Terrence J. Kennedy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1833<span class="noprint">; 191 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1833</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-holtbirth_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holtbirth-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1856<span class="noprint">; 168 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1856</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-holt947949_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holt947949-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merger of</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier Party</a> (minority)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> (<i>de facto</i>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Southern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)">Opposition Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review:_A_Whig_Journal" title="The American Review: A Whig Journal">The American Review</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_p._70_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_p._70-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Howe_1979,_pp._183,_210_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howe_1979,_pp._183,_210-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_System_(economic_plan)" title="American System (economic plan)">American System</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny#Criticisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest Destiny">Anti-expansionism</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacksonian Democracy">Anti-Jacksonianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Holt_2016-03-07_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_2016-03-07-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic nationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-holt6667_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holt6667-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_p._685_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_p._685-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">Parliamentarism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._27–28_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_pp._27–28-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_p._952_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_p._952-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist conservatism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Farmer_(2008),_p.155_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farmer_(2008),_p.155-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F0C862; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buff_(colour)" title="Buff (colour)">Buff</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1995D0; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Seats in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">29 / 52</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F0C862; width: 56%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> (1841–1843, peak)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Seats in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">142 / 242</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F0C862; width: 59%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> (1841, peak)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #F0C862;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground_(book)" title="Losing Ground (book)">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Economics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gun rights</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> <p><b>Identity politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America"><i>ACT!</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nativist</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> <p><b>Watchdog groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Youth/student groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> <p><b>Miscellaneous</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican"><i>South Park</i> Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Whig Party</b> was a mid-19th century <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, it was one of two <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">major parties</a> between the late 1830s and the early 1850s and part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as four Whig presidents (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>), other prominent members included <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Seward" class="mw-redirect" title="William Seward">William Seward</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>. The Whig base of support was amongst entrepreneurs, professionals, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Evangelicalism in the United States">evangelicals</a>), and the urban <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>. It had much less backing from poor farmers and unskilled workers. </p><p>The party was hostile toward <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a>, territorial expansion into <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. It disliked presidential power, as exhibited by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>, and preferred congressional dominance in lawmaking. Members advocated modernization, <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocracy</a>, the rule of law, protections against majority rule, and vigilance against executive tyranny. They favored an economic program known as the <a href="/wiki/American_System_(economic_plan)" title="American System (economic plan)">American System</a>, which called for a <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protective</a> <a href="/wiki/Tariff_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariff in United States history">tariff</a>, federal subsidies for the construction of infrastructure, and <a href="/wiki/Bank_War" title="Bank War">support for a national bank</a>. The party was active in both the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> and did not take a firm stance on <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>, but Northern Whigs tended to be less supportive than their Democratic counterparts. </p><p>The Whigs emerged in the 1830s in opposition to President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, pulling together former members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a>, and disaffected Democrats. The Whigs had some weak links to the defunct <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalist Party (United States)">Federalist Party</a>, but the Whig Party was not a direct successor to that party, and many Whig leaders, including Henry Clay, had aligned with the rival <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 presidential election</a>, four different Whig candidates received <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electoral votes</a>, but the party failed to defeat Jackson's chosen successor, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>. Whig nominee William Henry Harrison unseated Van Buren in the <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 presidential election</a> but died one month into his term. Harrison's successor, John Tyler, a former Democrat, broke with the Whigs in 1841 after clashing with Clay and other party leaders over economic policies such as the re-establishment of a <a href="/wiki/History_of_central_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of central banking in the United States">national bank</a>. </p><p>Clay clinched his party's nomination in the <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 presidential election</a> but was defeated by Democrat <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>, who subsequently presided over the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. Whig nominee Zachary Taylor won the <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 presidential election</a>, but Taylor died in 1850 and was succeeded by Millard Fillmore. Fillmore, Clay, Daniel Webster, and Democrat <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> led the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>, which helped to defuse sectional tensions in the aftermath of the Mexican–American War for a time. Nonetheless, the Whigs suffered a decisive defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852 presidential election</a> partly due to sectional divisions within the party. The Whigs collapsed following the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> in 1854, with most Northern Whigs eventually joining the anti-slavery <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> and most Southern Whigs joining the <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativist</a> <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a>. The last vestiges of the Whig Party faded away after the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, but Whig ideas remained influential for decades. During the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln Administration</a>, ex-Whigs dominated the Republican Party and enacted much of their American System. Presidents <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> were Whigs before switching to the Republican Party, from which they were elected to office.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered the primary predecessor party of the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">Presidency of John Quincy Adams</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JQA_Photo.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/JQA_Photo.tif/lossy-page1-170px-JQA_Photo.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/JQA_Photo.tif/lossy-page1-255px-JQA_Photo.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/JQA_Photo.tif/lossy-page1-340px-JQA_Photo.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2236" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, the 6th president, became a Whig congressman later in his career.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1790s, the first major U.S. parties arose in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>. After 1815, the Democratic-Republicans emerged as the sole major party at the national level but became increasingly polarized. A nationalist wing led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> favored policies such as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a> and the implementation of a <a href="/wiki/Protective_tariff" title="Protective tariff">protective tariff</a>. A second group, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Republicans">Old Republicans</a>, opposed these policies, favoring a strict interpretation of the Constitution and a weak federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._2–3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_pp._2–3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 presidential election</a>, Speaker of the House <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>, Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a>, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, and General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> all sought the presidency as members of the Democratic-Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crawford favored state sovereignty and a strict constructionist view of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a>, while Clay and Adams favored high tariffs and the national bank;<sup id="cite_ref-Howe_2007_203–204_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howe_2007_203–204-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regionalism played a central role, with Jackson strongest in the West. Jackson won a plurality of the popular and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electoral vote</a> in the 1824 election, but not a majority. The House of Representatives had to decide. Speaker Clay supported Adams, who was elected as president by the House, and Clay was appointed Secretary of State. Jackson called it a "corrupt bargain".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clay_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Clay_1848.jpg/175px-Clay_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Clay_1848.jpg/263px-Clay_1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Clay_1848.jpg/350px-Clay_1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="1577" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>, a founder of the Whig Party in the 1830s and its 1844 presidential nominee</figcaption></figure> <p>In the years following the 1824 election, former members of the Democratic-Republican Party split into hostile factions. Supporters of President Adams and Clay joined with many former Federalists such as <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> to form a group informally known as the "Adams party".<sup id="cite_ref-holt78_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holt78-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, supporters of Jackson, Crawford, and Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> joined in opposing the Adams administration's nationalist agenda, becoming informally known as "Jacksonians".<sup id="cite_ref-holt78_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holt78-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due in part to the superior organization (by Martin Van Buren) of the Jacksonians, Jackson defeated Adams in the <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 presidential election</a>, taking 56 percent of the popular vote.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clay became the leader of the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a>, which opposed President Jackson. By the early 1830s, the Jacksonians organized into the new <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._10–11_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_pp._10–11-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Jackson's decisive victory in the 1828 election, National Republicans initially believed that Jackson's party would collapse once Jackson took office. Vice President Calhoun split from the administration in 1831. Still, differences over the tariff prevented Calhoun's followers from joining the National Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._10–11_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_pp._10–11-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a> formed following the disappearance and possible murder of <a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(anti-Mason)" title="William Morgan (anti-Mason)">William Morgan</a> in 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1993139–141_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1993139–141-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anti-Masonic movement, strongest in the Northeast, gave rise to or expanded the use of many innovations which became an accepted practice among other parties, including nominating conventions and party newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clay rejected overtures from the Anti-Masonic Party, and his attempt to convince Calhoun to serve as his running mate failed, leaving the opposition to Jackson split among different leaders when the National Republicans nominated Clay for president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1993139–141_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1993139–141-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoping to make the national bank a key issue of the 1832 election, the National Republicans convinced national bank president <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Biddle_(banker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Biddle (banker)">Nicholas Biddle</a> to request an extension of the national bank's charter, but their strategy backfired when Jackson successfully portrayed his veto of the recharter as a victory for the people against an elitist institution.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson won another decisive victory in the <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832 presidential election</a>, taking 55 percent of the national popular vote and 88 percent of the popular vote in the <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">slavery states</a> south of Kentucky and Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clay's defeat discredited the National Republican Party, encouraging those opposed to Jackson to seek to create a more effective opposition party.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson, by 1832, was determined to destroy the bank (the Second Bank of the United States), which Whigs supported.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Whig_Party" title="History of the United States Whig Party">History of the United States Whig Party</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation,_1833–1836"><span id="Creation.2C_1833.E2.80.931836"></span>Creation, 1833–1836</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Presidency of Andrew Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Webster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Daniel_Webster.jpg/170px-Daniel_Webster.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Daniel_Webster.jpg/255px-Daniel_Webster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Daniel_Webster.jpg/340px-Daniel_Webster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2786" data-file-height="3858" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, a leading Whig from <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after Jackson's re-election, South Carolina passed a measure to "<a href="/wiki/Nullification_(U.S._Constitution)" title="Nullification (U.S. Constitution)">nullify</a>" the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1832" title="Tariff of 1832">Tariff of 1832</a>, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Nullification_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullification Crisis">Nullification Crisis</a>. Jackson strongly denied the right of South Carolina to nullify federal law, but the crisis was resolved after Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1833" title="Tariff of 1833">Tariff of 1833</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_p._20_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_p._20-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nullification Crisis briefly scrambled the partisan divisions that had emerged after 1824, as many within the Jacksonian coalition opposed President Jackson's threats of force against South Carolina, while some opposition leaders like Daniel Webster supported them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1993178–180_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1993178–180-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "Whig" was first suggested for Jackson's opponents by <a href="/wiki/James_Watson_Webb" title="James Watson Webb">James Watson Webb</a>, editor of the <i>Courier and Enquirer</i> of New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South Carolina and other states, those opposed to Jackson began to form small "Whig" parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_p._20_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_p._20-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whig label implicitly compared "King Andrew" to King <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">King of Great Britain</a> at the time of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1993211–213_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1993211–213-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jackson's decision to remove government deposits from the national bank<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ended any possibility of a Webster-Jackson alliance and helped to solidify partisan lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1993202–203_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1993202–203-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The removal of the deposits drew opposition from both pro-bank National Republicans and <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> Southerners like <a href="/wiki/Willie_Person_Mangum" class="mw-redirect" title="Willie Person Mangum">Willie Person Mangum</a> of North Carolina, the latter of whom accused Jackson of flouting the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1833, Clay began to hold a series of dinners with opposition leaders to settle on a candidate to oppose <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>, the likely Democratic nominee in the <a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 presidential election</a>. While Jackson's opponents could not agree on a single presidential candidate, they coordinated in the Senate to oppose Jackson's initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Michael Holt writes that the "birth of the Whig Party" can be dated to Clay and his allies taking control of the Senate in December 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-holtbirth_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holtbirth-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Republicans, including Clay and Webster, formed the core of the Whig Party, but many Anti-Masons like <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> of New York and <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a> of Pennsylvania also joined. Several prominent Democrats defected to the Whigs, including Mangum, former Attorney General <a href="/wiki/John_M._Berrien" title="John M. Berrien">John Berrien</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> of Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1993211–213_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1993211–213-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whig Party's first significant action was to <a href="/wiki/Censure_in_the_United_States" title="Censure in the United States">censure</a> Jackson for the removal of the national bank deposits, thereby establishing opposition to Jackson's executive power as the organizing principle of the new party.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._27–28_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_pp._27–28-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In doing so, the Whigs were able to shed the elitist image that had persistently hindered the National Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout 1834 and 1835, the Whigs successfully incorporated National Republican and Anti-Masonic state-level organizations and established new state party organizations in Southern states like North Carolina and Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anti-Masonic heritage of the Whigs included a distrust of behind-the-scenes political maneuvering by party bosses instead of encouraging direct appeals to the people through gigantic rallies, parades, and rhetorical rabble-rousing.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise,_1836–1841"><span id="Rise.2C_1836.E2.80.931841"></span>Rise, 1836–1841</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Presidency of Martin Van Buren</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Henry_Harrison_daguerreotype_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/William_Henry_Harrison_daguerreotype_edit.jpg/170px-William_Henry_Harrison_daguerreotype_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/William_Henry_Harrison_daguerreotype_edit.jpg/255px-William_Henry_Harrison_daguerreotype_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/William_Henry_Harrison_daguerreotype_edit.jpg/340px-William_Henry_Harrison_daguerreotype_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1822" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>, a two-time presidential candidate who became the first Whig president in 1841 but died just one month into office</figcaption></figure> <p>Early successes in various states made many Whigs optimistic about victory in 1836, but an improving economy bolstered Van Buren's standing ahead of the election.