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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage_and_application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Scope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assertiveness_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assertiveness_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Assertiveness levels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assertiveness_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unilateral_vs_collaborative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unilateral_vs_collaborative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Unilateral vs collaborative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unilateral_vs_collaborative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Situations_that_can_challenge_personal_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situations_that_can_challenge_personal_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Situations that can challenge personal boundaries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Situations_that_can_challenge_personal_boundaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Situations that can challenge personal boundaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Situations_that_can_challenge_personal_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communal_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communal_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Communal influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communal_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unequal_power_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unequal_power_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Unequal power relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unequal_power_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dysfunctional_families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dysfunctional_families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Dysfunctional families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dysfunctional_families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%DB%8C" title="مرزهای شخصی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرزهای شخصی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%9C%EC%9D%B8_%EB%B0%94%EC%9A%B4%EB%8D%94%EB%A6%AC" title="개인 바운더리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="개인 바운더리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Անձնական սահմաններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անձնական սահմաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" 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.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Personal+boundaries%22">"Personal boundaries"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Personal+boundaries%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Personal+boundaries%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Personal+boundaries%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Personal+boundaries%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Personal+boundaries%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Personal boundaries</b> or the act of <b>setting boundaries</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Life_skills" title="Life skills">life skill</a> that has been popularized by <a href="/wiki/Self_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Self help">self help</a> authors and <a href="/wiki/Support_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Support groups">support groups</a> since the mid-1980s. Personal boundaries are established by changing one's own response to interpersonal situations, rather than expecting other people to change their behaviors to comply with your boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if the boundary is to not interact with a particular person, then one sets a boundary by deciding not to see or engage with that person, and one enforces the boundary by politely declining invitations to events that include that person and by politely leaving the room if that person arrives unexpectedly. The boundary is thus respected without requiring the assistance or cooperation of any other people.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Setting a boundary is different from issuing an <a href="/wiki/Ultimatum" title="Ultimatum">ultimatum</a>, though ultimatums can be a part of setting boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "boundary" is a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a>, with <i>in-bounds</i> meaning acceptable and <i>out-of-bounds</i> meaning unacceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of <i>boundaries</i> has been widely adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">counseling profession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lundberg_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lundberg-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Universal applicability of the concept has been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-Scherlis2023_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scherlis2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_and_application">Usage and application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_boundaries&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage and application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This life skill is particularly applicable in environments with controlling people or people not taking responsibility for their own life.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Co-Dependents_Anonymous" title="Co-Dependents Anonymous">Co-Dependents Anonymous</a> recommends setting limits on what members will do to and for people and on what members will allow people to do to and for them, as part of their efforts to establish autonomy from being controlled by other people's thoughts, feelings and problems.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_on_Mental_Illness" title="National Alliance on Mental Illness">National Alliance on Mental Illness</a> tells its members that establishing and maintaining values and boundaries will improve the sense of security, stability, predictability and order, in a family even when some members of the family resist. NAMI contends that boundaries encourage a more relaxed, nonjudgmental atmosphere and that the presence of boundaries need not conflict with the need for maintaining an understanding atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_boundaries&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boundary setting is the practice of openly communicating and asserting <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">personal</a> <a href="/wiki/Values" class="mw-redirect" title="Values">values</a> as way to preserve and protect against having them compromised or violated.