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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sphincters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sphincters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sphincters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sphincters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nerve_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nerve_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Nerve supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nerve_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gastroesophageal_junction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gastroesophageal_junction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Gastroesophageal junction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gastroesophageal_junction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microanatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microanatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Microanatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microanatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Swallowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swallowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Swallowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swallowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reducing_gastric_reflux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reducing_gastric_reflux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Reducing gastric reflux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reducing_gastric_reflux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gene_and_protein_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gene_and_protein_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gene and protein expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gene_and_protein_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inflammation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflammation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Inflammation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflammation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barrett's_esophagus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barrett's_esophagus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Barrett's esophagus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barrett's_esophagus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Cancer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Varices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motility_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motility_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Motility disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motility_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malformations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malformations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Malformations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malformations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other animals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Vertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Invertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Esophagus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 106 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">106 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slukderm" title="Slukderm – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slukderm" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A1" title="مريء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مريء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esofago" title="Esofago – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Esofago" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%AB%DC%9B%DC%90" title="ܝܫܛܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܫܛܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Որկոր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Որկոր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%80%D0%B8" title="РискӀи – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="РискӀи" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallq%27a" title="Mallq'a – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Mallq'a" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qida_borusu" title="Qida borusu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qida borusu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolongan" title="Kolongan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kolongan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="অন্ননালি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অন্ননালি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakungan" title="Rakungan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Rakungan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%CC%8Dt-t%C5%8D" title="Si̍t-tō – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Si̍t-tō" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Стрававод чалавека – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стрававод чалавека" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Стрававод – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стрававод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Хранопровод – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хранопровод" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednjak" title="Jednjak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jednjak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es%C3%B2fag" title="Esòfag – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esòfag" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%ADcen" title="Jícen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jícen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesoffagws" title="Oesoffagws – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Oesoffagws" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiser%C3%B8r" title="Spiserør – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spiserør" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speiser%C3%B6hre" title="Speiseröhre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Speiseröhre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%8C%DE%A8_%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%8E%DE%A7_%DE%80%DE%AE%DE%85%DE%A8" title="ކާތަކެތި ހިގާ ހޮޅި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކާތަކެތި ހިގާ ހޮޅި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6%C3%B6gitoru" title="Söögitoru – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Söögitoru" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Οισοφάγος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οισοφάγος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es%C3%B3fago" title="Esófago – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esófago" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezofago" title="Ezofago – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ezofago" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hestegorri" title="Hestegorri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hestegorri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92sophage" title="Œsophage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Œsophage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slokterm" title="Slokterm – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slokterm" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89asafagas" title="Éasafagas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éasafagas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es%C3%B3fago" title="Esófago – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Esófago" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%8F%84" title="식도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="식도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Կերակրափող – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կերակրափող" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="ग्रासनली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रासनली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednjak" title="Jednjak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jednjak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezofago" title="Ezofago – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ezofago" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esofagus" title="Esofagus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Esofagus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophago" title="Esophago – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Esophago" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9linda" title="Vélinda – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vélinda" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esofago" title="Esofago – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esofago" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%98" title="ושט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ושט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurung" title="Gurung – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gurung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="საყლაპავი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საყლაპავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8E%D8%AA%DB%81%D9%95_%D9%86%D9%B2%D9%84%D8%A0" title="بَتہٕ نٲلؠ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بَتہٕ نٲلؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Өңеш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өңеш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umio" title="Umio – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Umio" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezofaj" title="Ezofaj – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ezofaj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soricik" title="Soricik – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Soricik" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%B3%D3%A9%D1%87" title="Кызыл өңгөч – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кызыл өңгөч" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Дукралул ххуллу – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Дукралул ххуллу" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesophagus" title="Oesophagus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oesophagus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C4%ABbas_vads" title="Barības vads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Barības vads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesophage" title="Oesophage – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Oesophage" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stempl%C4%97" title="Stemplė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stemplė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjloekderm" title="Sjloekderm – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjloekderm" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esofago" title="Esofago – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Esofago" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyel%C5%91cs%C5%91" title="Nyelőcső – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyelőcső" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Хранопровод – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хранопровод" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82" title="അന്നനാളം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്നനാളം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्ननलिका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अन्ननलिका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esofagus" title="Esofagus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Esofagus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slokdarm" title="Slokdarm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slokdarm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%83" title="गःम्वः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गःम्वः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E9%81%93" title="食道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="食道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiser%C3%B8r" title="Spiserør – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spiserør" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matr%C3%B8yr" title="Matrøyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Matrøyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esofag" title="Esofag – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Esofag" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%80" title="ଗ୍ରାସନଳୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗ୍ରାସନଳୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizilo%CA%BBngach" title="Qiziloʻngach – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qiziloʻngach" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਭੋਜਨ ਨਾਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭੋਜਨ ਨਾਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prze%C5%82yk" title="Przełyk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przełyk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es%C3%B3fago" title="Esófago – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esófago" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esofag" title="Esofag – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Esofag" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millq%27uti" title="Millq'uti – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Millq'uti" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пищевод человека – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пищевод человека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱟᱹᱥᱳᱯᱷᱮᱡᱚᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱹᱥᱳᱯᱷᱮᱡᱚᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrapple" title="Thrapple – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thrapple" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmazi" title="Gurmazi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gurmazi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannarozzu" title="Cannarozzu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cannarozzu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesophagus" title="Oesophagus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oesophagus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%BEer%C3%A1k" title="Pažerák – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pažerák" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BEiralnik" title="Požiralnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Požiralnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunguriga_cuntada" title="Hunguriga cuntada – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hunguriga cuntada" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95" title="سوورێنە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوورێنە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Једњак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Једњак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednjak" title="Jednjak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jednjak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruokatorvi" title="Ruokatorvi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruokatorvi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matstrupe" title="Matstrupe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Matstrupe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalanga" title="Lalanga – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lalanga" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="உணவுக்குழாய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உணவுக்குழாய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5_%D2%AF%D2%A3%D3%99%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Кеше үңәче – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кеше үңәче" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95" title="అన్నవాహిక – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అన్నవాహిక" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="หลอดอาหาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลอดอาหาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemek_borusu" title="Yemek borusu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yemek borusu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Стравохід – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стравохід" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%85_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="ھەزىم يولى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھەزىم يولى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_qu%E1%BA%A3n" title="Thực quản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thực quản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzea_d%27_avala" title="Buzea d' avala – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Buzea d' avala" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esopago" title="Esopago – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Esopago" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E9%81%93" title="食道 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="食道" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%98" title="וושט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וושט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8C%CC%80fun" title="Ọ̀fun – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọ̀fun" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E9%81%93" title="食道 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="食道" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E9%81%93" title="食道 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="食道" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vertebrate organ through which food passes to the stomach</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gullet" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gullet_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gullet (disambiguation)">Gullet (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Esophagus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tractus_intestinalis_esophagus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tractus_intestinalis_esophagus.svg/150px-Tractus_intestinalis_esophagus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tractus_intestinalis_esophagus.svg/225px-Tractus_intestinalis_esophagus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tractus_intestinalis_esophagus.svg/300px-Tractus_intestinalis_esophagus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="940" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Digestive_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive tract">digestive tract</a>, with the esophagus marked in red</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Precursor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Foregut" title="Foregut">Foregut</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">Digestive system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_arteries" title="Esophageal arteries">Esophageal arteries</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_veins" title="Esophageal veins">Esophageal veins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_trunk" title="Sympathetic trunk">Sympathetic trunk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagus">vagus</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>oesophagus</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>οἰσοφάγος</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D004947">D004947</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/05.4.01.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A05.4.01.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=2887">2887</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7131">7131</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173710" class="extiw" title="d:Q173710">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257608828">.mw-parser-output .gastrointestinal-tract{width:21em}.mw-parser-output .gastrointestinal-tract .sidebar-list-title{padding-right:3em;font-size:100%;background-color:MistyRose}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks gastrointestinal-tract hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg/200px-Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg/300px-Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg/400px-Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Major parts of the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Gastrointestinal tract</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper gastrointestinal tract">Upper gastrointestinal tract</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Pharynx</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower gastrointestinal tract">Lower gastrointestinal tract</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">Jejunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">Large intestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">Cecum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_colon" title="Ascending colon">Ascending colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_colon" title="Transverse colon">Transverse colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descending_colon" title="Descending colon">Descending colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_colon" title="Sigmoid colon">Sigmoid colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">Anus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_wall" title="Gastrointestinal wall">Gastrointestinal wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Human digestive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy" title="Outline of human anatomy">Outline of human anatomy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gastrointestinal_tract_sidebar" title="Template:Gastrointestinal tract sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gastrointestinal_tract_sidebar" title="Template talk:Gastrointestinal tract sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal_tract_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal tract sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Digestive_system_diagram_edit.svg/340px-Digestive_system_diagram_edit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="471" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Digestive_system_diagram_edit.svg/510px-Digestive_system_diagram_edit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Digestive_system_diagram_edit.svg/680px-Digestive_system_diagram_edit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="709" usemap="#ImageMap_8cf51bf8af8a2876" resource="/wiki/File:Digestive_system_diagram_edit.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_8cf51bf8af8a2876"><area href="/wiki/Salivary_glands" shape="rect" coords="50,27,133,39" alt="Salivary glands" title="Salivary glands" /><area href="/wiki/Parotid_gland" shape="rect" coords="50,42,82,49" alt="Parotid gland" title="Parotid gland" /><area href="/wiki/Submandibular_gland" shape="rect" coords="50,54,121,62" alt="Submandibular gland" title="Submandibular gland" /><area href="/wiki/Sublingual_gland" shape="rect" coords="50,67,98,77" alt="Sublingual gland" title="Sublingual gland" /><area href="/wiki/Human_pharynx" shape="rect" coords="305,114,347,124" alt="pharynx" title="pharynx" /><area href="/wiki/Tongue" shape="rect" coords="305,128,345,139" alt="Tongue" title="Tongue" /><area href="/wiki/Esophagus" shape="rect" coords="262,226,320,238" alt="Esophagus" title="Esophagus" /><area href="/wiki/Pancreas" shape="rect" coords="173,268,223,276" alt="Pancreas" title="Pancreas" /><area href="/wiki/Stomach" shape="rect" coords="336,339,383,348" alt="Stomach" title="Stomach" /><area href="/wiki/Pancreatic_duct" shape="rect" coords="338,364,393,385" alt="Pancreatic duct" title="Pancreatic duct" /><area href="/wiki/Ileum" shape="rect" coords="327,436,391,460" alt="Ileum" title="Ileum" /><area href="/wiki/Anus" shape="rect" coords="234,557,260,567" alt="Anus" title="Anus" /><area href="/wiki/Rectum" shape="rect" coords="153,543,193,553" alt="Rectum" title="Rectum" /><area href="/wiki/Vermiform_appendix" shape="rect" coords="58,520,108,531" alt="Vermiform appendix" title="Vermiform appendix" /><area href="/wiki/Cecum" shape="rect" coords="69,496,106,504" alt="Cecum" title="Cecum" /><area href="/wiki/Descending_colon" shape="rect" coords="29,461,112,470" alt="Descending colon" title="Descending colon" /><area href="/wiki/Ascending_colon" shape="rect" coords="29,442,106,452" alt="Ascending colon" title="Ascending colon" /><area href="/wiki/Transverse_colon" shape="rect" coords="29,424,109,432" alt="Transverse colon" title="Transverse colon" /><area href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" shape="rect" coords="29,406,58,414" alt="Colon (anatomy)" title="Colon (anatomy)" /><area href="/wiki/Bile_duct" shape="rect" coords="27,361,74,385" alt="Bile duct" title="Bile duct" /><area href="/wiki/Duodenum" shape="rect" coords="27,341,84,351" alt="Duodenum" title="Duodenum" /><area href="/wiki/Gallbladder" shape="rect" coords="27,321,88,330" alt="Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder" /><area href="/wiki/Liver" shape="rect" coords="27,303,52,312" alt="Liver" title="Liver" /><area href="/wiki/Human_oral_cavity" shape="rect" coords="102,120,158,132" alt="oral cavity" title="oral cavity" /></map><figcaption>Upper and lower human gastrointestinal tract</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>esophagus</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>), <b>oesophagus</b> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>), or œsophagus (<a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">archaic spelling</a>) (<a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#ae_and_oe" title="American and British English spelling differences">see spelling difference</a>) all <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>((o)e)(œ)sophagi</b> or (<b>(o)e)(œ)sophaguses</b>), colloquially known also as the <b>food pipe</b>, <b>food tube</b>, or <b>gullet</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> through which <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> passes, aided by <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristaltic contractions</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Human_pharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Human pharynx">pharynx</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>. The esophagus is a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fibromuscular" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:fibromuscular">fibromuscular</a> tube, about 25 cm (10 in) long in adults, that travels behind the <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Human heart">heart</a>, passes through the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>, and empties into the uppermost region of the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>. During swallowing, the <a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">epiglottis</a> tilts backwards to prevent food from going down the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> and lungs. The word <i>oesophagus</i> is from Ancient Greek οἰσοφάγος (oisophágos), from οἴσω (oísō), future form of φέρω (phérō, "I carry") + ἔφαγον (éphagon, "I ate"). </p><p>The wall of the esophagus from the <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a> outwards consists of <a href="/wiki/Mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosa">mucosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submucosa" title="Submucosa">submucosa</a> (connective tissue), <a href="/wiki/Muscular_layer" title="Muscular layer">layers of muscle fibers</a> between layers of <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous tissue">fibrous tissue</a>, and an outer layer of connective tissue. The mucosa is a <a href="/wiki/Stratified_squamous_epithelium" title="Stratified squamous epithelium">stratified squamous epithelium</a> of around three layers of squamous cells, which contrasts to the <a href="/wiki/Simple_columnar_epithelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple columnar epithelia">single layer of columnar cells</a> of the stomach. The transition between these two types of epithelium is visible as a zig-zag line. Most of the muscle is <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> although <a href="/wiki/Striated_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Striated muscle">striated muscle</a> predominates in its upper third. It has two muscular rings or <a href="/wiki/Sphincter" title="Sphincter">sphincters</a> in its wall, one at the top and one at the bottom. The lower sphincter helps to prevent reflux of acidic stomach content. The esophagus has a rich blood supply and venous drainage. Its smooth muscle is innervated by involuntary nerves (<a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathetic nerve">sympathetic nerves</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_trunk" title="Sympathetic trunk">sympathetic trunk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasympathetic nerve">parasympathetic nerves</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a>) and in addition voluntary nerves (<a href="/wiki/Lower_motor_neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower motor neurons">lower motor neurons</a>) which are carried in the vagus nerve to innervate its striated muscle. </p><p>The esophagus passes through the thoracic cavity into the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a> into the stomach. </p><p>The esophagus may be affected by <a href="/wiki/GERD" class="mw-redirect" title="GERD">gastric reflux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oesophageal_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophageal cancer">cancer</a>, prominent dilated blood vessels called <a href="/wiki/Oesophageal_varices" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophageal varices">varices</a> that can bleed heavily, <a href="/wiki/Mallory-Weiss_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallory-Weiss Syndrome">tears</a>, constrictions, and disorders of motility. Diseases may cause difficulty swallowing (<a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">dysphagia</a>), painful swallowing (<a href="/wiki/Odynophagia" title="Odynophagia">odynophagia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chest_pain" title="Chest pain">chest pain</a>, or cause no symptoms at all. Clinical investigations include <a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_series" title="Upper gastrointestinal series">X-rays</a> when swallowing <a href="/wiki/Barium_sulphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium sulphate">barium sulfate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scans</a>. Surgically, the esophagus is difficult to access in part due to its position between critical organs and directly between the sternum and spinal column.