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whigs also faced the difficulty of uniting former National Republicans, Anti-Masons, and states' rights Southerners around one candidate, and the party suffered an early blow when Calhoun announced that he would refuse to support any candidate opposed to the doctrine of nullification.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northern Whigs cast aside both Clay and Webster in favor of General <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>, a former senator who had led U.S. forces in the 1811 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._40–42_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_pp._40–42-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though he had not previously been affiliated with the National Republicans, Harrison indicated that he shared the party's concerns over Jackson's executive power and favored federal investments in infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._40–42_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_pp._40–42-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern Whigs coalesced around Senator <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a>, a long-time Jackson ally who opposed Van Buren's candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, Van Buren won a majority of the electoral and popular vote in the 1836 election, though the Whigs improved on Clay's 1832 performance in the South and West.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after Van Buren took office, an economic crisis known as the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a> struck the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Land prices plummeted, industries laid off employees, and banks failed. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Walker_Howe" title="Daniel Walker Howe">Daniel Walker Howe</a>, the economic crisis of the late 1830s and early 1840s was the most severe recession in U.S. history until the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007504–505_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007504–505-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren's economic response centered on establishing the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Treasury" title="Independent Treasury">Independent Treasury</a> system, essentially a series of vaults that would hold government deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson198458–62_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198458–62-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the debate over the Independent Treasury continued, <a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">William Cabell Rives</a> and some other Democrats who favored a more activist government defected to the Whig Party, while Calhoun and his followers joined the Democratic Party.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whig leaders agreed to hold the party's first national convention in December 1839 in order to select the Whig presidential nominee.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1840.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/ElectoralCollege1840.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege1840.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/ElectoralCollege1840.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1840.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/ElectoralCollege1840.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege1840.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 presidential election</a>, thereby becoming the first Whig president</figcaption></figure> <p>By early 1838, Clay had emerged as the front-runner due to his southern support and spirited opposition to Van Buren's Independent Treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recovering economy convinced other Whigs to support Harrison, who was generally seen as the Whig candidate best able to win over Democrats and new voters.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the crucial support of Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania and <a href="/wiki/Thurlow_Weed" title="Thurlow Weed">Thurlow Weed</a> of New York, Harrison won the presidential nomination on the fifth ballot of the <a href="/wiki/1839_Whig_National_Convention" title="1839 Whig National Convention">1839 Whig National Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For vice president, the Whigs nominated John Tyler, a former states' rights Democrat selected for the Whig ticket primarily because other Southern supporters of Clay refused to serve as Harrison's running mate.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Log cabins and hard cider became the dominant symbols of the Whig campaign as the party sought to portray Harrison as a man of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whigs also assailed Van Buren's handling of the economy. They argued that traditional Whig policies, such as the restoration of a national bank and the implementation of protective tariff rates, would help to restore the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the economy still in a downturn, Harrison decisively defeated Van Buren, taking a wide majority of the electoral vote and just under 53 percent of the popular vote.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harrison_and_Tyler,_1841–1845"><span id="Harrison_and_Tyler.2C_1841.E2.80.931845"></span>Harrison and Tyler, 1841–1845</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">Presidency of John Tyler</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Tyler.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_Tyler.png/220px-John_Tyler.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_Tyler.png/330px-John_Tyler.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_Tyler.png/440px-John_Tyler.png 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> clashed with congressional Whigs and was expelled from the party.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the election of the first Whig presidential administration in the party's history, Clay and his allies prepared to pass ambitious domestic policies such as the restoration of the national bank, the distribution of federal land sales revenue to the states, a national bankruptcy law, and increased tariff rates.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harrison died just one month into his term, thereby elevating Vice President Tyler to the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._127–128_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_pp._127–128-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler had never accepted much of the Whig economic program and he soon clashed with Clay and other congressional Whigs.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._127–128_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_pp._127–128-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1841, Tyler vetoed Clay's national bank bill, holding that the legislation was unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congress passed a second bill based on an earlier proposal made by Treasury Secretary Ewing that was tailored to address Tyler's constitutional concerns, but Tyler vetoed that bill as well.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, every Cabinet member but Webster resigned, and the Whig congressional caucus expelled Tyler from the party on September 13, 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whigs later began impeachment proceedings against Tyler, but they ultimately failed to impeach him because they believed his likely acquittal would devastate the party.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in mid-1842, Tyler increasingly began to court Democrats, appointing them to his Cabinet and other positions.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, many Whig state organizations repudiated the Tyler administration and endorsed Clay as the party's candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Webster resigned from the Cabinet in May 1843 following the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Webster-Ashburton_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Webster-Ashburton Treaty">Webster-Ashburton Treaty</a>, Tyler made the <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">annexation of Texas</a> his key priority. The annexation of Texas was widely viewed as a pro-slavery initiative as it would add another slave state to the union, and most leaders of both parties opposed opening the question of annexation in 1843 due to the fear of stoking the debate over slavery. Tyler was nonetheless determined to pursue annexation because he believed that the British conspired to abolish slavery in Texas<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and because he saw the issue as a means to reelection, either through the Democratic Party or through a new party.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1844, Secretary of State John C. Calhoun reached a treaty with Texas providing for the annexation of that country.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clay and Van Buren, the two front-runners for major-party presidential nominations in the 1844 election, both announced their opposition to annexation, and the Senate blocked the annexation treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the surprise of Clay and other Whigs, the <a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 Democratic National Convention</a> rejected Van Buren in favor of <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> and established a platform calling for the acquisition of both Texas and <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having won the presidential nomination at the <a href="/wiki/1844_Whig_National_Convention" title="1844 Whig National Convention">1844 Whig National Convention</a> unopposed, Clay and other Whigs were initially confident that they would defeat the divided Democrats and their relatively obscure candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Southern voters responded to Polk's calls for annexation, while in the North, Democrats benefited from the growing animosity towards the Whig Party among Catholic and foreign-born voters.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, Polk won the election, taking 49.5% of the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote; the swing of just over one percent of the vote in New York would have given Clay the victory.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polk_and_the_Mexican–American_War,_1845–1849"><span id="Polk_and_the_Mexican.E2.80.93American_War.2C_1845.E2.80.931849"></span>Polk and the Mexican–American War, 1845–1849</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Presidency of James K. Polk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zachary_Taylor_restored_and_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Zachary_Taylor_restored_and_cropped.jpg/170px-Zachary_Taylor_restored_and_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Zachary_Taylor_restored_and_cropped.jpg/255px-Zachary_Taylor_restored_and_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Zachary_Taylor_restored_and_cropped.jpg/340px-Zachary_Taylor_restored_and_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> served in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> and later won the 1848 presidential election as the Whig nominee.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo.png/220px-Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>The United States settled the Texas-Mexico border and acquired portions of seven current states in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a>. Portions of present-day Arizona and New Mexico were later acquired in the 1853 <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the final weeks of Tyler's presidency, a small group of Southern Whigs joined with congressional Democrats to pass a joint resolution providing for the annexation of Texas, and Texas subsequently became a state in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the annexation of Texas, Polk began preparations for a potential war with <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, which still regarded Texas as a part of its republic and contended that Texas's true southern border was the <a href="/wiki/Nueces_River" title="Nueces River">Nueces River</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Merry188189_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merry188189-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a skirmish known as the <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Affair" title="Thornton Affair">Thornton Affair</a> broke out on the northern side of the Rio Grande,<sup id="cite_ref-merry240242_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merry240242-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polk called on Congress to declare war against Mexico, arguing that Mexico had invaded American territory by crossing the Rio Grande.<sup id="cite_ref-merry244245_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merry244245-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Whigs argued that Polk had provoked war with Mexico by sending a force under General <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> to the Rio Grande, but only a minority of Whigs voted against the declaration of war as they feared that opposing the war would be politically unpopular.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polk received the declaration of war against Mexico and also pushed through the restoration of the Independent Treasury System and a bill that reduced tariffs; opposition to the passage of these Democratic policies helped to reunify and reinvigorate the Whigs.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1846, Polk asked Congress to appropriate $2 million (~$60.7 million in 2023) in hopes of using that money as a down payment for the purchase of California in a treaty with Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-merry283285_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merry283285-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democratic Congressman <a href="/wiki/David_Wilmot" title="David Wilmot">David Wilmot</a> of Pennsylvania offered an amendment known as the <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a>, which would ban slavery in any newly acquired lands.<sup id="cite_ref-merry286289_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merry286289-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wilmot Proviso passed the House with the support of both Northern Whigs and Northern Democrats, breaking the typical pattern of partisan division in congressional votes, but it was defeated in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, clear divisions remained between the two parties on territorial acquisitions, as most Democrats joined Polk in seeking to acquire vast tracts of land from Mexico, but most Whigs opposed territorial growth.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1848, Mexican and U.S. negotiators reached the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a>, which provided for the cession of Alta California and New Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-merry424426_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merry424426-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Whig objections to the acquisition of Mexican territory, the treaty was ratified with the support of a majority of the Democratic and Whig senators; Whigs voted for the treaty largely because ratification brought the war to an immediate end.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whig_primary_1848d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Whig_primary_1848d.jpg/220px-Whig_primary_1848d.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Whig_primary_1848d.jpg/330px-Whig_primary_1848d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Whig_primary_1848d.jpg/440px-Whig_primary_1848d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2622" data-file-height="3804" /></a><figcaption>A political cartoon satirizing the candidacy of either <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 presidential election</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the war, Whig leaders like <a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> of Kentucky began to look to General Taylor as a presidential candidate, hoping the party could run on Taylor's personal popularity rather than economic issues.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taylor's candidacy faced significant resistance in the Whig Party due to his lack of public commitment to Whig policies and his association with the Mexican–American War.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1847, Clay emerged as Taylor's main opponent for the Whig nomination, appealing especially to Northern Whigs with his opposition to the war and the acquisition of new territory.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With strong backing from slavery-state delegates, Taylor won the presidential nomination on the fourth ballot of the <a href="/wiki/1848_Whig_National_Convention" title="1848 Whig National Convention">1848 Whig National Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whigs nominated Millard Fillmore of New York, a pro-Clay Northerner, for vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith198822–23_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith198822–23-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-slavery Northern Whigs disaffected with Taylor joined with Democratic supporters of Martin Van Buren and some members of the Liberty Party to found the new <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a>; the party nominated a ticket of Van Buren and Whig <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles Francis Adams Sr.</a> and campaigned against the spread of slavery into the territories.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Whig campaign in the North received a boost when Taylor released a public letter in which he stated that he favored Whig principles and would defer to Congress after taking office, thereby reassuring some wavering Whigs.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the campaign, Northern Whig leaders touted traditional Whig policies like support for infrastructure spending and increased tariff rates,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Southern Whigs largely eschewed economic policy, instead emphasizing that Taylor's status as an enslaver meant that he could be trusted on the issue of slavery more so than Democratic candidate <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> of Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, Taylor won the election with a majority of the electoral vote and a plurality of the popular vote. Taylor improved on Clay's 1844 performance in the South and benefited from the defection of many Democrats to Van Buren in the North.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taylor_and_Fillmore,_1849–1853"><span id="Taylor_and_Fillmore.2C_1849.E2.80.931853"></span>Taylor and Fillmore, 1849–1853</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Zachary_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Zachary Taylor">Presidency of Zachary Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">Presidency of Millard Fillmore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Millard_Fillmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Millard_Fillmore.jpg/170px-Millard_Fillmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Millard_Fillmore.jpg/255px-Millard_Fillmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Millard_Fillmore.jpg/340px-Millard_Fillmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2994" data-file-height="3938" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>, the last Whig president</figcaption></figure> <p>Reflecting the Taylor administration's desire to find a middle ground between traditional Whig and Democratic policies, Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/William_M._Meredith" title="William M. Meredith">William M. Meredith</a> issued a report calling for an increase in tariff rates, but not to the levels seen under the Tariff of 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even Meredith's moderate policies were not adopted, and, partly due to the strong economic growth of the late 1840s and late 1850s, traditional Whig economic stances would increasingly lose their salience after 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Taylor assumed office, the organization of state and territorial governments and the status of slavery in the Mexican Cession remained the major issue facing Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To sidestep the issue of the Wilmot Proviso, the Taylor administration proposed that the lands of the Mexican Cession be admitted as states without first organizing territorial governments; thus, slavery in the area would be left to the discretion of state governments rather than the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1850, Senator Clay introduced a separate proposal which included the admission of California as a free state, the <a href="/wiki/State_cessions" title="State cessions">cession</a> by Texas of some of its northern and western territorial claims in return for debt relief, the establishment of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah</a> territories, a ban on the importation of slaves into the District of Columbia for sale, and a more stringent fugitive slave law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988111–112_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988111–112-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unsuccessful_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Unsuccessful_1852.jpg/170px-Unsuccessful_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Unsuccessful_1852.jpg/255px-Unsuccessful_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Unsuccessful_1852.jpg/340px-Unsuccessful_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Gen. <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>, the unsuccessful Whig candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852 presidential election</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Taylor died in July 1850 and was succeeded by Vice President Fillmore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988157–158_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988157–158-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to John Tyler, Fillmore's legitimacy and authority as president were widely accepted by members of Congress and the public.