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three critical aspects of managing personal boundaries are:<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><b>Defining values:</b> A healthy relationship is an “inter-dependent” relationship of two “independent” people. Healthy individuals should establish values that they honor and defend regardless of the nature of a relationship (<i>core</i> or <i>independent</i> values). Healthy individuals should also have values that they negotiate and adapt in an effort to bond with and collaborate with others (<i>inter-dependent values</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>Asserting boundaries:</b> In this model, individuals use verbal and <a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">nonverbal communications</a> to assert intentions, preferences and define what is <i>inbounds</i> and <i>out-of-bounds</i> with respect to their <i>core</i> or <i>independent</i> values.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asserting values and boundaries, communications should be present, appropriate, clear, firm, protective, flexible, receptive, and collaborative.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>Honoring and defending:</b> Making decisions consistent with the personal values when presented with life choices or confronted or challenged by controlling people or people not taking responsibility for their own life.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a dysfunctional relationship, respecting one's own boundaries by honoring and defending them often provokes unwanted and uncomfortable responses from the people who are crossing the boundary lines.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may respond with disapproval, shame, resentment, pressure not to change the relationship, or other behaviors designed to restore the familiar old behavior patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Having healthy values and boundaries is a lifestyle, not a quick fix to a relationship dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Values are constructed from a mix of conclusions, <a href="/wiki/Beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Beliefs">beliefs</a>, opinions, attitudes, past experiences and <a href="/wiki/Observational_learning" title="Observational learning">social learning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a> considers values to be layered in a hierarchy, reflecting <i>“all the successive envelopes of the biological and social status of the person”</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the most primitive to the most advanced. </p><p>Personal values and boundaries operate in two directions, affecting both the incoming and outgoing interactions between people.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are sometimes referred to as the 'protection' and 'containment' functions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scope">Scope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_boundaries&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three most commonly mentioned categories of values and boundaries are: </p> <ul><li><b>Physical</b> – <a href="/wiki/Personal_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal space">Personal space</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haptic_communication" title="Haptic communication">touch</a> considerations;<sup id="cite_ref-Whitfield_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitfield-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kath_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kath-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cloud_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cloud-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Physical_intimacy" title="Physical intimacy">physical intimacy</a></li> <li><b>Mental</b> – Thoughts and opinions<sup id="cite_ref-Whitfield_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitfield-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kath_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kath-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cloud_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cloud-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Emotional</b> – Feelings; <a href="/wiki/Emotional_intimacy" title="Emotional intimacy">emotional intimacy</a></li></ul> <p>Some authors have expanded this list with additional or specialized categories such as spirituality,<sup id="cite_ref-Whitfield_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitfield-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cloud_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cloud-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> truth,<sup id="cite_ref-cloud_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cloud-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Control_of_time_in_power_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Control of time in power relationships">time/punctuality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-anne_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anne-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assertiveness_levels">Assertiveness levels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_boundaries&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Assertiveness levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nina Brown proposed four boundary types:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Soft</b> – A person with soft boundaries merges with other people's boundaries. Someone with a soft boundary is easily a victim of <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">psychological manipulation</a>.</li> <li><b>Spongy</b> – A person with spongy boundaries is like a combination of having soft and rigid boundaries. They permit less <a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">emotional contagion</a> than soft boundaries but more than those with rigid. People with spongy boundaries are unsure of what to let in and what to keep out.</li> <li><b>Rigid</b> – A person with rigid boundaries is closed or walled off so nobody can get close either physically or emotionally. This is often the case if someone has been the victim of <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotional_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional abuse">emotional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">psychological</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>. Rigid boundaries can be <b>selective</b> which depend on time, place or circumstances and are usually based on a bad previous experience in a similar situation.</li> <li><b>Flexible</b> – Similar to spongy rigid boundaries but the person exercises more control. The person decides what to let in and what to keep out, is resistant to <a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">emotional contagion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">psychological manipulation</a>, and is difficult to exploit.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unilateral_vs_collaborative">Unilateral vs collaborative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_boundaries&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Unilateral vs collaborative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are also two main ways that boundaries are constructed:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Unilateral boundaries</b> – One person decides to impose a standard on the relationship, regardless of whether others support it. For example, one person may decide to never mention an unwanted subject and to make a habit of leaving the room, ending phone calls, or deleting messages without replying if the subject is mentioned by others.