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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%93%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="চীন–পোল্যান্ড সম্পর্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চীন–পোল্যান্ড সম্পর্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82-%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Σχέσεις Κίνας-Πολωνίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σχέσεις Κίνας-Πολωνίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_entre_la_Chine_et_la_Pologne" title="Relations entre la Chine et la Pologne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relations entre la Chine et la Pologne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F%E2%80%93%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="יחסי סין–פולין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי סין–פולין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy_%E2%80%94_Polsha_munosabatlari" title="Xitoy — Polsha munosabatlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoy — Polsha munosabatlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stosunki_polsko-chi%C5%84skie" title="Stosunki polsko-chińskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stosunki polsko-chińskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Китайско-польские отношения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китайско-польские отношения" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the relations between Poland and the Republic of China, see <a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Poland–Taiwan relations">Poland–Taiwan relations</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">China–Polish relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Poland_Locator.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of China and Poland"><img alt="Map indicating locations of China and Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/China_Poland_Locator.png/250px-China_Poland_Locator.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/China_Poland_Locator.png/375px-China_Poland_Locator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/China_Poland_Locator.png/500px-China_Poland_Locator.png 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="708" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/68px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/72px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/96px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center">Embassy of China, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;">Embassy of Poland, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Relations between the People's Republic of China and Poland</b> officially began on October 5, 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-cd_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mfa_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mfa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Poland_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_contacts_and_approaches">Early contacts and approaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Poland_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early contacts and approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChinaBoym.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ChinaBoym.jpg/220px-ChinaBoym.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ChinaBoym.jpg/330px-ChinaBoym.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ChinaBoym.jpg/440px-ChinaBoym.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>17th-century map of China by Polish Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Boym" title="Michał Boym">Michał Boym</a>, the first such accurate map of China in Europe's history<sup id="cite_ref-to_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-to-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ar_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Contacts between <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese people</a> date back several centuries. In the mid-17th century, notable Polish <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Jesuit missionaries</a> <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Boym" title="Michał Boym">Michał Boym</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Miko%C5%82aj_Smogulecki" title="Jan Mikołaj Smogulecki">Jan Mikołaj Smogulecki</a> arrived to China. Boym significantly expanded the knowledge of China in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> with his works, among which were the pioneering botany book <i><a href="/wiki/Flora_Sinensis" title="Flora Sinensis">Flora Sinensis</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-nor_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nor-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and detailed maps of China.<sup id="cite_ref-to_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-to-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ar_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also introduced <a href="/wiki/Chinese_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese medicine">Chinese medicine</a> in Europe, including the analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Pulse" title="Pulse">pulse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nor_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nor-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smogulecki taught European mathematics and astronomy in China, and introduced <a href="/wiki/Logarithm" title="Logarithm">logarithms</a> to China.<sup id="cite_ref-ipsb_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipsb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Boym and Smogulecki had contacts with the Imperial Court of China.<sup id="cite_ref-ar_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ipsb_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipsb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 17th century, there were <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_approaches_between_the_courts_of_John_III_Sobieski_and_the_Kangxi_Emperor" title="Diplomatic approaches between the courts of John III Sobieski and the Kangxi Emperor">diplomatic approaches between the courts of John III Sobieski and the Kangxi Emperor</a>. In the 1820s and 1830s, Polish physician <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wojciechowski_(physician)" title="Józef Wojciechowski (physician)">Józef Wojciechowski</a> was active in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, and became renown for successfully curing a prince from the imperial court deemed incurably ill by local doctors, for which he was honoured with a memorial in Beijing in 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century and early 20th century, when Poland remained <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)" title="History of Poland (1795–1918)">partitioned and occupied by neighbouring powers</a>, thousands of Polish emigrants, including engineers, architects, doctors, teachers, many of them political refugees, settled in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a>) and greatly contributed to the foundation and development of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Chinese Eastern Railway</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ag_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ag-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The founder of the city was Polish engineer Adam Szydłowski, who also was Harbin's first mayor,<sup id="cite_ref-hs_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the city's layout was planned by Polish engineer Stanisław Jokisz, and other Polish engineers were also responsible for its construction.