CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Presidencies and provinces of British India - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c1937b9a-b31d-42cd-9a04-a7881ab65a97","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India","wgTitle":"Presidencies and provinces of British India","wgCurRevisionId":1258188082,"wgRevisionId":1258188082,"wgArticleId":3574003,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2015","Use Indian English from June 2021","All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English","1612 establishments in India","1947 disestablishments in India","Presidencies of British India","Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India","wgRelevantArticleId":3574003,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"British_India","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2385925","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect", "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fort_William%2C_Calcutta%2C_1735.jpg/1200px-Fort_William%2C_Calcutta%2C_1735.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="987"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fort_William%2C_Calcutta%2C_1735.jpg/800px-Fort_William%2C_Calcutta%2C_1735.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="658"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fort_William%2C_Calcutta%2C_1735.jpg/640px-Fort_William%2C_Calcutta%2C_1735.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="526"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Presidencies and provinces of British India - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India rootpage-Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Presidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Presidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Presidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Presidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-British_in_India_(1608–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_in_India_(1608–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>British in India (1608–1947)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_in_India_(1608–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_under_the_East_India_Company_(1793–1858)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_under_the_East_India_Company_(1793–1858)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Administration under the East India Company (1793–1858)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration_under_the_East_India_Company_(1793–1858)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration under the East India Company (1793–1858) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration_under_the_East_India_Company_(1793–1858)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_presidencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_presidencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The presidencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_presidencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_new_provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_new_provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The new provinces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_new_provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_under_the_Crown_(1858–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_under_the_Crown_(1858–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administration under the Crown (1858–1947)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration_under_the_Crown_(1858–1947)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration under the Crown (1858–1947) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration_under_the_Crown_(1858–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Historical background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation_provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation_provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Regulation provinces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation_provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Major provinces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor_provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Minor provinces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor_provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Aden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partition_and_independence_(1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition_and_independence_(1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Partition and independence (1947)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition_and_independence_(1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Presidencies and provinces of British India</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="ব্রিটিশ ভারতের প্রেসিডেন্সি ও প্রদেশসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রিটিশ ভারতের প্রেসিডেন্সি ও প্রদেশসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indez_Breizh-Veur" title="Indez Breizh-Veur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Indez Breizh-Veur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncies_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia_Brit%C3%A0nica" title="Províncies de l'Índia Britànica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Províncies de l'Índia Britànica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidencias_y_provincias_de_la_India_brit%C3%A1nica" title="Presidencias y provincias de la India británica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presidencias y provincias de la India británica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4" title="ब्रिटिश भारत के प्रेसिडेंसी और प्रांत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रिटिश भारत के प्रेसिडेंसी और प्रांत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepresidenan_dan_provinsi_di_India_Britania" title="Kepresidenan dan provinsi di India Britania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepresidenan dan provinsi di India Britania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidenze_e_province_dell%27India_britannica" title="Presidenze e province dell'India britannica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Presidenze e province dell'India britannica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD" title="ब्रिटिश भारतक प्रेसिडेन्सी आ प्रान्तसभ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ब्रिटिश भारतक प्रेसिडेन्सी आ प्रान्तसभ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepimpinan_dan_wilayah_di_India_British" title="Kepimpinan dan wilayah di India British – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kepimpinan dan wilayah di India British" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="ब्रिटिस भारतका प्रेसिडेन्सी र प्रदेशहरू – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ब्रिटिस भारतका प्रेसिडेन्सी र प्रदेशहरू" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4" title="ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀਆਂ ਪ੍ਰੈਜ਼ੀਡੈਂਸੀਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਪ੍ਰਾਂਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀਆਂ ਪ੍ਰੈਜ਼ੀਡੈਂਸੀਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਪ੍ਰਾਂਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%92_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%92_%D8%AA%DB%92_%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%92" title="برطانوی ہند دے صوبے تے علاقے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برطانوی ہند دے صوبے تے علاقے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presid%C3%AAncias_e_prov%C3%ADncias_da_%C3%8Dndia_Brit%C3%A2nica" title="Presidências e províncias da Índia Britânica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Presidências e províncias da Índia Britânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Провинции и президентства Британской Индии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Провинции и президентства Британской Индии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidencat_dhe_provincat_e_Indis%C3%AB_Britanike" title="Presidencat dhe provincat e Indisë Britanike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Presidencat dhe provincat e Indisë Britanike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A_%DA%BE%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%B3%DA%BB%D8%A7_%DB%BD_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="برطانوي ھندوستان جا پرڳڻا ۽ صوبا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برطانوي ھندوستان جا پرڳڻا ۽ صوبا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D,_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரித்தானிய இந்தியாவின் மாகாணங்களும், ஆட்சிப் பகுதிகளும் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரித்தானிய இந்தியாவின் மாகாணங்களும், ஆட்சிப் பகுதிகளும்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81,_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="బ్రిటిషు భారతదేశం లోని ప్రెసిడెన్సీలు, ప్రావిన్సులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బ్రిటిషు భారతదేశం లోని ప్రెసిడెన్సీలు, ప్రావిన్సులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="เขตปกครองและมณฑลของบริติชอินเดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เขตปกครองและมณฑลของบริติชอินเดีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97" title="Президентства та провінції Британської Індії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Президентства та провінції Британської Індії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%92_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%92" title="برطانوی ہند کے صوبے اورعلاقے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برطانوی ہند کے صوبے اورعلاقے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1c_t%E1%BB%89nh_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99_thu%E1%BB%99c_Anh" title="Các tỉnh Ấn Độ thuộc Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Các tỉnh Ấn Độ thuộc Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%AF%B8%E7%9C%81" title="英属印度诸省 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英属印度诸省" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2385925#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&oldid=1258188082" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&id=1258188082&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPresidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPresidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2385925" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_India&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1612–1947 British directly-ruled administrative divisions in India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"British India" redirects here. For the history of the British Empire on the Indian subcontinent, see <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. For the British East India Company's rule in India, see <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/British_India_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="British India (disambiguation)">British India (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Provinces of India" redirects here. For the modern states, see <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories of India</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_William,_Calcutta,_1735.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fort_William%2C_Calcutta%2C_1735.jpg/220px-Fort_William%2C_Calcutta%2C_1735.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fort_William%2C_Calcutta%2C_1735.jpg/330px-Fort_William%2C_Calcutta%2C_1735.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fort_William%2C_Calcutta%2C_1735.jpg/440px-Fort_William%2C_Calcutta%2C_1735.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3891" data-file-height="3199" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">mezzotint</a> engraving of Fort William, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> in British India 1735.