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In the mid-17th century, notable Polish [[Jesuit China missions|Jesuit missionaries]] [[Michał Boym]] and [[Jan Mikołaj Smogulecki]] arrived to China. Boym significantly expanded the knowledge of China in [[Europe]] with his works, among which were the pioneering botany book ''[[Flora Sinensis]]''<ref name=nor/> and detailed maps of China.<ref name=to>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilanow-palac.pl/wklad_michala_boyma_w_tworzenie_kartograficznego_obrazu_swiata_w_xvii_wieku.html|title=Wkład Michała Boyma w tworzenie kartograficznego obrazu świata w XVII wieku|website=Muzeum Pałacu Króla Jana III w Wilanowie|author=Tomasz Opach|access-date=3 January 2021|language=pl}}</ref><ref name=ar>{{cite web|url=https://www.rp.pl/artykul/813944-Michal-Boym---pierwszy-polski-sinolog--ambasador-Chin.html|title=Michał Boym – pierwszy polski sinolog, ambasador Chin|website=Rzeczpospolita|author=Adam Robiński|access-date=3 January 2021|language=pl}}</ref> He also introduced [[Chinese medicine]] in Europe, including the analysis of the [[pulse]].<ref name=nor>{{cite web|url=http://www.normalesup.org/~adanchin/history/1453.html|title=Short history of biology after the middle ages|website=normalesup.org|access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref> Smogulecki taught European mathematics and astronomy in China, and introduced [[logarithm]]s to China.<ref name=ipsb>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/jan-mikolaj-smogulecki-h-grzymala|title=Jan Mikołaj Smogulecki h. Grzymała|website=Internetowy Polski Słownik Biograficzny|author=Ludwik Grzebień|access-date=3 January 2021|language=pl}}</ref> Both Boym and Smogulecki had contacts with the Imperial Court of China.<ref name=ar/><ref name=ipsb/> In the 17th century, there were [[diplomatic approaches between the courts of John III Sobieski and the Kangxi Emperor]]. In the 1820s and 1830s, Polish physician [[Józef Wojciechowski (physician)|Józef Wojciechowski]] was active in [[Beijing]], and became renown for successfully curing a prince from the imperial court deemed incurably ill by local doctors, for which he was honoured with a memorial in Beijing in 1829.<ref>{{cite book|last=Judycki|first=Zbigniew Andrzej|year=2020|title=Lekarze polskiego pochodzenia w świecie|language=pl|location=Kielce|page=111|isbn=978-83-936896-5-1}}</ref> In the late 19th century and early 20th century, when Poland remained [[History of Poland (1795–1918)|partitioned and occupied by neighbouring powers]], thousands of Polish emigrants, including engineers, architects, doctors, teachers, many of them political refugees, settled in [[Manchuria]] ([[Northeast China]]) and greatly contributed to the foundation and development of the [[Chinese Eastern Railway]] and the city of [[Harbin]].<ref name=ag>{{cite web|url=https://www.rp.pl/Rzecz-o-historii/309199934-Nie-zapominajmy-o-Polakach-z-Mandzurii.html|title=Nie zapominajmy o Polakach z Mandżurii|website=Rzeczpospolita|author=Andrzej Giza|access-date=3 January 2021|language=pl}}</ref> The founder of the city was Polish engineer Adam Szydłowski, who also was Harbin's first mayor,<ref name=hs>{{cite web|url=http://www.studyinpoland.pl/konsorcjum/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=280:dzie-polski-w-harbinie&catid=44&Itemid=100002|title=Dzień Polski w Harbinie|website=Study in Poland|author=Henryk Suchar|access-date=3 January 2021|language=pl|archive-date=May 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531082612/http://www.studyinpoland.pl/konsorcjum/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=280:dzie-polski-w-harbinie&catid=44&Itemid=100002|url-status=dead}}</ref> while the city's layout was planned by Polish engineer Stanisław Jokisz, and other Polish engineers were also responsible for its construction.<ref name=ag/> Poles established a prosperous and influential community in the city, with Polish press, schools, organizations, churches<ref name=hs/> (including the present-day [[Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Harbin|Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral]]) and sports teams, and peacefully co-existed with the city's other ethnicities including the Chinese.<ref name=ag/> Many Poles were employed at the Chinese Eastern Railway, which was managed at the time by Polish railway engineer [[Stanisław Kierbedź]].<ref name=ag/> Tadeusz Nowkuński was the head physician of the central hospital of the Chinese Eastern Railway, active in fighting the [[Plague (disease)|plague]] and [[cholera]] epidemics in Manchuria.<ref>Judycki, p. 81</ref> Poles introduced [[sugar beet]] cultivation to China and established the country's first brewery,<ref name=ag/> now known as the [[Harbin Brewery]]. Poles also established the first [[steam mills]], metallurgical plants, and furniture and cigarette factories in Manchuria.<ref name=ag/> Several Polish writers, including [[Teodor Parnicki]], Edward Kajdański<ref>{{cite web|url=https://instytutpolski.pl/beijing/pl/2020/09/15/zmarl-edward-kajdanski-pisarz-i-dyplomata-malarz-i-pasjonat-kultury-chin/|title=Zmarł Edward Kajdański – pisarz i dyplomata, malarz i pasjonat kultury Chin.