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The esophagus is one of the upper parts of the <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestive system</a>. There are <a href="/wiki/Taste_bud" title="Taste bud">taste buds</a> on its upper part.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It begins at the back of the mouth, passing downward through the rear part of the <a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>, and into the stomach. In humans, the esophagus generally starts around the level of the sixth <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">cervical vertebra</a> behind the <a href="/wiki/Cricoid_cartilage" title="Cricoid cartilage">cricoid cartilage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a>, enters the diaphragm at about the level of the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_thoracic_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth thoracic vertebra">tenth thoracic vertebra</a>, and ends at the <a href="/wiki/Cardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardia">cardia</a> of the stomach, at the level of the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_thoracic_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleventh thoracic vertebra">eleventh thoracic vertebra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The esophagus is usually about 25 cm (10 in) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> serve the esophagus, with blood supply varying along its course. The upper parts of the esophagus and the upper esophageal sphincter receive blood from the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_thyroid_artery" title="Inferior thyroid artery">inferior thyroid artery</a>, the parts of the esophagus in the thorax from the <a href="/wiki/Bronchial_artery" title="Bronchial artery">bronchial arteries</a> and branches directly from the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_aorta" title="Thoracic aorta">thoracic aorta</a>, and the lower parts of the esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter receive blood from the <a href="/wiki/Left_gastric_artery" title="Left gastric artery">left gastric artery</a> and the left <a href="/wiki/Inferior_phrenic_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior phrenic artery">inferior phrenic artery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KUO2006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUO2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PATTI1997_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PATTI1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The venous drainage also differs along the course of the esophagus. The upper and middle parts of the esophagus drain into the <a href="/wiki/Azygos_vein" title="Azygos vein">azygos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemiazygos_vein" title="Hemiazygos vein">hemiazygos veins</a>, and blood from the lower part drains into the <a href="/wiki/Left_gastric_vein" title="Left gastric vein">left gastric vein</a>. All these veins drain into the <a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">superior vena cava</a>, with the exception of the left gastric vein, which is a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Portal_vein" title="Portal vein">portal vein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KUO2006_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUO2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lymphatically, the upper third of the esophagus drains into the <a href="/wiki/Deep_cervical_lymph_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep cervical lymph node">deep cervical lymph nodes</a>, the middle into the superior and posterior mediastinal lymph nodes, and the lower esophagus into the <a href="/wiki/Gastric_lymph_nodes" title="Gastric lymph nodes">gastric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celiac_lymph_nodes" title="Celiac lymph nodes">celiac lymph nodes</a>. This is similar to the lymphatic drainage of the abdominal structures that arise from the <a href="/wiki/Foregut" title="Foregut">foregut</a>, which all drain into the celiac nodes.<sup id="cite_ref-KUO2006_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUO2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Position</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relations_of_the_aorta,_trachea,_esophagus_and_other_heart_structures.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing the esophagus passing behind the human trachea and heart." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Relations_of_the_aorta%2C_trachea%2C_esophagus_and_other_heart_structures.png/200px-Relations_of_the_aorta%2C_trachea%2C_esophagus_and_other_heart_structures.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Relations_of_the_aorta%2C_trachea%2C_esophagus_and_other_heart_structures.png/300px-Relations_of_the_aorta%2C_trachea%2C_esophagus_and_other_heart_structures.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Relations_of_the_aorta%2C_trachea%2C_esophagus_and_other_heart_structures.png/400px-Relations_of_the_aorta%2C_trachea%2C_esophagus_and_other_heart_structures.png 2x" data-file-width="2089" data-file-height="1645" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The esophagus (yellow) passes behind the <a href="/wiki/Human_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Human trachea">trachea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Human_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Human heart">heart</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1032.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of thorax showing the esophagus and surrounding structures." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gray1032.png/200px-Gray1032.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gray1032.png/300px-Gray1032.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gray1032.png/400px-Gray1032.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="559" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The upper esophagus lies at the back of the mediastinum behind the <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a>, adjoining along the <a href="/wiki/Tracheoesophageal_stripe" title="Tracheoesophageal stripe">tracheoesophageal stripe</a>, and in front of the <a href="/wiki/Erector_spinae_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Erector spinae muscle">erector spinae muscles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a>. The lower esophagus lies behind the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> and curves in front of the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_aorta" title="Thoracic aorta">thoracic aorta</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/Carina_of_trachea" title="Carina of trachea">bifurcation of the trachea</a> downwards, the esophagus passes behind the right <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left_main_bronchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Left main bronchus">left main bronchus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Left_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Left atrium">left atrium</a>. At this point, it passes through the diaphragm.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_duct" title="Thoracic duct">thoracic duct</a>, which drains the majority of the body's <a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">lymph</a>, passes behind the esophagus, curving from lying behind the esophagus on the right in the lower part of the esophagus, to lying behind the esophagus on the left in the upper esophagus. The esophagus also lies in front of parts of the <a href="/wiki/Hemiazygos_vein" title="Hemiazygos vein">hemiazygos veins</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal vein">intercostal veins</a> on the right side. The <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a> divides and covers the esophagus in a <a href="/wiki/Plexus" title="Plexus">plexus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Constrictions</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu_esophagus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing the four constrictions of the esophagus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Illu_esophagus.jpg/220px-Illu_esophagus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Illu_esophagus.jpg/330px-Illu_esophagus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Illu_esophagus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>The esophagus is constricted in three places.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Constrictions subsection states 'four points'. Also, image does not show points of constriction (June 2020)">inconsistent</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The esophagus has four points of constriction. When a corrosive substance, or a solid object is swallowed, it is most likely to lodge and damage one of these four points. These constrictions arise from particular structures that compress the esophagus. These constrictions are:<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>At the start of the esophagus, where the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx#Laryngopharynx" title="Pharynx">laryngopharynx</a> joins the esophagus, behind the <a href="/wiki/Cricoid_cartilage" title="Cricoid cartilage">cricoid cartilage</a></li> <li>Where it is crossed on the front by the <a href="/wiki/Aortic_arch" title="Aortic arch">aortic arch</a> in the superior <a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a></li> <li>Where the esophagus is compressed by the left main <a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">bronchus</a> in the posterior mediastinum</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_hiatus" title="Esophageal hiatus">esophageal hiatus</a>, where it passes through the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a> in the posterior mediastinum</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sphincters">Sphincters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sphincters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The esophagus is surrounded at the top and bottom by two muscular rings, known respectively as the upper esophageal sphincter and the lower esophageal sphincter.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Sphincter" title="Sphincter">sphincters</a> act to close the esophagus when food is not being swallowed. The upper esophageal sphincter is an anatomical sphincter, which is formed by the lower portion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor, also known as the cricopharyngeal sphincter due to its relation with <a href="/wiki/Cricoid_cartilage" title="Cricoid cartilage">cricoid cartilage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> anteriorly. However, the lower esophageal sphincter is not an anatomical but rather a functional sphincter, meaning that it acts as a sphincter but does not have a distinct thickening like other sphincters. </p><p>The upper esophageal sphincter surrounds the upper part of the esophagus. It consists of <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a> but is not under <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">voluntary control</a>. Opening of the upper esophageal sphincter is triggered by the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_reflex" title="Pharyngeal reflex">swallowing reflex</a>. The primary muscle of the upper esophageal sphincter is the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle#Origin_and_insertion" title="Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle">cricopharyngeal part</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_pharyngeal_constrictor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior pharyngeal constrictor">inferior pharyngeal constrictor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lower esophageal sphincter, or gastroesophageal sphincter, surrounds the lower part of the esophagus at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach.<sup id="cite_ref-GUYTONHALL2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUYTONHALL2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also called the cardiac sphincter or cardioesophageal sphincter, named from the adjacent part of the stomach, the <i><a href="/wiki/Cardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardia">cardia</a></i>. Dysfunction of the gastroesophageal sphincter causes gastroesophageal <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reflux#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:reflux">reflux</a>, which causes <a href="/wiki/Heartburn" title="Heartburn">heartburn</a>, and, if it happens often enough, can lead to <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a>, with damage of the esophageal mucosa.<sup id="cite_ref-Kahrilas_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahrilas-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nerve_supply">Nerve supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nerve supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The esophagus is innervated by the vagus nerve and the cervical and thoracic <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_trunk" title="Sympathetic trunk">sympathetic trunk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KUO2006_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUO2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vagus nerve has a <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasympathetic nerve">parasympathetic</a> function, supplying the muscles of the esophagus and stimulating glandular contraction. Two sets of nerve fibers travel in the vagus nerve to supply the muscles. The upper striated muscle, and upper esophageal sphincter, are supplied by neurons with bodies in the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">nucleus ambiguus</a>, whereas fibers that supply the smooth muscle and lower esophageal sphincter have bodies situated in the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_motor_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal motor nucleus">dorsal motor nucleus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KUO2006_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUO2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vagus nerve plays the primary role in initiating <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sympathetic trunk has a <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathetic nerve">sympathetic</a> function. It may enhance the function of the vagus nerve, increasing peristalsis and glandular activity, and causing sphincter contraction. In addition, sympathetic activation may relax the muscle wall and cause blood vessel constriction.<sup id="cite_ref-KUO2006_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUO2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sensation along the esophagus is supplied by both nerves, with gross sensation being passed in the vagus nerve and pain passed up the sympathetic trunk.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gastroesophageal_junction">Gastroesophageal junction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gastroesophageal junction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gastroesophageal junction (also known as the esophagogastric junction) is the junction between the esophagus and the stomach, at the lower end of the esophagus.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pink color of the esophageal mucosa contrasts to the deeper red of the gastric mucosa,<sup id="cite_ref-KUO2006_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUO2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GD2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GD2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the mucosal transition can be seen as an irregular zig-zag line, which is often called the z-line.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Histological examination reveals abrupt transition between the <a href="/wiki/Stratified_squamous_epithelium" title="Stratified squamous epithelium">stratified squamous epithelium</a> of the esophagus and the <a href="/wiki/Simple_columnar_epithelium" title="Simple columnar epithelium">simple columnar epithelium</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore-Agur_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-Agur-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normally, the <a href="/wiki/Stomach#Sections" title="Stomach">cardia</a> of the stomach is immediately distal to the z-line<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the z-line coincides with the upper limit of the gastric folds of the cardia; however, when the anatomy of the mucosa is distorted in <a href="/wiki/Barrett%27s_esophagus" title="Barrett's esophagus">Barrett's esophagus</a> the true gastroesophageal junction can be identified by the upper limit of the gastric folds rather than the mucosal transition.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The functional location of the lower oesophageal sphincter is generally situated about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3 cm (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) below the z-line.<sup id="cite_ref-KUO2006_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUO2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microanatomy">Microanatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Microanatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_wall" title="Gastrointestinal wall">Gastrointestinal wall</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:390px;max-width:390px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:453px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tinci%C3%B3n_hematoxilina-eosina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Histological section of the esophageal wall." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tinci%C3%B3n_hematoxilina-eosina.jpg/388px-Tinci%C3%B3n_hematoxilina-eosina.jpg" decoding="async" width="388" height="454" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Tinci%C3%B3n_hematoxilina-eosina.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="462" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/H%26E" class="mw-redirect" title="H&E">H&E</a> stain of a <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> of the normal esophageal wall, showing the stratified <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell">squamous cell</a> <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> of the esophageal wall</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gastro-esophageal_jxn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Histological section showing the gastroesophageal junction, with a black arrow pointing to the junction." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gastro-esophageal_jxn.JPG/165px-Gastro-esophageal_jxn.JPG" decoding="async" width="165" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gastro-esophageal_jxn.JPG/248px-Gastro-esophageal_jxn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gastro-esophageal_jxn.JPG/330px-Gastro-esophageal_jxn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histological</a> section of the gastroesophageal junction, with a black arrow indicating the junction</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:221px;max-width:221px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Histology_of_Esophagus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Histology of Esophagus.svg"><img alt="Schematic diagram showing all the 4 layers of the wall of the Esophagus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Histology_of_Esophagus.svg/219px-Histology_of_Esophagus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="219" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Histology_of_Esophagus.svg/329px-Histology_of_Esophagus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Histology_of_Esophagus.svg/438px-Histology_of_Esophagus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Schematic" title="Schematic">Schematic</a> diagram showing all the 4 layers of the wall of the Esophagus</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257611116">.mw-parser-output .gastrointestinal-wall-series{width:21em;border:1px solid blue}.mw-parser-output .gastrointestinal-wall-series .sidebar-list-title{background:MistyRose}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks gastrointestinal-wall-series hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg/200px-Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg/300px-Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg/400px-Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="431" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">This article is one of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_wall" title="Gastrointestinal wall">Gastrointestinal wall</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_epithelium" title="Intestinal epithelium">Epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">Mucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submucosa" title="Submucosa">Submucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_layer" title="Muscular layer">Circular muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_layer" title="Muscular layer">Longitudinal muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serous_membrane" title="Serous membrane">Serosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventitia" title="Adventitia">Adventitia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Specific</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meissner%27s_plexus" class="mw-redirect" title="Meissner's plexus">Meissner's plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auerbach%27s_plexus" class="mw-redirect" title="Auerbach's plexus">Auerbach's plexus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Organs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Histology">Esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach#Histology" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestines#Histology" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestines">Intestines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gastrointestinal_wall_series" title="Template:Gastrointestinal wall series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gastrointestinal_wall_series" title="Template talk:Gastrointestinal wall series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal_wall_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal wall series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The human esophagus has a <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membrane</a> consisting of a tough <a href="/wiki/Stratified_squamous_epithelium" title="Stratified squamous epithelium">stratified squamous epithelium</a> without <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>, a smooth <a href="/wiki/Lamina_propria" title="Lamina propria">lamina propria</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Muscularis_mucosae" title="Muscularis mucosae">muscularis mucosae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KUO2006_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUO2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The epithelium of the esophagus has a relatively rapid turnover and serves a protective function against the abrasive effects of food. In many animals, the epithelium contains a layer of keratin, representing a coarser diet.<sup id="cite_ref-ross_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two types of glands, with mucus-secreting <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_gland" title="Esophageal gland">esophageal glands</a> being found in the <a href="/wiki/Submucosa" title="Submucosa">submucosa</a> and esophageal cardiac glands, similar to <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac glands">cardiac glands</a> of the stomach, located in the lamina propria and most frequent in the terminal part of the organ.<sup id="cite_ref-ross_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a> from the glands gives a good protection to the lining.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The submucosa also contains the <a href="/wiki/Submucosal_plexus" title="Submucosal plexus">submucosal plexus</a>, a network of <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">nerve cells</a> that is part of the <a href="/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system" title="Enteric nervous system">enteric nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ross_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Muscular_layer" title="Muscular layer">muscular layer</a> of the esophagus has two types of muscle. The upper third of the esophagus contains <a href="/wiki/Striated_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Striated muscle">striated muscle</a>, the lower third contains <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a>, and the middle third contains a mixture of both.<sup id="cite_ref-KUO2006_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUO2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muscle is arranged in two layers: one in which the muscle fibers run longitudinal to the esophagus, and the other in which the fibers encircle the esophagus. These are separated by the <a href="/wiki/Myenteric_plexus" title="Myenteric plexus">myenteric plexus</a>, a tangled network of nerve fibers involved in the secretion of mucus and in peristalsis of the smooth muscle of the esophagus. The outermost layer of the esophagus is the <a href="/wiki/Adventitia" title="Adventitia">adventitia</a> in most of its length, with the abdominal part being covered in <a href="/wiki/Serosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Serosa">serosa</a>. This makes it distinct from many other structures in the gastrointestinal tract that only have a serosa.<sup id="cite_ref-KUO2006_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUO2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early <a href="/wiki/Human_embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human embryogenesis">embryogenesis</a>, the esophagus develops from the <a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">endodermal</a> <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">primitive gut tube</a>. The ventral part of the embryo abuts the <a href="/wiki/Yolk_sac" title="Yolk sac">yolk sac</a>. During the second week of embryological development, as the embryo grows, it begins to surround parts of the sac. The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract.<sup id="cite_ref-LARSEN2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARSEN2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sac is surrounded by a network of <a href="/wiki/Vitelline_arteries" title="Vitelline arteries">vitelline arteries</a>. Over time, these arteries consolidate into the three main arteries that supply the developing gastrointestinal tract: the <a href="/wiki/Celiac_artery" title="Celiac artery">celiac artery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_artery" title="Superior mesenteric artery">superior mesenteric artery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_mesenteric_artery" title="Inferior mesenteric artery">inferior mesenteric artery</a>. The areas supplied by these arteries are used to define the <a href="/wiki/Midgut" title="Midgut">midgut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindgut" title="Hindgut">hindgut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foregut" title="Foregut">foregut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LARSEN2009_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARSEN2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The surrounded sac becomes the primitive gut. Sections of this gut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the esophagus, <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LARSEN2009_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARSEN2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The esophagus develops as part of the foregut tube.<sup id="cite_ref-LARSEN2009_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARSEN2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The innervation of the esophagus develops from the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_arch" title="Pharyngeal arch">pharyngeal arches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swallowing">Swallowing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Swallowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Food is <a href="/wiki/Ingestion" title="Ingestion">ingested</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a> and when <a href="/wiki/Swallowed" class="mw-redirect" title="Swallowed">swallowed</a> passes first into the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> and then into the esophagus. The esophagus is thus one of the first components of the <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestive system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>. After food passes through the esophagus, it enters the stomach.<sup id="cite_ref-GUYTONHALL2005_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUYTONHALL2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When food is being swallowed, the <a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">epiglottis</a> moves backward to cover the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>, preventing food from entering the <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a>. At the same time, the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing a <a href="/wiki/Bolus_(digestion)" title="Bolus (digestion)">bolus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> to enter. <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">Peristaltic</a> contractions of the esophageal muscle push the food down the esophagus. These rhythmic contractions occur both as a reflex response to food that is in the mouth, and also as a response to the sensation of food within the esophagus itself. Along with peristalsis, the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes.<sup id="cite_ref-GUYTONHALL2005_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUYTONHALL2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reducing_gastric_reflux">Reducing gastric reflux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reducing gastric reflux"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stomach produces <a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">gastric acid</a>, a strongly <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a> mixture consisting of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> (HCl) and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">potassium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium</a> salts to enable food <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>. Constriction of the upper and lower esophageal sphincters helps to prevent reflux (backflow) of gastric contents and acid into the esophagus, protecting the esophageal mucosa. The acute <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_His" title="Angle of His">angle of His</a> and the lower <a href="/wiki/Crura_of_the_diaphragm" class="mw-redirect" title="Crura of the diaphragm">crura of the diaphragm</a> also help this sphincteric action.