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>provinces of India</b>, earlier <b>presidencies of British India</b> and still earlier, <b>presidency towns</b>, were the administrative divisions of British governance on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. Collectively, they have been called <b>British India</b>. In one form or another, they existed between 1612 and 1947, conventionally divided into three historical periods: </p> <ul><li>Between 1612 and 1757 the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> set up <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">"factories" (trading posts)</a> in several locations, mostly in coastal India, with the consent of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal emperors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> or local rulers. Its rivals were the merchant trading companies of Portugal, Denmark, the Netherlands, and France. By the mid-18th century three <i>Presidency towns</i>: <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, had grown in size.</li> <li>During the period of <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a>, 1757–1858, the Company gradually acquired sovereignty over large parts of India, now called "Presidencies". However, it also increasingly came under British government oversight, in effect sharing sovereignty with the Crown. At the same time, it gradually lost its mercantile privileges.</li> <li>Following the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> the company's remaining powers were transferred to the Crown. Under the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> (1858–1947), administrative boundaries were extended to include a few other British-administered regions, such as <a href="/wiki/Upper_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Burma">Upper Burma</a>. Increasingly, however, the unwieldy presidencies were broken up into "Provinces".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>"British India" did not include the many <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> which continued to be ruled by Indian princes, though by the 19th century under British <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty#India" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>—their defence, foreign relations, and communications relinquished to British authority and their internal rule closely monitored.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence, in 1947</a>, there were officially 565 princely states, a few being very large although most were very small. They comprised a quarter of the population of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> and two fifths of its land area, with the provinces comprising the remainders.<sup id="cite_ref-statesman-yb-1949-1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statesman-yb-1949-1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_in_India_(1608–1947)"><span id="British_in_India_.281608.E2.80.931947.29"></span>British in India (1608–1947)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: British in India (1608–1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1608, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Farrukhsiyar" title="Farrukhsiyar">Farrukhsiyar</a> issued a royal farman to the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> to establish a small trading settlement at <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> (now in the state of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>), and this became the company's first headquarters town. It was followed in 1611 by a permanent <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">factory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Machilipatnam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a>, and in 1612 the company joined other already established European trading companies in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> in trade.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the power of the Mughal Empire declined from 1707, first at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a> and later due to invasion from Persia (1739) and Afghanistan (1761); after the East India Company's victories at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> (1757), and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a> (1764)—both within the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> established in 1765—and the abolition of local rule (Nizamat) in Bengal in 1793, the company gradually began to formally expand its territories across <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-19th century, and after the three <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Maratha_Wars_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)">Anglo-Maratha Wars</a> and the four <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a>, the East India Company had become the paramount political and military power in south Asia, its territory held in <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trust</a> for the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-igi-ii-pp488-514_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-ii-pp488-514-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Company rule in Bengal (after 1793) was terminated by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1858" title="Government of India Act 1858">Government of India Act 1858</a>, following the events of the Bengal <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-igi-ii-pp488-514_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-ii-pp488-514-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henceforth known as British India, it was thereafter directly ruled as a colonial possession of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, and India was officially known after 1876 as the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India was divided into British India, regions that were directly administered by the British, with acts established and passed in the British parliament,<sup id="cite_ref-igi-iv-pp46-57_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-iv-pp46-57-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Princely_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states">princely states</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ruled by local rulers of different ethnic backgrounds. These rulers were allowed a measure of internal autonomy in exchange for recognition of British <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>. British India constituted a significant portion of India both in area and population; in 1910, for example, it covered approximately 54% of the area and included over 77% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there were <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclaves</a> in India. Independence from British rule was achieved in 1947 with the formation of two nations, the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, the latter including <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. </p><p>The term <i>British India</i> also applied to <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> for a shorter time period: beginning in 1824, a small part of Burma, and by 1886, almost two thirds of Burma had been made part of British India.<sup id="cite_ref-igi-iv-pp46-57_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-iv-pp46-57-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This arrangement lasted until 1937, when Burma was reorganized as a separate British colony. <i>British India</i> did not apply to other countries in the region, such as <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (then <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a>), which was a British <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Maldive_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Maldive Islands">Maldive Islands</a>, which were a British <a href="/wiki/Protectorate#Colonial_protection" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>. At its greatest extent, in the early 20th century, the territory of British India extended as far as the frontiers of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> in the west; <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in the northwest; <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> in the north, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> in the northeast; and China, <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a> in the east. It also included the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province_of_Aden" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Commissioner's Province of Aden">Aden Province</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration_under_the_East_India_Company_(1793–1858)"><span id="Administration_under_the_East_India_Company_.281793.E2.80.931858.29"></span>Administration under the East India Company (1793–1858)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Administration under the East India Company (1793–1858)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">East India Company</a>, which was incorporated on 31 December 1600, established trade relations with Indian rulers in <a href="/wiki/Masulipatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Masulipatam">Masulipatam</a> on the east coast in 1611 and <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> on the west coast in 1612.<sup id="cite_ref-igi4-6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi4-6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company rented a small trading outpost in <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> in 1639.<sup id="cite_ref-igi4-6_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi4-6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bombay, which was ceded to the British Crown by <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> as part of the wedding dowry of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a> in 1661, was in turn granted to the East India Company to be held in trust for the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-igi4-6_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi4-6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, in <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">eastern India</a>, after obtaining permission from the Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> to trade with Bengal, the company established its first factory at <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooghly (town)">Hoogly</a> in 1640.<sup id="cite_ref-igi4-6_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi4-6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost a half-century later, after Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurengzeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurengzeb">Aurengzeb</a> forced the company out of Hooghly for its tax evasion, <a href="/wiki/Job_Charnock" title="Job Charnock">Job Charnock</a> was tenant of three small villages, later renamed <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, in 1686, making it the company's new headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-igi4-6_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi4-6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-18th century, the three principal trading settlements including factories and forts, were then called the Madras Presidency (or the Presidency of Fort St. George), the Bombay Presidency, and the Bengal Presidency (or the Presidency of Fort William)—each administered by a governor.<sup id="cite_ref-igi4-7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi4-7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_presidencies">The presidencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The presidencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joppen1907India1700a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Indian peninsula in 1700, showing the Mughal Empire and the European trading settlements."><img alt="The Indian peninsula in 1700, showing the Mughal Empire and the European trading settlements." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Joppen1907India1700a.jpg/84px-Joppen1907India1700a.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Joppen1907India1700a.jpg/126px-Joppen1907India1700a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Joppen1907India1700a.jpg/168px-Joppen1907India1700a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Indian peninsula in 1700, showing the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> and the European trading settlements.