<sup id="cite_ref-vpmf_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vpmf-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fillmore accepted the resignation of Taylor's entire Cabinet<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appointed Whig leaders like Crittenden, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Thomas Corwin</a> of Ohio, and Webster, whose support for the Compromise had outraged his Massachusetts constituents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelman73–78_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelman73–78-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the support of Fillmore and an impressive bipartisan and bi-sectional coalition, a Senate bill providing for a final settlement of Texas's borders won passage shortly after Fillmore took office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBordewich306–313_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBordewich306–313-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Senate quickly moved to other significant issues, passing bills that provided for the admission of California, the organization of New Mexico Territory, and the establishment of a new fugitive slave law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBordewich314–316,_329_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBordewich314–316,_329-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passage of what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> soon followed in the House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988188–189_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988188–189-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the future of slavery in New Mexico, Utah, and other territories remained unclear, Fillmore himself described the Compromise of 1850 as a "final settlement" of sectional issues.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the passage of the Compromise of 1850, Fillmore's enforcement of the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a> became the central issue of his administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelman85–88,_103–104_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelman85–88,_103–104-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whig Party became badly split between pro-Compromise Whigs like Fillmore and Webster and anti-Compromise Whigs like William Seward, who demanded the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Act.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Fillmore's enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act made him unpopular among many in the North, he retained considerable support in the South. Meanwhile, Secretary Webster had long coveted the presidency and, though in poor health, planned a final attempt to gain the White House.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988239–244_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988239–244-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third candidate emerged in the form of General Winfield Scott, who won the backing of many Northerners but whose association with Senator William Seward made him unacceptable to Southern Whigs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988239–244_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988239–244-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the first presidential ballot of the <a href="/wiki/1852_Whig_National_Convention" title="1852 Whig National Convention">1852 Whig National Convention</a>, Fillmore received 133 of the necessary 147 votes, while Scott won 131 and Webster won 29. Fillmore and Webster's supporters were unable to broker a deal to unite behind either candidate, and Scott won the nomination on the 53rd ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988244–247_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988244–247-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 Democratic National Convention</a> nominated a dark horse candidate in the form of former New Hampshire senator <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a>, a Northerner sympathetic to the Southern view on slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988237–239,_244_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988237–239,_244-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Whig and Democratic national conventions had approved similar platforms, the 1852 election focused largely on the personalities of Scott and Pierce.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1852 elections proved to be disastrous for the Whig Party, as Scott was defeated by a wide margin and the Whigs lost several congressional and state elections.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott amassed more votes than Taylor had in most Northern states, but Democrats benefited from a surge of new voters in the North and the collapse of Whig strength in much of the South.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collapse">Collapse</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Presidency of Franklin Pierce</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party#Beginnings" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">History of the United States Republican Party § Beginnings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></div> <p>Despite their decisive loss in the 1852 elections, most Whig leaders believed the party could recover during the Pierce presidency in much the same way that it had recovered under President Polk.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the strong economy still prevented the Whig economic program from regaining salience, and the party failed to develop an effective platform on which to campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debate over the 1854 <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a>, which effectively repealed the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> by allowing slavery in territories north of the 36°30′ parallel, shook up traditional partisan alignments.<sup id="cite_ref-holt804805_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holt804805-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Across the Northern states, opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act gave rise to anti-Nebraska coalitions consisting of Democrats focused on this opposition along with Free Soilers and Whigs. In Michigan and Wisconsin, these two coalitions labeled themselves as the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, but similar groups in other states initially took on different names.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like their Free Soil predecessors, Republican leaders generally did not call for the abolition of slavery but instead sought to prevent the extension of slavery into the territories.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another political coalition appeared in the form of the nativist and anti-Catholic <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothing</a> movement, which eventually organized itself into the American Party.<sup id="cite_ref-holt804805_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holt804805-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the Republican Party and the Know-Nothings portrayed themselves as the natural Whig heirs in the battle against Democratic executive tyranny, but the Republicans focused on the "<a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a>" and the Know-Nothings focused on the supposed danger of mass immigration and a Catholic conspiracy. While the Republican Party almost exclusively appealed to Northerners, the Know-Nothings gathered many adherents in both the North and South; some individuals joined both groups even while they remained part of the Whig Party or the Democratic Party.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congressional Democrats suffered huge losses in <a href="/wiki/1854%E2%80%9355_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1854–55 United States House of Representatives elections">the mid-term elections of 1854</a>, as voters supported a wide array of new parties opposed to the Democratic Party.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though several successful congressional candidates had campaigned only as Whigs, most congressional candidates who were unaffiliated with the Democratic Party had campaigned either independently of the Whig Party or in collusion with another party.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As cooperation between Northern and Southern Whigs increasingly appeared impossible, leaders from both sections continued to abandon the party.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he did not share the nativist views of the Know-Nothings, in 1855, Fillmore became a member of the Know-Nothing movement and encouraged his Whig followers to join as well.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1855, Seward led his faction of Whigs into the Republican Party, effectively marking the end of the Whig Party as an independent and significant political force.<sup id="cite_ref-holt947949_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holt947949-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 presidential election</a> became a three-sided contest between Democrats, Know-Nothings, and Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1856_American_National_Convention" title="1856 American National Convention">Know Nothing National Convention</a> nominated Fillmore for president, but disagreements over the party platform's stance on slavery caused many Northern Know-Nothings to abandon the party.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 Republican National Convention</a> chose <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> as the party's presidential candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defection of many Northern Know-Nothings, combined with the <a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">caning of Charles Sumner</a> and other events that stoked sectional tensions, bolstered Republicans throughout the North.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his campaign, Fillmore minimized the issue of nativism, instead of attempting to use his campaign as a platform for unionism and a revival of the Whig Party.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seeking to rally support from Whigs who had yet to join another party, Fillmore and his allies organized the sparsely-attended <a href="/wiki/1856_Whig_National_Convention" title="1856 Whig National Convention">1856 Whig National Convention</a>, which nominated Fillmore for president.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, Democrat <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> won the election with a majority of the electoral vote and 45 percent of the popular vote; Frémont won most of the remaining electoral votes and took 33 percent of the popular vote, while Fillmore won 22 percent of the popular vote and just eight electoral votes. Fillmore largely retained Taylor and Scott voters in the South, but most former Whigs in the North voted for Frémont rather than Fillmore.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fillmore's American Party collapsed after the 1856 election, and many former Whigs who refused to join the Democratic Party or the Republican Party organized themselves into a loose coalition known as the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Southern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)">Opposition Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 presidential election</a>, Senator <a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> and other unionist conservatives formed the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party nominated a ticket consisting of John Bell, a long-time Whig senator, and Edward Everett, who had succeeded Daniel Webster as Fillmore's Secretary of State.<sup id="cite_ref-green234236_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green234236-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the nomination of two former Whigs, many regarded the Constitutional Union Party as a continuation of the Whig Party; one Southern newspaper called the new party the "ghost of the old Whig Party".<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party campaigned on preserving the union and took an official non-stance on slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-green237238_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green237238-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Constitutional Union ticket won a plurality of the vote in three states, but Bell finished in fourth place in the national popular vote behind Republican <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>, and pro-Southern Democrat <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the North, most former Whigs, including the vast majority of those who had voted for Fillmore in 1856, voted for Lincoln in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the secession crisis that followed Lincoln's election, Southern Democrats generally led secession efforts, while Southern former Whigs generally opposed immediate secession.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, former Whigs formed the core of a "proto-party" in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> that was opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> administration.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction Era</a>, many former Whigs tried to regroup in the South, calling themselves "conservatives" and hoping to reconnect with ex-Whigs in the North. Thus, in Virginia and elsewhere, moderate, nationalist, and economically innovative ex-Whigs used the party name "Conservative" to avoid identifying with the Democratic Party.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conservative Party ultimately merged into the Democratic Party in the South, but ex-Whigs continued to promote modernization policies such as large-scale railroad construction and the founding of public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_1961_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_1961-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Whig Party vanished after the 1850s, but Whiggism, as a modernizing policy orientation, persisted for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It played a major role in shaping the modernizing policies of the state governments during <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_1961_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_1961-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln Administration</a>, ex-Whigs dominated the Republican Party and enacted much of their American System. Presidents Abraham Lincoln, <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> were Whigs before switching to the Republican Party, from which they were elected to office. In the long run, the United States adopted Whiggish economic policies coupled with a Democratic strong presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology_and_policies">Ideology and policies</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Greeley_restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Horace_Greeley_restored.jpg/170px-Horace_Greeley_restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Horace_Greeley_restored.jpg/255px-Horace_Greeley_restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Horace_Greeley_restored.jpg/340px-Horace_Greeley_restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1223" data-file-height="1701" /></a><figcaption>Whig journalist <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whig_thought">Whig thought</h3></div> <p>Historian Frank Towers writes that "Democrats stood for the 'sovereignty of the people' as expressed in popular demonstrations, constitutional conventions, and majority rule as a general principle of governing, whereas Whigs advocated the rule of law, written and unchanging constitutions, and protections for minority interests against majority tyranny."<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Walker_Howe" title="Daniel Walker Howe">Daniel Walker Howe</a> argues the Whigs were modernizers, "who attached a great deal of importance to protecting property, maintaining social order, and preserving a distinct cultural heritage, three characteristic conservative concerns".<sup id="cite_ref-Howe_1979,_pp._183,_210_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howe_1979,_pp._183,_210-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whigs themselves adopted the word "conservative", which they associated with "'law and order', social caution, and moral restraint".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political scientists <a href="/wiki/John_Aldrich_(political_scientist)" title="John Aldrich (political scientist)">John H. Aldrich</a> and John D. Griffin note that the labeling of Whig ideology as <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> is "somewhat [counterintuitive] for those who associate a small role for government rather than a pro-business orientation with conservatism".<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, like historian Joseph W. Pearson, note that the Whigs were "essentially middle class."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian John Ashworth writes that the two parties were polarized on essential questions of economic development, describing their competition as a "clash of democracy with capitalism".<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whigs held that the government had a duty to promote economic prosperity for the people, especially during economic downturns.<sup id="cite_ref-holt6667_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holt6667-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whigs further believed that individual regions of the country lacked the capital necessary for economic growth; thus, the federal government should subsidize large infrastructure projects and promote policies to facilitate the operations of banks and corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_p._685_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_p._685-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Democrats, by contrast, argued that government action would inevitably favor the privileged few; thus, Democrats held that government should intervene in the economy as little as possible, especially at the federal level.<sup id="cite_ref-holt6667_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holt6667-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory Bowen notes that the two parties were polar opposite and highly ideological: "At the heart of Democratic ideology was a militant egalitarianism [for white men], which contrasted sharply with the Whigs' support for equality of opportunity to produce a meritocratic society."<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democrats glorified individualism while Whigs said it was a dangerous impulse that must be subordinated to the greater good of an organic society; they called for individuals to restrain themselves and focus on doing their duty.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Howe characterizes the Whigs' anti-individualism as an "<a href="/wiki/Aristotlean" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotlean">Aristotlean</a>" desire to perfect human nature by subordinating animal impulses to reason and self-control. Historian John Burt expands on Howe's argument, noting that Whigs "saw unmediated expressions of popular will in roughly the same way as they saw unmediated compulsions of appetite...[a]s a person driven by appetites is not free but the slave of the body, so a polity driven by popular will is not free but the slave of whatever urgencies drive King Numbers". The Whigs opposed President Jackson because they saw him as a <a href="/wiki/Demagogue" title="Demagogue">demagogue</a> recklessly exploiting the will of the majority, and they supported a strong Congress as a means of restraining that will within the bounds of a stable, constitutional framework.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite their differences, both parties sought to portray themselves as the true protectors of an American political tradition of equality and self-government.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_p._70_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_p._70-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though their Democratic rivals cast them as a continuation of the Federalists, the Whig Party's ideology was rooted in the agenda proposed by Clay and other nationalist Democratic-Republican Party leaders in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. Many of these nationalist ideas were influenced by the economic program of <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalist</a> leader Alexander Hamilton, but after the War of 1812, they were also supported by President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, one of the founders of the Democratic-Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._2–3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_pp._2–3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike their Democratic rivals, many Whigs held an aversion to party organizations that were rooted in the traditional American wariness of political parties. Whig opposition to parties waned after the 1830s, but many leading Whigs, including Webster and John Quincy Adams, never fully gave up their independence in favor of a party label.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whigs were also deeply committed to preventing executive tyranny, which they saw as an existential threat to republican self-government.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_p._952_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_p._952-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whig thought was typically rooted in evangelical Christianity, as expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a>. Many Whigs would argue that the Bible was the best of Western civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whigs linked moral progress and material progress—each needed the other. They supported Protestant religiosity and missions while being fearful of Catholics. Whigs believed that a higher stage of morality would be achieved when America brought wealth and opportunity to everyone. Whigs would then promote voluntary associations like churches, temperance societies, and schools. Participating in these kinds of societies made the Whigs think that people would become more virtuous. The Whigs believed the rapid business expansion was good with a focus on voluntary associations, not the moral danger Democrats warned about.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This optimism for the future (when compared with the Democrat's pessimism, seeing the rising middle class as an affront to the traditional working-class man) is what the historian Joseph W. Pearson notes as the starting difference between both the Whigs and the Democrat's economic views.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With this high degree of focus on voluntary associations, the Whigs would place a high degree of emphasis on public schooling. These public schools and Colleges would promote upward social mobility, discouraging immorality and dissipation. One Whig, <a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a>, played a pivotal role in establishing a public school system in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, and most states would emulate that.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whig_policies">Whig policies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_System_(economic_plan)" title="American System (economic plan)">American System (economic plan)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Jordan_Crittenden_-_Brady_1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_Jordan_Crittenden_-_Brady_1855.jpg/170px-John_Jordan_Crittenden_-_Brady_1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_Jordan_Crittenden_-_Brady_1855.jpg/255px-John_Jordan_Crittenden_-_Brady_1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_Jordan_Crittenden_-_Brady_1855.jpg/340px-John_Jordan_Crittenden_-_Brady_1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a>, an influential Whig leader who later established the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a> to contest the election of 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>The Whigs celebrated Clay's vision of the <a href="/wiki/American_System_(economic_plan)" title="American System (economic plan)">American System</a>, which promoted rapid economic and industrial growth in the United States through support for a national bank, high tariffs, a distribution policy, and federal funding for infrastructure projects.