<sup id="cite_ref-ag_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ag-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poles established a prosperous and influential community in the city, with Polish press, schools, organizations, churches<sup id="cite_ref-hs_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (including the present-day <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus_Cathedral,_Harbin" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Harbin">Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral</a>) and sports teams, and peacefully co-existed with the city's other ethnicities including the Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-ag_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ag-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Poles were employed at the Chinese Eastern Railway, which was managed at the time by Polish railway engineer <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kierbed%C5%BA" title="Stanisław Kierbedź">Stanisław Kierbedź</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ag_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ag-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tadeusz Nowkuński was the head physician of the central hospital of the Chinese Eastern Railway, active in fighting the <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemics in Manchuria.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poles introduced <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a> cultivation to China and established the country's first brewery,<sup id="cite_ref-ag_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ag-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now known as the <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Brewery" title="Harbin Brewery">Harbin Brewery</a>. Poles also established the first <a href="/wiki/Steam_mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam mills">steam mills</a>, metallurgical plants, and furniture and cigarette factories in Manchuria.<sup id="cite_ref-ag_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ag-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Polish writers, including <a href="/wiki/Teodor_Parnicki" title="Teodor Parnicki">Teodor Parnicki</a>, Edward Kajdański<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Grochowski" title="Kazimierz Grochowski">Kazimierz Grochowski</a>, either were born or spent part of their childhood or adulthood in Harbin, before eventually moving to Poland, where they popularized knowledge about China and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_relations">Modern relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Poland_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Poland–Taiwan relations">Poland–Taiwan relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Podpisanie_Traktatu_Polsko-Chi%C5%84skiego_18_wrze%C5%9Bnia_1929_roku_w_Nankinie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Podpisanie_Traktatu_Polsko-Chi%C5%84skiego_18_wrze%C5%9Bnia_1929_roku_w_Nankinie.jpg/220px-Podpisanie_Traktatu_Polsko-Chi%C5%84skiego_18_wrze%C5%9Bnia_1929_roku_w_Nankinie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Podpisanie_Traktatu_Polsko-Chi%C5%84skiego_18_wrze%C5%9Bnia_1929_roku_w_Nankinie.jpg/330px-Podpisanie_Traktatu_Polsko-Chi%C5%84skiego_18_wrze%C5%9Bnia_1929_roku_w_Nankinie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Podpisanie_Traktatu_Polsko-Chi%C5%84skiego_18_wrze%C5%9Bnia_1929_roku_w_Nankinie.jpg/440px-Podpisanie_Traktatu_Polsko-Chi%C5%84skiego_18_wrze%C5%9Bnia_1929_roku_w_Nankinie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="1433" /></a><figcaption>Signing of a friendship, trade and navigation treaty between China and Poland in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> in 1929</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1918 Poland regained independence after the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)" title="History of Poland (1795–1918)">partitions period</a>, and diplomatic relations between China and Poland began in 1919, but the two countries did not develop a strong relationship due to isolation from one another. A friendship, trade and navigation treaty between China and Poland was signed in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> in 1929 to strengthen and evolve the relations.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Rajchman" title="Ludwik Rajchman">Ludwik Rajchman</a>, Polish physician and <a href="/wiki/Bacteriologist" title="Bacteriologist">bacteriologist</a>, was an advisor of <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> and <a href="/wiki/T._V._Soong" title="T. V. Soong">T. V. Soong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polish community in Harbin remained strong, until many Poles gradually left for Poland in the 1930s, and the remaining Poles were mostly repatriated to Poland by the Polish government in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-ag_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ag-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Very few Chinese people lived in Poland in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, including four in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, and one each in <a href="/wiki/Ciechan%C3%B3w" title="Ciechanów">Ciechanów</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brze%C5%9B%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Brześć">Brześć</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nie%C5%9Bwie%C5%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieśwież">Nieśwież</a>, according to the 1921 Polish census.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, some 13 ethnic Chinese from Warsaw were deported by the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">German occupiers</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen concentration camp</a> in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations began on October 5, 1949, following the communist takeovers of their respective states, and diplomatic missions were established shortly after on October 7, 1949. Poland was part of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Bloc">Communist Bloc</a> and had friendly relations with China and cooperated in international issues such as the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mfa_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mfa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1950s due to the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>, relations between the two countries degraded. But Poland did support the People's Republic of China's case for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> permanent seat to return to the mainland government.<sup id="cite_ref-mfa_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mfa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> the premier in the 1950s made two state visits to Poland. Leaders from Poland such as <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ochab" title="Edward Ochab">Edward Ochab</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Cyrankiewicz" title="Józef Cyrankiewicz">Józef Cyrankiewicz</a> had visited China at various times during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-cd_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wizyta_prezydenta_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_(27699551272).