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India1760_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Indian peninsula in 1760, three years after the Battle of Plassey, showing the Maratha Empire and other prominent political states."><img alt="The Indian peninsula in 1760, three years after the Battle of Plassey, showing the Maratha Empire and other prominent political states." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/India1760_1905.jpg/93px-India1760_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/India1760_1905.jpg/140px-India1760_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/India1760_1905.jpg/186px-India1760_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="1485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Indian peninsula in 1760, three years after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a>, showing the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> and other prominent political states.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IGI1908MadrasTown2(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The presidency town of Madras in a 1908 map. Madras was established as Fort St. George in 1640."><img alt="The presidency town of Madras in a 1908 map. Madras was established as Fort St. George in 1640." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IGI1908MadrasTown2%281%29.jpg/95px-IGI1908MadrasTown2%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IGI1908MadrasTown2%281%29.jpg/143px-IGI1908MadrasTown2%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IGI1908MadrasTown2%281%29.jpg/191px-IGI1908MadrasTown2%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The presidency town of Madras in a 1908 map. Madras was established as <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._George" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. George">Fort St. George</a> in 1640.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IGI1908IsleBombay2(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The presidency town of Bombay (shown here in a 1908 map) was established in 1684."><img alt="The presidency town of Bombay (shown here in a 1908 map) was established in 1684." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/IGI1908IsleBombay2%281%29.jpg/94px-IGI1908IsleBombay2%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/IGI1908IsleBombay2%281%29.jpg/141px-IGI1908IsleBombay2%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/IGI1908IsleBombay2%281%29.jpg/188px-IGI1908IsleBombay2%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The presidency town of Bombay (shown here in a 1908 map) was established in 1684.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IGI1908CalcuttaTown2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The presidency town of Calcutta (shown here in a 1908 map) was established in 1690 as Fort William."><img alt="The presidency town of Calcutta (shown here in a 1908 map) was established in 1690 as Fort William." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/IGI1908CalcuttaTown2.jpg/96px-IGI1908CalcuttaTown2.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/IGI1908CalcuttaTown2.jpg/143px-IGI1908CalcuttaTown2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/IGI1908CalcuttaTown2.jpg/191px-IGI1908CalcuttaTown2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The presidency town of Calcutta (shown here in a 1908 map) was established in 1690 as <a href="/wiki/Fort_William,_India" title="Fort William, India">Fort William</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>: established 1640.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>: East India Company's headquarters moved from <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> to Bombay (Mumbai) in 1687.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>: established 1690.</li></ul> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Robert Clive</a>'s victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> in 1757, the puppet government of a new <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a>, was maintained by the East India Company.<sup id="cite_ref-igi4-9_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi4-9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after the invasion of Bengal by the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Oudh">Nawab of Oudh</a> in 1764 and his subsequent defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a>, the Company obtained the <i>Diwani</i> of Bengal, which included the right to administer and collect land-revenue (land tax) in <i>Bengal</i>, the region of present-day Bangladesh, West Bengal, Jharkhand and <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> beginning from 1772 as per the treaty signed in 1765.<sup id="cite_ref-igi4-9_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi4-9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1773, the Company obtained the <i>Nizāmat</i> of Bengal (the "exercise of criminal jurisdiction") and thereby full sovereignty of the expanded <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-igi4-9_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi4-9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period, 1773 to 1785, very little changed; the only exceptions were the addition of the dominions of the <i><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Banares</a> to the western boundary of the Bengal Presidency, and the addition of <a href="/wiki/Salsette_Island" title="Salsette Island">Salsette Island</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-igi4-10_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi4-10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Portions of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a> were annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> ended in 1792. Next, in 1799, after the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> more of his territory was annexed to the Madras Presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-igi4-10_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi4-10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1801, <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_region" title="Carnatic region">Carnatic</a>, which had been under the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of the company, began to be directly administered by it as a part of the Madras Presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-igi4-11_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi4-11-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IGI1908India1765a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of India in 1765."><img alt="Map of India in 1765." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/IGI1908India1765a.jpg/78px-IGI1908India1765a.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/IGI1908India1765a.jpg/117px-IGI1908India1765a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/IGI1908India1765a.jpg/156px-IGI1908India1765a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of India in 1765.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joppen1907India1795a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of India in 1795."><img alt="Map of India in 1795." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Joppen1907India1795a.jpg/83px-Joppen1907India1795a.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Joppen1907India1795a.jpg/124px-Joppen1907India1795a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Joppen1907India1795a.jpg/165px-Joppen1907India1795a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of India in 1795.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joppen1907India1805a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of India in 1805."><img alt="Map of India in 1805." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/Joppen1907India1805a.jpg/84px-Joppen1907India1805a.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/Joppen1907India1805a.jpg/126px-Joppen1907India1805a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/Joppen1907India1805a.jpg/168px-Joppen1907India1805a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of India in 1805.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joppen1907India1823a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of India in 1823."><img alt="Map of India in 1823." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Joppen1907India1823a.jpg/83px-Joppen1907India1823a.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Joppen1907India1823a.jpg/125px-Joppen1907India1823a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Joppen1907India1823a.jpg/167px-Joppen1907India1823a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of India in 1823.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IGI1908India1837a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of India in 1837."><img alt="Map of India in 1837." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/IGI1908India1837a.jpg/78px-IGI1908India1837a.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/IGI1908India1837a.jpg/118px-IGI1908India1837a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/IGI1908India1837a.jpg/157px-IGI1908India1837a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of India in 1837.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joppen1907India1848a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of India in 1848."><img alt="Map of India in 1848." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/40/Joppen1907India1848a.jpg/84px-Joppen1907India1848a.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/40/Joppen1907India1848a.jpg/125px-Joppen1907India1848a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/40/Joppen1907India1848a.jpg/167px-Joppen1907India1848a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of India in 1848.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IGI1908India1857b-coloured.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of India in 1857."><img alt="Map of India in 1857." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/IGI1908India1857b-coloured.jpg/76px-IGI1908India1857b-coloured.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/IGI1908India1857b-coloured.jpg/115px-IGI1908India1857b-coloured.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/IGI1908India1857b-coloured.jpg/153px-IGI1908India1857b-coloured.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of India in 1857.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joppen1907BritishBengalBritishBurmaA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Expansion of British Bengal and Burma."><img alt="Expansion of British Bengal and Burma." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Joppen1907BritishBengalBritishBurmaA.jpg/88px-Joppen1907BritishBengalBritishBurmaA.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Joppen1907BritishBengalBritishBurmaA.jpg/131px-Joppen1907BritishBengalBritishBurmaA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Joppen1907BritishBengalBritishBurmaA.jpg/175px-Joppen1907BritishBengalBritishBurmaA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Expansion of British Bengal and Burma.