<sup id="cite_ref-GUYTONHALL2005_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUYTONHALL2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gene_and_protein_expression">Gene and protein expression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gene and protein expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 20,000 protein-coding genes are expressed in human cells and nearly 70% of these genes are expressed in the normal esophagus.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 250 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the esophagus with less than 50 genes being highly specific. The corresponding esophagus-specific proteins are mainly involved in squamous differentiation such as <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratins</a> <a href="/wiki/Keratin_13" title="Keratin 13">KRT13</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keratin_4" title="Keratin 4">KRT4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keratin_6C" title="Keratin 6C">KRT6C</a>. Other specific proteins that help lubricate the inner surface of esophagus are <a href="/wiki/Mucin" title="Mucin">mucins</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mucin_21,_cell_surface_associated" title="Mucin 21, cell surface associated">MUC21</a> and MUC22. Many genes with elevated expression are also shared with skin and other organs that are composed of <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">squamous epithelia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main conditions affecting the esophagus are described here. For a more complete list, see <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_disease" title="Esophageal disease">esophageal disease</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflammation">Inflammation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Inflammation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Esophagitis" title="Esophagitis">Esophagitis</a></div> <p>Inflammation of the esophagus is known as <a href="/wiki/Esophagitis" title="Esophagitis">esophagitis</a>. <a href="/wiki/GERD" class="mw-redirect" title="GERD">Reflux</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">gastric acids</a> from the stomach, infection, substances ingested (for example, <a href="/wiki/Corrosive_substance" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosive substance">corrosives</a>), some <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">medications</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">bisphosphonates</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Food_allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Food allergies">food allergies</a> can all lead to esophagitis. <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_candidiasis" title="Esophageal candidiasis">Esophageal candidiasis</a> is an infection of the yeast <i><a href="/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans">Candida albicans</a></i> that may occur when a person is <a href="/wiki/Immunocompromised" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunocompromised">immunocompromised</a>. As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the causes of some forms of esophagitis, such as <a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_esophagitis" title="Eosinophilic esophagitis">eosinophilic esophagitis</a>, are not well-characterized, but may include <a href="/wiki/Th2" class="mw-redirect" title="Th2">Th2</a>-mediated <a href="/wiki/Atopy" title="Atopy">atopies</a> or genetic factors. There appear to be correlations between eosinophilic esophagitis, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> (itself with an <a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic" title="Eosinophilic">eosinophilic</a> component), <a href="/wiki/Eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczema">eczema</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis" title="Allergic rhinitis">allergic rhinitis</a>, though it is not clear whether these conditions contribute to eosinophilic esophagitis or vice versa, or if they are symptoms of mutual underlying factors.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esophagitis can cause <a href="/wiki/Odynophagia" title="Odynophagia">painful swallowing</a> and is usually treated by managing the cause of the esophagitis - such as managing reflux or treating infection.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barrett's_esophagus"><span id="Barrett.27s_esophagus"></span>Barrett's esophagus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Barrett's esophagus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barrett%27s_esophagus" title="Barrett's esophagus">Barrett's esophagus</a></div> <p>Prolonged esophagitis, particularly from gastric reflux, is one factor thought to play a role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Barrett%27s_esophagus" title="Barrett's esophagus">Barrett's esophagus</a>. In this condition, there is <a href="/wiki/Metaplasia" title="Metaplasia">metaplasia</a> of the lining of the lower esophagus, which changes from <a href="/wiki/Stratified_squamous_epithelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratified squamous epithelia">stratified squamous epithelia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Simple_columnar_epithelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple columnar epithelia">simple columnar epithelia</a>. Barrett's esophagus is thought to be one of the main contributors to the development of <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer" title="Esophageal cancer">esophageal cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer">Cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer" title="Esophageal cancer">Esophageal cancer</a></div> <p>There are two main types of <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer" title="Esophageal cancer">cancer of the esophagus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">Squamous cell carcinoma</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">carcinoma</a> that can occur in the squamous cells lining the esophagus. This type is much more common in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. The other main type is an <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">adenocarcinoma</a> that occurs in the glands or columnar tissue of the esophagus. This is most common in <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a> in those with Barrett's esophagus, and occurs in the cuboidal cells.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its early stages, esophageal cancer may not have any symptoms at all. When severe, esophageal cancer may eventually cause obstruction of the esophagus, making swallowing of any solid foods very difficult and causing weight loss. The progress of the cancer is <a href="/wiki/TNM_staging" class="mw-redirect" title="TNM staging">staged using a system</a> that measures how far into the esophageal wall the cancer has invaded, how many <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a> are affected, and whether there are any <a href="/wiki/Metastases" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastases">metastases</a> in different parts of the body. Esophageal cancer is often managed with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and may also be managed by <a href="/wiki/Esophagectomy" title="Esophagectomy">partial surgical removal of the esophagus</a>. Inserting a <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_stent" title="Esophageal stent">stent</a> into the esophagus, or inserting a <a href="/wiki/Nasogastric_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasogastric tube">nasogastric tube</a>, may also be used to ensure that a person is able to digest enough food and water. As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the prognosis for esophageal cancer is still poor, so <a href="/wiki/Palliative_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Palliative therapy">palliative therapy</a> may also be a focus of treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varices">Varices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Varices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_varices" title="Esophageal varices">Esophageal varices</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_varices" title="Esophageal varices">Esophageal varices</a> are swollen twisted branches of the <a href="/wiki/Azygous_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Azygous vein">azygous vein</a> in the lower third of the esophagus. These blood vessels <a href="/wiki/Anastomose" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastomose">anastomose</a> (join up) with those of the <a href="/wiki/Portal_vein" title="Portal vein">portal vein</a> when <a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertension" title="Portal hypertension">portal hypertension</a> develops.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These blood vessels are engorged more than normal, and in the worst cases may partially obstruct the esophagus. These blood vessels develop as part of a collateral circulation that occurs to drain blood from the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> as a result of <a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertension" title="Portal hypertension">portal hypertension</a>, usually as a result of <a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">liver diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 941–42">: 941–42 </span></sup> This collateral circulation occurs because the lower part of the esophagus drains into the left gastric vein, which is a branch of the portal vein. Because of the extensive venous plexus that exists between this vein and other veins, if portal hypertension occurs, the direction of blood drainage in this vein may reverse, with blood draining from the portal venous system, through the plexus. Veins in the plexus may engorge and lead to varices.<sup id="cite_ref-KUO2006_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUO2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PATTI1997_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PATTI1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Esophageal varices often do not have symptoms until they rupture. A ruptured varix is considered a medical emergency because varices can bleed a lot. A bleeding varix may cause a person <a href="/wiki/Haematemesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Haematemesis">to vomit blood</a>, or suffer <a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">shock</a>. To deal with a ruptured varix, a band may be placed around the bleeding blood vessel, or a small amount of a clotting agent may be injected near the bleed. A surgeon may also try to use a small inflatable balloon to apply pressure to stop the wound. <a href="/wiki/IV_fluids" class="mw-redirect" title="IV fluids">IV fluids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_product" title="Blood product">blood products</a> may be given in order to prevent <a href="/wiki/Hypovolemia" title="Hypovolemia">hypovolemia</a> from excess blood loss.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motility_disorders">Motility disorders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Motility disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several disorders affect the motility of food as it travels down the esophagus. This can cause difficult swallowing, called <a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">dysphagia</a>, or painful swallowing, called <a href="/wiki/Odynophagia" title="Odynophagia">odynophagia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Achalasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Achalasia">Achalasia</a> refers to a failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax properly, and generally develops later in life. This leads to progressive enlargement of the esophagus, and possibly eventual <a href="/wiki/Megaesophagus" title="Megaesophagus">megaesophagus</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_esophagus" title="Nutcracker esophagus">nutcracker esophagus</a> refers to swallowing that can be extremely painful. <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_esophageal_spasm" title="Diffuse esophageal spasm">Diffuse esophageal spasm</a> is a spasm of the esophagus that can be one cause of chest pain. Such <a href="/wiki/Referred_pain" title="Referred pain">referred pain</a> to the wall of the upper chest is quite common in esophageal conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sclerosis of the esophagus, such as with <a href="/wiki/Systemic_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic sclerosis">systemic sclerosis</a> or in <a href="/wiki/CREST_syndrome" title="CREST syndrome">CREST syndrome</a> may cause hardening of the walls of the esophagus and interfere with peristalsis.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malformations">Malformations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Malformations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_stricture" title="Esophageal stricture">Esophageal strictures</a> are usually benign and typically develop after a person has had <a href="/wiki/GERD" class="mw-redirect" title="GERD">reflux</a> for many years. Other strictures may include <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_web" title="Esophageal web">esophageal webs</a> (which can also be congenital) and damage to the esophagus by radiotherapy, corrosive ingestion, or eosinophilic esophagitis. A <a href="/wiki/Schatzki_ring" title="Schatzki ring">Schatzki ring</a> is fibrosis at the gastroesophageal junction. Strictures may also develop in chronic <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plummer-Vinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Plummer-Vinson">Plummer-Vinson</a> syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two of the most common <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">congenital</a> malformations affecting the esophagus are an <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_atresia" title="Esophageal atresia">esophageal atresia</a> where the esophagus ends in a blind sac instead of connecting to the stomach; and an <a href="/wiki/Tracheoesophageal_fistula" title="Tracheoesophageal fistula">esophageal fistula</a> – an abnormal connection between the esophagus and the trachea.<sup id="cite_ref-Larsen_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larsen-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of these conditions usually occur together.<sup id="cite_ref-Larsen_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larsen-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are found in about 1 in 3500 births.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Half of these cases may be part of a <a href="/wiki/Syndrome" title="Syndrome">syndrome</a> where other abnormalities are also present, particularly of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> or <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limbs</a>. The other cases occur singly.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imaging">Imaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mid_esophageal_mass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mid_esophageal_mass.jpg/220px-Mid_esophageal_mass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Mid_esophageal_mass.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>A mass seen during an <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopy</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasound" title="Medical ultrasound">ultrasound</a> of the mass conducted during the endoscopy session.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> of <a href="/wiki/Barium_swallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium swallow">swallowed barium</a> may be used to reveal the size and shape of the esophagus, and the presence of any masses. The esophagus may also be <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">imaged</a> using a flexible camera inserted into the esophagus, in a procedure called an <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopy</a>. If an endoscopy is used on the stomach, the camera will also have to pass through the esophagus. During an endoscopy, a <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> may be taken. If cancer of the esophagus is being investigated, other methods, including a <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a>, may also be used.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>esophagus</i> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>: <i>oesophagus</i>), comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">οἰσοφάγος</span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">oisophagos</i></span>) meaning <i>gullet</i>. It derives from <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English#Oesophag-" title="List of Greek and Latin roots in English">two roots</a> <i>(eosin)</i> to carry and (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">phagos</i></span>) to eat.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper2014_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper2014-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the word oesophagus, has been documented in anatomical literature since at least the time of <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>, who noted that "the oesophagus ... receives the greatest amount of what we consume."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its existence in other animals and its relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> was documented by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (AD23–AD79),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristaltic</a> contractions of the esophagus have been documented since at least the time of <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first attempt at surgery on the esophagus focused in the neck, and was conducted in dogs by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Billroth" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Billroth">Theodore Billroth</a> in 1871. In 1877 <a href="/wiki/Vincenz_Czerny" title="Vincenz Czerny">Czerny</a> carried out surgery in people. By 1908, an operation had been performed by Voeckler to remove the esophagus, and in 1933 the first surgical removal of parts of the lower esophagus, (to control <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer" title="Esophageal cancer">esophageal cancer</a>), had been conducted.<sup id="cite_ref-NORTON2008_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORTON2008-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nissen_fundoplication" title="Nissen fundoplication">Nissen fundoplication</a>, in which the stomach is wrapped around the lower <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_sphincter" class="mw-redirect" title="Esophageal sphincter">esophageal sphincter</a> to stimulate its function and control <a href="/wiki/GERD" class="mw-redirect" title="GERD">reflux</a>, was first conducted by <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Nissen" title="Rudolph Nissen">Rudolph Nissen</a> in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-NORTON2008_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORTON2008-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Vertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Snake-anatomy.svg/200px-Snake-anatomy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Snake-anatomy.svg/300px-Snake-anatomy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Snake-anatomy.svg/400px-Snake-anatomy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="590" usemap="#ImageMap_84a5c93450f7671a" resource="/wiki/File:Snake-anatomy.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_84a5c93450f7671a"><area href="/wiki/Esophagus" shape="rect" coords="117,26,130,45" alt="1: esophagus" title="1: esophagus" /><area href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" shape="rect" coords="73,0,87,15" alt="2: trachea" title="2: trachea" /><area href="/wiki/Tracheal_lungs" shape="rect" coords="46,4,60,23" alt="3:tracheal lungs" title="3:tracheal lungs" /><area href="/wiki/Rudimentary_left_lung" shape="rect" coords="1,29,13,45" alt="4: rudimentary left lung" title="4: rudimentary left lung" /><area href="/wiki/Right_lung" shape="rect" coords="44,42,57,63" alt="4: right lung" title="4: right lung" /><area href="/wiki/Heart" shape="rect" coords="14,9,28,26" alt="6: heart" title="6: heart" /><area href="/wiki/Liver" shape="rect" coords="37,93,52,114" alt="7: liver" title="7: liver" /><area href="/wiki/Stomach" shape="rect" coords="96,64,114,82" alt="8 stomach" title="8 stomach" /><area href="/wiki/Lung#Reptiles" shape="rect" coords="93,102,111,123" alt="9: air sac" title="9: air sac" /><area href="/wiki/Gallbladder" shape="rect" coords="136,28,157,49" alt="10: gallbladder" title="10: gallbladder" /><area href="/wiki/Pancreas" shape="rect" coords="165,32,185,51" alt="11: pancreas" title="11: pancreas" /><area href="/wiki/Spleen" shape="rect" coords="113,93,134,113" alt="12: spleen" title="12: spleen" /><area href="/wiki/Intestine" shape="rect" coords="176,52,197,70" alt="13: intestine" title="13: intestine" /><area href="/wiki/Testicles" shape="rect" coords="135,93,155,111" alt="14: testicles" title="14: testicles" /><area href="/wiki/Kidney" shape="rect" coords="122,116,144,136" alt="15: kidneys" title="15: kidneys" /></map><figcaption>Anatomy of a snake.<sup><small><a href="/wiki/File:Snake-anatomy.svg" title="File:Snake-anatomy.svg">file info</a></small></sup> <div><ol style="list-style-type:decimal"><li>esophagus</li><li>trachea</li><li>tracheal lungs</li><li>rudimentary left lung</li><li>right lung</li><li>heart</li><li>liver</li><li>stomach</li><li>air sac</li><li>gallbladder</li><li>pancreas</li><li>spleen</li><li>intestine</li><li>testicles</li><li>kidneys</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biliary_system_multilingual.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Biliary_system_multilingual.svg/279px-Biliary_system_multilingual.svg.png" decoding="async" width="279" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Biliary_system_multilingual.svg/419px-Biliary_system_multilingual.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Biliary_system_multilingual.svg/558px-Biliary_system_multilingual.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>1. <i><b><a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">Bile ducts</a></b></i>: <br />       2. <a href="/wiki/Intrahepatic_bile_ducts" title="Intrahepatic bile ducts">Intrahepatic bile ducts</a> <br />       3. <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_ducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic ducts">Left and right hepatic ducts</a> <br />       4. <a href="/wiki/Common_hepatic_duct" title="Common hepatic duct">Common hepatic duct</a> <br />       5. <a href="/wiki/Cystic_duct" title="Cystic duct">Cystic duct</a> <br />       6. <a href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">Common bile duct</a> <br />       7. <a href="/wiki/Ampulla_of_Vater" title="Ampulla of Vater">Ampulla of Vater</a> <br />       8. <a href="/wiki/Major_duodenal_papilla" title="Major duodenal papilla">Major duodenal papilla</a><br /> 9. <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">Gallbladder</a> <br /> 10–11. <a href="/wiki/Right_lobe_of_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Right lobe of liver">Right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left_lobe_of_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Left lobe of liver">left</a> lobes of <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> <br /> 12. <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">Spleen</a> <br /> 13. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Esophagus</a> <br /> 14. <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a> <br /> 15. <i><b><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></b></i>: <br />       16. <a href="/wiki/Accessory_pancreatic_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory pancreatic duct">Accessory pancreatic duct</a> <br />       17. <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_duct" title="Pancreatic duct">Pancreatic duct</a> <br /> 18. <i><b><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></b></i>: <br />       19. <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a> <br />       20. <a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">Jejunum</a> <br /> 21–22. Right and left <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> <br /> The front border of the liver has been lifted up (brown arrow).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>, the pharynx is much shorter, and the esophagus correspondingly longer, than in fish. In the majority of vertebrates, the esophagus is simply a connecting tube, but in some <a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">birds</a>, which regurgitate components to feed their young, it is extended towards the lower end to form a <a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a> for storing food before it enters the true stomach.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CA_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>, animals with four chambered stomachs, a groove called the <i>sulcus reticuli</i> is often found in the esophagus, allowing milk to drain directly into the hind stomach, the <a href="/wiki/Abomasum" title="Abomasum">abomasum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> the esophagus is about 1.2 to 1.5 m (4 to 5 ft) in length, and carries food to the stomach. A muscular ring, called the cardiac sphincter, connects the stomach to the esophagus. This sphincter is very well developed in horses. This and the oblique angle at which the esophagus connects to the stomach explains why horses cannot <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vet_handbook_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vet_handbook-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The esophagus is also the area of the digestive tract where horses may have the condition known as <a href="/wiki/Choke_(horse)" title="Choke (horse)">choke</a>. </p><p>The esophagus of <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> is remarkable for the distension it undergoes when swallowing prey.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most fish, the esophagus is extremely short, primarily due to the length of the pharynx (which is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a>). However, some fish, including <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lampreys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chimaera" title="Chimaera">chimaeras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">lungfish</a>, have no true stomach, so that the esophagus effectively runs from the pharynx directly to the <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestine</a>, and is therefore somewhat longer.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many vertebrates, the esophagus is lined by <a href="/wiki/Stratified_squamous_epithelium" title="Stratified squamous epithelium">stratified squamous epithelium</a> without glands. In fish, the esophagus is often lined with <a href="/wiki/Columnar_epithelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnar epithelium">columnar epithelium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CA_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray (fish)">rays</a>, the esophageal epithelium is <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">ciliated</a>, helping to wash food along, in addition to the action of muscular peristalsis.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, in the <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bat</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Plecotus_auritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Plecotus auritus">Plecotus auritus</a></i>, fish and some amphibians, glands secreting <a href="/wiki/Pepsinogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepsinogen">pepsinogen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-CA_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The muscle of the esophagus in many mammals is initially striated but then becomes smooth muscle in the caudal third or so. In <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">canines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>, however, it is entirely striated to allow regurgitation to feed young (canines) or regurgitation to chew cud (ruminants). It is entirely smooth muscle in amphibians, reptiles and birds.<sup id="cite_ref-CA_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to popular belief,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an adult <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a> would not be able to pass through the esophagus of a <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whale</a>, which generally measures less than 10 cm (4 in) in diameter, although in larger <a href="/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">baleen whales</a> it may be up to 25 cm (10 in) when fully distended.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Invertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A structure with the same name is often found in invertebrates, including <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, connecting the oral cavity with the stomach.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_of_gastropods" title="Digestive system of gastropods">digestive system of snails and slugs</a>, the mouth opens into an esophagus, which connects to the stomach. Because of <a href="/wiki/Torsion_(gastropod)" title="Torsion (gastropod)">torsion</a>, which is the rotation of the main body of the animal during larval development, the esophagus usually passes around the stomach, and opens into its back, furthest from the mouth. In species that have undergone de-torsion, however, the esophagus may open into the anterior of the stomach, which is the reverse of the usual gastropod arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes1982_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes1982-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an extensive <a href="/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)" title="Rostrum (anatomy)">rostrum</a> at the front of the esophagus in all carnivorous snails and slugs.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerlach_1998_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerlach_1998-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the freshwater snail species <i><a href="/wiki/Tarebia_granifera" title="Tarebia granifera">Tarebia granifera</a></i>, the brood pouch is above the esophagus.<sup id="cite_ref-Appleton_2009_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appleton_2009-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>, the brain often surrounds the esophagus.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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C., Forbes A. T.& Demetriades N. T. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/83/nr03/a04">"The occurrence, bionomics and potential impacts of the invasive freshwater snail <i>Tarebia granifera</i> (Lamarck, 1822) (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) in South Africa"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180451/http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/83/nr03/a04">Archived</a> 2014-04-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Zoologische Mededelingen</i> <b>83</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutschBreidbach1994" class="citation book cs1">Kutsch, W; Breidbach, O (1994). <i>The nervous systems of invertebrates : an evolutionary and comparative approach</i>. Basel: Birkhäuser. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-5076-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-5076-5"><bdi>978-3-7643-5076-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+nervous+systems+of+invertebrates+%3A+an+evolutionary+and+comparative+approach&rft.place=Basel&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3-7643-5076-5&rft.aulast=Kutsch&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Breidbach%2C+O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsophagus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esophagus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_gastrointestinal_tract,_excluding_the_mouth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Template:Gastrointestinal tract"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Template talk:Gastrointestinal tract"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal tract"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_gastrointestinal_tract,_excluding_the_mouth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>, excluding the <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">mouth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Pharynx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_muscles" title="Pharyngeal muscles">Muscles</a></li> <li>Spaces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peripharyngeal_space" title="Peripharyngeal space">peripharyngeal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retropharyngeal_space" title="Retropharyngeal space">retropharyngeal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapharyngeal_space" title="Parapharyngeal space">parapharyngeal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrovisceral_space" title="Retrovisceral space">retrovisceral </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danger_space" title="Danger space">danger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevertebral_space" title="Prevertebral space">prevertebral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterygomandibular_raphe" title="Pterygomandibular raphe">Pterygomandibular raphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_raphe" title="Pharyngeal raphe">Pharyngeal raphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccopharyngeal_fascia" title="Buccopharyngeal fascia">Buccopharyngeal fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngobasilar_fascia" title="Pharyngobasilar fascia">Pharyngobasilar fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyriform_sinus" title="Pyriform sinus">Pyriform sinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sphincters <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sphincters">upper</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sphincters">lower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_gland" title="Esophageal gland">glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Curvatures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curvatures_of_the_stomach#Greater_curvature" title="Curvatures of the stomach">greater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curvatures_of_the_stomach#Lesser_curvature" title="Curvatures of the stomach">lesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_incisure" title="Angular incisure">Angular incisure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach#Sections" title="Stomach">Cardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach#Structure" title="Stomach">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach#Structure" title="Stomach">Fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylorus" title="Pylorus">Pylorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_mucosa" title="Gastric mucosa">Gastric mucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_folds" title="Gastric folds">Gastric folds</a></li> <li>Microanatomy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_pits" title="Gastric pits">Gastric pits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_glands" title="Gastric glands">Gastric glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac glands">Cardiac glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundic_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundic glands">Fundic glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylorus#Histology" title="Pylorus">Pyloric glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveolar_cell" title="Foveolar cell">Foveolar cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_cell" title="Parietal cell">Parietal cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_chief_cell" title="Gastric chief cell">Gastric chief cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterochromaffin-like_cell" title="Enterochromaffin-like cell">Enterochromaffin-like cells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microanatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_villus" title="Intestinal villus">Intestinal villi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microvillus" title="Microvillus">Microvilli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_gland" title="Intestinal gland">Intestinal glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterocyte" title="Enterocyte">Enterocytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroendocrine_cell" title="Enteroendocrine cell">Enteroendocrine cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblet_cell" title="Goblet cell">Goblet cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneth_cell" title="Paneth cell">Paneth cells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suspensory_muscle_of_duodenum" title="Suspensory muscle of duodenum">Suspensory muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_duodenal_papilla" title="Major duodenal papilla">Major duodenal papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_duodenal_papilla" title="Minor duodenal papilla">Minor duodenal papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodenojejunal_flexure" title="Duodenojejunal flexure">Duodenojejunal flexure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunner%27s_glands" title="Brunner's glands">Brunner's glands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">Jejunum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>No substructures</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ileocecal_valve" title="Ileocecal valve">Ileocecal valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyer%27s_patch" title="Peyer's patch">Peyer's patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfold_cell" title="Microfold cell">Microfold cells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">Large intestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">Cecum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">Colon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_colon" title="Ascending colon">Ascending colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_flexure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic flexure">Hepatic flexure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_colon" title="Transverse colon">Transverse colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenic_flexure" class="mw-redirect" title="Splenic flexure">Splenic flexure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descending_colon" title="Descending colon">Descending colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_colon" title="Sigmoid colon">Sigmoid colon</a></li> <li>Continuous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taenia_coli" title="Taenia coli">taenia coli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haustrum_(anatomy)" title="Haustrum (anatomy)">haustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiploic_appendix" title="Epiploic appendix">epiploic appendix</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_folds_of_rectum" title="Transverse folds of rectum">Transverse folds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_ampulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal ampulla">Ampulla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_columns" title="Anal columns">Anal columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_valves" title="Anal valves">Anal valves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sinuses" title="Anal sinuses">Anal sinuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectinate_line" title="Pectinate line">Pectinate line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_anal_sphincter" title="Internal anal sphincter">Internal anal sphincter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersphincteric_groove" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersphincteric groove">Intersphincteric groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_anal_sphincter" title="External anal sphincter">External anal sphincter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_wall" title="Gastrointestinal wall">Wall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serous_membrane" title="Serous membrane">Serosa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adventitia" title="Adventitia">Adventitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subserosa" title="Subserosa">Subserosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_layer" title="Muscular layer">Muscular layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submucosa" title="Submucosa">Submucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_folds" title="Circular folds">Circular folds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">Mucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscularis_mucosae" title="Muscularis mucosae">Muscularis mucosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_systems_and_organs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_systems_and_organs" title="Template:Human systems and organs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_systems_and_organs" title="Template talk:Human systems and organs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_systems_and_organs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human systems and organs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_systems_and_organs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Human systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">Musculoskeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">Collar bone</a> (clavicle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">Thigh bone</a> (femur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">Fibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">Humerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">Metacarpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatarsal_bones" title="Metatarsal bones">Metatarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">Ossicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">Phalanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">Radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skull#Humans" title="Skull">Skull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">Tibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">Ulna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">Sternum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_joint" title="Fibrous joint">Fibrous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_joint" title="Cartilaginous joint">Cartilaginous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">Synovial joint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">Diaphragm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Cardiovascular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>peripheral</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">Lymphatic vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphatic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>primary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">Bone marrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>secondary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">Spleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">Lymph node</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CNS equivalent</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glymphatic_system" title="Glymphatic system">Glymphatic system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">Somatic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">Tissue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integumentary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">Subcutaneous tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">Mammary gland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haematopoietic_system" title="Haematopoietic system">Haematopoietic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloid">Myeloid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Myeloid immune system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">Lymphoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Lymphoid immune system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Upper_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx#Nasopharynx" title="Pharynx">Nasopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">Larynx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Lower_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Lower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">Trachea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">Lung</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">Salivary gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>upper GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Oropharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Laryngopharynx</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>lower GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">Colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">accessory</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Urinary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Genitourinary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">Ureter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Bladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">Male</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Islets of Langerhans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infectious_diseases_–_viral_systemic_diseases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Template:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Template talk:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infectious_diseases_–_viral_systemic_diseases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infectious diseases</a> – <a href="/wiki/Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">viral systemic diseases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oncovirus" title="Oncovirus">Oncovirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">HBV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Papillomaviridae" title="Papillomaviridae">HPV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anal_cancer" title="Anal cancer">Anal cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Penile_cancer" title="Penile cancer">Penile cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vulvar_cancer" title="Vulvar cancer">Vulvar cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cancer" title="Vaginal cancer">Vaginal cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/HPV-positive_oropharyngeal_cancer" title="HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer">Oropharyngeal cancer</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus" title="Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus">KSHV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus" title="Epstein–Barr virus">EBV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma" title="Nasopharyngeal carcinoma">Nasopharyngeal carcinoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burkitt%27s_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkitt's lymphoma">Burkitt's lymphoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma" title="Hodgkin lymphoma">Hodgkin lymphoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Follicular_dendritic_cell_sarcoma" title="Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma">Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Extranodal_NK/T-cell_lymphoma,_nasal_type" title="Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type">Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Merkel_cell_polyomavirus" title="Merkel cell polyomavirus">MCPyV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel-cell carcinoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">HCV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Splenic_marginal_zone_lymphoma" title="Splenic marginal zone lymphoma">Splenic marginal zone lymphoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 1">HTLV-I</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Adult_T-cell_leukemia/lymphoma" title="Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma">Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_disorder" title="Immune disorder">Immune disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_viral_disease" title="Central nervous system viral disease">Central<br /> nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_encephalitis" title="Viral encephalitis">Encephalitis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Viral_meningitis" title="Viral meningitis">meningitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Human_polyomavirus_2" title="Human polyomavirus 2">Human polyomavirus 2</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Progressive_multifocal_leukoencephalopathy" title="Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy">Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Measles_morbillivirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Measles morbillivirus">MeV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Subacute_sclerosing_panencephalitis" title="Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis">Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis" title="Lymphocytic choriomeningitis">LCV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis" title="Lymphocytic choriomeningitis">Lymphocytic choriomeningitis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitis</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i> (probable) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis_lethargica" title="Encephalitis lethargica">Encephalitis lethargica</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Rabies_virus" title="Rabies virus">RV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">Rabies</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chandipura_vesiculovirus" title="Chandipura vesiculovirus">Chandipura vesiculovirus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herpesviral_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesviral meningitis">Herpesviral meningitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Hunt_syndrome_type_2" title="Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2">Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myelitis" title="Myelitis">Myelitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poliovirus" title="Poliovirus">Poliovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">Poliomyelitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-polio_syndrome" title="Post-polio syndrome">Post-polio syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 1">HTLV-I</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_spastic_paraparesis" title="Tropical spastic paraparesis">Tropical spastic paraparesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Eye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_retinitis" title="Cytomegalovirus retinitis">Cytomegalovirus retinitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">HSV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_keratitis" title="Herpes simplex keratitis">Herpes of the eye</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericarditis" title="Pericarditis">Pericarditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">Myocarditis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">acute viral<br />nasopharyngitis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">viral pneumonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus" title="Epstein–Barr virus">Epstein–Barr virus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_infection" title="Epstein–Barr virus infection">EBV infection</a>/<a href="/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis" title="Infectious mononucleosis">Infectious mononucleosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_IV_–_positive-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">IV</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human coronavirus">Human coronavirus</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_229E" title="Human coronavirus 229E">229E</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_NL63" title="Human coronavirus NL63">NL63</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_HKU1" title="Human coronavirus HKU1">HKU1</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_OC43" title="Human coronavirus OC43">OC43</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">Common cold</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus">MERS coronavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome">Middle East respiratory syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus">SARS coronavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">Severe acute respiratory syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_V_–_negative-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">V</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus" title="Influenza A virus">Influenza virus A</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_B_virus" title="Influenza B virus">B</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_C_virus" title="Influenza C virus">C</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_D_virus" title="Influenza D virus">D</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a>/<a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Avian influenza</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>V, <i><a href="/wiki/Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">Paramyxoviridae</a></i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruses" title="Human parainfluenza viruses">Human parainfluenza viruses</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruses" title="Human parainfluenza viruses">Parainfluenza</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_orthopneumovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human orthopneumovirus">Human orthopneumovirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_metapneumovirus" title="Human metapneumovirus">hMPV</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Human<br /> digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Pharynx</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mumps_virus" title="Mumps virus">MuV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">Mumps</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_esophagitis" title="Cytomegalovirus esophagitis">Cytomegalovirus esophagitis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis#Viral" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis#Virus" title="Gastroenteritis">diarrhea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Adenoviridae" title="Adenoviridae">Adenovirus</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus_infection" title="Adenovirus infection">Adenovirus infection</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rotaviral_gastroenteritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotaviral gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Astrovirus" title="Astrovirus">Astrovirus</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">Coronavirus</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">Hepatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">HBV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">B</a>)</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A#Virology" title="Hepatitis A">HAV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">A</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">HCV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">C</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_D" title="Hepatitis D">HDV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_D" title="Hepatitis D">D</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Orthohepevirus_A" title="Orthohepevirus A">HEV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">E</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">Pancreatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Urogenital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BK_virus" title="BK virus">BK virus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mumps_virus" title="Mumps virus">MuV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">Mumps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_human_digestive_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_procedures" title="Template:Digestive system procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digestive_system_procedures" title="Template talk:Digestive system procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive_system_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive system procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_human_digestive_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and procedures involving the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">human digestive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Digestive tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Upper_GI_tract" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Upper GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">SGs</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagectomy" title="Esophagectomy">Esophagectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heller_myotomy" title="Heller myotomy">Heller myotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialography" title="Sialography">Sialography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impedance%E2%80%93pH_monitoring" title="Impedance–pH monitoring">Impedance–pH monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_pH_monitoring" title="Esophageal pH monitoring">Esophageal pH monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_motility_study" title="Esophageal motility study">Esophageal motility study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_Lumen_Imaging_Probe" title="Functional Lumen Imaging Probe">Functional Lumen Imaging Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_resolution_manometry" class="mw-redirect" title="High resolution manometry">High resolution manometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sengstaken%E2%80%93Blakemore_tube" title="Sengstaken–Blakemore tube">Sengstaken–Blakemore tube</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasogastric_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasogastric tube">Nasogastric tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_lavage" title="Gastric lavage">Gastric lavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjustable_gastric_band" title="Adjustable gastric band">Adjustable gastric band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_sleeve_gastroplasty" title="Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty">Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_bypass_surgery" title="Gastric bypass surgery">Gastric bypass surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve_gastrectomy" title="Sleeve gastrectomy">Sleeve gastrectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_banded_gastroplasty_surgery" title="Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery">Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collis_gastroplasty" title="Collis gastroplasty">Collis gastroplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrectomy" title="Gastrectomy">Gastrectomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billroth_I" title="Billroth I">Billroth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billroth_II" title="Billroth II">Billroth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roux-en-Y_anastomosis" title="Roux-en-Y anastomosis">Roux-en-Y</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterostomy" title="Gastroenterostomy">Gastroenterostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropexy" title="Gastropexy">Gastropexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrostomy" title="Gastrostomy">Gastrostomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_endoscopic_gastrostomy" title="Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy">Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagogastric_dissociation" title="Esophagogastric dissociation">Esophagogastric dissociation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_repair" title="Hill repair">Hill repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissen_fundoplication" title="Nissen fundoplication">Nissen fundoplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyloromyotomy" title="Pyloromyotomy">Pyloromyotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schilling_test" title="Schilling test">Schilling test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">Endoscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagogastroduodenoscopy" title="Esophagogastroduodenoscopy">Esophagogastroduodenoscopy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_swallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium swallow">Barium swallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_series" title="Upper gastrointestinal series">Upper gastrointestinal series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Lower GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Small_bowel" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small bowel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duodenal_switch" title="Duodenal switch">Duodenal switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejunoileal_bypass" title="Jejunoileal bypass">Jejunoileal bypass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowel_resection" title="Bowel resection">Bowel resection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileostomy" title="Ileostomy">Ileostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestine_transplantation" title="Intestine transplantation">Intestine transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejunostomy" title="Jejunostomy">Jejunostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_ileal_bypass_surgery" title="Partial