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Collaborative boundaries</b> – Everyone in the relationship group agrees, either tacitly or explicitly, that a particular standard should be upheld. For example, the group may decide not to discuss an unwanted subject, and then all members individually avoid mentioning it and work together to change the subject if someone mentions it.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Setting boundaries does not always require telling anyone what the boundary is or what the consequences are for transgressing it.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if a person decides to leave a discussion, that person may give an unrelated excuse, such as claiming that it is time to do something else, rather than saying that the subject must not be mentioned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Situations_that_can_challenge_personal_boundaries">Situations that can challenge personal boundaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_boundaries&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Situations that can challenge personal boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communal_influences">Communal influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_boundaries&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Communal influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Freud" class="mw-redirect" title="Freud">Freud</a> described the loss of conscious boundaries that may occur when an individual is in a unified, fast-moving crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost a century later, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a> took up the theme of the loss of personal boundaries in a communal experience, noting that such occurrences could be triggered by intense shared ordeals like hunger, fear or pain, and that such methods were traditionally used to create <a href="/wiki/Liminality" title="Liminality">liminal</a> conditions in <a href="/wiki/Initiation_rites" class="mw-redirect" title="Initiation rites">initiation rites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jung" class="mw-redirect" title="Jung">Jung</a> had described this as the absorption of identity into the <a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">collective unconscious</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rave_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Rave culture">Rave culture</a> has also been said to involve a dissolution of personal boundaries, and a merger into a binding sense of communality.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unequal_power_relationships">Unequal power relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_boundaries&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Unequal power relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also unequal relations of <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">political and social power</a> influence the possibilities for marking cultural boundaries and more generally the quality of life of individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unequal power in personal relationships, including <a href="/wiki/Abusive_power_and_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Abusive power and control">abusive relationships</a>, can make it difficult for individuals to mark boundaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dysfunctional_families">Dysfunctional families</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_boundaries&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dysfunctional families"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Overly demanding parents</b> In the <a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">dysfunctional family</a> the child learns to become attuned to the parent's needs and feelings instead of the other way around.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Overly demanding children</b> Parenting is a role that requires a certain amount of self-sacrifice and giving a child's needs a high priority. A parent can, nevertheless, be codependent towards a child if the caretaking or parental sacrifice reaches unhealthy or destructive levels.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Codependent relationships</b> <a href="/wiki/Codependency" title="Codependency">Codependency</a> often involves placing a lower priority on one's own needs, while being excessively preoccupied with the needs of others. Codependency can occur in any type of relationship, including family, work, friendship, and also romantic, peer or community relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>While a healthy relationship depends on the emotional space provided by personal boundaries,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> codependent personalities have difficulties in setting such limits, so that defining and protecting boundaries efficiently may be for them a vital part of regaining mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinhold_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinhold-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>In a codependent relationship, the codependent's sense of purpose is based on making extreme sacrifices to satisfy their partner's needs. Codependent relationships signify a degree of unhealthy clinginess, where one person does not have self-sufficiency or autonomy. One or both parties depend on the other for fulfilment.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is usually an unconscious reason for continuing to put another person's life <span class="nowrap">first<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>—</span><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>often the mistaken notion that self-worth comes from other people.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Mental illness in the family</b> People with certain mental conditions are predisposed to <a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlling behavior">controlling behavior</a> including those with <a href="/wiki/Obsessive_compulsive_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsessive compulsive disorder">obsessive compulsive disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paranoid_personality_disorder" title="Paranoid personality disorder">paranoid personality disorder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline personality disorder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">narcissistic personality disorder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention deficit disorder">attention deficit disorder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cermak_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cermak-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the manic state of <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cermak_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cermak-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><b>Borderline personality disorder (BPD):</b> There is a tendency for loved ones of people with BPD to slip into caretaker roles, giving priority and focus to problems in the life of the person with BPD rather than to issues in their own lives. Too often in these relationships, the codependent will gain a sense of worth by being "the sane one" or "the responsible one".