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_new_provinces">The new provinces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The new provinces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1851, the East India Company's vast and growing holdings across the sub-continent were still grouped into just four main territories: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a> with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a> with the seat of the lieutenant-governor at <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>. The original seat of government was at <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>, then at <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> from 1834 to 1868. In 1833, an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament (UK)">act of the British Parliament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1833" title="Government of India Act 1833">Government of India Act 1833</a> (<a href="/wiki/3_%26_4_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="3 & 4 Will. 4">3 & 4 Will. 4</a>. c. 85) promulgated the elevation the <i><a href="/wiki/Ceded_and_Conquered_Provinces" title="Ceded and Conquered Provinces">Ceded and Conquered Provinces</a></i> to the new <i>Presidency of Agra</i>, and the appointment of a new governor for the latter, but the plan was never carried out. In 1835 another act of Parliament, the <a href="/wiki/India_(North-West_Provinces)_Act_1835" class="mw-redirect" title="India (North-West Provinces) Act 1835">India (North-West Provinces) Act 1835</a> (<a href="/wiki/5_%26_6_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="5 & 6 Will. 4">5 & 6 Will. 4</a>. c. 52) renamed the region the <i>North-Western Provinces</i>, this time to be administered by a lieutenant-governor, the first of whom, Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Metcalfe,_1st_Baron_Metcalfe" title="Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe">Charles Metcalfe</a>, would be appointed in 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, and the end of Company rule, the developments could be summarised as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>: expanded after the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Maratha_Wars_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)">Anglo-Maratha Wars</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>: expanded in the mid-to-late 18th century <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>: expanded after the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a> (1757) and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Buxar</a> (1764), and after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha Wars</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>: became a residency within the Bengal Presidency in 1786, the fourth presidency of India in 1805, part of the presidency of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> until 1830, again part of a residency within the Bengal Presidency when the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> became so, and finally separated from British India in 1867.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceded_and_Conquered_Provinces" title="Ceded and Conquered Provinces">Ceded and Conquered Provinces</a>: established in 1802 within the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>. Proposed to be renamed the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Agra" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Agra">Presidency of Agra</a> under a governor in 1835, but proposal not implemented.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmer-Merwara" title="Ajmer-Merwara">Ajmer-Merwara</a>: ceded by <a href="/wiki/Sindhia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhia">Sindhia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a> in 1818 at the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorg" class="mw-redirect" title="Coorg">Coorg</a>: Annexed in 1834.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a>: established as a lieutenant-governorship in 1836 from the erstwhile <i>Ceded and Conquered Provinces.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sind</a>: annexed to the Bombay Presidency in 1843.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a>: Established in 1849 from territories captured in the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second</a> Anglo-Sikh Wars.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur_Province" title="Nagpur Province">Nagpur Province</a>: Created in 1853 from the princely state of Nagpur, seized by the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_lapse" title="Doctrine of lapse">doctrine of lapse</a>. Merged into the Central Provinces in 1861.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudh_State" title="Oudh State">Oudh State</a> annexed in 1856 and governed thereafter until 1905 as a chief commissionership, as a part of <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a> and Oudh.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope1880NorthWesternProv2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North-Western Provinces, constituted in 1836 from erstwhile Ceded and Conquered Provinces."><img alt="North-Western Provinces, constituted in 1836 from erstwhile Ceded and Conquered Provinces." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/Pope1880NorthWesternProv2.jpg/120px-Pope1880NorthWesternProv2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/Pope1880NorthWesternProv2.jpg/180px-Pope1880NorthWesternProv2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/Pope1880NorthWesternProv2.jpg/240px-Pope1880NorthWesternProv2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a>, constituted in 1836 from erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Ceded_and_Conquered_Provinces" title="Ceded and Conquered Provinces">Ceded and Conquered Provinces</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope1880Panjab3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Punjab annexed in 1849."><img alt="Punjab annexed in 1849." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/Pope1880Panjab3.jpg/120px-Pope1880Panjab3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/Pope1880Panjab3.jpg/180px-Pope1880Panjab3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/Pope1880Panjab3.jpg/240px-Pope1880Panjab3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> annexed in 1849.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope1880Oudh2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oudh annexed in 1856."><img alt="Oudh annexed in 1856." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Pope1880Oudh2.jpg/120px-Pope1880Oudh2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Pope1880Oudh2.jpg/180px-Pope1880Oudh2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Pope1880Oudh2.jpg/240px-Pope1880Oudh2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="918" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudh">Oudh</a> annexed in 1856.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration_under_the_Crown_(1858–1947)"><span id="Administration_under_the_Crown_.281858.E2.80.931947.29"></span>Administration under the Crown (1858–1947)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Administration under the Crown (1858–1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British Raj began with the idea of the presidencies as the centres of government. Until 1834, when a General Legislative Council was formed, each presidency under its governor and council was empowered to enact a code of so-called 'regulations' for its government. Therefore, any territory or province that was added by conquest or treaty to a presidency came under the existing regulations of the corresponding presidency. However, in the case of provinces that were acquired but were not annexed to any of the three presidencies, their official staff could be provided as the governor-general pleased, and was not governed by the existing regulations of the Bengal, Madras, or Bombay presidencies. Such provinces became known as 'non-regulation provinces' and up to 1833 no provision for a legislative power existed in such places.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same two kinds of management applied for districts. Thus <a href="/wiki/Ganjam_district" title="Ganjam district">Ganjam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam_district" title="Visakhapatnam district">Vizagapatam</a> were non-regulation districts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-regulation provinces included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajmer-Merwara" title="Ajmer-Merwara">Ajmer Province</a> (Ajmer-Merwara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cis-Sutlej_states" title="Cis-Sutlej states">Cis-Sutlej states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saugor_and_Nerbudda_Territories" title="Saugor and Nerbudda Territories">Saugor and Nerbudda Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-East_Frontier" class="mw-redirect" title="North-East Frontier">North-East Frontier</a> (Assam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Frontier" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Frontier">South-West Frontier</a> (Chota Nagpur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhansi_State" title="Jhansi State">Jhansi State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon Province">Kumaon Province</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope1880BritishIndia1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="British India in 1880: This map incorporates the provinces of British India, the Princely States and the legally non-Indian Crown Colony of Ceylon."><img alt="British India in 1880: This map incorporates the provinces of British India, the Princely States and the legally non-Indian Crown Colony of Ceylon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Pope1880BritishIndia1.jpg/120px-Pope1880BritishIndia1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Pope1880BritishIndia1.jpg/180px-Pope1880BritishIndia1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Pope1880BritishIndia1.jpg/240px-Pope1880BritishIndia1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="1527" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">British India in 1880: This map incorporates the provinces of British India, the Princely States and the legally non-Indian Crown Colony of Ceylon.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IndiaPolitical1893ConstablesHandAtlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Indian Empire in 1893 after the annexation of Upper Burma and incorporation of Baluchistan."><img alt="The Indian Empire in 1893 after the annexation of Upper Burma and incorporation of Baluchistan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/IndiaPolitical1893ConstablesHandAtlas.jpg/120px-IndiaPolitical1893ConstablesHandAtlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/IndiaPolitical1893ConstablesHandAtlas.jpg/180px-IndiaPolitical1893ConstablesHandAtlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/IndiaPolitical1893ConstablesHandAtlas.jpg/240px-IndiaPolitical1893ConstablesHandAtlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="1027" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Indian Empire in 1893 after the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Burma">Upper Burma</a> and incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Baluchistan_(Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province)" title="Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)">Baluchistan</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jopen1907IndianEmpire1907a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Indian Empire in 1907 during the partition of Bengal (1905–1912)."><img alt="The Indian Empire in 1907 during the partition of Bengal (1905–1912)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/Jopen1907IndianEmpire1907a.jpg/120px-Jopen1907IndianEmpire1907a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/Jopen1907IndianEmpire1907a.jpg/180px-Jopen1907IndianEmpire1907a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/Jopen1907IndianEmpire1907a.jpg/240px-Jopen1907IndianEmpire1907a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="862" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian Empire</a> in 1907 during the partition of Bengal (1905–1912).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IndianEmpireCeylon1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Indian Empire in 1915 after the reunification of Bengal, the creation of the new province of Bihar and Orissa, and the re-establishment of Assam."><img alt="The Indian Empire in 1915 after the reunification of Bengal, the creation of the new province of Bihar and Orissa, and the re-establishment of Assam." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/IndianEmpireCeylon1915.jpg/120px-IndianEmpireCeylon1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/IndianEmpireCeylon1915.jpg/180px-IndianEmpireCeylon1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/IndianEmpireCeylon1915.jpg/240px-IndianEmpireCeylon1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1098" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Indian Empire in 1915 after the reunification of Bengal, the creation of the new province of <a href="/wiki/Bihar_and_Orissa_Province" title="Bihar and Orissa Province">Bihar and Orissa</a>, and the re-establishment of Assam.