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Wizyta_prezydenta_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_%2827699551272%29.jpg/220px-Wizyta_prezydenta_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_%2827699551272%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Wizyta_prezydenta_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_%2827699551272%29.jpg/330px-Wizyta_prezydenta_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_%2827699551272%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Wizyta_prezydenta_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_%2827699551272%29.jpg/440px-Wizyta_prezydenta_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_%2827699551272%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Poland's Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Beata_Szyd%C5%82o" title="Beata Szydło">Beata Szydło</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s Communist leader <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> during meeting, 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>Poland underwent political and social change when the Eastern Bloc <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">collapsed</a> in the late 1980s and Poland became a democratic state. The relationship between the two countries remain steadfast as Poland became more of a western liberal democracy with a capitalist market and China embarking on <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>'s economic reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-mfa_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mfa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, China's leader and <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">general secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> visited Poland,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saying that "Polish companies will benefit hugely" from China's <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duda and Xi signed a declaration on <a href="/wiki/Strategic_partnership" title="Strategic partnership">strategic partnership</a> in which they reiterated that Poland and China viewed each other as long-term strategic partners.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rados%C5%82aw_Sikorski_wzi%C4%85%C5%82_udzia%C5%82_w_60._Monachijskiej_Konferencji_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Rados%C5%82aw_Sikorski_wzi%C4%85%C5%82_udzia%C5%82_w_60._Monachijskiej_Konferencji_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_%282%29.jpg/220px-Rados%C5%82aw_Sikorski_wzi%C4%85%C5%82_udzia%C5%82_w_60._Monachijskiej_Konferencji_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Rados%C5%82aw_Sikorski_wzi%C4%85%C5%82_udzia%C5%82_w_60._Monachijskiej_Konferencji_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_%282%29.jpg/330px-Rados%C5%82aw_Sikorski_wzi%C4%85%C5%82_udzia%C5%82_w_60._Monachijskiej_Konferencji_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Rados%C5%82aw_Sikorski_wzi%C4%85%C5%82_udzia%C5%82_w_60._Monachijskiej_Konferencji_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_%282%29.jpg/440px-Rados%C5%82aw_Sikorski_wzi%C4%85%C5%82_udzia%C5%82_w_60._Monachijskiej_Konferencji_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>Polish Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Rados%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Radosław Sikorski">Radosław Sikorski</a> with Chinese Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a> at the <a href="/wiki/60th_Munich_Security_Conference" title="60th Munich Security Conference">60th Munich Security Conference</a> in 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 2019, <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> employee Wang Weijing was arrested in Poland on charges of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad" title="Chinese intelligence activity abroad">spying for China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2024, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Belarus" title="Armed Forces of Belarus">Armed Forces of Belarus</a> conducted joint military exercises in the <a href="/wiki/Brest_Region" title="Brest Region">Brest Region</a> a few kilometers from the Belarusian-Polish border.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same month, Poland threatened to cut off a Chinese rail export route to the European Union via Poland in order to pressure Belarus.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_relations">Economic relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Poland_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economic relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1950s to 1990s, the two countries conducted economic activities using accounts on government agreements. The annual trade value nearly US$1 billion in 1986 between the two communist states.<sup id="cite_ref-mfa_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mfa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, agreement on trade payments in convertible foreign exchanges were signed. Trade dipped in 1990 from US$0.322 billion to US$0.144 billion in 1991. It was until 1992 bilateral trade began to increase again.<sup id="cite_ref-mfa_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mfa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bilateral trade increased over the successful years. By 2001, the trade between the two countries were valued at US$1.242 billion, up 29.5% than in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-mfa_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mfa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China-Polish economic relations revolves around areas such as environmental protection, finance, agricultural technology, copper industry and coal mining.<sup id="cite_ref-fmprc_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fmprc-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also includes new areas like high technology, clean energy, labour, service and infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-fmprc_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fmprc-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, Poland's exports to China was around US$1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-pd_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pd-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it imported from China around US$11 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-pd_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pd-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resident_diplomatic_missions">Resident diplomatic missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Poland_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Resident diplomatic missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>China has an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and a consulate-general in <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>.</li> <li>Poland has an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and consulates-general in <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambasada_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_w_Polsce_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Embassy of China in Warsaw"><img alt="Embassy of China in Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ambasada_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_w_Polsce_2023.jpg/120px-Ambasada_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_w_Polsce_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ambasada_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_w_Polsce_2023.jpg/180px-Ambasada_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_w_Polsce_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ambasada_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_w_Polsce_2023.jpg/240px-Ambasada_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_w_Polsce_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4956" data-file-height="2685" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Embassy of China in Warsaw</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gda%C5%84sk,_Konsulat_Generalny_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_-_fotopolska.eu_(310008).