ileal bypass surgery">Partial ileal bypass surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strictureplasty" title="Strictureplasty">Strictureplasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">Large bowel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendectomy" title="Appendectomy">Appendectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colectomy" title="Colectomy">Colectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonic_polypectomy" title="Colonic polypectomy">Colonic polypectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colostomy" title="Colostomy">Colostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmann%27s_operation" title="Hartmann's operation">Hartmann's operation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominoperineal_resection" title="Abdominoperineal resection">Abdominoperineal resection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_anterior_resection" title="Lower anterior resection">Lower anterior resection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_mesorectal_excision" title="Total mesorectal excision">Total mesorectal excision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_rectopexy" title="Ventral rectopexy">Ventral rectopexy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sphincterotomy" title="Anal sphincterotomy">Anal sphincterotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorectal_manometry" title="Anorectal manometry">Anorectal manometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_internal_sphincterotomy" title="Lateral internal sphincterotomy">Lateral internal sphincterotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_band_ligation" title="Rubber band ligation">Rubber band ligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transanal_hemorrhoidal_dearterialization" title="Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization">Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">Endoscopy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">Colonoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoscopy" title="Anoscopy">Anoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_endoscopy" title="Capsule endoscopy">Capsule endoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroscopy" title="Enteroscopy">Enteroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctoscopy" title="Proctoscopy">Proctoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoidoscopy" title="Sigmoidoscopy">Sigmoidoscopy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_ultrasonography" title="Abdominal ultrasonography">Abdominal ultrasonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defecography" title="Defecography">Defecography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-contrast_barium_enema" title="Double-contrast barium enema">Double-contrast barium enema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoanal_ultrasound" title="Endoanal ultrasound">Endoanal ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroclysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteroclysis">Enteroclysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_series" title="Lower gastrointestinal series">Lower gastrointestinal series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-bowel_follow-through" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-bowel follow-through">Small-bowel follow-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrectal_ultrasonography" title="Transrectal ultrasonography">Transrectal ultrasonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_colonoscopy" title="Virtual colonoscopy">Virtual colonoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stool_test" title="Stool test">Stool tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_fat_test" title="Fecal fat test">Fecal fat test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_pH_test" title="Fecal pH test">Fecal pH test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stool_guaiac_test" title="Stool guaiac test">Stool guaiac test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory digestive gland">Accessory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_extracorporeal_liver_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial extracorporeal liver support">Artificial extracorporeal liver support</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioartificial_liver_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioartificial liver device">Bioartificial liver devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_dialysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver dialysis">Liver dialysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatectomy" title="Hepatectomy">Hepatectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_biopsy" title="Liver biopsy">Liver biopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_transplantation" title="Liver transplantation">Liver transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertension" title="Portal hypertension">Portal hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transjugular_intrahepatic_portosystemic_shunt" title="Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt">Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt</a> [TIPS]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_splenorenal_shunt_procedure" title="Distal splenorenal shunt procedure">Distal splenorenal shunt procedure</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">Gallbladder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">bile duct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystectomy" title="Cholecystectomy">Cholecystectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystostomy" title="Cholecystostomy">Cholecystostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_retrograde_cholangiopancreatography" title="Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography">ERCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatoportoenterostomy" title="Hepatoportoenterostomy">Hepatoportoenterostomy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cholangiography" title="Cholangiography">Cholangiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_cholangiography" title="Intravenous cholangiography">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_cholangiopancreatography" title="Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography">MRCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_transhepatic_cholangiography" title="Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography">PTC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystography" title="Cholecystography">Cholecystography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholescintigraphy" title="Cholescintigraphy">Cholescintigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frey%27s_procedure" title="Frey's procedure">Frey's procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas_transplantation" title="Pancreas transplantation">Pancreas transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatectomy" title="Pancreatectomy">Pancreatectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreaticoduodenectomy" title="Pancreaticoduodenectomy">Pancreaticoduodenectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puestow_procedure" title="Puestow procedure">Puestow procedure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abdominopelvic_cavity" title="Abdominopelvic cavity">Abdominopelvic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peritoneum" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">Peritoneum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_peritoneal_lavage" title="Diagnostic peritoneal lavage">Diagnostic peritoneal lavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraperitoneal_injection" title="Intraperitoneal injection">Intraperitoneal injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laparoscopy" title="Laparoscopy">Laparoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omentopexy" title="Omentopexy">Omentopexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracentesis" title="Paracentesis">Paracentesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_dialysis" title="Peritoneal dialysis">Peritoneal dialysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">Hernia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hernia_repair" title="Hernia repair">Hernia repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inguinal_hernia_surgery" title="Inguinal hernia surgery">Inguinal hernia surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_hernia_repair" class="mw-redirect" title="Femoral hernia repair">Femoral hernia repair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laparotomy" title="Laparotomy">Laparotomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_laparotomy" title="Exploratory laparotomy">Exploratory laparotomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_urease_test" title="Rapid urease test">Rapid urease test</a> / <a href="/wiki/Urea_breath_test" title="Urea breath test">Urea breath test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_prediction_rule" title="Clinical prediction rule">Clinical prediction rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_for_End-Stage_Liver_Disease" title="Model for End-Stage Liver Disease">MELD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_end-stage_liver_disease" title="Pediatric end-stage liver disease">PELD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Model_for_End-Stage_Liver_Disease" title="United Kingdom Model for End-Stage Liver Disease">UKELD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child%E2%80%93Pugh_score" title="Child–Pugh score">Child–Pugh score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranson_criteria" title="Ranson criteria">Ranson criteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_criteria" title="Milan criteria">Milan criteria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Procedure_templates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Procedure_templates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Procedure templates</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_central_nervous_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_nervous_system_tests_and_procedures" title="Template:Central nervous system tests and procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_nervous_system_tests_and_procedures" title="Template talk:Central nervous system tests and procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_nervous_system_tests_and_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central nervous system tests and procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_central_nervous_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and <a href="/wiki/Medical_procedure" title="Medical procedure">procedures</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">Skull</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craniotomy" title="Craniotomy">Craniotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompressive_craniectomy" title="Decompressive craniectomy">Decompressive craniectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranioplasty" title="Cranioplasty">Cranioplasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globus_pallidus" title="Globus pallidus">globus pallidus</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thalamotomy" title="Thalamotomy">Thalamotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalamic_stimulator" title="Thalamic stimulator">Thalamic stimulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallidotomy" title="Pallidotomy">Pallidotomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_system" title="Ventricular system">Ventricular system</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_shunt" title="Cerebral shunt">Cerebral shunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventriculostomy" title="Ventriculostomy">Ventriculostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suboccipital_puncture" title="Suboccipital puncture">Suboccipital puncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_pressure_monitoring" title="Intracranial pressure monitoring">Intracranial pressure monitoring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">Cerebrum</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychosurgery" title="Psychosurgery">Psychosurgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lobotomy" title="Lobotomy">Lobotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_cingulotomy" title="Bilateral cingulotomy">Bilateral cingulotomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_subpial_transection" title="Multiple subpial transection">Multiple subpial transection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemispherectomy" title="Hemispherectomy">Hemispherectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_callosotomy" title="Corpus callosotomy">Corpus callosotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_temporal_lobectomy" title="Anterior temporal lobectomy">Anterior temporal lobectomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary gland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypophysectomy" title="Hypophysectomy">Hypophysectomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">Hippocampus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amygdalohippocampectomy" title="Amygdalohippocampectomy">Amygdalohippocampectomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_biopsy" title="Brain biopsy">Brain biopsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meninges" title="Meninges">Meninges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meningeal_biopsy" title="Meningeal biopsy">Meningeal biopsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_canal" title="Spinal canal">spinal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_decompression" title="Spinal decompression">Spinal decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discectomy" title="Discectomy">Discectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_disc_annuloplasty" title="Intervertebral disc annuloplasty">Intervertebral disc annuloplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordotomy" title="Cordotomy">Cordotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizotomy">Rhizotomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_head" title="Computed tomography of the head">Head CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_angiography" title="Cerebral angiography">Cerebral angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoencephalography" title="Pneumoencephalography">Pneumoencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echoencephalography" title="Echoencephalography">Echoencephalography</a>/<a href="/wiki/Transcranial_Doppler" title="Transcranial Doppler">Transcranial Doppler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging_of_the_brain" title="Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain">Brain MRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_positron_emission_tomography" title="Brain positron emission tomography">Brain PET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoencephalography" title="Magnetoencephalography">Magnetoencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelography" title="Myelography">Myelography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wada_test" title="Wada test">Wada test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microneurography" title="Microneurography">Microneurography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diagnostic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">Electroencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_puncture" title="Lumbar puncture">Lumbar puncture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSF_tap_test" title="CSF tap test">CSF tap test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysomnography" title="Polysomnography">Polysomnography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_prediction_rule" title="Clinical prediction rule">Clinical prediction rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Coma_Scale" title="Glasgow Coma Scale">Glasgow Coma Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini%E2%80%93mental_state_examination" title="Mini–mental state examination">Mini–mental state examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health_Stroke_Scale" title="National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale">National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHADS2_score" class="mw-redirect" title="CHADS2 score">CHADS2 score</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Test_and_procedures_involving_the_endocrine_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Endocrine_system_procedures" title="Template:Endocrine system procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Endocrine_system_procedures" title="Template talk:Endocrine system procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Endocrine_system_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Endocrine system procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Test_and_procedures_involving_the_endocrine_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Test and <a href="/wiki/Medical_procedure" title="Medical procedure">procedures</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islet_cell_transplantation" title="Islet cell transplantation">Islet cell transplantation</a> <ul><li>see also <a href="/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_procedures" title="Template:Digestive system procedures">digestive system procedures</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypophysectomy" title="Hypophysectomy">Hypophysectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsphenoidal_surgery" title="Transsphenoidal surgery">Transsphenoidal surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_rapid_anterior_pituitary_evaluation_panel" title="Combined rapid anterior pituitary evaluation panel">Combined rapid anterior pituitary evaluation panel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroidectomy" title="Thyroidectomy">Thyroidectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroidectomy" title="Parathyroidectomy">Parathyroidectomy</a></li> <li>Tests <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_iodine_uptake_test" title="Radioactive iodine uptake test">Radioactive iodine uptake test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestamibi_parathyroid_scan" title="Sestamibi parathyroid scan">Sestamibi parathyroid scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRH_stimulation_test" title="TRH stimulation test">TRH stimulation test</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal gland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenalectomy" title="Adrenalectomy">Adrenalectomy</a></li> <li>Tests <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone_suppression_test" title="Dexamethasone suppression test">Dexamethasone suppression test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACTH_stimulation_test" title="ACTH stimulation test">ACTH stimulation test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captopril_suppression_test" title="Captopril suppression test">Captopril suppression test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_deprivation_test" title="Fluid deprivation test">Fluid deprivation test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal gland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinealectomy" title="Pinealectomy">Pinealectomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_eyes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eye_procedures" title="Template:Eye procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eye_procedures" title="Template talk:Eye procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eye_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eye procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_eyes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and <a href="/wiki/Medical_procedure" title="Medical procedure">procedures</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eyes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesia_for_eye_surgery" title="Anesthesia for eye surgery">Anesthesia for eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oculoplastics" title="Oculoplastics">Oculoplastics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_examination" title="Eye examination">Eye examination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_visual_structures" title="Accessory visual structures">Adnexa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blepharoplasty" title="Blepharoplasty">Blepharoplasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_blepharoplasty" title="East Asian blepharoplasty">East Asian blepharoplasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicanthoplasty" title="Epicanthoplasty">Epicanthoplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelid_revision" title="Eyelid revision">Eyelid revision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_procedure" title="Hughes procedure">Hughes procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsorrhaphy" title="Tarsorrhaphy">Tarsorrhaphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacrimal system">Lacrimal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacryocystorhinostomy" title="Dacryocystorhinostomy">Dacryocystorhinostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctoplasty" title="Punctoplasty">Punctoplasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Globe_(human_eye)" title="Globe (human eye)">Globe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_surgery" title="Refractive surgery">Refractive<br />surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpins_method" title="Alpins method">Alpins method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_lamellar_keratoplasty" title="Automated lamellar keratoplasty">Automated lamellar keratoplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductive_keratoplasty" title="Conductive keratoplasty">Conductive keratoplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_inlay" title="Corneal inlay">Corneal inlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epikeratophakia" title="Epikeratophakia">Epikeratophakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi-LASIK" title="Epi-LASIK">Epi-LASIK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrastromal_corneal_ring_segment" title="Intrastromal corneal ring segment">Intrastromal corneal ring segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratomileusis" title="Keratomileusis">Keratomileusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_blended_vision" title="Laser blended vision">Laser blended vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_eye_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser eye surgery">Laser eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_thermal_keratoplasty" title="Laser thermal keratoplasty">Laser thermal keratoplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LASIK" title="LASIK">LASIK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contoura_Vision" title="Contoura Vision">Contoura Vision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbal_relaxing_incisions" title="Limbal relaxing incisions">Limbal relaxing incisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phakic_intraocular_lens" title="Phakic intraocular lens">Phakic intraocular lens implantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorefractive_keratectomy" title="Photorefractive keratectomy">Photorefractive keratectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_keratotomy" title="Radial keratotomy">Radial keratotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_incision_lenticule_extraction" title="Small incision lenticule extraction">SMILE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cataract_surgery" title="Cataract surgery">Cataract<br />surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capsulorhexis" title="Capsulorhexis">Capsulorhexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsulotomy" title="Capsulotomy">Capsulotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_intraocular_lens" title="Glued intraocular lens">Glued intraocular lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrodelineation" title="Hydrodelineation">Hydrodelineation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrodissection" title="Hydrodissection">Hydrodissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraocular_lens_scaffold" title="Intraocular lens scaffold">Intraocular lens scaffold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_small_incision_cataract_surgery" title="Manual small incision cataract surgery">Manual small incision cataract surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phacoemulsification" title="Phacoemulsification">Phacoemulsification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prechop" class="mw-redirect" title="Prechop">Prechop</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retinal<br />surgery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignipuncture" title="Ignipuncture">Ignipuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_photocoagulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser photocoagulation">Laser photocoagulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scleral_buckle" title="Scleral buckle">Scleral buckle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glaucoma_surgery" title="Glaucoma surgery">Glaucoma<br />surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclodestruction" title="Cyclodestruction">Cyclodestruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excimer_laser_trabeculostomy" title="Excimer laser trabeculostomy">Excimer laser trabeculostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimally_invasive_glaucoma_surgery" title="Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery">Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabeculectomy" title="Trabeculectomy">Trabeculectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabeculoplasty" title="Trabeculoplasty">Trabeculoplasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transplantation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_transplantation" title="Eye transplantation">Whole eye transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_transplantation" title="Corneal transplantation">Corneal transplantation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_button" title="Corneal button">Corneal button</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descemet_membrane_endothelial_keratoplasty" title="Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty">Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Descemet%27s_endothelial_keratoplasty" title="Pre-Descemet's endothelial keratoplasty">Pre-Descemet's endothelial keratoplasty</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_chamber_paracentesis" title="Anterior chamber paracentesis">Anterior chamber paracentesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_keratoprosthesis" title="Boston keratoprosthesis">Boston keratoprosthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_collagen_cross-linking" class="mw-redirect" title="Corneal collagen cross-linking">Corneal collagen cross-linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enucleation_of_the_eye" title="Enucleation of the eye">Enucleation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conformer" title="Conformer">Conformer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evisceration_(ophthalmology)" title="Evisceration (ophthalmology)">Evisceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundersen_flap" title="Gundersen flap">Gundersen flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravitreal_injection" title="Intravitreal injection">Intravitreal injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridectomy" title="Iridectomy">Iridectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peritomy" title="Peritomy">Peritomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodisruption" title="Photodisruption">Photodisruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototherapeutic_keratectomy" title="Phototherapeutic keratectomy">Phototherapeutic keratectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterygium_(eye)#Surgery" title="Pterygium (eye)">Pterygium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerotomy" title="Sclerotomy">Sclerotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrectomy" title="Vitrectomy">Vitrectomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extraocular_muscles" title="Extraocular muscles">Extraocular<br />muscles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harada%E2%80%93Ito_procedure" title="Harada–Ito procedure">Harada–Ito procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabismus_surgery" title="Strabismus surgery">Strabismus surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimally_invasive_strabismus_surgery" title="Minimally invasive strabismus surgery">Minimally invasive strabismus surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_therapy_of_strabismus" title="Botulinum toxin therapy of strabismus">Botulinum toxin therapy of strabismus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical<br />imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_topography" title="Corneal topography">Corneal topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrodiagnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrodiagnosis">Electrodiagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronystagmography" title="Electronystagmography">Electronystagmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrooculography" title="Electrooculography">Electrooculography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroretinography" title="Electroretinography">Electroretinography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescein_angiography" title="Fluorescein angiography">Fluorescein angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundus_photography" title="Fundus photography">Fundus photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Retinal_Tomography" title="Heidelberg Retinal Tomography">Heidelberg Retinal Tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indocyanine_green_angiography" title="Indocyanine green angiography">Indocyanine green angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_coherence_tomography" title="Optical coherence tomography">Optical coherence tomography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_coherence_tomography_angiography" title="Optical coherence tomography angiography">Optical coherence tomography angiography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eye_examination" title="Eye examination">Eye<br />examination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-scan_ultrasound_biometry" title="A-scan ultrasound biometry">A-scan ultrasound biometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsler_grid" title="Amsler grid">Amsler grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagolini_Striated_Glasses_Test" title="Bagolini Striated Glasses Test">Bagolini Striated Glasses Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_perception_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Color