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation_provinces">Regulation provinces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Regulation provinces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces_and_Berar" title="Central Provinces and Berar">Central Provinces</a>: Created in 1861 from Nagpur Province and the <a href="/wiki/Saugor_and_Nerbudda_Territories" title="Saugor and Nerbudda Territories">Saugor and Nerbudda Territories</a>. Berar was added to the province in 1903, and was renamed the Central Provinces and Berar in 1936.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lower_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Burma">Lower Burma</a> annexed 1852, established as a province in 1862, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Burma">Upper Burma</a> incorporated in 1886. Separated from British India in 1937 to become administered independently by the newly established British Government <a href="/wiki/Burma_Office" title="Burma Office">Burma Office</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Assam" title="Colonial Assam">Assam</a>: separated from Bengal in 1874 as the <a href="/wiki/North-East_Frontier" class="mw-redirect" title="North-East Frontier">North-East Frontier</a> non-regulation province. Incorporated into the new province of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a> in 1905. Re-established as a province in 1912.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>: established as a province in 1875.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluchistan_(Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province)" title="Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)">Baluchistan</a>: Organised into a province in 1887.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope1880MadrasPres2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madras Presidency shown in an 1880 map."><img alt="Madras Presidency shown in an 1880 map." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Pope1880MadrasPres2.jpg/91px-Pope1880MadrasPres2.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Pope1880MadrasPres2.jpg/136px-Pope1880MadrasPres2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Pope1880MadrasPres2.jpg/182px-Pope1880MadrasPres2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Madras Presidency shown in an 1880 map.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope1880BombayPres2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bombay Presidency in an 1880 map."><img alt="Bombay Presidency in an 1880 map." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/Pope1880BombayPres2.jpg/93px-Pope1880BombayPres2.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/Pope1880BombayPres2.jpg/139px-Pope1880BombayPres2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/Pope1880BombayPres2.jpg/186px-Pope1880BombayPres2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bombay Presidency in an 1880 map.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bengal Presidency in 1880."><img alt="Bengal Presidency in 1880." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg/120px-Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg/180px-Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg/240px-Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="941" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bengal Presidency in 1880.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope1880CentralProv2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An 1880 map of Central Provinces. The province had been constituted in 1861."><img alt="An 1880 map of Central Provinces. The province had been constituted in 1861." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pope1880CentralProv2.jpg/120px-Pope1880CentralProv2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pope1880CentralProv2.jpg/180px-Pope1880CentralProv2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pope1880CentralProv2.jpg/240px-Pope1880CentralProv2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="938" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An 1880 map of Central Provinces. The province had been constituted in 1861.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IGI1908CPandBerar2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1908 map of Central Provinces and Berar. Berar was included in 1903."><img alt="1908 map of Central Provinces and Berar. Berar was included in 1903." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/IGI1908CPandBerar2.jpg/120px-IGI1908CPandBerar2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/IGI1908CPandBerar2.jpg/180px-IGI1908CPandBerar2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/IGI1908CPandBerar2.jpg/240px-IGI1908CPandBerar2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="990" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1908 map of <a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces_and_Berar" title="Central Provinces and Berar">Central Provinces and Berar</a>. Berar was included in 1903.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope1880Beluch2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beluchistan, shown as an independent kingdom along with Afghanistan and Turkestan, in an 1880 map."><img alt="Beluchistan, shown as an independent kingdom along with Afghanistan and Turkestan, in an 1880 map." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/Pope1880Beluch2.jpg/93px-Pope1880Beluch2.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/Pope1880Beluch2.jpg/139px-Pope1880Beluch2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/Pope1880Beluch2.jpg/186px-Pope1880Beluch2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beluchistan, shown as an independent kingdom along with Afghanistan and Turkestan, in an 1880 map.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IGI1908Beluchistan2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baluchistan in 1908: the Districts and Agencies of British Baluchistan are shown alongside the States, mostly: Kalat."><img alt="Baluchistan in 1908: the Districts and Agencies of British Baluchistan are shown alongside the States, mostly: Kalat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/IGI1908Beluchistan2.jpg/120px-IGI1908Beluchistan2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/IGI1908Beluchistan2.jpg/180px-IGI1908Beluchistan2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/IGI1908Beluchistan2.jpg/240px-IGI1908Beluchistan2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="995" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baluchistan in 1908: the Districts and Agencies of British Baluchistan are shown alongside the States, mostly: Kalat.</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a>: created in 1901 from the north-western districts of Punjab Province.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a>: created in 1905 upon the partition of Bengal, together with the former province of Assam. Re-merged with Bengal in 1912, with north-eastern part re-established as the province of Assam.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_and_Orissa_Province" title="Bihar and Orissa Province">Bihar and Orissa</a>: separated from Bengal in 1912. Renamed Bihar in 1936 when <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Orissa</a> became a separate province.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>: Separated from Punjab in 1912, when it became the capital of British India.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Orissa</a>: Separate province by carving out certain portions from the Bihar-Orissa Province and the Madras Province in 1936.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sind</a>: Separated from Bombay in 1936.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth-Piploda_Province" title="Panth-Piploda Province">Panth-Piploda</a>: made a province in 1942, from territories ceded by a native ruler.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_provinces">Major provinces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Major provinces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/250px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/375px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/500px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Indian Empire</a> in 1909 during the partition of Bengal (1905–1911), showing British India in two shades of pink (<a href="/wiki/Coral_pink" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral pink">coral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Variations_of_pink#Pale_pink" class="mw-redirect" title="Variations of pink">pale</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> in yellow.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the turn of the 20th century, British India consisted of eight provinces that were administered either by a governor or a lieutenant-governor. The following table lists their areas and populations (but does not include those of the dependent native states):<sup id="cite_ref-igi-46_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-46-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the partition of Bengal (1905–1912), a new lieutenant-governor's province of Eastern Bengal and Assam existed. In 1912, the partition was partially reversed, with the eastern and western halves of Bengal re-united and the province of Assam re-established; a new lieutenant-governor's province of <a href="/wiki/Bihar_and_Orissa_Province" title="Bihar and Orissa Province">Bihar and Orissa</a> was also created. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="bottom"> <th>Province of British India<sup id="cite_ref-igi-46_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-46-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Area (in thousands of square miles)</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Chief administrative officer </th></tr> <tr> <td align="centr"><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a></td> <td align="centr">170</td> <td align="centr">9,000,000</td> <td align="centr">Lieutenant-Governor </td></tr> <tr> <td align="centr"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a></td> <td align="centr">151</td> <td align="centr">75,000,000</td> <td align="centr">Lieutenant-Governor </td></tr> <tr> <td align="centr"><a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras</a></td> <td align="centr">142</td> <td align="centr">38,000,000</td> <td align="centr">Governor-in-Council </td></tr> <tr> <td align="centr"><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay</a></td> <td align="centr">123</td> <td align="centr">19,000,000</td> <td align="centr">Governor-in-Council </td></tr> <tr> <td align="centr"><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces</a></td> <td align="centr">107</td> <td align="centr">48,000,000</td> <td align="centr">Lieutenant-Governor </td></tr> <tr> <td align="centr"><a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces_and_Berar" title="Central Provinces and Berar">Central Provinces and Berar</a></td> <td align="centr">104</td> <td align="centr">13,000,000</td> <td align="centr">Chief Commissioner </td></tr> <tr> <td align="centr"><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a></td> <td align="centr">138</td> <td align="centr">20,000,000</td> <td align="centr">Lieutenant-Governor </td></tr> <tr> <td align="centr"><a href="/wiki/Assam_Province" title="Assam Province">Assam</a></td> <td align="centr">49</td> <td align="centr">6,000,000</td> <td align="centr">Chief Commissioner </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minor_provinces">Minor provinces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Minor provinces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition, there were a few provinces that were administered by a chief commissioner:<sup id="cite_ref-igi-56_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-56-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="bottom"> <th>Minor Province<sup id="cite_ref-igi-56_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-56-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Area (in thousands of square miles)</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Chief administrative officer </th></tr> <tr> <td align="centr"><a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a></td> <td align="centr">16</td> <td align="centr">2,125,000</td> <td align="centr">Chief Commissioner </td></tr> <tr> <td align="centr"><a href="/wiki/Baluchistan_(Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province)" title="Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)">Baluchistan</a></td> <td align="centr">46</td> <td align="centr">308,000</td> <td align="centr">British political agent in Baluchistan served as <i>ex officio</i> Chief Commissioner </td></tr> <tr> <td align="centr"><a href="/wiki/Coorg_Province" title="Coorg Province">Coorg</a></td> <td align="centr">1.6</td> <td align="centr">181,000</td> <td align="centr">British Resident in Mysore served as <i>ex officio</i> Chief Commissioner </td></tr> <tr> <td align="centr"><a href="/wiki/Ajmer-Merwara" title="Ajmer-Merwara">Ajmer-Merwara</a></td> <td align="centr">2.7</td> <td align="centr">477,000</td> <td align="centr">British political agent in <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a> served as <i>ex officio</i> Chief Commissioner </td></tr> <tr> <td align="centr"><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></td> <td align="centr">3</td> <td align="centr">25,000</td> <td align="centr">Chief Commissioner </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aden">Aden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>As the Settlement of Aden, a dependency of the Bombay Presidency from 1839 to 1932; became a chief commissioner's province in 1932; separated from India and made the <a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Crown Colony of Aden</a> in 1937.