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, this shows up prominently in families with strong Asian cultures because of beliefs tied to the cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><b>Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD):</b> For those involved with a person with NPD, values and boundaries are often challenged as narcissists have a poor sense of <a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">self</a> and often do not recognize that others are fully separate and not extensions of themselves. Those who meet their needs and those who provide gratification may be treated as if they are part of the narcissist and expected to live up to their expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anger">Anger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_boundaries&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a> is a normal <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a> that involves a strong uncomfortable and emotional response to a perceived provocation. Often, it indicates when one's personal boundaries are violated. Anger may be utilized effectively by setting boundaries or escaping from dangerous situations.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_boundaries&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_power_and_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Abusive power and control">Abusive power and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(sociology)" title="Agency (sociology)">Agency (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundaries_of_the_mind" title="Boundaries of the mind">Boundaries of the mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_inattention" title="Civil inattention">Civil inattention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_zone" title="Comfort zone">Comfort zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_time_in_power_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Control of time in power relationships">Control of time in power relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling" title="Enabling">Enabling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressions_of_dominance" title="Expressions of dominance">Expressions of dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurtful_communication" title="Hurtful communication">Hurtful communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_your_own_business" title="Mind your own business">Mind your own business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persona_(psychology)" title="Persona (psychology)">Persona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">Self-concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_penetration_theory" title="Social penetration theory">Social penetration theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_boundaries" title="Symbolic boundaries">Symbolic boundaries</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_boundaries&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPearson2023" class="citation news cs1">Pearson, Catherine (8 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/08/well/family/boundaries-family-nedra-glover-tawwab.html">"How to Set Boundaries With a Difficult Family Member"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+to+Set+Boundaries+With+a+Difficult+Family+Member&rft.date=2023-03-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F03%2F08%2Fwell%2Ffamily%2Fboundaries-family-nedra-glover-tawwab.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, R. Skip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bpdfamily.com/content/setting-boundaries">"Setting Boundaries and Setting Limits"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BPDFamily.com" title="BPDFamily.com">BPDFamily.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Setting+Boundaries+and+Setting+Limits&rft.pub=BPDFamily.com&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=R.+Skip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbpdfamily.com%2Fcontent%2Fsetting-boundaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lundberg-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lundberg_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. B. and J. S. Lundberg, <i>I Don't Have to Make Everything All Better</i> (2000) p. 13. ISBN 978-0-670-88485-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scherlis2023-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scherlis2023_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScherlis2023" class="citation news cs1">Scherlis, Lily (14 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/jul/14/what-are-relationship-boundaries-jonah-hill">"Boundaries are suddenly everywhere. What does the squishy term actually mean?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230731050745/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/jul/14/what-are-relationship-boundaries-jonah-hill">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2023. <q>...the basic concept has received shockingly little critical attention</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Boundaries+are+suddenly+everywhere.+What+does+the+squishy+term+actually+mean%3F&rft.date=2023-07-14&rft.aulast=Scherlis&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2023%2Fjul%2F14%2Fwhat-are-relationship-boundaries-jonah-hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_TownsendHenry_Cloud1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Townsend_(author)" title="John Townsend (author)">John Townsend</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cloud" title="Henry Cloud">Henry Cloud</a> (1 November 1992). <i>Boundaries: When to Say Yes, How to Say No to Take Control of Your Life</i>. Nashville: HarperCollins Christian Publishing. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310585909" title="Special:BookSources/9780310585909"><bdi>9780310585909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundaries%3A+When+to+Say+Yes%2C+How+to+Say+No+to+Take+Control+of+Your+Life&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Christian+Publishing&rft.date=1992-11-01&rft.isbn=9780310585909&rft.au=John+Townsend&rft.au=Henry+Cloud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Setting Boundaries: Meditations for Codependents (Moment to Reflect)</i>. Harpercollins. August 1995. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062554017" title="Special:BookSources/9780062554017"><bdi>9780062554017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Setting+Boundaries%3A+Meditations+for+Codependents+%28Moment+to+Reflect%29&rft.pub=Harpercollins&rft.date=1995-08&rft.isbn=9780062554017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayes" class="citation web cs1">Bayes, Kathy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.nami.org/Content/Microsites138/NAMI_Fort_Wayne_Indiana/Home128/Information_for_Spouses_and_Partners1/Boundaries.doc">"Setting Boundaries In A Marriage Complicated By Mental Illness"</a>. <i>National Alliance on Mental Illness</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Alliance+on+Mental+Illness&rft.atitle=Setting+Boundaries+In+A+Marriage+Complicated+By+Mental+Illness&rft.aulast=Bayes&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.nami.org%2FContent%2FMicrosites138%2FNAMI_Fort_Wayne_Indiana%2FHome128%2FInformation_for_Spouses_and_Partners1%2FBoundaries.