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Second Bank of the United States lost its federal charter in 1836, the Whigs favored the restoration of a national bank that could provide a uniform currency, ensure a consistent supply of credit, and attract private investors.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through high tariffs, Clay and other Whigs hoped to generate revenue and encourage the establishment of domestic manufacturing, thereby freeing the United States from dependence on foreign imports.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlotter201885–87_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter201885–87-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High tariffs were also designed to prevent a negative <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">balance of trade</a> and stop the flow of currency and credit from the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_p._685_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_p._685-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whigs generally opposed Democratic efforts to reduce federal land prices, implement a "preemption" policy that would allow <a href="/wiki/Squatter" class="mw-redirect" title="Squatter">squatters</a> the right to purchase land before it came to auction, and transfer ownership of western lands to the states. Instead, Whigs favored a "distribution" policy that would distribute revenues from federal land sales to the states;<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states could then invest that money in education, infrastructure projects, and other priorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlotter2018220–221_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter2018220–221-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whigs supported federally-financed internal improvements on the belief that only the federal government could construct the transportation system necessary for uniting the country commercially and culturally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlotter201889–91_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter201889–91-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from the Whig economic program, various other issues confronted the Whig Party. <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Temperance movement in the United States">Temperance</a> never became a purely partisan issue between Whigs and Democrats, but Whigs tended to be more favorable to state prohibition laws than were Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, opinions on <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigration</a> did not break down strictly on party lines, but Whigs tended to have less favorable views towards immigration, partly because most recent immigrants aligned with the Democratic Party.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-1840s, a group of Whigs unsuccessfully pushed a bill that would have implemented new paperwork requirements for naturalization and monitored the movements of immigrants in the United States more closely. The unwillingness of Whig leaders to push for more far-reaching changes, such as an extension of the five-year naturalization period, encouraged some Whigs to join nativist third parties.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whigs were less in favor of expansionism than their Democratic counterparts, and Whigs tended to oppose the Mexican–American War and the acquisition of new territories like <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Mack_Faragher" title="John Mack Faragher">John Mack Faragher</a> writes that Democrats sought to balance the rising power of industrialization in the United States by following "Thomas Jefferson's vision of establishing agriculture in the new territories", while Whigs were content to develop the country within its present borders and feared that expansion would cause a divisive debate over slavery in the territories.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Base_of_support">Base of support</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Party_System.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Second_Party_System.svg/350px-Second_Party_System.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Second_Party_System.svg/525px-Second_Party_System.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Second_Party_System.svg/700px-Second_Party_System.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>U.S. presidential election results from 1828 to 1852. Darker shades of blue indicate states that generally voted for the Democratic Party, while darker shades of yellow/brown indicate states that generally voted for the Whig or National Republican Party.</figcaption></figure> <p>Political scientist A. James Reichley writes that the Democrats and Whigs were "political institutions of a kind that had never existed before in history" because they commanded mass membership among voters and continued to function between elections.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both parties drew support from voters of various classes, occupations, religions, and ethnicities.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the Whig Party was based among middle-class conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (August 2019)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup> The central fault line between the parties concerned the emerging <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>, as Whigs embraced the economic and social changes caused by the market economy and Democrats rejected them.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._115–116_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_pp._115–116-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whigs drew strength from the economic elites in both Northern cities and Southern plantation regions, but they also attracted support from other classes in most cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._115–116_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1999,_pp._115–116-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many states, local rivalries pushed groups into one party or the other, though areas that favored internal improvements tended to favor Whigs. <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholics</a> overwhelmingly voted Democrat, while Protestants were split between the two parties. Recent Irish and German immigrants generally supported the Democrats, but recent immigrants from England, Scotland, and Wales tended to support the Whigs.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Whigs and the rival Democratic Party established party structures that were unprecedented in terms of mass membership and continued functionality, both parties were still essentially coalitions of state party organizations and lacked strong cohesion at the national level.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whigs built on the strength of National Republicans and the Anti-Masonic Party to build up party organizations in Delaware, Maryland, and much of New England.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Appealing to voters with a mix of economic and social policies, the Whigs established capable party organizations in Northeastern states like New York and Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the Federalists and the National Republicans, the Whigs were competitive in the South, building strong state parties in Tennessee and Kentucky, and competitive parties in Louisiana, Georgia, and Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-reichley7980_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reichley7980-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By emphasizing their moral conservatism, the Whigs were also able to expand into the <a href="/wiki/Old_Northwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Northwest">Northwest</a> and win elections in a state like Ohio and Indiana.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whigs were generally not as competitive in Democratic strongholds like New Hampshire,<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maine, Illinois, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Missouri, and Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_leaders">Party leaders</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Sumner_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Charles_Sumner_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/170px-Charles_Sumner_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Charles_Sumner_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/255px-Charles_Sumner_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Charles_Sumner_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/340px-Charles_Sumner_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="4144" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a>, an anti-slavery "Conscience Whig" who later joined the Republican Party</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Public_Library_of_the_city_of_Boston_-_a_history_(1911)_(14594074519).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Public_Library_of_the_city_of_Boston_-_a_history_%281911%29_%2814594074519%29.jpg/170px-The_Public_Library_of_the_city_of_Boston_-_a_history_%281911%29_%2814594074519%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Public_Library_of_the_city_of_Boston_-_a_history_%281911%29_%2814594074519%29.jpg/255px-The_Public_Library_of_the_city_of_Boston_-_a_history_%281911%29_%2814594074519%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Public_Library_of_the_city_of_Boston_-_a_history_%281911%29_%2814594074519%29.jpg/340px-The_Public_Library_of_the_city_of_Boston_-_a_history_%281911%29_%2814594074519%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="2926" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a>, a pro-South "Cotton Whig"</figcaption></figure> <p>Henry Clay of Kentucky was the party's congressional leader from the time of its formation in 1833 until his resignation from the Senate in 1842, and he remained an important Whig leader until his death in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His frequent rival for leadership of the party was Daniel Webster, who represented Massachusetts in the Senate and served as Secretary of State under three Whig presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clay and Webster each repeatedly sought the Whig presidential nomination, but, excepting Clay's nomination in 1844, the Whigs consistently nominated individuals who had served as generals, specifically William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, and Winfield Scott. Harrison, Taylor, John Tyler, and Millard Fillmore all served as president, though Tyler was expelled from the Whig Party shortly after taking office in 1841. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Benjamin Robbins Curtis</a> was the lone Whig to serve on the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though later Supreme Court justices like <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">John Marshall Harlan</a> affiliated with the Whig Party early in their career before joining the Court as members of another party.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the time of the party's existence, numerous other Whig leaders emerged, including <a href="/wiki/Truman_Smith" title="Truman Smith">Truman Smith</a> of Connecticut, who Holt describes as "the Whigs' closest equivalent to a modern national party chairman" for his efforts to raise money, deliver the Whig message, and build up the party nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New York, William Seward and Thurlow Weed established an influential organization and competed with Millard Fillmore's faction of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John M. Clayton of Delaware and John C. Crittenden of Kentucky were important border state Whigs who were influential in the Taylor administration.<sup id="cite_ref-holt407410_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holt407410-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">John McLean</a> of Ohio commanded a following in the party and was a perennial aspirant for the Whig presidential nomination, but he maintained his independence from the party and never ran for office as a Whig candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Thomas Corwin</a> of Ohio emerged in the 1840s as a leading opponent of the Mexican–American War, and he later served as Fillmore's Secretary of the Treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">William Cabell Rives</a> of Virginia joined the Whig Party over dissatisfaction with Van Buren's handling of the Independent Treasury, and he became a prominent conservative Whig.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Georgia, future Confederate Vice President <a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Alexander H. Stephens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Toombs" title="Robert Toombs">Robert Toombs</a> competed for influence with their intra-party rival, <a href="/wiki/John_M._Berrien" title="John M. Berrien">John M. Berrien</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Future <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> served a single term as a Whig congressman representing Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One strength of the Whigs was a superb network of newspapers—their leading editor was <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> of the powerful <i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Daily Tribune</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Atlas" title="Boston Atlas">Boston Atlas</a></i>, under the leadership of Richard Haughton and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hildreth" title="Richard Hildreth">Richard Hildreth</a>, also emerged as an important Whig paper.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenced by the writings of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Charles_Carey" title="Henry Charles Carey">Henry Charles Carey</a> became the leading Whig economist in the 1830s. Other prominent Whig-aligned intellectuals and public figures include journalist <a href="/wiki/John_G._Palfrey" title="John G. Palfrey">John G. Palfrey</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/North_American_Review" title="North American Review">North American Review</a></i>, novelist <a href="/wiki/John_P._Kennedy" title="John P. Kennedy">John P. Kennedy</a>, and historian <a href="/wiki/William_H._Prescott" title="William H. Prescott">William H. Prescott</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factions">Factions</h3></div> <p>The Whigs suffered greatly from factionalism throughout their existence and weak party loyalty, which stood in contrast to the strong party discipline that was the hallmark of a tight Democratic Party organization.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forged out of opposition to Jackson's perceived executive tyranny, the early Whig Party was divided between former National Republicans who favored federal measures to promote economic development and Southern states' rights advocates who wished to keep federal intervention in the economy to a minimum.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1840s, Southern Whigs like <a href="/wiki/John_M._Berrien" title="John M. Berrien">John M. Berrien</a> of Georgia and <a href="/wiki/John_Botts" title="John Botts">John Botts</a> of Virginia endorsed interventionist measures, but other Southern Whigs like <a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">William Cabell Rives</a> of Virginia actively sought to shift the party away from economic nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Whig Party faced persistent sectional divisions regarding slavery. Northern Whigs tended to be more anti-slavery than Northern Democrats, but during the 1830s, Southern Whigs tended to be more pro-slavery than their Democratic counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1840s, Southern Democrats had become more insistent regarding the expansion of slavery and more open to the prospect of <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secession</a> than their Whig counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northern Whigs divided into two major factions concerning slavery: the anti-slavery Conscience Whigs and the pro-South Cotton Whigs. While the "Consciences" were noted for their moral opposition to slavery–many, like John Quincy Adams, brought over their crusading fervor from their Anti-Masonic days.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other faction was tied to the cotton-based textile industry, which depended on Southern cotton. They de-emphasized the slavery issue. In Massachusetts, notable Consciences included <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Francis Adams, Sr.">Charles Francis Adams</a> while the Cottons were led by such figures as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Winthrop" title="Robert C. Winthrop">Robert C. Winthrop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbott_Lawrence" title="Abbott Lawrence">Abbott Lawrence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the mid-1850s, several Conscience leaders played an important role in the founding of the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American School (economics)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_United_States_Congress_by.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_United_States_Congress_by.jpg/169px-Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_United_States_Congress_by.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_United_States_Congress_by.jpg/254px-Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_United_States_Congress_by.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_United_States_Congress_by.jpg/338px-Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_United_States_Congress_by.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(Bittinger)" title="Abraham Lincoln (Bittinger)">Portrait depicting Abraham Lincoln as a young Whig congressman</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ned_Bittinger" title="Ned Bittinger">Ned Bittinger</a>, 2004</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Marshall_Harlan_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/John_Marshall_Harlan_1.jpg/170px-John_Marshall_Harlan_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/John_Marshall_Harlan_1.jpg/255px-John_Marshall_Harlan_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/John_Marshall_Harlan_1.jpg/340px-John_Marshall_Harlan_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">John Marshall Harlan</a>, who began his career as a Whig officeholder, served on the Supreme Court from 1877 to 1911.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_reputation">Historical reputation</h3></div> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Allen_C._Guelzo" title="Allen C. Guelzo">Allen C. Guelzo</a> writes that "no major political movement ... has suffered more sheer dismissal, more impatient contempt at the hands of political historians than the American Whigs". Guelzo traces the start of this "dismissal" to the writings of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a>, who dismissed the Whigs as bereft of ideas, and through to the writings of historian <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a>, who labeled the period during which the Whigs were active as the "Age of Jackson".<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whigs' historical reputation began to recover with the publication of <i>The Political Culture of the American Whigs</i> by historian <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Walker_Howe" title="Daniel Walker Howe">Daniel Walker Howe</a> in 1979. Rather than accepting the traditional understanding of the Whigs as Eastern elitists who sought to exploit the masses, Howe cast the Whigs as "sober, industrious, thrifty people" who sought to promote industrialization and national unity.