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partition_and_independence_(1947)"><span id="Partition_and_independence_.281947.29"></span>Partition and independence (1947)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Partition and independence (1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of independence in 1947, British India had 17 provinces: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajmer-Merwara" title="Ajmer-Merwara">Ajmer-Merwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Province" title="Assam Province">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluchistan_(Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province)" title="Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)">Baluchistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Province" title="Bihar Province">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces_and_Berar" title="Central Provinces and Berar">Central Provinces and Berar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorg_Province" title="Coorg Province">Coorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">North-West Frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orissa_Province" title="Orissa Province">Orissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth-Piploda_Province" title="Panth-Piploda Province">Panth-Piploda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_Province_(1936%E2%80%931955)" title="Sind Province (1936–1955)">Sind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="United Provinces (1937–1950)">United Provinces</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Upon the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of British India">Partition of India</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>, eleven provinces (Ajmer-Merwara-Kekri, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Bihar, Bombay, Central Provinces and Berar, Coorg, Delhi, Madras, Panth-Piploda, Orissa, and the United Provinces) joined India, three (Baluchistan, North-West Frontier and Sindh) joined Pakistan, and three (<a href="/wiki/British_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="British Punjab">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>) were partitioned between India and Pakistan. </p><p>In 1950, after the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Indian constitution</a> was adopted, the provinces in India were replaced by redrawn states and union territories. Pakistan, however, retained its five provinces, one of which, <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>, was renamed <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> in 1956 and became the independent nation of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> in 1971. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_India" title="Britons in India">Britons in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="East India Company (disambiguation)">East India Company (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British rule in Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_India" title="Danish India">Danish India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">Historiography of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_princely_states_of_India" title="Lists of princely states of India">Indian Princely States annexed by the British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salute_state" title="Salute state">Salute state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1908">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908</a>, p. 5 Quote: "The history of British India falls ... into three periods. From the beginning of the 17th to the middle of the 18th century, the East India Company is a trading corporation, existing on the sufferance of the native powers, and in rivalry with the merchant companies of Holland and France. During the next century, the Company acquires and consolidates its dominion, shares its sovereignty in increasing proportions with the Crown, and gradually loses its mercantile privileges and functions. After the Mutiny of 1857, the remaining powers of the Company are transferred to the Crown ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCopland2004" class="citation journal cs1">Copland, Ian (21–27 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4414671">"Princely States and the Raj: Review of <em>Sovereign Spheres: Princes, Education and Empire in Colonial India</em> by Manu Bhagavan"</a>. <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>39</b> (8): 807–809. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4414671">4414671</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804223344/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4414671">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Princely+States+and+the+Raj%3A+Review+of+%3Cem+%3ESovereign+Spheres%3A+Princes%2C+Education+and+Empire+in+Colonial+India%3C%2Fem%3E+by+Manu+Bhagavan&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=807-809&rft.date=2004-02-21%2F2004-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4414671%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Copland&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4414671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statesman-yb-1949-1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-statesman-yb-1949-1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._H._Steinberg1949" class="citation cs2">S. H. Steinberg, ed. (1949), "India", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pErODQAAQBAJ"><i>The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1949</i></a>, Macmillan and Co, p. 122, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230270787" title="Special:BookSources/9780230270787"><bdi>9780230270787</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240317055106/https://books.google.com/books?id=pErODQAAQBAJ">archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=India&rft.btitle=The+Statesman%27s+Year-Book%3A+Statistical+and+Historical+Annual+of+the+States+of+the+World+for+the+Year+1949&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=9780230270787&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpErODQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._II1908">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908</a>, pp. 452–472</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._II1908">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908</a>, pp. 473–487</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi-ii-pp488-514-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-igi-ii-pp488-514_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igi-ii-pp488-514_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._II1908">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908</a>, pp. 488–514</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._II1908">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908</a>, pp. 514–530</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi-iv-pp46-57-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-igi-iv-pp46-57_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igi-iv-pp46-57_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1908">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908</a>, pp. 46–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1908">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908</a>, pp. 58–103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1908">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908</a>, pp. 59–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1908">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908</a>, pp. 104–125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi4-6-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-igi4-6_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igi4-6_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igi4-6_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igi4-6_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igi4-6_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1908">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi4-7-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-igi4-7_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1908">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi4-9-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-igi4-9_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igi4-9_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igi4-9_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1908">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi4-10-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-igi4-10_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igi4-10_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1908">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908</a>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi4-11-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-igi4-11_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1908">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Gazetteer of India">Imperial Gazetteer of India</a></i>, vol. V, 1908</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/landsystemsofbri01badeuoft/landsystemsofbri01badeuoft_djvu.txt">"Full text of "The land systems of British India : being a manual of the land-tenures and of the systems of land-revenue administration prevalent in the several provinces"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>archive.org</i>. 1892.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=Full+text+of+%22The+land+systems+of+British+India+%3A+being+a+manual+of+the+land-tenures+and+of+the+systems+of+land-revenue+administration+prevalent+in+the+several+provinces%22&rft.date=1892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flandsystemsofbri01badeuoft%2Flandsystemsofbri01badeuoft_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/geographyofindia00adtf/geographyofindia00adtf_djvu.txt">Geography of India</a> 1870</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi-46-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-igi-46_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igi-46_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1908">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi-56-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-igi-56_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igi-56_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1908">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908</a>, p. 56</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Imperial Gazetteer of India</i> (26 vol, 1908–31), highly detailed description of all of India in 1901. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/">online edition</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._II1908" class="citation cs2">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II (1908), <i>The Indian Empire, Historical</i>, Published under the authority of His Majesty's <a href="/wiki/India_Office" title="India Office">Secretary of State for India in Council</a>, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxxv, 1 map, 573</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Empire%2C+Historical&rft.pub=Published+under+the+authority+of+His+Majesty%27s+Secretary+of+State+for+India+in+Council%2C+Oxford+at+the+Clarendon+Press.+Pp.+xxxv%2C+1+map%2C+573&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India+vol.+II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._III1908" class="citation cs2">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1908), "Chapter X: Famine", <i>The Indian Empire, Economic</i>, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxxvi, 1 map, 520, pp. 475–502</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+X%3A+Famine&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Empire%2C+Economic&rft.pages=475-502&rft.pub=Published+under+the+authority+of+His+Majesty%27s+Secretary+of+State+for+India+in+Council%2C+Oxford+at+the+Clarendon+Press.+Pp.+xxxvi%2C+1+map%2C+520&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India+vol.+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1908" class="citation cs2">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV (1908), <i>The Indian Empire, Administrative</i>, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Empire%2C+Administrative&rft.pub=Published+under+the+authority+of+His+Majesty%27s+Secretary+of+State+for+India+in+Council%2C+Oxford+at+the+Clarendon+Press.+Pp.+xxx%2C+1+map%2C+552&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India+vol.+IV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandyopadhyay2004" class="citation book cs1">Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004). <i>From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India</i>. New Delhi and London: Orient Longmans. Pp. xx, 548. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-250-2596-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-250-2596-0"><bdi>81-250-2596-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Plassey+to+Partition%3A+A+History+of+Modern+India&rft.pub=New+Delhi+and+London%3A+Orient+Longmans.+Pp.+xx%2C+548.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-250-2596-0&rft.aulast=Bandyopadhyay&rft.aufirst=Sekhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_M._Brown" title="Judith M. Brown">Brown, Judith M.</a> (1994) [First published 1985]. <i>Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Pp. xiii, 474. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-873113-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-873113-2"><bdi>0-19-873113-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+India%3A+The+Origins+of+an+Asian+Democracy&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press.+Pp.+xiii%2C+474&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-19-873113-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Judith+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopland2001" class="citation book cs1">Copland, Ian (2001). <i>India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire (Seminar Studies in History Series)</i>. Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. Pp. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-38173-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-38173-8"><bdi>0-582-38173-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+1885%E2%80%931947%3A+The+Unmaking+of+an+Empire+%28Seminar+Studies+in+History+Series%29&rft.pub=Harlow+and+London%3A+Pearson+Longmans.+Pp.+160&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-582-38173-8&rft.aulast=Copland&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2010" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Jack (2010). <i>Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10885-1"><bdi>978-0-230-10885-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+John+Malcolm+and+the+Creation+of+British+India&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Palgrave+Macmillan.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10885-1&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudd2004" class="citation book cs1">Judd, Dennis (2004). <i>The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280358-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280358-1"><bdi>0-19-280358-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lion+and+the+Tiger%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+British+Raj%2C+1600%E2%80%931947&rft.pub=Oxford+and+New+York%3A+Oxford+University+Press.+Pp.+xiii%2C+280&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-280358-1&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdarRaychaudhuriDatta1950" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, R. C.; Raychaudhuri, H. C.; Datta, Kalikinkar (1950). <a href="/wiki/An_Advanced_History_of_India" title="An Advanced History of India"><i>An Advanced History of India</i></a>. London: Macmillan and Company Limited. 2nd edition. Pp. xiii, 1122, 7 maps, 5 coloured maps.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Advanced+History+of+India&rft.pub=London%3A+Macmillan+and+Company+Limited.+2nd+edition.+Pp.+xiii%2C+1122%2C+7+maps%2C+5+coloured+maps.&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft.au=Raychaudhuri%2C+H.+C.&rft.au=Datta%2C+Kalikinkar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2005" class="citation book cs1">Markovits, Claude, ed. (2005). <i>A History of Modern India 1480–1950 (Anthem South Asian Studies)</i>. Anthem Press. Pp. 607. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84331-152-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84331-152-6"><bdi>1-84331-152-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+India+1480%E2%80%931950+%28Anthem+South+Asian+Studies%29&rft.pub=Anthem+Press.+Pp.+607&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84331-152-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Barbara; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006). <i>A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories)</i>. Cambridge and New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. Pp. xxxiii, 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-68225-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-68225-8"><bdi>0-521-68225-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Modern+India+%28Cambridge+Concise+Histories%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+and+New+York%3A+Cambridge+University+Press.+Pp.+xxxiii%2C+372&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-68225-8&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMill1820" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill, James</a> (1820). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1867"><i>The History of British India, in six volumes</i></a>. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 3rd edition, 1826. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414004225/https://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1867">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+British+India%2C+in+six+volumes&rft.pub=London%3A+Baldwin%2C+Cradock%2C+and+Joy%2C+3rd+edition%2C+1826&rft.date=1820&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2F%3Foption%3Dcom_staticxt%26staticfile%3Dshow.php%253Ftitle%3D1867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeers2006" class="citation book cs1">Peers, Douglas M. (2006). <i>India under Colonial Rule 1700–1885</i>. Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. Pp. xvi, 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-31738-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-31738-X"><bdi>0-582-31738-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+under+Colonial+Rule+1700%E2%80%931885&rft.place=Harlow+and+London&rft.pub=Pearson+Longmans.+Pp.+xvi%2C+163&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-582-31738-X&rft.aulast=Peers&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiddick2006" class="citation book cs1">Riddick, John F. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC"><i>The history of British India: a chronology</i></a>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313322808" title="Special:BookSources/9780313322808"><bdi>9780313322808</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923150852/https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+British+India%3A+a+chronology&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780313322808&rft.aulast=Riddick&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEs6x4u_g19UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiddick1998" class="citation book cs1">Riddick, John F. (1998). <i>Who Was Who in British India</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Was+Who+in+British+India&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Riddick&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1983" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Sumit (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernindia1885100sark"><i>Modern India: 1885–1947</i></a></span>. Delhi: Macmillan India Ltd. Pp. xiv, 486. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-90425-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-90425-7"><bdi>0-333-90425-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+India%3A+1885%E2%80%931947&rft.pub=Delhi%3A+Macmillan+India+Ltd.+Pp.+xiv%2C+486&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-333-90425-7&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Sumit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernindia1885100sark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Seymour, William. "The Indian States under the British Crown" <i>History Today</i>. (Dec 1967), Vol. 17 Issue 12, pp 819–827 online; covers 1858 to 1947.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1921" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Vincent A. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.95477"><i>India in the British Period: Being Part III of the Oxford History of India</i></a>. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press. 2nd edition. Pp. xxiv, 316 (469–784).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+British+Period%3A+Being+Part+III+of+the+Oxford+History+of+India&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+At+the+Clarendon+Press.+2nd+edition.+Pp.+xxiv%2C+316+%28469%E2%80%93784%29&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Vincent+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.95477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpear1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Percival_Spear" title="Percival Spear">Spear, Percival</a> (1990) [First published 1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.537264"><i>A History of India, Volume 2: From the sixteenth century to the twentieth century</i></a>. New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-013836-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-013836-6"><bdi>0-14-013836-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India%2C+Volume+2%3A+From+the+sixteenth+century+to+the+twentieth+century&rft.pub=New+Delhi+and+London%3A+Penguin+Books.+Pp.+298&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-14-013836-6&rft.aulast=Spear&rft.aufirst=Percival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ernet.537264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahoon" class="citation web cs1">Cahoon, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114041325/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm">"Provinces of British India"</a>. <i>WorldStatesmen.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm">the original</a> on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldStatesmen.org&rft.atitle=Provinces+of+British+India&rft.aulast=Cahoon&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstatesmen.org%2FIndia_BrProvinces.