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Consulate-General of China in Gdańsk"><img alt="Consulate-General of China in Gdańsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gda%C5%84sk%2C_Konsulat_Generalny_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_-_fotopolska.eu_%28310008%29.jpg/120px-Gda%C5%84sk%2C_Konsulat_Generalny_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_-_fotopolska.eu_%28310008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gda%C5%84sk%2C_Konsulat_Generalny_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_-_fotopolska.eu_%28310008%29.jpg/180px-Gda%C5%84sk%2C_Konsulat_Generalny_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_-_fotopolska.eu_%28310008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gda%C5%84sk%2C_Konsulat_Generalny_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_-_fotopolska.eu_%28310008%29.jpg/240px-Gda%C5%84sk%2C_Konsulat_Generalny_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_-_fotopolska.eu_%28310008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="746" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Consulate-General of China in Gdańsk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Embassy_of_the_Republic_of_Poland_in_Beijing_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Embassy of Poland in Beijing"><img alt="Embassy of Poland in Beijing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Embassy_of_the_Republic_of_Poland_in_Beijing_2019.jpg/120px-Embassy_of_the_Republic_of_Poland_in_Beijing_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Embassy_of_the_Republic_of_Poland_in_Beijing_2019.jpg/180px-Embassy_of_the_Republic_of_Poland_in_Beijing_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Embassy_of_the_Republic_of_Poland_in_Beijing_2019.jpg/240px-Embassy_of_the_Republic_of_Poland_in_Beijing_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Embassy of Poland in Beijing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polandconsulate.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Consulate-General of Poland in Guangzhou"><img alt="Consulate-General of Poland in Guangzhou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Polandconsulate.JPG/120px-Polandconsulate.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Polandconsulate.JPG/180px-Polandconsulate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Polandconsulate.JPG/240px-Polandconsulate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Consulate-General of Poland in Guangzhou </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Poland_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_China" title="Poles in China">Poles in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Poland" title="Foreign relations of Poland">Foreign relations of Poland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Poland_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cd-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cd_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cd_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-06/08/content_337598.htm">"Major events in Sino-Polish relations"</a>. <i>www.chinadaily.com.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinadaily.com.cn&rft.atitle=Major+events+in+Sino-Polish+relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fenglish%2Fdoc%2F2004-06%2F08%2Fcontent_337598.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Poland+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mfa-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mfa_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mfa_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mfa_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mfa_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mfa_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mfa_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mfa_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101150501/http://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/xos/gjlb/3210/">"Poland"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.cn%2Feng%2Fwjb%2Fzzjg%2Fxos%2Fgjlb%2F3210%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Poland+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-to-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-to_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-to_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasz_Opach" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tomasz Opach. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilanow-palac.pl/wklad_michala_boyma_w_tworzenie_kartograficznego_obrazu_swiata_w_xvii_wieku.html">"Wkład Michała Boyma w tworzenie kartograficznego obrazu świata w XVII wieku"</a>. <i>Muzeum Pałacu Króla Jana III w Wilanowie</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rzeczpospolita&rft.atitle=Micha%C5%82+Boym+%E2%80%93+pierwszy+polski+sinolog%2C+ambasador+Chin&rft.au=Adam+Robi%C5%84ski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rp.pl%2Fartykul%2F813944-Michal-Boym---pierwszy-polski-sinolog--ambasador-Chin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Poland+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nor-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nor_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nor_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.normalesup.org/~adanchin/history/1453.html">"Short history of biology after the middle ages"</a>. <i>normalesup.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=normalesup.org&rft.atitle=Short+history+of+biology+after+the+middle+ages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.normalesup.org%2F~adanchin%2Fhistory%2F1453.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Poland+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipsb-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ipsb_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipsb_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudwik_Grzebień" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ludwik Grzebień. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/jan-mikolaj-smogulecki-h-grzymala">"Jan Mikołaj Smogulecki h. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internetowy+Polski+S%C5%82ownik+Biograficzny&rft.atitle=Jan+Miko%C5%82aj+Smogulecki+h.+Grzyma%C5%82a&rft.au=Ludwik+Grzebie%C5%84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsb.nina.gov.pl%2Fa%2Fbiografia%2Fjan-mikolaj-smogulecki-h-grzymala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Poland+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudycki2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Judycki, Zbigniew Andrzej (2020). <i>Lekarze polskiego pochodzenia w świecie</i> (in Polish). Kielce. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-936896-5-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-936896-5-1"><bdi>978-83-936896-5-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lekarze+polskiego+pochodzenia+w+%C5%9Bwiecie&rft.place=Kielce&rft.pages=111&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-83-936896-5-1&rft.aulast=Judycki&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew+Andrzej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Poland+relations" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ag-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ag_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ag_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ag_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ag_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ag_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ag_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ag_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrzej_Giza" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andrzej Giza. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rp.pl/Rzecz-o-historii/309199934-Nie-zapominajmy-o-Polakach-z-Mandzurii.html">"Nie zapominajmy o Polakach z Mandżurii"</a>. <i>Rzeczpospolita</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rzeczpospolita&rft.atitle=Nie+zapominajmy+o+Polakach+z+Mand%C5%BCurii&rft.au=Andrzej+Giza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rp.pl%2FRzecz-o-historii%2F309199934-Nie-zapominajmy-o-Polakach-z-Mandzurii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Poland+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hs-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hs_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hs_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenryk_Suchar" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Henryk Suchar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531082612/http://www.studyinpoland.pl/konsorcjum/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=280:dzie-polski-w-harbinie&catid=44&Itemid=100002">"Dzień Polski w Harbinie"</a>. <i>Study in Poland</i> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studyinpoland.pl/konsorcjum/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=280:dzie-polski-w-harbinie&catid=44&Itemid=100002">the original</a> on May 31, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Study+in+Poland&rft.atitle=Dzie%C5%84+Polski+w+Harbinie&rft.au=Henryk+Suchar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studyinpoland.pl%2Fkonsorcjum%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D280%3Adzie-polski-w-harbinie%26catid%3D44%26Itemid%3D100002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Poland+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judycki, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://instytutpolski.pl/beijing/pl/2020/09/15/zmarl-edward-kajdanski-pisarz-i-dyplomata-malarz-i-pasjonat-kultury-chin/">"Zmarł Edward Kajdański – pisarz i dyplomata, malarz i pasjonat kultury Chin"</a>. <i>Instytut Polski w Pekinie</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instytut+Polski+w+Pekinie&rft.atitle=Zmar%C5%82+Edward+Kajda%C5%84ski+%E2%80%93+pisarz+i+dyplomata%2C+malarz+i+pasjonat+kultury+Chin.