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichmond_PhD" class="citation web cs1">Richmond PhD, Raymond Lloyd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guidetopsychology.com/boundaries.htm">"Boundaries"</a>. <i>A Guide to Psychology and its Practice</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Guide+to+Psychology+and+its+Practice&rft.atitle=Boundaries&rft.aulast=Richmond+PhD&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Lloyd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guidetopsychology.com%2Fboundaries.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield2010" class="citation book cs1">Whitfield, Charles L. (2010). <i>Boundaries and Relationships: Knowing, Protecting and Enjoying the Self</i> (2 ed.). HCI Books. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1558742598" title="Special:BookSources/978-1558742598"><bdi>978-1558742598</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundaries+and+Relationships%3A+Knowing%2C+Protecting+and+Enjoying+the+Self&rft.pages=121&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=HCI+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1558742598&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2014" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Michael C. (2014). <i>Facts of Life: ten issues of contentment</i>. Outskirts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4787-2259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4787-2259-5"><bdi>978-1-4787-2259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facts+of+Life%3A+ten+issues+of+contentment&rft.pub=Outskirts+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4787-2259-5&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vanessa Rogers, <i>Working with Young Men</i> (2010) p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Lacan, <i>Ecrits</i> (1997) p. 16-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katherine, Anne Where to Draw the Line: How to Set Healthy Boundaries Every Day 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2014" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Michael C. (2014). <i>Facts of Life: ten issues of contentment</i>. Outskirts Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4787-2259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4787-2259-5"><bdi>978-1-4787-2259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facts+of+Life%3A+ten+issues+of+contentment&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Outskirts+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4787-2259-5&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitfield-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitfield_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitfield_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitfield_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Whitfield" title="Charles L. Whitfield">Whitfield, Charles L.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boundariesrelati00whit"><i>Boundaries and Relationships: Knowing, Protecting and Enjoying the Self</i></a> (2 ed.). HCI Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55874-259-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55874-259-8"><bdi>978-1-55874-259-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundaries+and+Relationships%3A+Knowing%2C+Protecting+and+Enjoying+the+Self&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=HCI+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-55874-259-8&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fboundariesrelati00whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kath-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kath_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kath_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatherine1994" class="citation book cs1">Katherine, Anne (1994). <i>Boundaries: Where You End and I Begin</i>. Hazelden. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56838-030-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56838-030-8"><bdi>978-1-56838-030-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundaries%3A+Where+You+End+and+I+Begin&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Hazelden&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56838-030-8&rft.aulast=Katherine&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cloud-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cloud_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cloud_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cloud_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cloud_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsendCloud1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Townsend_(author)" title="John Townsend (author)">Townsend, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cloud" title="Henry Cloud">Cloud, Henry</a> (1 November 1992). <i>Boundaries: When to Say Yes, How to Say No to Take Control of Your Life</i>. Nashville: HarperCollins Christian Publishing. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-58590-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-58590-9"><bdi>978-0-310-58590-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundaries%3A+When+to+Say+Yes%2C+How+to+Say+No+to+Take+Control+of+Your+Life&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Christian+Publishing&rft.date=1992-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-310-58590-9&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Cloud%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anne-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anne_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatherine2000" class="citation book cs1">Katherine, Anne (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wheretodrawline00anne"><i>Where to Draw the Line: How to Set Healthy Boundaries Every Day</i></a></span>. Simon and Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wheretodrawline00anne/page/16">16</a>–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684868066" title="Special:BookSources/9780684868066"><bdi>9780684868066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+to+Draw+the+Line%3A+How+to+Set+Healthy+Boundaries+Every+Day&rft.pages=16-25&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780684868066&rft.aulast=Katherine&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwheretodrawline00anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2006" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Nina W. (2006). <i>Coping With Infuriating, Mean, Critical People – The Destructive Narcissistic Pattern</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98984-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98984-2"><bdi>978-0-275-98984-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coping+With+Infuriating%2C+Mean%2C+Critical+People+%E2%80%93+The+Destructive+Narcissistic+Pattern&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98984-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Nina+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreud" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud, Sigmund</a>. "Le Bon's Description of the Group Mind". <i>Civilization, Society and Religion</i> (PFL 12): <span class="nowrap">98–</span>109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civilization%2C+Society+and+Religion&rft.atitle=Le+Bon%27s+Description+of+the+Group+Mind&rft.issue=PFL+12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.aulast=Freud&rft.aufirst=Sigmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinker2007" class="citation book cs1">Pinker, Steven (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stuffthoughtlang00pink_302"><i>The Stuff of Thought</i></a></span>. Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stuffthoughtlang00pink_302/page/n413">403</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670063277" title="Special:BookSources/9780670063277"><bdi>9780670063277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stuff+of+Thought&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780670063277&rft.aulast=Pinker&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstuffthoughtlang00pink_302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung1968" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Carl Gustav (15 August 1968). <i>Man and His Symbols</i>. Dell. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-440-35183-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-440-35183-2"><bdi>978-0-440-35183-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+and+His+Symbols&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Dell&rft.date=1968-08-15&rft.isbn=978-0-440-35183-2&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Carl+Gustav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2009" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Carole (10 September 2009). <i>Disappearing Men: Gender Disorientation in Scottish Fiction 1979–1999 (Scroll: Scottish Cultural Review of Language and Literature) (Book 12)</i>. Rodopi. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042026988" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042026988"><bdi>978-9042026988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disappearing+Men%3A+Gender+Disorientation+in+Scottish+Fiction+1979%E2%80%931999+%28Scroll%3A+Scottish+Cultural+Review+of+Language+and+Literature%29+%28Book+12%29&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2009-09-10&rft.isbn=978-9042026988&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Carole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaillie2012" class="citation journal cs1">Baillie, Colin P. T. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/totem/vol20/iss1/12/">"Power Relations and its Influence in the Sphere of Globalization since World War II"</a>. <i>Journal of Anthropology</i>. <b>20</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Power+Relations+and+its+Influence+in+the+Sphere+of+Globalization+since+World+War+II&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Baillie&rft.aufirst=Colin+P.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.lib.uwo.ca%2Ftotem%2Fvol20%2Fiss1%2F12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancer2014" class="citation book cs1">Lancer, Darlene (2014). <i>Conquering Shame and Codependency: 8 Steps to Freeing the True You</i>. Minnesota: Hazelden. pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61649-533-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61649-533-6"><bdi>978-1-61649-533-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquering+Shame+and+Codependency%3A+8+Steps+to+Freeing+the+True+You&rft.place=Minnesota&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=Hazelden&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61649-533-6&rft.aulast=Lancer&rft.aufirst=Darlene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coda.org/tools4recovery/Patterns2-2011.htm">Codependents Anonymous: Patterns and Characteristics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130824075736/http://www.coda.org/tools4recovery/Patterns2-2011.htm">Archived</a> 2013-08-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coda.org/index.cfm/meeting-materials1/patterns-and-characteristics-2011/">"Patterns and Characteristics of Codependence"</a>. <i>coda.org</i>. Co-Dependents Anonymous<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=coda.org&rft.atitle=Patterns+and+Characteristics+of+Codependence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoda.org%2Findex.cfm%2Fmeeting-materials1%2Fpatterns-and-characteristics-2011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasement1990" class="citation book cs1">Casement, Patrick (1990). <i>Further Learning from the Patient</i>. London. p. 160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Further+Learning+from+the+Patient&rft.place=London&rft.pages=160&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Casement&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinhold-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weinhold_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinholdWeinhold2008" class="citation book cs1">Weinhold, Barry; Weinhold, Janae (28 January 2008). <i>Breaking Free of the Co-Dependency Trap</i> (Second ed.). Novato: <a href="/wiki/New_World_Library" title="New World Library">New World Library</a>. pp. 192, 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57731-614-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57731-614-5"><bdi>978-1-57731-614-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+Free+of+the+Co-Dependency+Trap&rft.place=Novato&rft.pages=192%2C+198&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=New+World+Library&rft.date=2008-01-28&rft.isbn=978-1-57731-614-5&rft.aulast=Weinhold&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Weinhold%2C+Janae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWetzler" class="citation web cs1">Wetzler, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/features/signs-of-a-codependent-relationship">"Psychology division chief at Albert Einstein College of Medicine"</a>. WebMD<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Psychology+division+chief+at+Albert+Einstein+College+of+Medicine&rft.pub=WebMD&rft.aulast=Wetzler&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fsex-relationships%2Ffeatures%2Fsigns-of-a-codependent-relationship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2014" class="citation news cs1">Goldberg, Joseph (23 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmd.com/mental-health/paranoid-personality-disorder">"Paranoid Personality Disorder"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Paranoid+Personality+Disorder&rft.date=2014-05-23&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebmd.com%2Fmental-health%2Fparanoid-personality-disorder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraiker2006" class="citation book cs1">Braiker, Harriet B. (2006). <i>Who's Pulling Your Strings? How to Break The Cycle of Manipulation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Pulling+Your+Strings%3F+How+to+Break+The+Cycle+of+Manipulation&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Braiker&rft.aufirst=Harriet+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2008" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Nina (1 April 2008). <i>Children of the Self-Absorbed: A Grown-Up's Guide to Getting Over Narcissistic Parents</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_Harbinger_Publications" title="New Harbinger Publications">New Harbinger