perception test">Color perception test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilated_fundus_examination" title="Dilated fundus examination">Dilated fundus examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funduscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Funduscopy">Funduscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonioscopy" title="Gonioscopy">Gonioscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocular_tonometry" title="Ocular tonometry">Ocular tonometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmoscopy" title="Ophthalmoscopy">Ophthalmoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoscopy" title="Retinoscopy">Retinoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit-lamp_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Slit-lamp examination">Slit-lamp examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_field_test" title="Visual field test">Visual field test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation<br />therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plaque_radiotherapy" title="Plaque radiotherapy">Plaque radiotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Couching_(ophthalmology)" title="Couching (ophthalmology)">Couching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryoextraction_(medicine)" title="Cryoextraction (medicine)">Cryoextraction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_on_the_ear" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ear_procedures" title="Template:Ear procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ear_procedures" title="Template talk:Ear procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ear_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ear procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_on_the_ear" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and <a href="/wiki/Medical_procedure" title="Medical procedure">procedures</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ear</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outer_ear" title="Outer ear">Outer ear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otoplasty" title="Otoplasty">Otoplasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">Middle ear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myringotomy" title="Myringotomy">Myringotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stapedectomy" title="Stapedectomy">Stapedectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tympanoplasty" title="Tympanoplasty">Tympanoplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tympanocentesis" title="Tympanocentesis">Tympanocentesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myringoplasty" title="Myringoplasty">Myringoplasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">Inner ear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mastoiditis#Prevention_and_treatment" title="Mastoiditis">Mastoidectomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epley_maneuver" title="Epley maneuver">Epley maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloric_reflex_test" title="Caloric reflex test">Caloric reflex test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_brainstem_response" title="Auditory brainstem response">Auditory brainstem response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronystagmography" title="Electronystagmography">Electronystagmography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Procedures_relating_to_the_mouth_and_pharynx" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Procedures_on_the_mouth_and_pharynx" title="Template:Procedures on the mouth and pharynx"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Procedures_on_the_mouth_and_pharynx" title="Template talk:Procedures on the mouth and pharynx"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Procedures_on_the_mouth_and_pharynx" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Procedures on the mouth and pharynx"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Procedures_relating_to_the_mouth_and_pharynx" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_procedure" title="Medical procedure">Procedures</a> relating to the <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">mouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">lip</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labial_frenectomy" title="Labial frenectomy">Labial frenectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_lift" title="Lip lift">Lip lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_augmentation" title="Lip augmentation">Lip augmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheiloplasty" title="Cheiloplasty">Cheiloplasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_frenectomy" title="Lingual frenectomy">Lingual frenectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genioglossus_advancement" title="Genioglossus advancement">Genioglossus advancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossectomy" title="Glossectomy">Glossectomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Tooth" title="Tooth">teeth</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>see <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Endodontology" title="Template:Endodontology">Template:Endodontology</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">gingiva</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>see <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodontology" title="Template:Periodontology">Template:Periodontology</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oropharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Oropharynx">Oropharynx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palate</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palatoplasty" title="Palatoplasty">Palatoplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_flap_surgery" title="Pharyngeal flap surgery">Pharyngeal flap surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Tonsil" title="Tonsil">tonsil</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tonsillectomy" title="Tonsillectomy">Tonsillectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenoidectomy" title="Adenoidectomy">Adenoidectomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Palatine_uvula" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine uvula">uvula</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uvulotomy" title="Uvulotomy">Uvulotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvulopalatoplasty" title="Uvulopalatoplasty">Uvulopalatoplasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty" title="Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty">Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_respiratory_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Respiratory_system_procedures" title="Template:Respiratory system procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Respiratory_system_procedures" title="Template talk:Respiratory system procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory_system_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory system procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_respiratory_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and procedures involving the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper respiratory tract">Upper RT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinoplasty" title="Rhinoplasty">Rhinoplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Septoplasty" title="Septoplasty">Septoplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Somnoplasty" title="Somnoplasty">Somnoplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alarplasty" title="Alarplasty">Alarplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinectomy" title="Rhinectomy">Rhinectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinomanometry" title="Rhinomanometry">Rhinomanometry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_rhinometry" title="Acoustic rhinometry">Acoustic rhinometry</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">sinus</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinusotomy" title="Sinusotomy">Sinusotomy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngoscopy" title="Laryngoscopy">Laryngoscopy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngectomy" title="Laryngectomy">Laryngectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Laryngotomy">Laryngotomy</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Thyrotomy" title="Thyrotomy">Thyrotomy</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngotracheal_reconstruction" title="Laryngotracheal reconstruction">Laryngotracheal reconstruction</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower respiratory tract">Lower RT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">trachea</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cricothyrotomy" title="Cricothyrotomy">Cricothyrotomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tracheo-oesophageal_puncture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheo-oesophageal puncture">Tracheoesophageal puncture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tracheotomy" title="Tracheotomy">Tracheotomy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">bronchus</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchoscopy" title="Bronchoscopy">Bronchoscopy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Human_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lung">lung</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pneumonectomy" title="Pneumonectomy">Pneumonectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lobectomy" title="Lobectomy">Lobectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wedge_resection" title="Wedge resection">Wedge resection</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lung_transplantation" title="Lung transplantation">Transplantation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Decortication_of_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Decortication of lung">Decortication</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heart%E2%80%93lung_transplant" title="Heart–lung transplant">Heart–lung transplant</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_wall" title="Thoracic wall">Chest wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleura" title="Pleura">pleura</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Pleura" title="Pleura">pleura</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">pleural cavity</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thoracentesis" title="Thoracentesis">Thoracentesis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pleurodesis" title="Pleurodesis">Pleurodesis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thoracoscopy" title="Thoracoscopy">Thoracoscopy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thoracotomy" title="Thoracotomy">Thoracotomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chest_tube" title="Chest tube">Chest tube</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mediastinoscopy" title="Mediastinoscopy">Mediastinoscopy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nuss_procedure" title="Nuss procedure">Nuss procedure</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchography" title="Bronchography">Bronchography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT_pulmonary_angiogram" title="CT pulmonary angiogram">CT pulmonary angiogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-resolution_computed_tomography" title="High-resolution computed tomography">High-resolution computed tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiral computed tomography">Spiral CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_scan" title="Ventilation/perfusion scan">Ventilation/perfusion scan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_prediction_rule" title="Clinical prediction rule">Clinical prediction rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia_severity_index" title="Pneumonia severity index">Pneumonia severity index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURB-65" title="CURB-65">CURB-65</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lung_function_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung function test">Lung function test</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_plethysmography" class="mw-redirect" title="Body plethysmography">Body plethysmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirometry" title="Spirometry">Spirometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchial_challenge_test" title="Bronchial challenge test">Bronchial challenge test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capnography" title="Capnography">Capnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion capacity">Diffusion capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse_oscillometry" title="Impulse oscillometry">Impulse oscillometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cytology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchoalveolar_lavage" title="Bronchoalveolar lavage">Bronchoalveolar lavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_swab" title="Nasopharyngeal swab">Nasopharyngeal swab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputum_culture" title="Sputum culture">Sputum culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_gas_test" title="Blood gas test">Blood gas test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other procedures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Oxygen_therapy" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tracheal_intubation" title="Tracheal intubation">Intubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_airway_management" title="Surgical airway management">Surgical airway management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">Mechanical ventilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_pressure_ventilator" title="Negative pressure ventilator">Negative pressure ventilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_pressure_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive pressure ventilation">Positive pressure ventilation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory therapy">Respiratory therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial respiration">Artificial respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">CPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression chamber">Decompression chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">Heliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebulizer" title="Nebulizer">Nebulizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_drainage" title="Postural drainage">Postural drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_therapy" title="Hyperinflation therapy">Hyperinflation therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hygiene" title="Pulmonary hygiene">Pulmonary hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_rehabilitation" title="Pulmonary rehabilitation">Pulmonary rehabilitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_heart" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cardiac_procedures" title="Template:Cardiac procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cardiac_procedures" title="Template talk:Cardiac procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cardiac_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cardiac procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_heart" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and <a href="/wiki/Medical_procedure" title="Medical procedure">procedures</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_cardiology" title="Interventional cardiology">Interventional cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology_diagnostic_tests_and_procedures" title="Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures">Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_imaging" title="Cardiac imaging">Cardiac imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surgery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">Heart valves</a><br />and septa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heart_valve_repair" title="Heart valve repair">Valve repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valvulotomy" title="Valvulotomy">Valvulotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_repair" title="Mitral valve repair">Mitral valve repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valvuloplasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valvuloplasty">Valvuloplasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valvuloplasty" title="Aortic valvuloplasty">aortic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valvuloplasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitral valvuloplasty">mitral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve_replacement" title="Valve replacement">Valve replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve_repair" title="Aortic valve repair">Aortic valve repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve_replacement" title="Aortic valve replacement">Aortic valve replacement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_procedure" title="Ross procedure">Ross procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcatheter_aortic_valve_replacement" title="Transcatheter aortic valve replacement">Transcatheter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_replacement" title="Mitral valve replacement">Mitral valve replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcatheter_pulmonary_valve_replacement" title="Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement">Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">production of septal defect in heart</span></dt> <dd><i>enlargement of existing septal defect</i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Atrial_septostomy" title="Atrial septostomy">Atrial septostomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balloon_septostomy" title="Balloon septostomy">Balloon septostomy</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i>creation of septal defect in heart</i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Blalock%E2%80%93Hanlon_procedure" title="Blalock–Hanlon procedure">Blalock–Hanlon procedure</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">shunt from heart chamber to blood vessel</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atrium</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Fontan_procedure" title="Fontan procedure">Fontan procedure</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Left_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricle">left ventricle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rastelli_procedure" title="Rastelli procedure">Rastelli procedure</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Right_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricle">right ventricle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Sano_shunt" title="Sano shunt">Sano shunt</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">compound procedures</span></dt> <dd>for <a href="/wiki/Transposition_of_the_great_vessels" title="Transposition of the great vessels">transposition of the great vessels</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Arterial_switch_operation" title="Arterial switch operation">Arterial switch operation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mustard_procedure" title="Mustard procedure">Mustard procedure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Senning_procedure" title="Senning procedure">Senning procedure</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>for univentricular defect <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Norwood_procedure" title="Norwood procedure">Norwood procedure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kawashima_procedure" title="Kawashima procedure">Kawashima procedure</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">shunt from blood vessel to blood vessel</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> shunt <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Blalock%E2%80%93Taussig_shunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Blalock–Taussig shunt">Blalock–Taussig shunt</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">SVC</a> to the right <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">PA</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_procedure" title="Glenn procedure">Glenn procedure</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cardiac vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">CHD</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_coronary_intervention" title="Percutaneous coronary intervention">Angioplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bypass" title="Vascular bypass">Bypass</a>/<a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery" title="Coronary artery bypass surgery">Coronary artery bypass</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/MIDCAB" class="mw-redirect" title="MIDCAB">MIDCAB</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Off-pump_coronary_artery_bypass" title="Off-pump coronary artery bypass">Off-pump CAB</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/TECAB" class="mw-redirect" title="TECAB">TECAB</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Coronary_stent" title="Coronary stent">Coronary stent</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bare-metal_stent" title="Bare-metal stent">Bare-metal stent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drug-eluting_stent" title="Drug-eluting stent">Drug-eluting stent</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Obstacle removal</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Endarterectomy" title="Endarterectomy">Endarterectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atherectomy" title="Atherectomy">Atherectomy</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bentall_procedure" title="Bentall procedure">Bentall procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve-sparing_aortic_root_replacement" title="Valve-sparing aortic root replacement">Valve-sparing aortic root replacement</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LeCompte_maneuver" title="LeCompte maneuver">LeCompte maneuver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">Pericardium</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pericardiocentesis" title="Pericardiocentesis">Pericardiocentesis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pericardial_window" title="Pericardial window">Pericardial window</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pericardiectomy" title="Pericardiectomy">Pericardiectomy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">Myocardium</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiomyoplasty" title="Cardiomyoplasty">Cardiomyoplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dor_procedure" title="Dor procedure">Dor procedure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Septal_myectomy" title="Septal myectomy">Septal myectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventricular reduction">Ventricular reduction</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_septal_ablation" title="Alcohol septal ablation">Alcohol septal ablation</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_conduction_system" title="Cardiac conduction system">Conduction system</a></span></dt> <dd>Maze procedure (<a href="/wiki/Cox_maze_procedure" title="Cox maze procedure">Cox maze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minimaze_procedure" title="Minimaze procedure">minimaze</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Catheter_ablation" title="Catheter ablation">Catheter ablation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cryoablation" title="Cryoablation">Cryoablation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Radiofrequency_ablation" title="Radiofrequency ablation">Radiofrequency ablation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker" title="Artificial cardiac pacemaker">Pacemaker insertion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S-ICD" class="mw-redirect" title="S-ICD">S-ICD</a> implantation</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Implantable_cardioverter-defibrillator" title="Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator">ICD</a> implantation</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_resynchronization_therapy" title="Cardiac resynchronization therapy">Cardiac resynchronization therapy</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_atrial_appendage_occlusion" title="Left atrial appendage occlusion">Left atrial appendage occlusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotomy" title="Cardiotomy">Cardiotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_transplantation" title="Heart transplantation">Heart transplantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology" title="Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">Electrocardiography</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Vectorcardiography" title="Vectorcardiography">Vectorcardiography</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Holter_monitor" title="Holter monitor">Holter monitor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Implantable_loop_recorder" title="Implantable loop recorder">Implantable loop recorder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stress_test" title="Cardiac stress test">Cardiac stress test</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_protocol" title="Bruce protocol">Bruce protocol</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology_study" title="Electrophysiology study">Electrophysiology study</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_imaging" title="Cardiac imaging">Cardiac imaging</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angiocardiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiocardiography">Angiocardiography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">Echocardiography</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Transthoracic_echocardiogram" title="Transthoracic echocardiogram">TTE</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Transesophageal_echocardiogram" title="Transesophageal echocardiogram">TEE</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_perfusion_imaging" title="Myocardial perfusion imaging">Myocardial perfusion imaging</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging">Cardiovascular MRI</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_ventriculography" title="Cardiac ventriculography">Ventriculography</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide_ventriculography" class="mw-redirect" title="Radionuclide ventriculography">Radionuclide ventriculography</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_catheterization" title="Cardiac catheterization">Cardiac catheterization</a>/<a href="/wiki/Coronary_catheterization" title="Coronary catheterization">Coronary catheterization</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_CT" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac CT">Cardiac CT</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_PET" title="Cardiac PET">Cardiac PET</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phonocardiogram" title="Phonocardiogram">Phonocardiogram</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiology_diagnostic_tests_and_procedures" title="Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures">Function tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impedance_cardiography" title="Impedance cardiography">Impedance cardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballistocardiography" title="Ballistocardiography">Ballistocardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotocography" title="Cardiotocography">Cardiotocography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardioversion" title="Cardioversion">Cardioversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcutaneous_pacing" title="Transcutaneous pacing">Transcutaneous pacing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cardiac_procedures" title="Category:Cardiac procedures">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vascular_surgery" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vascular_procedures" title="Template:Vascular procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vascular_procedures" title="Template talk:Vascular procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vascular_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vascular procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vascular_surgery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology#Vascular" title="Interventional radiology">Endovascular surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arterial_disease" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_artery_disease" title="Peripheral artery disease">Arterial disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bypass" title="Vascular bypass">Vascular bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angioplasty" title="Angioplasty">Angioplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atherectomy" title="Atherectomy">Atherectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endarterectomy" title="Endarterectomy">Endarterectomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_endarterectomy" title="Carotid endarterectomy">Carotid endarterectomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenting" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenting">Stenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_stenting" title="Carotid stenting">Carotid stenting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varicose_veins" title="Varicose veins">Venous disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambulatory_phlebectomy" title="Ambulatory phlebectomy">Ambulatory phlebectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_surgery" title="Laser surgery">Laser surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerotherapy" title="Sclerotherapy">Sclerotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein_stripping" title="Vein stripping">Vein stripping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Arterial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">venous</a> access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venous_cutdown" title="Venous cutdown">Venous cutdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arteriotomy" title="Arteriotomy">Arteriotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebotomy" title="Phlebotomy">Phlebotomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aortic_aneurysm" title="Aortic aneurysm">Aortic aneurysm</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aortic_dissection" title="Aortic dissection">dissection</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endovascular_aneurysm_repair" title="Endovascular aneurysm repair">Endovascular aneurysm repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_aortic_surgery" title="Open aortic surgery">Open aortic surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_bypass" title="Cardiopulmonary bypass">Cardiopulmonary bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardioplegia" title="Cardioplegia">Cardioplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_organ_perfusion_technique" title="Isolated organ perfusion technique">Isolated organ perfusion technique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extracorporeal_membrane_oxygenation" title="Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation">Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_access" title="Vascular access">Vascular access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revascularization" title="Revascularization">Revascularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_rib_resection" title="First rib resection">First rib resection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seldinger_technique" title="Seldinger technique">Seldinger technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_snare" title="Vascular snare">Vascular snare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angiography" title="Angiography">Angiography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_subtraction_angiography" title="Digital subtraction angiography">Digital subtraction angiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_angiography" title="Cerebral angiography">Cerebral angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortography" title="Aortography">Aortography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescein_angiography" title="Fluorescein angiography">Fluorescein angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide_angiography" title="Radionuclide angiography">Radionuclide angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_angiography" title="Magnetic resonance angiography">Magnetic resonance angiography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venography" title="Venography">Venography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portography" title="Portography">Portography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impedance_phlebography" class="mw-redirect" title="Impedance phlebography">Impedance phlebography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ultrasound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intravascular_ultrasound" title="Intravascular ultrasound">Intravascular ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_ultrasonography" title="Carotid ultrasonography">Carotid ultrasonography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other diagnostic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angioscopy" title="Angioscopy">Angioscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankle%E2%80%93brachial_pressure_index" title="Ankle–brachial pressure index">Ankle–brachial pressure index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_pressure" title="Toe pressure">Toe pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Procedures_relating_to_the_haematopoetic_and_lymphatic_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lymphatic_organ_procedures" title="Template:Lymphatic organ procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lymphatic_organ_procedures" title="Template talk:Lymphatic organ procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lymphatic_organ_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lymphatic organ procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Procedures_relating_to_the_haematopoetic_and_lymphatic_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Procedures relating to the <a href="/wiki/Haematopoetic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Haematopoetic system">haematopoetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">Bone marrow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_transplantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem cell transplantation">Stem cell transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell_transplantation" title="Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation">Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thymectomy" title="Thymectomy">Removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymus_transplantation" title="Thymus transplantation">Transplantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">Spleen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Splenectomy" title="Splenectomy">Removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spleen_transplantation" title="Spleen transplantation">Transplantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">Lymph nodes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lymphadenectomy" title="Lymphadenectomy">Lymphadenectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_dissection" title="Neck dissection">Neck dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroperitoneal_lymph_node_dissection" title="Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection">Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymph_node_biopsy" title="Lymph node biopsy">Lymph node biopsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tonsil" title="Tonsil">Tonsils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Procedures_on_the_mouth_and_pharynx" title="Template:Procedures on the mouth and pharynx">Template:Procedures on the mouth and pharynx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imaging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lymphogram" title="Lymphogram">Lymphogram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_human_digestive_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_procedures" title="Template:Digestive system procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digestive_system_procedures" title="Template talk:Digestive system procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive_system_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive system procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_human_digestive_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and procedures involving the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">human digestive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Digestive tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Upper_GI_tract" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Upper GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">SGs</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagectomy" title="Esophagectomy">Esophagectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heller_myotomy" title="Heller myotomy">Heller myotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialography" title="Sialography">Sialography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impedance%E2%80%93pH_monitoring" title="Impedance–pH monitoring">Impedance–pH monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_pH_monitoring" title="Esophageal pH monitoring">Esophageal pH monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_motility_study" title="Esophageal motility study">Esophageal motility study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_Lumen_Imaging_Probe" title="Functional Lumen Imaging Probe">Functional Lumen Imaging Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_resolution_manometry" class="mw-redirect" title="High resolution manometry">High resolution manometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sengstaken%E2%80%93Blakemore_tube" title="Sengstaken–Blakemore tube">Sengstaken–Blakemore tube</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasogastric_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasogastric tube">Nasogastric tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_lavage" title="Gastric lavage">Gastric lavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjustable_gastric_band" title="Adjustable gastric band">Adjustable gastric band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_sleeve_gastroplasty" title="Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty">Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_bypass_surgery" title="Gastric bypass surgery">Gastric bypass surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve_gastrectomy" title="Sleeve gastrectomy">Sleeve gastrectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_banded_gastroplasty_surgery" title="Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery">Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collis_gastroplasty" title="Collis gastroplasty">Collis gastroplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrectomy" title="Gastrectomy">Gastrectomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billroth_I" title="Billroth I">Billroth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billroth_II" title="Billroth II">Billroth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roux-en-Y_anastomosis" title="Roux-en-Y anastomosis">Roux-en-Y</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterostomy" title="Gastroenterostomy">Gastroenterostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropexy" title="Gastropexy">Gastropexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrostomy" title="Gastrostomy">Gastrostomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_endoscopic_gastrostomy" title="Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy">Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagogastric_dissociation" title="Esophagogastric dissociation">Esophagogastric dissociation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_repair" title="Hill repair">Hill repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissen_fundoplication" title="Nissen fundoplication">Nissen fundoplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyloromyotomy" title="Pyloromyotomy">Pyloromyotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schilling_test" title="Schilling test">Schilling test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">Endoscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagogastroduodenoscopy" title="Esophagogastroduodenoscopy">Esophagogastroduodenoscopy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_swallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium swallow">Barium swallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_series" title="Upper gastrointestinal series">Upper gastrointestinal series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Lower GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Small_bowel" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small bowel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duodenal_switch" title="Duodenal switch">Duodenal switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejunoileal_bypass" title="Jejunoileal bypass">Jejunoileal bypass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowel_resection" title="Bowel resection">Bowel resection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileostomy" title="Ileostomy">Ileostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestine_transplantation" title="Intestine transplantation">Intestine transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejunostomy" title="Jejunostomy">Jejunostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_ileal_bypass_surgery" title="Partial ileal bypass surgery">Partial ileal bypass surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strictureplasty" title="Strictureplasty">Strictureplasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">Large bowel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendectomy" title="Appendectomy">Appendectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colectomy" title="Colectomy">Colectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonic_polypectomy" title="Colonic polypectomy">Colonic polypectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colostomy" title="Colostomy">Colostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmann%27s_operation" title="Hartmann's operation">Hartmann's operation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominoperineal_resection" title="Abdominoperineal resection">Abdominoperineal resection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_anterior_resection" title="Lower anterior resection">Lower anterior resection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_mesorectal_excision" title="Total mesorectal excision">Total mesorectal excision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_rectopexy" title="Ventral rectopexy">Ventral rectopexy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sphincterotomy" title="Anal sphincterotomy">Anal sphincterotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorectal_manometry" title="Anorectal manometry">Anorectal manometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_internal_sphincterotomy" title="Lateral internal sphincterotomy">Lateral internal sphincterotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_band_ligation" title="Rubber band ligation">Rubber band ligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transanal_hemorrhoidal_dearterialization" title="Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization">Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">Endoscopy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">Colonoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoscopy" title="Anoscopy">Anoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_endoscopy" title="Capsule endoscopy">Capsule endoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroscopy" title="Enteroscopy">Enteroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctoscopy" title="Proctoscopy">Proctoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoidoscopy" title="Sigmoidoscopy">Sigmoidoscopy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_ultrasonography" title="Abdominal ultrasonography">Abdominal ultrasonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defecography" title="Defecography">Defecography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-contrast_barium_enema" title="Double-contrast barium enema">Double-contrast barium enema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoanal_ultrasound" title="Endoanal ultrasound">Endoanal ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroclysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteroclysis">Enteroclysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_series" title="Lower gastrointestinal series">Lower gastrointestinal series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-bowel_follow-through" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-bowel follow-through">Small-bowel follow-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrectal_ultrasonography" title="Transrectal ultrasonography">Transrectal ultrasonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_colonoscopy" title="Virtual colonoscopy">Virtual colonoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stool_test" title="Stool test">Stool tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_fat_test" title="Fecal fat test">Fecal fat test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_pH_test" title="Fecal pH test">Fecal pH test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stool_guaiac_test" title="Stool guaiac test">Stool guaiac test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory digestive gland">Accessory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_extracorporeal_liver_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial extracorporeal liver support">Artificial extracorporeal liver support</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioartificial_liver_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioartificial liver device">Bioartificial liver devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_dialysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver dialysis">Liver dialysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatectomy" title="Hepatectomy">Hepatectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_biopsy" title="Liver biopsy">Liver biopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_transplantation" title="Liver transplantation">Liver transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertension" title="Portal hypertension">Portal hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transjugular_intrahepatic_portosystemic_shunt" title="Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt">Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt</a> [TIPS]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_splenorenal_shunt_procedure" title="Distal splenorenal shunt procedure">Distal splenorenal shunt procedure</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">Gallbladder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">bile duct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystectomy" title="Cholecystectomy">Cholecystectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystostomy" title="Cholecystostomy">Cholecystostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_retrograde_cholangiopancreatography" title="Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography">ERCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatoportoenterostomy" title="Hepatoportoenterostomy">Hepatoportoenterostomy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cholangiography" title="Cholangiography">Cholangiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_cholangiography" title="Intravenous cholangiography">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_cholangiopancreatography" title="Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography">MRCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_transhepatic_cholangiography" title="Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography">PTC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystography" title="Cholecystography">Cholecystography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholescintigraphy" title="Cholescintigraphy">Cholescintigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frey%27s_procedure" title="Frey's procedure">Frey's procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas_transplantation" title="Pancreas transplantation">Pancreas transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatectomy" title="Pancreatectomy">Pancreatectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreaticoduodenectomy" title="Pancreaticoduodenectomy">Pancreaticoduodenectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puestow_procedure" title="Puestow procedure">Puestow procedure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abdominopelvic_cavity" title="Abdominopelvic cavity">Abdominopelvic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peritoneum" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">Peritoneum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_peritoneal_lavage" title="Diagnostic peritoneal lavage">Diagnostic peritoneal lavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraperitoneal_injection" title="Intraperitoneal injection">Intraperitoneal injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laparoscopy" title="Laparoscopy">Laparoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omentopexy" title="Omentopexy">Omentopexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracentesis" title="Paracentesis">Paracentesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_dialysis" title="Peritoneal dialysis">Peritoneal dialysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">Hernia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hernia_repair" title="Hernia repair">Hernia repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inguinal_hernia_surgery" title="Inguinal hernia surgery">Inguinal hernia surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_hernia_repair" class="mw-redirect" title="Femoral hernia repair">Femoral hernia repair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laparotomy" title="Laparotomy">Laparotomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_laparotomy" title="Exploratory laparotomy">Exploratory laparotomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_urease_test" title="Rapid urease test">Rapid urease test</a> / <a href="/wiki/Urea_breath_test" title="Urea breath test">Urea breath test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_prediction_rule" title="Clinical prediction rule">Clinical prediction rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_for_End-Stage_Liver_Disease" title="Model for End-Stage Liver Disease">MELD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_end-stage_liver_disease" title="Pediatric end-stage liver disease">PELD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Model_for_End-Stage_Liver_Disease" title="United Kingdom Model for End-Stage Liver Disease">UKELD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child%E2%80%93Pugh_score" title="Child–Pugh score">Child–Pugh score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranson_criteria" title="Ranson criteria">Ranson criteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_criteria" title="Milan criteria">Milan criteria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_urinary_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Urologic_procedures" title="Template:Urologic procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Urologic_procedures" title="Template talk:Urologic procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urologic_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urologic procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_urinary_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and procedures involving the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">urinary system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nephrostomy" title="Nephrostomy">Nephrostomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_nephrostomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Percutaneous nephrostomy">percutaneous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_nephrolithotomy" title="Percutaneous nephrolithotomy">Percutaneous nephrolithotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrotomy" title="Nephrotomy">Nephrotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">Endoscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nephroscopy" title="Nephroscopy">Nephroscopy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_biopsy" title="Renal biopsy">Renal biopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrectomy" title="Nephrectomy">Nephrectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_transplantation" title="Kidney transplantation">Kidney transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephropexy" title="Nephropexy">Nephropexy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">Ureter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ureterostomy" title="Ureterostomy">Ureterostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_diversion" title="Urinary diversion">Urinary diversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureterosigmoidostomy" title="Ureterosigmoidostomy">Ureterosigmoidostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureterolysis" title="Ureterolysis">Ureterolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureteroscopy" title="Ureteroscopy">Ureteroscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Bladder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cystectomy" title="Cystectomy">Cystectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprapubic_cystostomy" title="Suprapubic cystostomy">Suprapubic cystostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystoscopy" title="Cystoscopy">Cystoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urethropexy" title="Urethropexy">Urethropexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethrotomy" title="Urethrotomy">Urethrotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_sounding" title="Urethral sounding">Urethral sounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethroplasty" title="Urethroplasty">Urethroplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_urinary_sphincter" title="Artificial urinary sphincter">Artificial urinary sphincter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_bulking_injections" title="Urethral bulking injections">Urethral bulking injections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystourethrography" title="Cystourethrography">Cystourethrography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_ultrasound" title="Urinary tract ultrasound">Urinary tract ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyelogram" title="Pyelogram">Pyelogram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_pyelogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous pyelogram">Intravenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_pyelogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrograde pyelogram">Retrograde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antegrade_pyelogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Antegrade pyelogram">Antegrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_pyelogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas pyelogram">Gas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT_urogram" class="mw-redirect" title="CT urogram">CT urogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_x-ray" title="Abdominal x-ray">Abdominal x-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_renography" title="Radioisotope renography">Radioisotope renography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystography" title="Cystography">Cystography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_urethrogram" title="Retrograde urethrogram">Retrograde urethrogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiding_cystourethrography" title="Voiding cystourethrography">Voiding cystourethrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urodynamic_testing" title="Urodynamic testing">Urodynamic testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cystometry" title="Cystometry">Cystometry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_catheterization" title="Urinary catheterization">Urinary catheterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">Kidney dialysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithotripsy" title="Lithotripsy">Lithotripsy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laser_lithotripsy" title="Laser lithotripsy">Laser lithotripsy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extracorporeal_shockwave_therapy" title="Extracorporeal shockwave therapy">Extracorporeal shockwave therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinalysis" title="Urinalysis">Urinalysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_female_reproductive_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Female_genital_procedures" title="Template:Female genital procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Female_genital_procedures" title="Template talk:Female genital procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Female_genital_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Female genital procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_female_reproductive_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and procedures involving the <a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">female reproductive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Gynecological_surgery" title="Gynecological surgery">Gynecological surgery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oophorectomy" title="Oophorectomy">Oophorectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salpingoophorectomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Salpingoophorectomy">Salpingoophorectomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">Fallopian tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falloposcopy" title="Falloposcopy">Falloposcopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salpingectomy" title="Salpingectomy">Salpingectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubal_ligation" title="Tubal ligation">Tubal ligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essure" title="Essure">Essure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubal_reversal" title="Tubal reversal">Tubal reversal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;"><span class="nobold"><i>General:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genitoplasty" title="Genitoplasty">Genitoplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">Hysterectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterotomy" title="Hysterotomy">Hysterotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_exenteration" title="Pelvic exenteration">Pelvic exenteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_artery_embolization" title="Uterine artery embolization">Uterine artery embolization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus_transplantation" title="Uterus transplantation">Transplantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Uterine_cavity" title="Uterine cavity">Uterine cavity</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hysteroscopy" title="Hysteroscopy">Hysteroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_aspiration" title="Vacuum aspiration">Vacuum aspiration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">Endometrium</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_biopsy" title="Endometrial biopsy">Endometrial biopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_ablation" title="Endometrial ablation">Endometrial ablation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Myometrium" title="Myometrium">Myometrium</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_myomectomy" title="Uterine myomectomy">Uterine myomectomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">Cervix</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colposcopy" title="Colposcopy">Colposcopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_conization" title="Cervical conization">Cervical conization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loop_electrical_excision_procedure" title="Loop electrical excision procedure">LEEP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cerclage" title="Cervical cerclage">Cervical cerclage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_screening" title="Cervical screening">Cervical screening</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pap_test" title="Pap test">pap test</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervicectomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervicectomy">Cervicectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessary" title="Pessary">Pessary</a> insertion</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginectomy" title="Vaginectomy">Vaginectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culdoscopy" title="Culdoscopy">Culdoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culdocentesis" title="Culdocentesis">Culdocentesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episiotomy" title="Episiotomy">Episiotomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_husband_stitch" class="mw-redirect" title="The husband stitch">husband stitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymenotomy" title="Hymenotomy">Hymenotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colpocleisis" title="Colpocleisis">Colpocleisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymenorrhaphy" title="Hymenorrhaphy">Hymenorrhaphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_wet_mount" title="Vaginal