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finstytutpolski.pl%2Fbeijing%2Fpl%2F2020%2F09%2F15%2Fzmarl-edward-kajdanski-pisarz-i-dyplomata-malarz-i-pasjonat-kultury-chin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Poland+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19310620499">Traktat przyjaźni, handlowy i nawigacyjny pomiędzy Rzecząpospolitą Polską a Republiką Chińską, podpisany w Nankinie dnia 18 września 1929 r.</a>, Dz. U., 1931, vol. 62, No. 499 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judycki, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej</i> (in Polish). Vol. I. Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 1925. pp. 4, 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skorowidz+miejscowo%C5%9Bci+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=4%2C+17&rft.pub=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny&rft.date=1925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Poland+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Tom VIII</i> (in Polish). Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 1924. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skorowidz+miejscowo%C5%9Bci+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej.+Tom+VIII&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny&rft.date=1924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Poland+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Tom VII. Część I</i> (in Polish). Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 1923. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skorowidz+miejscowo%C5%9Bci+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej.+Tom+VII.+Cz%C4%99%C5%9B%C4%87+I&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny&rft.date=1923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Poland+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegargee2009" class="citation book cs1">Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2009). <i>The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I</i>. 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June 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=President.pl&rft.atitle=President+Duda+hopes+Poland+will+become+China%27s+gateway+to+Europe&rft.date=2016-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.president.pl%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fart%2C191%2Cpresident-duda-hopes-poland-will-become-chinas-gateway-to-europe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Poland+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/president-duda-sends-sympathy-message-to-president-xi-jinping-10277">"President Duda sends sympathy message to President Xi Jinping"</a>. <i>Polish Press Agency</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamestown+Foundation&rft.atitle=Arrests+in+Poland+Contribute+to+the+International+Controversies+Surrounding+Huawei&rft.date=2019-02-01&rft.aulast=Dotson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Farrests-in-poland-contribute-to-the-international-controversies-surrounding-huawei%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Poland+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china-belarus-start-joint-military-drills-near-polish-border-2024-07-09/">"China, Belarus start joint military drills near Polish border"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. July 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=China%2C+Belarus+start+joint+military+drills+near+Polish+border&rft.date=2024-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchina-belarus-start-joint-military-drills-near-polish-border-2024-07-09%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Poland+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarmanau2024" class="citation web cs1">Karmanau, Yuras (July 9, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/belarus-china-military-drill-poland-8558b0e413351caa89cfbb3c4441f016">"Belarus and China join forces in a military drill near the Polish border"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Belarus+and+China+join+forces+in+a+military+drill+near+the+Polish+border&rft.date=2024-07-09&rft.aulast=Karmanau&rft.aufirst=Yuras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fbelarus-china-military-drill-poland-8558b0e413351caa89cfbb3c4441f016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Poland+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-24/poland-leverages-china-s-rail-link-in-europe-to-rein-in-belarus">"Poland Leverages China's Rail Link in Europe to Rein In Belarus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i>. July 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Poland+Leverages+China%27s+Rail+Link+in+Europe+to+Rein+In+Belarus&rft.date=2024-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2024-07-24%2Fpoland-leverages-china-s-rail-link-in-europe-to-rein-in-belarus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Poland+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fmprc-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fmprc_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fmprc_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx/t519578.htm">Chinese President Hu Jintao Meets with Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200207/09/eng20020709_99404.shtml">"China, Poland Share Mutual Benefit in Economic Cooperation: Chinese Official"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%2C+Poland+Share+Mutual+Benefit+in+Economic+Cooperation%3A+Chinese+Official&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2F200207%2F09%2Feng20020709_99404.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Poland+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pd-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pd_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pd_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6608187.html">"Financial crisis may hamper expected increase in Poland-China trade - People's Daily Online"</a>. <i>english.peopledaily.com.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.peopledaily.com.cn&rft.atitle=Financial+crisis+may+hamper+expected+increase+in+Poland-China+trade+-+People%27s+Daily+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2F90001%2F90776%2F90883%2F6608187.