Publications</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57224-561-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57224-561-7"><bdi>978-1-57224-561-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children+of+the+Self-Absorbed%3A+A+Grown-Up%27s+Guide+to+Getting+Over+Narcissistic+Parents&rft.pages=35&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=New+Harbinger+Publications&rft.date=2008-04-01&rft.isbn=978-1-57224-561-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Nina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cermak-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cermak_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cermak_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCermak1986" class="citation journal cs1">Cermak, Timmen L. (1986). "Diagnostic Criteria for Codependency". <i>Journal of Psychoactive Drugs</i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">15–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02791072.1986.10524475">10.1080/02791072.1986.10524475</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3701499">3701499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychoactive+Drugs&rft.atitle=Diagnostic+Criteria+for+Codependency&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02791072.1986.10524475&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3701499&rft.aulast=Cermak&rft.aufirst=Timmen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielle2012" class="citation web cs1">Danielle, Alicia (7 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207072107/http://www.borderlinepersonalitytreatment.com/codependency-and-borderline-personality-disorder-how-to-spot-it.html">"Codependency and Borderline Personality Disorder: How to Spot It"</a>. Clearview Women's Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.borderlinepersonalitytreatment.com/codependency-and-borderline-personality-disorder-how-to-spot-it.html">the original</a> on 7 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Codependency+and+Borderline+Personality+Disorder%3A+How+to+Spot+It&rft.pub=Clearview+Women%27s+Center&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft.aulast=Danielle&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.borderlinepersonalitytreatment.com%2Fcodependency-and-borderline-personality-disorder-how-to-spot-it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHong2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hong, Soo Jung (2018). "Gendered Cultural Identities: The Influences of Family and Privacy Boundaries, Subjective Norms, and Stigma Beliefs on Family Health History Communication". <i>Health Communication</i>. <b>33</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">927–</span>938. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10410236.2017.1322480">10.1080/10410236.2017.1322480</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1041-0236">1041-0236</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28541817">28541817</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26967012">26967012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Communication&rft.atitle=Gendered+Cultural+Identities%3A+The+Influences+of+Family+and+Privacy+Boundaries%2C+Subjective+Norms%2C+and+Stigma+Beliefs+on+Family+Health+History+Communication&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E927-%3C%2Fspan%3E938&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1041-0236&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26967012%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28541817&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10410236.2017.1322480&rft.aulast=Hong&rft.aufirst=Soo+Jung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHotchkiss2003" class="citation book cs1">Hotchkiss, Sandra, LCSW (7 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whyisitalwaysabo00sand"><i>Why Is It Always About You? (Chapter 7)</i></a>. New York: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1428-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1428-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-1428-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Is+It+Always+About+You%3F+%28Chapter+7%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2003-08-07&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-1428-5&rft.aulast=Hotchkiss&rft.aufirst=Sandra%2C+LCSW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhyisitalwaysabo00sand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidebeck2006" class="citation book cs1">Videbeck, Sheila L. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychiatricmenta0000vide_m6b0"><i>Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781760331" title="Special:BookSources/9780781760331"><bdi>9780781760331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychiatric+Mental+Health+Nursing&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780781760331&rft.aulast=Videbeck&rft.aufirst=Sheila+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpsychiatricmenta0000vide_m6b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_boundaries&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloudTownsend1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cloud" title="Henry Cloud">Cloud, Henry</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Townsend_(author)" title="John Townsend (author)">Townsend, John</a> (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boundarieswhento00henr"><i>Boundaries: When to Say Yes, How to Say No</i></a></span>. Thomas Nelson Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-24745-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-24745-6"><bdi>978-0-310-24745-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundaries%3A+When+to+Say+Yes%2C+How+to+Say+No&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-310-24745-6&rft.aulast=Cloud&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Townsend%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fboundarieswhento00henr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBottke2008" class="citation book cs1">Bottke, Allison (2008). <i>Setting Boundaries with Your Adult Children</i>. Harvest House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-2135-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-2135-0"><bdi>978-0-7369-2135-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Setting+Boundaries+with+Your+Adult+Children&rft.pub=Harvest+House+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7369-2135-0&rft.aulast=Bottke&rft.aufirst=Allison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatherine1994" class="citation book cs1">Katherine, Anne (1994). <i>Boundaries: Where You End and I Begin</i>. Hazelden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56838-030-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56838-030-8"><bdi>978-1-56838-030-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundaries%3A+Where+You+End+and+I+Begin&rft.pub=Hazelden&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56838-030-8&rft.aulast=Katherine&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Whitfield" title="Charles L. Whitfield">Whitfield, Charles</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boundariesrelati00whit"><i>Boundaries and Relationships</i></a>. HCI Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55874-259-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55874-259-8"><bdi>978-1-55874-259-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundaries+and+Relationships&rft.pub=HCI+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-55874-259-8&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fboundariesrelati00whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2007" class="citation book