|website=Instytut Polski w Pekinie|access-date=3 January 2021|language=pl}}</ref> and [[Kazimierz Grochowski]], either were born or spent part of their childhood or adulthood in Harbin, before eventually moving to Poland, where they popularized knowledge about China and [[East Asia]]. ===Modern relations=== {{See also|Poland–Taiwan relations}} [[File:Podpisanie Traktatu Polsko-Chińskiego 18 września 1929 roku w Nankinie.jpg|thumb|left|Signing of a friendship, trade and navigation treaty between China and Poland in [[Nanjing]] in 1929]] In 1918 Poland regained independence after the [[History of Poland (1795–1918)|partitions period]], and diplomatic relations between China and Poland began in 1919, but the two countries did not develop a strong relationship due to isolation from one another. A friendship, trade and navigation treaty between China and Poland was signed in [[Nanjing]] in 1929 to strengthen and evolve the relations.<ref>{{Cite Polish law|title=Traktat przyjaźni, handlowy i nawigacyjny pomiędzy Rzecząpospolitą Polską a Republiką Chińską, podpisany w Nankinie dnia 18 września 1929 r.|year=1931|volume=62|number=499}}</ref> [[Ludwik Rajchman]], Polish physician and [[bacteriologist]], was an advisor of [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and [[T. V. Soong]].<ref>Judycki, p. 90</ref> The Polish community in Harbin remained strong, until many Poles gradually left for Poland in the 1930s, and the remaining Poles were mostly repatriated to Poland by the Polish government in 1949.<ref name=ag/> Very few Chinese people lived in Poland in the [[interwar period]], including four in [[Warsaw]], and one each in [[Ciechanów]], [[Brześć]] and [[Nieśwież]], according to the 1921 Polish census.<ref>{{cite book|author=|title=Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej|volume=I|year=1925|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Główny Urząd Statystyczny|pages=4, 17}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=|title=Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Tom VIII|year=1924|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Główny Urząd Statystyczny|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=|title=Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Tom VII. Część I|year=1923|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Główny Urząd Statystyczny|page=37}}</ref> During [[World War II]], some 13 ethnic Chinese from Warsaw were deported by the [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|German occupiers]] to the [[Gross-Rosen concentration camp]] in 1944.<ref>{{cite book|last=Megargee|first=Geoffrey P.|year=2009|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|page=716|isbn=978-0-253-35328-3}}</ref> Relations began on October 5, 1949, following the communist takeovers of their respective states, and diplomatic missions were established shortly after on October 7, 1949. Poland was part of the [[Communist Bloc]] and had friendly relations with China and cooperated in international issues such as the [[Korean War]].<ref name="mfa"/> During the 1950s due to the [[Sino-Soviet split]], relations between the two countries degraded. But Poland did support the People's Republic of China's case for the [[United Nations]] permanent seat to return to the mainland government.<ref name="mfa"/> [[Zhou Enlai]] the premier in the 1950s made two state visits to Poland. Leaders from Poland such as [[Bolesław Bierut]], [[Edward Ochab]] and [[Józef Cyrankiewicz]] had visited China at various times during this period.<ref name="cd"/> [[File:Wizyta prezydenta Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej (27699551272).jpg|thumb|Poland's Prime Minister [[Beata Szydło]] and [[China]]'s Communist leader [[Xi Jinping]] during meeting, 2016]] Poland underwent political and social change when the Eastern Bloc [[Revolutions of 1989|collapsed]] in the late 1980s and Poland became a democratic state. The relationship between the two countries remain steadfast as Poland became more of a western liberal democracy with a capitalist market and China embarking on [[Deng Xiaoping]]'s economic reforms.<ref name="mfa"/> In 2016, China's leader and [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|general secretary]] of the [[Chinese Communist Party]], [[Xi Jinping]] visited Poland,<ref>{{cite news |title=President Duda hopes Poland will become China's gateway to Europe |url=https://www.president.pl/en/news/art,191,president-duda-hopes-poland-will-become-chinas-gateway-to-europe.html |work=President.pl |date=20 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=President Duda sends sympathy message to President Xi Jinping |url=https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/president-duda-sends-sympathy-message-to-president-xi-jinping-10277 |work=Polish Press Agency |date=3 February 2020}}</ref> saying that "Polish companies will benefit hugely" from China's [[Belt and Road Initiative]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Polish president says Xi Jinping understands central European dynamic |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2016xivisitee/2016-06/19/content_25763414.htm |work=Chinadaily.com.cn |date=19 June 2016}}</ref> Duda and Xi signed a declaration on [[strategic partnership]] in which they reiterated that Poland and China viewed each other as long-term strategic partners.