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93Poland+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Poland_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pekin.msz.gov.pl/en/">Polish embassy in Beijing</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English, Polish, and Chinese)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaembassy.org.pl/chn/">CPR embassy in Warsaw</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Polish and Chinese)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Algeria–China relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Angola–China relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Benin–China relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Botswana–China relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Burkina Faso–China relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Burundi–China relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cameroon–China relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cape Verde–China relations">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Central African Republic–China relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Chad–China relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Comoros_relations" title="China–Comoros relations">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relations" title="China–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations">Congo, Democratic Republic of the</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Republic_of_the_Congo_relations" title="China–Republic of the Congo relations">Congo, Republic of the</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Djibouti_relations" title="China–Djibouti relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Egypt_relations" title="China–Egypt relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Equatorial_Guinea_relations" title="China–Equatorial Guinea relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Eritrea_relations" title="China–Eritrea relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="China–Ethiopia relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Gabon_relations" title="China–Gabon relations">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Gambia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Gambia relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ghana_relations" title="China–Ghana relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Guinea_relations" title="China–Guinea relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Guinea-Bissau_relations" title="China–Guinea-Bissau relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="China–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="China–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lesotho_relations" title="China–Lesotho relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="China–Liberia relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="China–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Madagascar_relations" title="China–Madagascar relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Malawi_relations" title="China–Malawi relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="China–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mauritania_relations" title="China–Mauritania relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mauritius_relations" title="China–Mauritius relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="China–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="China–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="China–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Niger_relations" title="China–Niger relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="China–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="China–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_relations" title="China–São Tomé and Príncipe relations">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="China–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="China–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sierra_Leone_relations" title="China–Sierra Leone relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="China–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="China–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="China–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="China–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="China–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Togo_relations" title="China–Togo relations">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="China–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="China–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="China–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="China–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Antigua and Barbuda–China relations">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Argentina–China relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–China relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Barbados–China relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bolivia–China relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brazil–China relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Canada–China relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Chile–China relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Colombia_relations" title="China–Colombia relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Costa_Rica_relations" title="China–Costa Rica relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="China–Cuba relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Dominican_Republic_relations" title="China–Dominican Republic relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ecuador_relations" title="China–Ecuador relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93El_Salvador_relations" title="China–El Salvador relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Grenada_relations" title="China–Grenada relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="China–Haiti relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Honduras_relations" title="China–Honduras relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="China–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="China–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nicaragua_relations" title="China–Nicaragua relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Panama_relations" title="China–Panama relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="China–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Suriname_relations" title="China–Suriname relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="China–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="China–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="China–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Afghanistan–China relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Armenia–China relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Azerbaijan–China relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bangladesh–China relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bhutan–China relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brunei–China relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cambodia–China relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93East_Timor_relations" title="China–East Timor relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Georgia_relations" title="China–Georgia relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="China–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="China–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="China–Iraq relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="China–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="China–Japan relations">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="History of China–Japan relations">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="China–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="China–Kyrgyzstan relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Laos_relations" title="China–Laos relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="China–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="China–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="China–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="China–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="China–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="China–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="China–North Korea relations">North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino%E2%80%93Korean_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sino–Korean