wet mount">Vaginal wet mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_transplantation" title="Vaginal transplantation">Vaginal transplantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulvectomy" title="Vulvectomy">Vulvectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labiaplasty" title="Labiaplasty">Labiaplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_hood_reduction" title="Clitoral hood reduction">Clitoral hood reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulectomy" title="Vestibulectomy">Vestibulectomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_ultrasonography" title="Gynecologic ultrasonography">Gynecologic ultrasonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterosalpingography" title="Hysterosalpingography">Hysterosalpingography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_relating_to_pregnancy_and_childbirth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Obstetrical_procedures" title="Template:Obstetrical procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Obstetrical_procedures" title="Template talk:Obstetrical procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Obstetrical_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Obstetrical procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_relating_to_pregnancy_and_childbirth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and procedures relating to <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maternal tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_test" title="Pregnancy test">Pregnancy test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold%27s_maneuvers" title="Leopold's maneuvers">Leopold's maneuvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_testing" title="Prenatal testing">Prenatal testing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fetal tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imaging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" title="Obstetric ultrasonography">Obstetric ultrasonography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuchal_scan" title="Nuchal scan">Nuchal scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomaly_scan" title="Anomaly scan">Anomaly scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown-rump_length" title="Crown-rump length">Crown-rump length</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_movement#Monitoring_fetal_movement" title="Fetal movement">Fetal movement counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraction_stress_test" title="Contraction stress test">Contraction stress test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonstress_test" title="Nonstress test">Nonstress test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibroacoustic_stimulation" title="Vibroacoustic stimulation">Vibroacoustic stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_profile" title="Biophysical profile">Biophysical profile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid_index" title="Amniotic fluid index">Amniotic fluid index</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sampling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling" title="Chorionic villus sampling">Chorionic villus sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amniocentesis" title="Amniocentesis">Amniocentesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_test" title="Triple test">Triple test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_test#Quadruple_test" title="Triple test">Quad test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetoscopy" title="Fetoscopy">Fetoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_scalp_blood_testing" title="Fetal scalp blood testing">Fetal scalp blood testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_scalp_stimulation_test" title="Fetal scalp stimulation test">Fetal scalp stimulation test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_umbilical_cord_blood_sampling" title="Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling">Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_denaturation_test" title="Alkali denaturation test">Apt test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleihauer%E2%80%93Betke_test" title="Kleihauer–Betke test">Kleihauer–Betke test</a></li> <li>Lung maturity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecithin%E2%80%93sphingomyelin_ratio" title="Lecithin–sphingomyelin ratio">Lecithin–sphingomyelin ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamellar_body_count" title="Lamellar body count">Lamellar body count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_fibronectin" title="Fetal fibronectin">Fetal fibronectin test</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotocography" title="Cardiotocography">Cardiotocography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_surgery" title="Fetal surgery">Fetal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetendo" title="Fetendo">Fetendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podalic_version" title="Podalic version">Podalic version</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_cephalic_version" title="External cephalic version">External cephalic version</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnioinfusion" title="Amnioinfusion">Amnioinfusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Delivery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_delivery" title="Vaginal delivery">Vaginal delivery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labor_induction" title="Labor induction">Induction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operative_vaginal_delivery" title="Operative vaginal delivery">Assisted vaginal delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_rupture_of_membranes" title="Artificial rupture of membranes">Artificial rupture of membranes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episiotomy" title="Episiotomy">Episiotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphysiotomy" title="Symphysiotomy">Symphysiotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_forceps" title="Obstetrical forceps">Obstetrical forceps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_extraction" title="Vacuum extraction">Vacuum extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odon_device" title="Odon device">Odon device</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_dystocia#Procedures" title="Shoulder dystocia">Dystocia management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McRoberts_maneuver" title="McRoberts maneuver">McRoberts maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%27s_screw_maneuver" title="Wood's screw maneuver">Wood's screw maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavanelli_maneuver" title="Zavanelli maneuver">Zavanelli maneuver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childbirth#Third_stage:_placenta_delivery" title="Childbirth">Third stage of labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placenta_expulsion#Manual_placenta_removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Placenta expulsion">Manual placenta removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">Caesarean section</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarean_delivery_on_maternal_request" title="Caesarean delivery on maternal request">On maternal request</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXIT_procedure" title="EXIT procedure">EXIT procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resuscitative_hysterotomy" title="Resuscitative hysterotomy">Resuscitative hysterotomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_bleeding" title="Postpartum bleeding">Postpartum bleeding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">Hysterectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-Lynch_suture" title="B-Lynch suture">B-Lynch suture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Procedures_involving_bones_and_joints" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bone,_cartilage,_and_joint_procedures" title="Template:Bone, cartilage, and joint procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bone,_cartilage,_and_joint_procedures" title="Template talk:Bone, cartilage, and joint procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bone,_cartilage,_and_joint_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bone, cartilage, and joint procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Procedures_involving_bones_and_joints" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Procedures involving <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> and joints</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Face</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaw_reduction" title="Jaw reduction">Jaw reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthognathic_surgery" title="Orthognathic surgery">Orthognathic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_augmentation" title="Chin augmentation">Chin augmentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coccygectomy" title="Coccygectomy">Coccygectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminotomy" title="Laminotomy">Laminotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminectomy" title="Laminectomy">Laminectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminoplasty" title="Laminoplasty">Laminoplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpectomy" title="Corpectomy">Corpectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facetectomy" title="Facetectomy">Facetectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foraminotomy" title="Foraminotomy">Foraminotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_fixation" title="Vertebral fixation">Vertebral fixation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_augmentation" title="Vertebral augmentation">Vertebral augmentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arm</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acromioplasty" title="Acromioplasty">Acromioplasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leg</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_head_ostectomy" title="Femoral head ostectomy">Femoral head ostectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astragalectomy" title="Astragalectomy">Astragalectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distraction_osteogenesis" title="Distraction osteogenesis">Distraction osteogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilizarov_apparatus" title="Ilizarov apparatus">Ilizarov apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phemister_graft" title="Phemister graft">Phemister graft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ostectomy" title="Ostectomy">Ostectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_grafting" title="Bone grafting">Bone grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteotomy" title="Osteotomy">Osteotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphysiodesis" title="Epiphysiodesis">Epiphysiodesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduction_(orthopedic_surgery)" title="Reduction (orthopedic surgery)">Reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_fixation" title="Internal fixation">Internal fixation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_fixation" title="External fixation">External fixation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tension_band_wiring" title="Tension band wiring">Tension band wiring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articular_cartilage_repair" title="Articular cartilage repair">Articular cartilage repair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microfracture_surgery" title="Microfracture surgery">Microfracture surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_cartilage_replacement_therapy" title="Knee cartilage replacement therapy">Knee cartilage replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autologous_chondrocyte_implantation" title="Autologous chondrocyte implantation">Autologous chondrocyte implantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Human vertebral column">Spine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthrodesis" title="Arthrodesis">Arthrodesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_fusion" title="Spinal fusion">Spinal fusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_disc" title="Intervertebral disc">Intervertebral discs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discectomy" title="Discectomy">Discectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_disc_annuloplasty" title="Intervertebral disc annuloplasty">Annuloplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_disc_arthroplasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Intervertebral disc arthroplasty">Arthroplasty</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arm</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_surgery" title="Shoulder surgery">Shoulder surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_replacement" title="Shoulder replacement">Shoulder replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankart_repair" title="Bankart repair">Bankart repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaver%E2%80%93Dunn_procedure" title="Weaver–Dunn procedure">Weaver–Dunn procedure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_collateral_ligament_reconstruction" title="Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction">Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunelli_procedure" title="Brunelli procedure">Brunelli procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_joint_replacement" title="Finger joint replacement">Finger joint replacement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leg</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_resurfacing" title="Hip resurfacing">Hip resurfacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_replacement" title="Hip replacement">Hip replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotationplasty" title="Rotationplasty">Rotationplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament_reconstruction" title="Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction">Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_replacement" title="Knee replacement">Knee replacement</a>/<a href="/wiki/Unicompartmental_knee_arthroplasty" title="Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty">Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankle_fusion" title="Ankle fusion">Ankle fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankle_replacement" title="Ankle replacement">Ankle replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brostr%C3%B6m_procedure" title="Broström procedure">Broström procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_arthrodesis" title="Triple arthrodesis">Triple arthrodesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthrotomy" title="Arthrotomy">Arthrotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthroplasty" title="Arthroplasty">Arthroplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovectomy" title="Synovectomy">Synovectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthroscopy" title="Arthroscopy">Arthroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_replacement" title="Joint replacement">Joint replacement</a></li> <li><i>imaging:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthrogram" title="Arthrogram">Arthrogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthrocentesis" title="Arthrocentesis">Arthrocentesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthroscopic_lavage" title="Arthroscopic lavage">Arthroscopic lavage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_on_muscle_and_soft_tissue" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscle_and_soft_tissue_procedures" title="Template:Muscle and soft tissue procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muscle_and_soft_tissue_procedures" title="Template talk:Muscle and soft tissue procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscle_and_soft_tissue_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muscle and soft tissue procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_on_muscle_and_soft_tissue" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and procedures on <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue" title="Soft tissue">soft tissue</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myotomy" title="Myotomy">Myotomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heller_myotomy" title="Heller myotomy">Heller myotomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_biopsy" title="Muscle biopsy">Muscle biopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromyography" title="Electromyography">Electromyography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenotomy" title="Tenotomy">Tenotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon_transfer" title="Tendon transfer">Tendon transfer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">Fascia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasciotomy" title="Fasciotomy">Fasciotomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synovial_bursa" title="Synovial bursa">Bursa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bursectomy" title="Bursectomy">Bursectomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">Amputation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemipelvectomy" title="Hemipelvectomy">Hemipelvectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicorporectomy" title="Hemicorporectomy">Hemicorporectomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replantation" title="Replantation">Replantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_breast" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breast_procedures" title="Template:Breast procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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href="/wiki/Segmental_resection" title="Segmental resection">Segmental resection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_local_excision" title="Wide local excision">Wide local excision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrantectomy" title="Quadrantectomy">Quadrantectomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastectomy" title="Mastectomy">Mastectomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_mastectomy" title="Radical mastectomy">Radical mastectomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_augmentation" title="Breast augmentation">Breast augmentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans-umbilical_breast_augmentation" title="Trans-umbilical breast augmentation">Trans-umbilical breast augmentation</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammaplasty" title="Mammaplasty">Mammaplasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast_implant" title="Breast implant">Breast implant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_reduction" title="Breast reduction">Breast reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SPAIR" title="SPAIR">SPAIR</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastopexy" title="Mastopexy">Mastopexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_reconstruction" title="Breast reconstruction">Breast reconstruction</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Interventions on the <a href="/wiki/Lactiferous_duct" title="Lactiferous duct">Lactiferous ducts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ductal_lavage" title="Ductal lavage">Ductal lavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ductoscopy" title="Ductoscopy">Ductoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdochectomy" title="Microdochectomy">Microdochectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_duct_excision" title="Central duct excision">Central duct excision</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breast_imaging" title="Breast imaging">Breast imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammography" title="Mammography">Mammography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_mammography" title="Positron emission mammography">Positron emission mammography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomosynthesis" title="Tomosynthesis">Tomosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeromammography" title="Xeromammography">Xeromammography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactography" title="Galactography">Galactography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_MRI" title="Breast MRI">Breast MRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_ultrasound" title="Breast ultrasound">Breast ultrasound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_whole-breast_ultrasound" title="Automated whole-breast ultrasound">Automated whole-breast ultrasound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scintimammography" class="mw-redirect" title="Scintimammography">Scintimammography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastography" title="Elastography">Elastography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast_biopsy" title="Breast biopsy">Breast biopsy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fine-needle_aspiration" title="Fine-needle aspiration">Fine-needle aspiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer_screening" title="Breast cancer screening">Breast cancer screening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_self-examination" title="Breast self-examination">Breast self-examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ductal_lavage" title="Ductal lavage">Ductal lavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_duct_endoscopy" title="Breast duct endoscopy">Breast duct endoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_on_the_skin_and_subcutaneous_tissue" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Skin_and_subcutaneous_tissue_procedures" title="Template:Skin and subcutaneous tissue procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Skin_and_subcutaneous_tissue_procedures" title="Template talk:Skin and subcutaneous tissue procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Skin_and_subcutaneous_tissue_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Skin and subcutaneous tissue procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_on_the_skin_and_subcutaneous_tissue" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and procedures on the <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">subcutaneous tissue</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escharotomy" title="Escharotomy">Escharotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_suture" title="Surgical suture">Suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_grafting" title="Skin grafting">Skin grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohs_surgery" title="Mohs surgery">Mohs surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_flap" title="Free flap">Free flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotation_flap" title="Rotation flap">Rotation flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAM_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="TRAM flap">TRAM flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrodesiccation_and_curettage" title="Electrodesiccation and curettage">Electrodesiccation and curettage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosurgery" title="Cryosurgery">Cryosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_biopsy" title="Skin biopsy">Skin biopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgery#Types_of_surgery" title="Surgery">Excision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhytidectomy" title="Rhytidectomy">Rhytidectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liposuction" title="Liposuction">Liposuction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-plasty" title="Z-plasty">Z-plasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood%27s_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood's lamp">Wood's lamp</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair_transplantation" title="Hair transplantation">Hair transplantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Surgery_involving_the_chest_and_lungs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thoracic_surgery" title="Template:Thoracic surgery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thoracic_surgery" title="Template talk:Thoracic surgery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thoracic_surgery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thoracic surgery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Surgery_involving_the_chest_and_lungs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">chest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediastinoscopy" title="Mediastinoscopy">Mediastinoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video-assisted_thoracoscopic_surgery" title="Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery">Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery</a> (VATS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobectomy" title="Lobectomy">Lobectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullectomy" title="Bullectomy">Bullectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung_transplantation" title="Lung transplantation">Lung transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuss_procedure" title="Nuss procedure">Nuss procedure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_male_reproductive_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Male_genital_procedures" title="Template:Male genital procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Male_genital_procedures" title="Template talk:Male genital procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Male_genital_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Male genital procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_male_reproductive_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and procedures involving the <a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">male reproductive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transurethral_incision_of_the_prostate" title="Transurethral incision of the prostate">Transurethral incision of the prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate_biopsy" title="Prostate biopsy">Prostate biopsy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transrectal_biopsy" title="Transrectal biopsy">Transrectal biopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transurethral_biopsy" title="Transurethral biopsy">Transurethral biopsy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostatectomy" title="Prostatectomy">Prostatectomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transurethral_resection_of_the_prostate" title="Transurethral resection of the prostate">Transurethral resection of the prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_retropubic_prostatectomy" title="Radical retropubic prostatectomy">Radical retropubic prostatectomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transurethral_microwave_thermotherapy" title="Transurethral microwave thermotherapy">Transurethral microwave thermotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transurethral_needle_ablation_of_the_prostate" title="Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate">Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">Brachytherapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostate_brachytherapy" title="Prostate brachytherapy">Prostate brachytherapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate_massage" title="Prostate massage">Prostate massage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatocelectomy" title="Spermatocelectomy">Spermatocelectomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">Vas deferens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasectomy" title="Vasectomy">Vasectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasectomy_reversal" title="Vasectomy reversal">Vasectomy reversal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasovasostomy" title="Vasovasostomy">Vasovasostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoepididymostomy" title="Vasoepididymostomy">Vasoepididymostomy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orchiectomy" title="Orchiectomy">Orchiectomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">Castration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchiopexy" title="Orchiopexy">Orchiopexy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penectomy" title="Penectomy">Penectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penile_implant" title="Penile implant">Penile implant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preputioplasty" title="Preputioplasty">Preputioplasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreskin_restoration" title="Foreskin restoration">Foreskin restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenuloplasty_of_prepuce_of_penis" title="Frenuloplasty of prepuce of penis">Frenuloplasty of prepuce of penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penile_Frenulectomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Penile Frenulectomy">Penile Frenulectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penile_plethysmography" title="Penile plethysmography">Penile plethysmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp_test" title="Postage stamp test">Postage stamp test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semen_analysis" title="Semen analysis">Semen analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotal_ultrasound" title="Scrotal ultrasound">Scrotal ultrasound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/21px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/42px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cercophonius_squama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cercophonius_squama.jpg/21px-Cercophonius_squama.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Portal:Horses" title="Portal:Horses">Horses</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/12px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/18px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/24px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anatomy" title="Portal:Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173710#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4056119-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Esophagus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85044855">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oesophage"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119328872">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oesophage"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119328872">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572160">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="jícen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph731572&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Esófago"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX530237">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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