<ref>{{cite news |title=Xi welcomes Chinese freight train to 'strategic partner' Poland |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-poland-china-xi/xi-welcomes-chinese-freight-train-to-strategic-partner-poland-idUKKCN0Z6205 |work=Reuters |date=20 June 2016}}</ref> [[File:Radosław Sikorski wziął udział w 60. Monachijskiej Konferencji Bezpieczeństwa (2).jpg|thumb|Polish Foreign Minister [[Radosław Sikorski]] with Chinese Foreign Minister [[Wang Yi (politician)|Wang Yi]] at the [[60th Munich Security Conference]] in 2024]] In January 2019, [[Huawei]] employee Wang Weijing was arrested in Poland on charges of [[Chinese intelligence activity abroad|spying for China]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Poland arrests Huawei employee, Polish man on spying allegations |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-security/poland-arrests-chinese-huawei-employee-polish-national-over-spying-allegations-idUSKCN1P50RN |work=Reuters |date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jamestown.org/program/arrests-in-poland-contribute-to-the-international-controversies-surrounding-huawei/|title=Arrests in Poland Contribute to the International Controversies Surrounding Huawei|last=Dotson|first=John|date=February 1, 2019|website=[[Jamestown Foundation]]|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-14}}</ref> In July 2024, the [[People's Liberation Army]] and the [[Armed Forces of Belarus]] conducted joint military exercises in the [[Brest Region]] a few kilometers from the Belarusian-Polish border.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 8, 2024 |title=China, Belarus start joint military drills near Polish border |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china-belarus-start-joint-military-drills-near-polish-border-2024-07-09/ |access-date=July 8, 2024 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Karmanau |first=Yuras |date=2024-07-09 |title=Belarus and China join forces in a military drill near the Polish border |url=https://apnews.com/article/belarus-china-military-drill-poland-8558b0e413351caa89cfbb3c4441f016 |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref> The same month, Poland threatened to cut off a Chinese rail export route to the European Union via Poland in order to pressure Belarus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-24 |title=Poland Leverages China's Rail Link in Europe to Rein In Belarus |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-24/poland-leverages-china-s-rail-link-in-europe-to-rein-in-belarus |access-date=2024-07-24 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |language=en}}</ref> == Economic relations == During the 1950s to 1990s, the two countries conducted economic activities using accounts on government agreements. The annual trade value nearly US$1 billion in 1986 between the two communist states.<ref name="mfa"/> In the 1990s, agreement on trade payments in convertible foreign exchanges were signed. Trade dipped in 1990 from US$0.322 billion to US$0.144 billion in 1991. It was until 1992 bilateral trade began to increase again.<ref name="mfa"/> Bilateral trade increased over the successful years. By 2001, the trade between the two countries were valued at US$1.242 billion, up 29.5% than in 2000.<ref name="mfa"/> China-Polish economic relations revolves around areas such as environmental protection, finance, agricultural technology, copper industry and coal mining.<ref name="fmprc">[http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx/t519578.htm Chinese President Hu Jintao Meets with Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk]</ref> This also includes new areas like high technology, clean energy, labour, service and infrastructure.<ref name="fmprc"/><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200207/09/eng20020709_99404.shtml |title = China, Poland Share Mutual Benefit in Economic Cooperation: Chinese Official}}</ref> In 2008, Poland's exports to China was around US$1 billion.<ref name="pd">{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6608187.html|title=Financial crisis may hamper expected increase in Poland-China trade - People's Daily Online|last=|website=english.peopledaily.com.cn|access-date=May 28, 2018}}</ref> But it imported from China around US$11 billion.<ref name="pd"/> ==Resident diplomatic missions== * China has an embassy in [[Warsaw]] and a consulate-general in [[Gdańsk]]. * Poland has an embassy in [[Beijing]] and consulates-general in [[Chengdu]], [[Guangzhou]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Shanghai]]. <gallery class="center"> File:Ambasada Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej w Polsce 2023.jpg|Embassy of China in Warsaw File:Gdańsk, Konsulat Generalny Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej - fotopolska.eu (310008).jpg|Consulate-General of China in Gdańsk File:Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Beijing 2019.jpg|Embassy of Poland in Beijing File:Polandconsulate.JPG|Consulate-General of Poland in Guangzhou </gallery> == See also == {{Portal|Politics|China|Poland}} * [[Poles in China]] * [[Foreign relations of China]] * [[Foreign relations of Poland]] == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == *[http://pekin.msz.gov.pl/en/ Polish embassy in Beijing] {{in lang|en|pl|zh}} *[http://www.chinaembassy.org.pl/chn/ CPR embassy in Warsaw] {{in lang|pl|zh}} {{Foreign relations of China}} {{Foreign relations of Poland}} {{Portal bar|Politics|China|Poland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:China-Poland relations}} [[Category:China–Poland relations| ]] [[Category:Bilateral relations of China|Poland]] [[Category:Bilateral relations of Poland]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Both" title="Template:Both">Template:Both</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Both&action=edit" title="Template:Both">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_Polish_law" title="Template:Cite Polish law">Template:Cite Polish 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