relations">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="China–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="China–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="China–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="China–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="China–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="China–South Korea relations">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino%E2%80%93Korean_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sino–Korean relations">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="China–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="China–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="China–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="China–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="China–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="China–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="China–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="China–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_under_Chinese_rule" title="Vietnam under Chinese rule">Northern Domination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="China–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Albania–China relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Austria–China relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Belarus–China relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Belgium–China relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bulgaria–China relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Croatia_relations" title="China–Croatia relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Cyprus_relations" title="China–Cyprus relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Czech_Republic_relations" title="China–Czech Republic relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Denmark_relations" title="China–Denmark relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Finland_relations" title="China–Finland relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93France_relations" title="China–France relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="China–Germany relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="China–Greece relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Hungary_relations" title="China–Hungary relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iceland_relations" title="China–Iceland relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="China–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="China–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="China–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="China–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Luxembourg_relations" title="China–Luxembourg relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Moldova_relations" title="China–Moldova relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Montenegro_relations" title="China–Montenegro relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="China–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="China–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="China–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="China–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93San_Marino_relations" title="China–San Marino relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="China–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="China–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="China–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="China–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="China–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="China–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="China–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="China–Holy See relations">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Australia–China relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Fiji_relations" title="China–Fiji relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kiribati_relations" title="China–Kiribati relations">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Federated_States_of_Micronesia_relations" title="China–Federated States of Micronesia relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nauru_relations" title="China–Nauru relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="China–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Niue_relations" title="China–Niue relations">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_relations" title="China–Papua New Guinea relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Samoa_relations" title="China–Samoa relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Solomon_Islands_relations" title="China–Solomon Islands relations">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="China–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="China–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_relations" title="Sino-Soviet relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="China–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCIM_Economic_Corridor" title="BCIM Economic Corridor">BCIM Economic Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">BIMSTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-African_relations" title="Sino-African relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Arab_relations" title="Sino-Arab relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Caribbean_relations" title="Sino-Caribbean relations">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trilateral_summit" title="China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit">China–Japan–South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="China–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Latin_America_relations" title="Sino-Latin America relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pacific_relations" title="Sino-Pacific relations">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Third_World_relations" title="Sino-Third World relations">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_China" title="Arctic policy of China">Arctic policy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:China_and_the_Antarctic" title="Category:China and the Antarctic">China and the Antarctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Foreign Affairs Commission">Central Foreign Affairs Commission</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Foreign Minister</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions of China</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_China" title="List of diplomatic missions in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" title="China's peaceful rise">China's peaceful rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">Chinese Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius_Institute" title="Confucius Institute">Confucius Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China">Dates of diplomatic recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_China" title="Foreign policy of China">Foreign policy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Foreign Relations Law of the People's Republic of China">Foreign Relations Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign relations of Hong Kong">Foreign relations of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-dash_line" title="Nine-dash line">Nine-dash line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_diplomacy" title="Stadium diplomacy">Stadium diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_of_Pearls_(Indian_Ocean)" title="String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)">String of Pearls</a></li> <li>Major historical splits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_built_by_China_as_aid" title="List of theaters built by China as aid">Theater diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy" title="Wolf warrior diplomacy">Wolf warrior diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Diplomacy" title="Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy">Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Poland&#124;link=Poland_Foreign_relations_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Poland" title="Template:Foreign