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In today's American political discourse, historians and pundits often cite the Whig Party as an example of a political party that lost its followers and reason for being, as in the expression "going the way of the Whigs",<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a term referred to by <a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Critchlow" title="Donald T. Critchlow">Donald Critchlow</a> in his book, <i>The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP Right Made Political History</i>. Critchlow points out that the application of the term by Republicans in the Republican Party of 1974 may have been a misnomer—the old Whig party enjoyed more political support before its demise than the Republican Party in the aftermath of Nixon's resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-DCTbk_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCTbk-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Namesakes">Namesakes</h3></div> <p>After the dissolution of the Whig Party, the term Whig remained part of the name of various newspapers, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Quincy Newspapers">Quincy Herald-Whig</a></i>. Several ephemeral small parties in the United States, including the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Whig_Party" title="Florida Whig Party">Florida Whig Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "Modern Whig Party",<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have adopted the Whig name. In <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/True_Whig_Party" title="True Whig Party">True Whig Party</a> was named in direct emulation of the American Whig Party. The True Whig Party was founded in 1869 and dominated politics in Liberia from 1878 until 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3></div> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/Alternative_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative history">alternative history</a> works depicting histories where the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_alternate_histories" title="American Civil War alternate histories">Confederacy won the American Civil War</a> include a Whig Party having a major role in the postbellum world. In <a href="/wiki/Ward_Moore" title="Ward Moore">Ward Moore</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Bring_the_Jubilee" title="Bring the Jubilee">Bring the Jubilee</a></i>, a revived Whig Party is one of the two main parties of the rump United States, being the right-wing party whose platform reflects an acceptance of the United States' humbled status following its defeat in the War of Southern Independence. Conversely, in <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Victory_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Victory Series">Southern Victory Series</a></i> a Whig Party emerges as the dominant political party of an independent Confederacy, representing the interests of the <a href="/wiki/Slavocracy" title="Slavocracy">plantocratic elite</a> and dominating Confederate politics until the rise of the Freedom Party following the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First Great War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_tickets">Presidential tickets</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_National_Republican_and_Whig_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States National Republican and Whig Party presidential tickets">List of United States National Republican and Whig Party presidential tickets</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Whig_National_Conventions" title="List of Whig National Conventions">List of Whig National Conventions</a></div> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election </th> <th colspan="2">Ticket </th> <th colspan="3">Electoral results </th></tr> <tr> <th>Presidential nominee </th> <th>Running mate </th> <th>Popular vote </th> <th>Electoral votes </th> <th>Ranking </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" align="center"><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Francis Granger</a> </td> <td align="center">36.6% </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">73 / 294</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F0C862; width: 25%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> </td> <td align="center">9.7% </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">26 / 294</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F0C862; width: 9%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Francis Granger</a> </td> <td align="center">2.7% </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">14 / 294</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F0C862; width: 5%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Willie_Person_Mangum" class="mw-redirect" title="Willie Person Mangum">Willie Person Mangum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> </td> <td align="center">0% </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">11 / 294</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F0C862; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a></b> </td> <td align="center">52.9% </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">234 / 294</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F0C862; width: 80%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Frelinghuysen" title="Theodore Frelinghuysen">Theodore Frelinghuysen</a> </td> <td align="center">48.1% </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">105 / 275</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F0C862; width: 38%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></b> </td> <td align="center">47.3% </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">163 / 290</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F0C862; width: 56%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">William Alexander Graham</a> </td> <td align="center">43.9% </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">42 / 296</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F0C862; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Andrew Jackson Donelson</a> </td> <td align="center">21.5% </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">8 / 296</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #D99FE8; width: 3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congressional_representation">Congressional representation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses" title="Party divisions of United States Congresses">Party divisions of United States Congresses</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr valign="bottom"> <th rowspan="2">Congress </th> <th rowspan="2">Years </th> <th rowspan="13"> </th> <th colspan="5">Senate<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="13"> </th> <th colspan="5">House of Representatives<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="13"> </th> <th rowspan="2">President </th></tr> <tr valign="bottom"> <th>Total </th> <th style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> </th> <th style="background-color:#F0C862">Whigs </th> <th>Others </th> <th>Vacancies </th> <th>Total </th> <th style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Democrats </th> <th style="background-color:#F0C862">Whigs </th> <th>Others </th> <th>Vacancies </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/25th_United_States_Congress" title="25th United States Congress">25th</a> </td> <td>1837–1839 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">52 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>35</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">17 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">242 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>128</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">100 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>— </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/26th_United_States_Congress" title="26th United States Congress">26th</a> </td> <td>1839–1841 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">52 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>30</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">22 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">242 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>125</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">109 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/27th_United_States_Congress" title="27th United States Congress">27th</a> </td> <td>1841–1843 </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">52 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">22 </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862"><b>29</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">242 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">98 </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862"><b>142</b> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>— </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/28th_United_States_Congress" title="28th United States Congress">28th</a> </td> <td>1843–1845 </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">52 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">23 </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862"><b>29</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">223 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>147</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">72 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/29th_United_States_Congress" title="29th United States Congress">29th</a> </td> <td>1845–1847 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">58 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>34</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">22 </td> <td>— </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">228 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>142</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">79 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>— </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/30th_United_States_Congress" title="30th United States Congress">30th</a> </td> <td>1847–1849 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">60 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>38</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">21 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">230 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">110 </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862"><b>116</b> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/31st_United_States_Congress" title="31st United States Congress">31st</a> </td> <td>1849–1851 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">62 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>35</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">25 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>— </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">233 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>113</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">108 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862"><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a><sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/32nd_United_States_Congress" title="32nd United States Congress">32nd</a> </td> <td>1851–1853 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">62 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>36</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">23 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>— </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">233 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>127</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">85 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862"><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/33rd_United_States_Congress" title="33rd United States Congress">33rd</a> </td> <td>1853–1855 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">62 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>38</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">22 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>— </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">234 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>157</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">71 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>— </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="bottom"> <th>Congress </th> <th>Years </th> <th>Total </th> <th style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Democrats </th> <th style="background:#FFE153"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Northern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Northern U.S.)">Opposition</a> </th> <th>Others </th> <th>Vacancies </th> <th>Total </th> <th style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Democrats </th> <th style="background:#FFE153">Opposition </th> <th>Others </th> <th>Vacancies </th> <th>President </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/34th_United_States_Congress" title="34th United States Congress">34th</a> </td> <td>1855–1857 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">62 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>39</b> </td> <td style="background:#FFE153">21 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background:#FFE153">234 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">83 </td> <td style="background:#FFE153"><b>100</b> </td> <td>51 </td> <td>— </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/25px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/37px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/50px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="275" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Modern_history" title="Portal:Modern history">Modern history portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_election_campaigns_in_the_19th_century" title="American election campaigns in the 19th century">American election campaigns in the 19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">List of political parties in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_in_the_United_States" title="Political history in the United States">Political history in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political faction)">Whig (British political faction)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though Jackson had vetoed a re-charter bill, the bank still retained federal deposits at the start of his second term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1993190–193_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1993190–193-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national bank's federal charter expired in 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1993209–211_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1993209–211-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In actuality, the government of British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a> had little interest in pushing abolitionism in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fillmore and Donelson ran on the <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a> ticket in the <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 United States presidential election</a>, though they were also nominated by a rump group of Whigs at the <a href="/wiki/1856_Whig_National_Convention" title="1856 Whig National Convention">1856 Whig National Convention</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whig President <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> died April 4, 1841, one month into his term, and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a>, who served for the remainder of the term. Tyler had been elected as vice president on the Whig ticket, but he became an <a href="/wiki/Independent_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politics)">independent</a> after the Whigs expelled him from the party in 1841.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">President Taylor died July 9, 1850, about one year and four months into the term, and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>, who served for the remainder of the term.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-holtbirth-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holtbirth_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holtbirth_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holt947949-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holt947949_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holt947949_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 947–949.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt_1999,_p._70-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_p._70_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_p._70_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howe_1979,_pp._183,_210-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howe_1979,_pp._183,_210_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howe_1979,_pp._183,_210_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Howe (1979), pp. 183, 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h278.html">"American System"</a>. <i>U-S-History.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2022</span>. <q>A plan to strengthen and unify the nation, the American System was advanced by the Whig Party and a number of leading politicians including Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U-S-History.com&rft.atitle=American+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.u-s-history.com%2Fpages%2Fh278.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 739</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/whig-party">"Whig Party"</a>. <i>history.com</i>. History. November 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2022</span>. <q>The Whigs were an opposition party formed to challenge Jacksonian Democrats, thereby launching the 'second party system' in America, but they were far from a single-issue party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.com&rft.atitle=Whig+Party&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2F19th-century%2Fwhig-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt_2016-03-07-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holt_2016-03-07_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolt2016" class="citation web cs1">Bolt, William K. (March 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/whig-party/">"Whig Party"</a>. <i>North Carolina History Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2024</span>. <q>The Whig party had "conservative" and "liberal" principles. Whigs portrayed themselves as being the party of order and stability. They sought to protect property, uphold the status quo, and maintain America's culture. These conservative elements were offset by a progressive streak in Whiggish thought. Whigs wanted a dynamic cosmopolitan society, and they believed commercial expansion represented the denouement of the American Revolution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Carolina+History+Project&rft.atitle=Whig+Party&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft.aulast=Bolt&rft.aufirst=William+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnorthcarolinahistory.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fwhig-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holt6667-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holt6667_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holt6667_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holt6667_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 66–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt_1999,_p._685-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_p._685_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_p._685_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_p._685_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 685</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt_1999,_pp._27–28-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._27–28_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._27–28_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt_1999,_p._952-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_p._952_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_p._952_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 952</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmer_(2008),_p.155-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farmer_(2008),_p.155_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farmer (2008), p.155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reichley (2000), p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean Trainor, <i>Gale Researcher Guide for: The Second Party System</i> (Gale, Cengage Learning, 2018).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalb2015" class="citation book cs1">Kalb, Deborah (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JDjrCQAAQBAJ&pg=PR2-IA593"><i>Guide to U.S. Elections</i></a>. CQ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-8038-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-8038-4"><bdi>978-1-4833-8038-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+U.S.+Elections&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-8038-4&rft.aulast=Kalb&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJDjrCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR2-IA593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.norwich.edu/online/about/resource-library/major-american-political-parties-19th-century">"Major American Political Parties of the 19th Century"</a>. <i>Norwich University Online</i>. <q>...The Democratic-Republican and Whig parties are considered the predecessors of today's Democratic and Republican parties, respectively.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norwich+University+Online&rft.atitle=Major+American+Political+Parties+of+the+19th+Century&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.norwich.edu%2Fonline%2Fabout%2Fresource-library%2Fmajor-american-political-parties-19th-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt_1999,_pp._2–3-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._2–3_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._2–3_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howe_2007_203–204-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howe_2007_203–204_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe 2007</a>, pp. 203–204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holt78-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holt78_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holt78_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 8–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt_1999,_pp._10–11-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._10–11_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._10–11_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 10–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1993139–141-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1993139–141_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1993139–141_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1993">Cole 1993</a>, pp. 139–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Goldwag, <i>The New Hate: A History of Fear and Loathing on the Populist Right</i> (2012) p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 15–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 17–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 18–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean Wilentz says, "Jackson's decision to destroy the Second Bank of the United States caught some of his own supporters by surprise." Sean Wilentz, <i>Andrew Jackson</i> (2007) p 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHargreaves1985">Hargreaves 1985</a>, pp. 20–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt_1999,_p._20-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_p._20_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_p._20_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1993178–180-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1993178–180_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1993">Cole 1993</a>, pp. 178–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Claude_G._Bowers" title="Claude G. Bowers">Claude G. Bowers</a>, <i>The Party Battles of the Jackson Period</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/72299/pg72299-images.html">p.357</a> (<a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Co.</a> 1922) (retrieved Jul.7, 2024)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1993211–213-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1993211–213_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1993211–213_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1993">Cole 1993</a>, pp. 211–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1993190–193-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1993190–193_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1993">Cole 1993</a>, pp. 190–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1993209–211-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1993209–211_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1993">Cole 1993</a>, pp. 209–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1993202–203-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1993202–203_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1993">Cole 1993</a>, pp. 202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean Wilentz, <i>The Politicians and the Egalitarians: The Hidden History of American Politics</i> (2017) p 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt_1999,_pp._40–42-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._40–42_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._40–42_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 40–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007504–505-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007504–505_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe 2007</a>, pp. 504–505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198458–62-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson198458–62_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1984">Wilson 1984</a>, pp. 58–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 102–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 105–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 107–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 112–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt_1999,_pp._127–128-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._127–128_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._127–128_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#May">May</a>, pp. 68–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Howe">Howe</a> (2007), pp. 591–592.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Peterson">Peterson</a>, pp. 169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Howe">Howe</a> (2007), pp. 677–678.