cs1">Hawkins, David (2007). <i>Setting Boundaries on Unhealthy Relationships</i>. Harvest House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-1841-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-1841-1"><bdi>978-0-7369-1841-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Setting+Boundaries+on+Unhealthy+Relationships&rft.pub=Harvest+House+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7369-1841-1&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+boundaries" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Template:Borderline personality disorder"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Template talk:Borderline personality disorder"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Borderline personality disorder"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Borderline_personality_disorder157" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">Borderline personality disorder</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimensional_models_of_personality_disorders" title="Dimensional models of personality disorders">Dimensional models of personality disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder" title="Impulse-control disorder">Impulse-control disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_model_of_mental_disorders" title="Trauma model of mental disorders">Trauma model of mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdiagnosis_of_borderline_personality_disorder" title="Misdiagnosis of borderline personality disorder">Misdiagnosis of borderline personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symptoms and behaviors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)" title="Dissociation (psychology)">Dissociation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">Emotional dysregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emptiness" title="Emptiness">Feelings of emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episodic_memory" title="Episodic memory">Episodic memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealization_and_devaluation" title="Idealization and devaluation">Idealization and devaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulsivity" title="Impulsivity">Impulsivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_swing" title="Mood swing">Mood swings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">Self-harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitting_(psychology)" title="Splitting (psychology)">Splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">Suicidal ideation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Management_of_borderline_personality_disorder" title="Management of borderline personality disorder">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">Dialectical behavior therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_deconstructive_psychotherapy" title="Dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy">Dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLean_Hospital" title="McLean Hospital">McLean Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentalization-based_treatment" title="Mentalization-based treatment">Mentalization-based treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_therapy" title="Schema therapy">Schema therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychiatry" title="Social psychiatry">Social psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transference_focused_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transference focused psychotherapy">Transference focused psychotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BPDFamily.com" title="BPDFamily.com">BPDFamily (support group)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codependency" title="Codependency">Codependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Complex post-traumatic stress disorder">Complex PTSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">Emotional blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_estrangement" title="Family estrangement">Family estrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_estrangement" title="Sibling estrangement">Sibling estrangement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Personal boundaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narcissism213" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narcissism" title="Template:Narcissism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narcissism" title="Template talk:Narcissism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narcissism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narcissism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narcissism213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Similar personality concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egomania" title="Egomania">Egomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotism" title="Egotism">Egotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_complex" title="God complex">God complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_narcissism" title="Healthy narcissism">Healthy narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_complex" title="Messiah complex">Messiah complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superiority_complex" title="Superiority complex">Superiority complex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_narcissism" title="Collective narcissism">Collective narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">In the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_leadership" title="Narcissistic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_generation" title="Me generation">Me generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Parents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pathological narcissism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic personality disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_narcissism" title="History of narcissism">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_triad" title="Dark triad">Dark triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malignant_narcissism" title="Malignant narcissism">Malignant narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Narcissistic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_injury" title="Narcissistic injury">injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_neurosis" title="Narcissistic neurosis">neurosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_elation" title="Narcissistic elation">elation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_mortification" title="Narcissistic mortification">mortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_supply" title="Narcissistic supply">supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_withdrawal" title="Narcissistic withdrawal">withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_Personality_Inventory" title="Narcissistic Personality Inventory">Narcissistic Personality Inventory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related psychology concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(psychology)" title="Compensation (psychology)">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entitlement_(psychology)" title="Entitlement (psychology)">Entitlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" 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