relations of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Poland&#124;link=Poland_Foreign_relations_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Poland" title="Foreign relations of Poland">Foreign relations of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Algeria–Poland relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Egypt–Poland relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Ethiopia–Poland relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Kenya–Poland relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Libya–Poland relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Mali–Poland relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Morocco–Poland relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Namibia–Poland relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Nigeria–Poland relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Poland–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Poland–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="Poland–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="Poland–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Poland–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Poland–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="Poland–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="Poland–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_Polski.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orzeł Biały"><img alt="Orzeł Biały" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/70px-Herb_Polski.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/105px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/140px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="3716" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Argentina–Poland relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Brazil–Poland relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Canada–Poland relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Chile–Poland relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Colombia–Poland relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Cuba–Poland relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Haiti–Poland relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Mexico–Poland relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Peru–Poland relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Poland–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Poland–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Poland–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Afghanistan–Poland relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Armenia–Poland relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Poland relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Bangladesh–Poland relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Georgia–Poland relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="India–Poland relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Indonesia–Poland relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Iran–Poland relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Iraq–Poland relations">Iraq</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Kurdistan Region–Poland relations">Kurdistan Region</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Israel–Poland relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Japan–Poland relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Kazakhstan–Poland relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–Poland relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Malaysia–Poland relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Mongolia–Poland relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="North Korea–Poland relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Pakistan–Poland relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Palestine–Poland relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Philippines–Poland relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Poland–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Poland–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Poland–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Poland–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Poland–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Poland–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Poland–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Poland–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Poland–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Albania–Poland relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Austria–Poland relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Belarus–Poland relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Belgium–Poland relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Bulgaria–Poland relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Croatia–Poland relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Cyprus–Poland relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Czech Republic–Poland relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Denmark–Poland relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Estonia–Poland relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Finland–Poland relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="France–Poland relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Germany–Poland relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Greece–Poland relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Holy See–Poland relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Hungary–Poland relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Iceland–Poland relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Ireland–Poland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Italy–Poland relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Kosovo–Poland relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Latvia–Poland relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Lithuania–Poland relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Luxembourg–Poland relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Moldova–Poland relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Netherlands–Poland relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Norway–Poland relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Poland–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Poland–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Poland–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Poland–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="Poland–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Poland–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Poland–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stosunki_polsko-szwajcarskie" class="extiw" title="pl:Stosunki polsko-szwajcarskie">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Poland–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Poland–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Australia–Poland relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="New Zealand–Poland relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Papua New Guinea–Poland relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Czechoslovakia–Poland relations">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Poland–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multilateral relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poland_in_the_European_Union" title="Poland in the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomatic missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Poland" title="List of diplomatic missions of Poland">Diplomatic missions of Poland</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Poland" title="List of diplomatic missions in Poland">in Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" 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