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 170–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 171–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 172–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 200–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 194–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 220–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merry188189-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merry188189_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merry (2009), pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-merry240242-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-merry240242_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merry (2009), pp. 240–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-merry244245-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-merry244245_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merry (2009), pp. 244–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 233–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-merry283285-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-merry283285_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merry (2009), pp. 283–285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-merry286289-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-merry286289_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merry (2009), pp. 286–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson, pp. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 252–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-merry424426-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-merry424426_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merry (2009), pp. 424–426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 310–311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 246–247, 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 258–260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 277–280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 323–326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith198822–23-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith198822–23_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1988">Smith 1988</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 333–334, 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 356–357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 368–370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 445–448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 685–686.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 389–390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 437–438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988111–112-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988111–112_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1988">Smith 1988</a>, pp. 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988157–158-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988157–158_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1988">Smith 1988</a>, pp. 157–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vpmf-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vpmf_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Millard_Fillmore.htm">"VP Millard Fillmore"</a>. <i>United States Senate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Senate&rft.atitle=VP+Millard+Fillmore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fgeneric%2FVP_Millard_Fillmore.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 524–525.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelman73–78-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelman73–78_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelman">Finkelman</a>, pp. 73–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBordewich306–313-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBordewich306–313_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBordewich">Bordewich</a>, pp. 306–313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBordewich314–316,_329-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBordewich314–316,_329_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBordewich">Bordewich</a>, pp. 314–316, 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988188–189-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988188–189_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1988">Smith 1988</a>, pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson (1998), pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelman85–88,_103–104-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelman85–88,_103–104_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelman">Finkelman</a>, pp. 85–88, 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 552–553.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988239–244-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988239–244_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988239–244_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1988">Smith 1988</a>, pp. 239–244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988244–247-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988244–247_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1988">Smith 1988</a>, pp. 244–247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988237–239,_244-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988237–239,_244_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1988">Smith 1988</a>, pp. 237–239, 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 726–727.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 754–755.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 756–760.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 763–764.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 776–777.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holt804805-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holt804805_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holt804805_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 804–805, 809–810.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 841–842.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson (1988), p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 843–846.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson (1988), pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 877–878.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 907–910.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 911–913.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 961–962.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 963–965.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gara (1991), pp. 168–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 966–967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gara (1991), pp. 175–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 976–978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 978–980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks (1950), p. 346</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green (2007), pp. 232–233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-green234236-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-green234236_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green (2007), pp. 234–236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton (2010), pp. 99–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-green237238-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-green237238_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green (2007), pp. 237–238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green (2007), p. 251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson (1988), p. 691</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_P._Maddex_Jr.2018" class="citation book cs1">Jack P. Maddex Jr. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfZjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13"><i>The Virginia Conservatives, 1867–1879: A Study in Reconstruction Politics</i></a>. U of North Carolina Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1469648101" title="Special:BookSources/978-1469648101"><bdi>978-1469648101</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virginia+Conservatives%2C+1867%E2%80%931879%3A+A+Study+in+Reconstruction+Politics&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=U+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1469648101&rft.au=Jack+P.+Maddex+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfZjDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander_1961-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_1961_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_1961_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander (1961).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The last elected politician as a Whig was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Miller_Patton" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Miller Patton">Robert Miller Patton</a>, who was the 20th Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama from 1865 to 1868.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Towers, "Mobtown's Impact on the Study of Urban Politics in the Early Republic". <i>Maryland Historical Magazine</i> 107 (Winter 2012) pp. 469–75, p. 472, citing Robert E, Shalhope, <i>The Baltimore Bank Riot: Political Upheaval in Antebellum Maryland</i> (2009) p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldrich & Griffin (2018), p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_153-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_153-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2019" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Joseph W. (2019). <i>The Whigs' America: Middle Class Politics in the Age of Jackson</i>. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whigs%27+America%3A+Middle+Class+Politics+in+the+Age+of+Jackson&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Ashworth, <i>Agrarians and Aristocrats: Party Political Ideology in the United States, 1837–1846</i> (1987) p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowen (1988), p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowen (1988), p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurt2013" class="citation book cs1">Burt, John (2013). <i>Lincoln's Tragic Pragmatism: Lincoln, Douglas, and Moral Conflict</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 213–215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Tragic+Pragmatism%3A+Lincoln%2C+Douglas%2C+and+Moral+Conflict&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=213-215&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 30–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Carwardine, <i>Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America</i> (1993) pp. 89, 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2019" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Joseph W. (2019). <i>The Whigs' America: Middle Class Politics in the Age of Jackson</i>. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 1–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whigs%27+America%3A+Middle+Class+Politics+in+the+Age+of+Jackson&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pages=1-8&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Groen, "The Whig Party and the Rise of Common Schools, 1837–1854", <i>American Educational History Journal</i> Spring/Summer 2008, Vol. 35 Issue 1/2, pp. 251–260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_T._Critchlow_and_Philip_R._VanderMeer2012" class="citation book cs1">Donald T. Critchlow and Philip R. VanderMeer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FeVMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA359"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Political and Legal History</i></a>. Oxford UP. pp. 280, 358–59, 381–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199754618" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199754618"><bdi>978-0199754618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+American+Political+and+Legal+History&rft.pages=280%2C+358-59%2C+381-83&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0199754618&rft.au=Donald+T.+Critchlow+and+Philip+R.+VanderMeer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFeVMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter201885–87-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlotter201885–87_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlotter2018">Klotter 2018</a>, pp. 85–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 135–136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter2018220–221-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlotter2018220–221_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlotter2018">Klotter 2018</a>, pp. 220–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter201889–91-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlotter201889–91_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlotter2018">Klotter 2018</a>, pp. 89–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howe (1984), p. 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt_1999,_pp._115–116-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._115–116_176-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1999,_pp._115–116_176-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 115–116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 117–118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reichley (2000), pp. 84–85, 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 26–27, 146,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. , 325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuebner2003" class="citation book cs1">Huebner, Timothy S. (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taneycourtjustic00hueb"><i>The Taney Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy</i></a></span>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taneycourtjustic00hueb/page/n111">97</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576073681" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576073681"><bdi>978-1576073681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taney+Court%3A+Justices%2C+Rulings%2C+and+Legacy&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1576073681&rft.aulast=Huebner&rft.aufirst=Timothy+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftaneycourtjustic00hueb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuxenberg2019" class="citation book cs1">Luxenberg, Steve (2019). <i>Separate: The Story of Plessy v. 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"The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party", <i>American Historical Review</i>, (1967) 72#2 pp. 445–68 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1859236">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 28–29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 286–288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (1999), pp. 463–464</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilentz, (2016) p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_R._McKivigan1999" class="citation book cs1">John R. McKivigan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WBW2tvCheJYC&pg=PA120"><i>Abolitionism and American Politics and Government</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815331070" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815331070"><bdi>978-0815331070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abolitionism+and+American+Politics+and+Government&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0815331070&rft.au=John+R.+McKivigan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWBW2tvCheJYC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Sandy_MaiselMark_D._Brewer2008" class="citation book cs1">Louis Sandy Maisel; Mark D. 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Rowman & Littlefield. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742547643" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742547643"><bdi>978-0742547643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parties+and+Elections+in+America%3A+The+Electoral+Process&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0742547643&rft.au=Louis+Sandy+Maisel&rft.au=Mark+D.+Brewer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YLcllGsX-4C%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guelzo (2001), pp. 71–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guelzo (2001), pp. 74–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald T. Critchlow, <i>The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP Right Made Political History</i> (2007) p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCTbk-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DCTbk_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCritchlow2007" class="citation book cs1">Critchlow, Donald T. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BhEPuq-Xh8MC"><i>The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP right made political history</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674026209" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674026209"><bdi>978-0674026209</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Ascendancy%3A+How+the+GOP+right+made+political+history&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0674026209&rft.aulast=Critchlow&rft.aufirst=Donald+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBhEPuq-Xh8MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floridawhig.com/">"The Florida Whig Party"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Florida+Whig+Party&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.floridawhig.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414173407/http://outfront.blogs.cnn.com/2012/03/22/is-it-time-for-a-new-political-party/">"Is it time for a new political party?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://outfront.blogs.cnn.com/2012/03/22/is-it-time-for-a-new-political-party/">the original</a> on April 14, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+it+time+for+a+new+political+party%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foutfront.blogs.cnn.com%2F2012%2F03%2F22%2Fis-it-time-for-a-new-political-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominik_ZaumChristine_Cheng2011" class="citation book cs1">Dominik Zaum; Christine Cheng (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L8GoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133"><i>Corruption and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: Selling the Peace?</i></a>. Routledge. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136635922" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136635922"><bdi>978-1136635922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corruption+and+Post-Conflict+Peacebuilding%3A+Selling+the+Peace%3F&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1136635922&rft.au=Dominik+Zaum&rft.au=Christine+Cheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL8GoAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/history/partydiv.htm">"Party Division"</a>. <i>United States Senate</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Senate&rft.atitle=Party+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fhistory%2Fpartydiv.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.house.gov/Institution/Party-Divisions/Party-Divisions/">"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives, 1789 to Present"</a>. <i>United States House of Representatives</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft.atitle=Party+Divisions+of+the+House+of+Representatives%2C+1789+to+Present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FInstitution%2FParty-Divisions%2FParty-Divisions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrichGriffin2018" class="citation book cs1">Aldrich, John H.; Griffin, John D. (2018). <i>Why Parties Matter: Political Competition and Democracy in the American South</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226495378" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226495378"><bdi>978-0226495378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Parties+Matter%3A+Political+Competition+and+Democracy+in+the+American+South&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0226495378&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Griffin%2C+John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergeron1986" class="citation book cs1">Bergeron, Paul H. (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofjame0000berg"><i>The Presidency of James K. Polk</i></a></span>. University of Kansas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0319-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0319-0"><bdi>978-0-7006-0319-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+James+K.+Polk&rft.pub=University+of+Kansas+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0319-0&rft.aulast=Bergeron&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofjame0000berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordewich" class="citation book cs1">Bordewich, Fergus M. (2012). <i>America's Great Debate: Henry Clay, Stephen A. Douglas, and the Compromise That Preserved the Union</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439124604" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439124604"><bdi>978-1439124604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Great+Debate%3A+Henry+Clay%2C+Stephen+A.+Douglas%2C+and+the+Compromise+That+Preserved+the+Union&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1439124604&rft.aulast=Bordewich&rft.aufirst=Fergus+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bowen, Gregory L., "Antebellum Parties and Party Systems". <i>Australasian Journal of American Studies</i> (1988) 7#2 pp. 33–40 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41053500">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1993" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Donald B. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofandr0000cole"><i>The Presidency of Andrew Jackson</i></a></span>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0600-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0600-9"><bdi>0-7006-0600-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Andrew+Jackson&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7006-0600-9&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofandr0000cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgerton2010" class="citation book cs1">Egerton, Doulas R. (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearofmeteorsste0000eger"><i>Year of Meteors: Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, and the Election that Brought on the Civil War</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1596916197" title="Special:BookSources/978-1596916197"><bdi>978-1596916197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Year+of+Meteors%3A+Stephen+Douglas%2C+Abraham+Lincoln%2C+and+the+Election+that+Brought+on+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1596916197&rft.aulast=Egerton&rft.aufirst=Doulas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyearofmeteorsste0000eger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer2008" class="citation book cs1">Farmer, Brian (2008). <i>American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice</i>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443802765" title="Special:BookSources/978-1443802765"><bdi>978-1443802765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Conservatism%3A+History%2C+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1443802765&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelman" class="citation book cs1">Finkelman, Paul (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/millardfillmore0000fink"><i>Millard Fillmore</i></a></span>. The American Presidents. Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8715-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8715-4"><bdi>978-0-8050-8715-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millard+Fillmore&rft.series=The+American+Presidents&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8715-4&rft.aulast=Finkelman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmillardfillmore0000fink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gara" class="citation book cs1">Gara, Larry (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyoffran0000gara"><i>The Presidency of Franklin Pierce</i></a></span>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0494-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0494-4"><bdi>0-7006-0494-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Franklin+Pierce&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7006-0494-4&rft.aulast=Gara&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyoffran0000gara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Don (Summer 2007). "Constitutional Unionists: The Party that Tried to Stop Lincoln and Save the Union". <i>The Historian</i>. <b>69</b> (2): 231–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00179.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.2007.00179.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24453660">24453660</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144630622">144630622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Unionists%3A+The+Party+that+Tried+to+Stop+Lincoln+and+Save+the+Union&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231-253&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144630622%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24453660%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2007.00179.x&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuelzo2001" class="citation journal cs1">Guelzo, Allen C. (2001). "Review of The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War by Michael Holt". <i>Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association</i>. <b>22</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20149018">20149018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Abraham+Lincoln+Association&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+American+Whig+Party%3A+Jacksonian+Politics+and+the+Onset+of+the+Civil+War+by+Michael+Holt&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20149018%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Guelzo&rft.aufirst=Allen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargreaves1985" class="citation book cs1">Hargreaves, Mary W.M. (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofjohn0000harg"><i>The Presidency of John Quincy Adams</i></a></span>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700602728" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700602728"><bdi>978-0700602728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+John+Quincy+Adams&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0700602728&rft.aulast=Hargreaves&rft.aufirst=Mary+W.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofjohn0000harg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt1999" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Michael F. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofameric0000holt_y0w0"><i>The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505544-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505544-6"><bdi>0-19-505544-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+American+Whig+Party%3A+Jacksonian+Politics+and+the+Onset+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-505544-6&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisefallofameric0000holt_y0w0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1979" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Daniel Walker (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalculture0000howe"><i>The Political Culture of the American Whigs</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-35478-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-35478-4"><bdi>0-226-35478-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Culture+of+the+American+Whigs&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-226-35478-4&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalculture0000howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2007" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Daniel Walker (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe"><i>What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4332-6019-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4332-6019-3"><bdi>978-1-4332-6019-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Hath+God+Wrought%3A+The+Transformation+of+America%2C+1815%E2%80%931848&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4332-6019-3&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhathathgodwroug00howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlotter2018" class="citation book cs1">Klotter, James C. (2018). <i>Henry Clay: The Man Who Would Be President</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190498047" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190498047"><bdi>978-0190498047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Clay%3A+The+Man+Who+Would+Be+President&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0190498047&rft.aulast=Klotter&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="May" class="citation book cs1">May, Gary (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johntyler00mayg"><i>John Tyler</i></a>. Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805082388" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805082388"><bdi>978-0805082388</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Tyler&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0805082388&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohntyler00mayg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Merry" class="citation book cs1">Merry, Robert W. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FvvccDDEwMgC"><i>A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War, and the Conquest of the American Continent</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9743-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9743-1"><bdi>978-0-7432-9743-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Country+of+Vast+Designs%3A+James+K.+Polk%2C+the+Mexican+War%2C+and+the+Conquest+of+the+American+Continent&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-9743-1&rft.aulast=Merry&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFvvccDDEwMgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson2003" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, James (2003) [1988]. <i>The Illustrated Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974390-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974390-2"><bdi>978-0-19-974390-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Battle+Cry+of+Freedom%3A+The+Civil+War+Era&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974390-2&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks1950" class="citation book cs1">Parks, Joseph (1950). <i>John Bell of Tennessee</i>. Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1470349">1470349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Bell+of+Tennessee&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1470349&rft.aulast=Parks&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2009" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Lynn H. (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/birthofmodernpol00lynn"><i>The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199754243" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199754243"><bdi>978-0199754243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Modern+Politics%3A+Andrew+Jackson%2C+John+Quincy+Adams%2C+and+the+Election+of+1828&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0199754243&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Lynn+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbirthofmodernpol00lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Peterson" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Norma Lois (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidenciesofwi0000pete"><i>The Presidencies of William Henry Harrison and John Tyler</i></a></span>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0400-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0400-5"><bdi>978-0-7006-0400-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidencies+of+William+Henry+Harrison+and+John+Tyler&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0400-5&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Norma+Lois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidenciesofwi0000pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichley2000" class="citation book cs1">Reichley, A. James (2000) [1992]. <i>The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties</i> (Paperback ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-0888-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-0888-9"><bdi>0-7425-0888-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+the+Parties%3A+A+History+of+American+Political+Parties&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7425-0888-9&rft.aulast=Reichley&rft.aufirst=A.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1988" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Elbert B. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780700603626"><i>The Presidencies of Zachary Taylor & Millard Fillmore</i></a>. The American Presidency. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0362-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0362-6"><bdi>978-0-7006-0362-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidencies+of+Zachary+Taylor+%26+Millard+Fillmore&rft.series=The+American+Presidency&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0362-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Elbert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780700603626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilentz2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilentz, Sean (2005). <i>The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05820-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05820-4"><bdi>0-393-05820-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+American+Democracy%3A+Jefferson+to+Lincoln&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-393-05820-4&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1984" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Major L. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NnN2AAAAMAAJ"><i>The Presidency of Martin Van Buren</i></a>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700602384" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700602384"><bdi>978-0700602384</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Martin+Van+Buren&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0700602384&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Major+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNnN2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1961" class="citation journal cs1">Alexander, Thomas B. (August 1961). "Persistent Whiggery in the Confederate South, 1860–1877". <i>Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 305–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2205211">10.2307/2205211</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2205211">2205211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=Persistent+Whiggery+in+the+Confederate+South%2C+1860%E2%80%931877&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=305-329&rft.date=1961-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2205211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2205211%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Atkins, Jonathan M.; "The Whig Party versus the "spoilsmen" of Tennessee", <i>The Historian,</i> Vol. 57, 1994]</li> <li>Barkan, Elliott R. "The Emergence of a Whig Persuasion: Conservatism, Democratism, and the New York State Whigs." <i>New York History</i> 52.4 (1971): 367–395. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23162788">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2018" class="citation book cs1">Brands, H. W. (2018). <i>Heirs of the Founders: The Epic Rivalry of Henry Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster, the Second Generation of American Giants</i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385542548" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385542548"><bdi>978-0385542548</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heirs+of+the+Founders%3A+The+Epic+Rivalry+of+Henry+Clay%2C+John+Calhoun+and+Daniel+Webster%2C+the+Second+Generation+of+American+Giants&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0385542548&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brauer, Kinley. <i>Cotton Versus Conscience; Massachusetts Whig Politics and Southwestern Expansion, 1843–1848</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeveridge1928" class="citation book cs1">Beveridge, Albert J. (1928). <i>Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858, vol. 1, ch. 4–8</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%2C+1809%E2%80%931858%2C+vol.+1%2C+ch.+4%E2%80%938&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Beveridge&rft.aufirst=Albert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1985" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Thomas (1985). <i>Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Statesmanship%3A+Essays+on+the+American+Whig+Party&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Burnham, Walter Dean. "Lessons for 2016 from the smashup of the Second Party System and the War of the Whig succession". <i>USApp–American Politics and Policy Blog</i> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/66885/1/blogs.lse.ac.uk-Lessons%20for%202016%20from%20the%20smashup%20of%20the%20Second%20Party%20System%20and%20the%20War%20of%20the%20Whig%20succession.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Carpenter, Daniel, and Benjamin Schneer. "Party formation through petitions: The Whigs and the Bank War of 1832–1834". <i>Studies in American Political Development</i> 29.2 (2015): 213–234.</li> <li>Carroll, E. Malcolm. <i>Origins of the Whig Party</i> (1925) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofwhigpar01carr_2/page/n7/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1913" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Arthur Charles (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924030484616"><i>The Whig Party in the South</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whig+Party+in+the+South&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924030484616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner1970" class="citation book cs1">Foner, Eric (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freesoilfreelabo00eric"><i>Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-501352-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-501352-2"><bdi>0-19-501352-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Soil%2C+Free+Labor%2C+Free+Men%3A+The+Ideology+of+the+Republican+Party+before+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-19-501352-2&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreesoilfreelabo00eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano1969" class="citation journal cs1">Formisano, Ronald P. (Winter 1969). "Political Character, Antipartyism, and the Second Party System". <i>American Quarterly</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 683–709. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2711603">10.2307/2711603</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711603">2711603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Political+Character%2C+Antipartyism%2C+and+the+Second+Party+System&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=683-709&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2711603&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2711603%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano1974" class="citation journal cs1">Formisano, Ronald P. (June 1974). "Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic's Political Culture, 1789–1840". <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>68</b> (2): 473–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1959497">10.2307/1959497</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1959497">1959497</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146879756">146879756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Deferential-Participant+Politics%3A+The+Early+Republic%27s+Political+Culture%2C+1789%E2%80%931840&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=473-87&rft.date=1974-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146879756%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1959497%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1959497&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano1983" class="citation book cs1">Formisano, Ronald P. (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transformationof0000form"><i>The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503124-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503124-5"><bdi>0-19-503124-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+Political+Culture%3A+Massachusetts+Parties%2C+1790s%E2%80%931840s&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-19-503124-5&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransformationof0000form&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gerring, John. <i>Party Ideologies in America, 1828–1996</i> (1998).</li> <li>Gienap, William E. <i>The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856</i> (Harvard University Press, 1987)</li> <li>Hammond, Bray. <i>Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War</i> (1960), Pulitzer prize; the standard history. Pro-Bank</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt1992" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Michael F. (1992). <i>Political Parties and American Political Development: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln</i>. LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2609-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2609-8"><bdi>0-8071-2609-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+and+American+Political+Development%3A+From+the+Age+of+Jackson+to+the+Age+of+Lincoln&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8071-2609-8&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1973" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Daniel Walker (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanwhigsant0000howe"><i>The American Whigs: An Anthology</i></a></span>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471416708" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471416708"><bdi>978-0471416708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Whigs%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0471416708&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanwhigsant0000howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span> primary sources</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1991" class="citation journal cs1">Howe, Daniel Walker (March 1991). "The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture during the Second Party System". <i>Journal of American History</i>. <b>77</b> (4): 1216–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2078260">10.2307/2078260</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2078260">2078260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=The+Evangelical+Movement+and+Political+Culture+during+the+Second+Party+System&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1216-39&rft.date=1991-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2078260&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2078260%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Husch, Gail E. "George Caleb Bingham's The County Election: Whig Tribute to the Will of the People." <i>Critical Issues in American Art</i> (Routledge, 2018) pp. 77–92.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruman1992" class="citation journal cs1">Kruman, Marc W. (Winter 1992). "The Second Party System and the Transformation of Revolutionary Republicanism". <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 509–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3123876">10.2307/3123876</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3123876">3123876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=The+Second+Party+System+and+the+Transformation+of+Revolutionary+Republicanism&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=509-37&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3123876&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3123876%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kruman&rft.aufirst=Marc+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1967" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall, Lynn. (January 1967). "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party". <i>American Historical Review</i>. <b>72</b> (2): 445–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1859236">10.2307/1859236</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1859236">1859236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Strange+Stillbirth+of+the+Whig+Party&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=445-68&rft.date=1967-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1859236&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1859236%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Lynn.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick1966" class="citation book cs1">McCormick, Richard P. (1966). <i>The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era</i>. W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00680-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-00680-8"><bdi>0-393-00680-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+American+Party+System%3A+Party+Formation+in+the+Jacksonian+Era&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-393-00680-8&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mueller, Henry R.; <i>The Whig Party in Pennsylvania,</i> (1922) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924030484640">online</a></li> <li>Nevins, Allan. <i>The Ordeal of the Union</i> (1947) <i>vol 1: Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852; vol 2. A House Dividing, 1852–1857</i>. highly detailed narrative of national politics</li> <li>Ormsby, Robert McKinley (1859). <i>A History of the Whig Party</i>, Crosby, Nichols & Company, Boston, 377 pages; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorywhigpar01ormsgoog">e-book</a>.</li> <li>Pearson, Joseph W. <i>The Whigs' America: Middle-Class Political Thought in the Age of Jackson and Clay</i> (University Press of Kentucky, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Whigs-America-Middle-Class-Political-Thought/dp/0813179726/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Pegg, Herbert Dale (1932). <i>The Whig Party in North Carolina</i>, Colonial Press, 223 pages; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nksvAAAAYAAJ">Book</a>.</li> <li>Poage, George Rawlings. <i>Henry Clay and the Whig Party</i> (1936)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Remini" title="Robert V. Remini">Remini, Robert V.</a> (1991). <i>Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31088-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31088-4"><bdi>0-393-31088-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Clay%3A+Statesman+for+the+Union&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-393-31088-4&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393030044">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini1997" class="citation book cs1">Remini, Robert V. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/danielwebsterman00remi"><i>Daniel Webster</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04552-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04552-8"><bdi>0-393-04552-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel+Webster&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-393-04552-8&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdanielwebsterman00remi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Renda, Lex. "The Dysfunctional Party: Collapse of the New Jersey Whigs, 1849–1853", <i>New Jersey History</i> 116 (Spring/Summer, 1998), 3–57.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiddle1948" class="citation book cs1">Riddle, Donald W. (1948). <i>Lincoln Runs for Congress</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+Runs+for+Congress&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Riddle&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ed. <i>History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2000</i> (various multivolume editions, latest is 2001).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchurz1899" class="citation book cs1">Schurz, Carl (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifehenryclay01schugoog"><i>Life of Henry Clay: American Statesmen</i></a>. Houghton, Mifflin. vol. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Henry+Clay%3A+American+Statesmen&rft.pages=vol.+2&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Schurz&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifehenryclay01schugoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShade1983" class="citation book cs1">Shade, William G. (1983). "The Second Party System". In Paul Kleppner (ed.). <i>Evolution of American Electoral Systems</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Second+Party+System&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+American+Electoral+Systems&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Shade&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sharp, James Roger. <i>The Jacksonians Versus the Banks: Politics in the States after the Panic of 1837</i> (1970)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilbey1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_H._Silbey" title="Joel H. Silbey">Silbey, Joel H.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanpolitica0000silb"><i>The American Political Nation, 1838–1893</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1878-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-1878-4"><bdi>0-8047-1878-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Political+Nation%2C+1838%E2%80%931893&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8047-1878-4&rft.aulast=Silbey&rft.aufirst=Joel+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanpolitica0000silb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilbey,_Joel_H.2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_H._Silbey" title="Joel H. Silbey">Silbey, Joel H.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgCJAgAAQBAJ"><i>A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837–1861</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118609293" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118609293"><bdi>978-1118609293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Antebellum+Presidents+1837%E2%80%931861&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1118609293&rft.au=Silbey%2C+Joel+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmgCJAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Smith, Craig R. "Daniel Webster's Epideictic Speaking: A Study in Emerging Whig Virtues" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923133339/http://www.csulb.edu/~crsmith/webepid.html">online</a></li> <li>Trainor, Sean. <i>Gale Researcher Guide for: The Second Party System</i> (Gale, Cengage Learning, 2018).</li> <li>Van Deusen, Glyndon G. "Some Aspects of Whig Thought and Theory in the Jacksonian Period". <i>American Historical Review</i> 63.2 (1958): 305–322. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1849546">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Deusen1953" class="citation book cs1">Van Deusen, Glyndon G. (1953). <i>Horace Greeley, Nineteenth-Century Crusader</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+Greeley%2C+Nineteenth-Century+Crusader&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Van+Deusen&rft.aufirst=Glyndon+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horacegreeley0000glyn">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Deusen1973" class="citation book cs1">Van Deusen, Glyndon (1973). "The Whig Party". In <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.</a> (ed.). <i>History of U.S. Political Parties</i>. Chelsea House Publications. pp. 1:331–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-5731-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7910-5731-3"><bdi>0-7910-5731-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Whig+Party&rft.btitle=History+of+U.S.+Political+Parties&rft.pages=1%3A331-63&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publications&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-7910-5731-3&rft.aulast=Van+Deusen&rft.aufirst=Glyndon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Van Deusen, Glyndon G. <i>The Jacksonian Era: 1828–1848</i> (1959) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jacksonera182818006648mbp">online</a></li> <li>Van Deusen, Glyndon G. <i>The life of Henry Clay</i> (1979) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofhenryclay00vand">online</a></li> <li>Van Deusen, Glyndon G. <i>Thurlow Weed, Wizard of the Lobby</i> (1947) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thurlowweedwizar00vand">online</a></li> <li>Williams, Max R. "The Foundations of the Whig Party in North Carolina: A Synthesis and a Modest Proposal." <i>North Carolina Historical Review</i> 47.2 (1970): 115–129. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23518373">online</a></li> <li>Wilson, Major L. <i>Space, Time, and Freedom: The Quest for Nationality and the Irrepressible Conflict, 1815–1861</i> (1974) intellectual history of Whigs and Democrats</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Whig_Party_(United_States)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party (United States)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Whig_Party_in_Virginia">Whig Party in Virginia in <i>Encyclopedia Virginia</i></a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/platforms.php">The American Presidency Project</a>, contains the text of the national platforms that were adopted by the national conventions (1844–1856).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Whig Party"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Whig_Party">"Whig Party" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Whig+Party&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmanPeckColby1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman" title="Daniel Coit Gilman">Gilman, D. C.</a>; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Whig Party"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Whig_Party">"Whig Party" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Whig+Party&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhig+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_System_(economic_plan)" title="American System (economic plan)">American System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_American_National_Convention" title="1856 American National Convention">1856 American National Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1860_Constitutional_Union_Convention" title="1860 Constitutional Union Convention">1860 Constitutional Union Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Northern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Northern U.S.)">Opposition Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States,_1850)" title="Union Party (United States, 1850)">Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">Presidency of John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">Presidency of William Henry Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">Presidency of John Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">Presidency of Zachary Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">Presidency of Millard Fillmore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_National_Republican_and_Whig_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States National Republican and Whig Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831_National_Republican_National_Convention" title="1831 National Republican National Convention">1831 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">Sergeant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">White</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_P._Mangum" title="Willie P. Mangum">Mangum</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839_Whig_National_Convention" title="1839 Whig National Convention">1839 (Harrisburg)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Whig_National_Convention" title="1844 Whig National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Frelinghuysen" title="Theodore Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Whig_National_Convention" title="1848 Whig National Convention">1848 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Z. Taylor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Whig_National_Convention" title="1852 Whig National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Whig_National_Convention" title="1856 Whig National Convention">1856 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Fillmore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Donelson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />Speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(politician)" title="John W. Taylor (politician)">J. Taylor</a> (1825–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a> (1839–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_White_(Kentucky_politician)" title="John White (Kentucky politician)">White</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Charles Winthrop">Winthrop</a> (1847–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a> (1856–1857)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">U.S. Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">John M. Clayton</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> (1850–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a> (1852–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Thomas Ewing</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Forward" title="Walter Forward">Walter Forward</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">John C. Spencer</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Bibb" title="George M. Bibb">George M. Bibb</a> (1844–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Meredith" title="William M. Meredith">William M. Meredith</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Thomas Corwin</a> (1850–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">James Barbour</a> (1825–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buell_Porter" title="Peter Buell Porter">Peter B. Porter</a> (1828–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">John C. Spencer</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Porter" title="James Madison Porter">James M. Porter</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Crawford" title="George W. Crawford">George W. Crawford</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Magill_Conrad" title="Charles Magill Conrad">Charles M. Conrad</a> (1850–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(attorney_general)" title="William Wirt (attorney general)">William Wirt</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_(lawyer)" title="John Nelson (lawyer)">John Nelson</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">Reverdy Johnson</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> (1850–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Samuel L. Southard</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edmund_Badger" title="George Edmund Badger">George E. Badger</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ballard_Preston" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ballard Preston">William B. Preston</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">William A. Graham</a> (1850–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Kennedy" title="John P. Kennedy">John P. Kennedy</a> (1852–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Thomas Ewing</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean_Thompson_McKennan" title="Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan">Thomas M. T. McKennan</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hugh_Holmes_Stuart" title="Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart">Alexander H. H. Stuart</a> (1850–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_political_parties_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Template:United States political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_parties" title="Template talk:United States political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_political_parties_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">political parties in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">List of political parties in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Larger</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Smaller</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_People%27s_Socialist_Party" title="African People's Socialist Party">African People's Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(United_States)" title="Alliance Party (United States)">Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Socialists_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Socialists of America">Black Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Liberty_Party" title="Christian Liberty Party">Christian Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Citizens Party of the United States">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Party_(United_States)" title="Forward Party (United States)">Forward Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party" title="Legal Marijuana Now Party">Legal Marijuana Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_USA" title="Liberal Party USA">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Progressive_Party_(United_States)_state_affiliates" title="Category:National Progressive Party (United States) state affiliates">National Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Marijuana_Party" title="U.S. Marijuana Party">Marijuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pirate_Party" title="United States Pirate Party">Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_2017)" title="People's Party (United States, 2017)">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renew_America_Movement" title="Renew America Movement">Renew America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve_America_Movement" title="Serve America Movement">Serve America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">South Carolina Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_Party" title="Transhumanist Party">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_of_America" title="Unity Party of America">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American (Know Nothing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_Elect" title="Americans Elect">Americans Elect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1924)" title="American Party (1924)">American (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegetarian_Party" title="American Vegetarian Party">American Vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party_(political_party)" title="Boston Tea Party (political party)">Boston Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States,_1952)" title="Constitution Party (United States, 1952)">Constitution (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party_(1844)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic-Republican Party (1844)">Democratic-Republican (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">Gold Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Party_(United_States)" title="Human Rights Party (United States)">Human Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_America" title="Independence Party of America">Independence (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_1996)" title="Labor Party (United States, 1996)">Labor (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(United_States)" title="National Party (United States)"> National (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="National Socialist Party of America">National Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(United_States)" title="New Party (United States)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Party" title="New Union Party">New Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Southern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Party_(1970s)" title="Patriot Party (1970s)">Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist (People's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Choice_Party" title="Personal Choice Party">Personal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Progressive (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_Unida_Party" title="Raza Unida Party">Raza Unida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(United_States)" title="Red Guards (United States)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Party" title="Silver Party">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States Rights (Dixiecrat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_Union_Party" title="Unconditional Union Party">Unconditional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States,_1850)" title="Union Party (United States, 1850)">Union (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_politician_(American_Civil_War)" title="Unionist politician (American Civil War)">Union (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Union Party (United States)">Union (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Labor_Party" title="U.S. Labor Party">U.S. Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panthers" class="mw-redirect" title="White Panthers">White Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Patriot_Party" title="White Patriot Party">White Patriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Lords Party">Young Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, 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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Political_eras_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_political_eras" title="Template:American political eras"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_political_eras" title="Template talk:American political eras"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_political_eras" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American political eras"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Political_eras_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Political eras of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Party_System" title="Seventh Party System">Seventh Party System</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/70px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/105px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Cyclical_theory_(United_States_history)" title="Cyclical theory (United States history)">Cyclical theory</a> · <a href="/wiki/Political_realignment" title="Political realignment">Political realignment</a> · <a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Psephology</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42183#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42183#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42183#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122177796">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/167592500">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130123299">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1199438642">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88071971">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n89125830">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50052701">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82117950">4</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Whig Party (Velká Británie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2004252708&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9812080594005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007574550405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whig_Party_(United_States)&oldid=1258703210">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whig_Party_(United_States)&oldid=1258703210</a>"</div></div> <div 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-6cb65f6cd-vhmf5","wgBackendResponseTime":2036,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.471","walltime":"1.834","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13339,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":328891,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14796,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":32,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":320225,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1419.713 1 -total"," 15.74% 223.507 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.63% 221.868 53 Template:Cite_book"," 11.29% 160.336 1 Template:Infobox_political_party"," 10.26% 145.660 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.77% 110.295 9 Template:Cite_web"," 7.23% 102.662 25 Template:Sfn"," 7.07% 100.346 1 Template:Conservatism_US"," 6.25% 88.745 1 Template:Commons_category"," 6.12% 86.839 1 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[\"CITEREFSchurz1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShade1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilbey,_Joel_H.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilbey1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Deusen1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Deusen1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilentz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1984\"] = 1,\n [\"Gara\"] = 1,\n [\"May\"] = 1,\n [\"Merry\"] = 1,\n [\"Peterson\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"American political eras\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite NIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 53,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Color box\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Composition bar\"] = 11,\n [\"Conservatism US\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"End date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Format price\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 10,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 1,\n [\"Incomplete short citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation/year\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox political party\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Party color\"] = 13,\n [\"Party shading/Democratic\"] = 43,\n [\"Party shading/Opposition\"] = 5,\n [\"Party shading/Whig\"] = 26,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 25,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"United States political parties\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Whig Party (U.S.)\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-6cb65f6cd-vhmf5","timestamp":"20241128230734","ttl":175951,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Whig Party (United 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