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidencies+and+provinces+of+British+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/statistics/">Statistical abstracts relating to British India, from 1840 to 1920</a> at uchicago.edu</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arrow.latrobe.edu.au/store/3/4/5/5/2/public/index.htm">Digital Colonial Documents (India) Homepage</a> at latrobe.edu.au</li> <li>Collection of early 20th century photographs of the cities of Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras with other interesting Indian locations from the magazine, <i>India Illustrated</i>, at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.uh.edu/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp15195coll29">University of Houston Digital Library </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coinindia.com/index-british.html">Coins of British India</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Template:Presidencies and provinces of British India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Template talk:Presidencies and provinces of British India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidencies and provinces of British India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidencies and provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics = areas outside present-day India and Pakistan</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Presidency" title="Agra Presidency">Agra Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Coromandel_and_Bengal_Settlements" title="Presidency of Coromandel and Bengal Settlements">Presidency of Coromandel and Bengal Settlements</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements_Presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits Settlements Presidency">Straits Settlements Presidency</a></i> (at Penang)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Presidency">Western Presidency</a> (Surat Presidency)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aden_Province" title="Aden Province">Aden Province</a></i> (associated, in Yemen, Arabia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Province" title="Agra Province">Agra Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmer-Merwara" title="Ajmer-Merwara">Ajmer-Merwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Province" title="Assam Province">Assam Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluchistan_(Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province)" title="Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)">Baluchistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar_Province" title="Berar Province">Berar Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_and_Orissa_Province" title="Bihar and Orissa Province">Bihar and Orissa Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Province" title="Bihar Province">Bihar Province</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">(Upper) Burma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces" title="Central Provinces">Central Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces_and_Berar" title="Central Provinces and Berar">Central Provinces and Berar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorg_Province" title="Coorg Province">Coorg Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Burma">Lower Burma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur_Province" title="Nagpur Province">Nagpur Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orissa_Province" title="Orissa Province">Orissa Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth-Piploda_Province" title="Panth-Piploda Province">Panth-Piploda Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_Province_(1936%E2%80%931955)" title="Sind Province (1936–1955)">Sind Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="United Provinces of British India">United Provinces of British India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="United Provinces (1937–1950)">United Provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_British_India" title="Agencies of British India">Agencies of British India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire in India">British Empire in India</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British rule in Burma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">Districts of British India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_British_India" title="Divisions of British India">Divisions of British India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residencies_of_British_India" title="Residencies of British India">Residencies of British India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_British_India" title="Subdivisions of British India">Subdivisions of British India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_British_Empire" title="Territorial evolution of the British Empire">Territorial evolution of the British Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_British_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_districts_of_India" title="Template:Historical districts of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_districts_of_India" title="Template talk:Historical districts of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_districts_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical districts of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_British_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">Districts of British India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts in the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceded_Districts" title="Ceded Districts">Ceded Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chingleput_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)">Chingleput District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="Coimbatore District (Madras Presidency)">Coimbatore District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavari_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Godavari District">Godavari District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madura_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="Madura District (Madras Presidency)">Madura District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Arcot" title="North Arcot">North Arcot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Arcot_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)">South Arcot District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjore_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)">Tanjore District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinnevely_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="Tinnevely District (Madras Presidency)">Tinnevely District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichinopoly_District" title="Trichinopoly District">Trichinopoly District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizagapatam_District_(Madras_Presidency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vizagapatam District (Madras Presidency)">Vizagapatam District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts in the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24_Parganas" title="24 Parganas">24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_district" title="Bardhaman district">Bardhaman district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backergunge_District" title="Backergunge District">Backergunge District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bassein_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bassein District (page does not exist)">Bassein District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_District" title="Champaran District">Champaran District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garo_Hills_district&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garo Hills district (page does not exist)">Garo Hills district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Mahals" title="Jungle Mahals">Jungle Mahals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Terry" title="Jungle Terry">Jungle Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_and_Jaintia_Hills" title="Khasi and Jaintia Hills">Khasi and Jaintia Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_the_Lushai_Hills" title="British rule in the Lushai Hills">Lushai Hills District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbhum_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Manbhum District">Manbhum District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore_district" title="Midnapore district">Midnapore district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Hills_District,_British_India" title="Naga Hills District, British India">Naga Hills District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahabad_district" title="Shahabad district">Shahabad district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhbhum_district" title="Singhbhum district">Singhbhum District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipperah_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipperah District">Tipperah District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts in the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Khandesh" class="mw-redirect" title="East Khandesh">East Khandesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaladgi_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaladgi District (page does not exist)">Kaladgi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandesh_district" title="Khandesh district">Khandesh District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sind_Frontier_District" title="Upper Sind Frontier District">Upper Sind Frontier District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Khandesh" class="mw-redirect" title="West Khandesh">West Khandesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhilsa_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhilsa District (page does not exist)">Bhilsa District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanderi_District" title="Chanderi District">Chanderi District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delhi District (page does not exist)">Delhi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellichpur_District" title="Ellichpur District">Ellichpur District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_District" title="Garhwal District">Garhwal District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_District" title="Hazara District">Hazara District</a> (NW Frontier)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isagarh_District" title="Isagarh District">Isagarh District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon District">Kumaon District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyallpur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyallpur District">Lyallpur District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merwara_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merwara District (page does not exist)">Merwara District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_District" title="Montgomery District">Montgomery District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhamdi_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhamdi District (page does not exist)">Muhamdi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimar District">Nimar District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Bareilly_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Bareilly District (page does not exist)">North Bareilly District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quetta-Pishin_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quetta-Pishin District (page does not exist)">Quetta-Pishin District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahpur_District" title="Shahpur District">Shahpur District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sironj_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sironj District (page does not exist)">Sironj District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thal-Chotiali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thal-Chotiali (page does not exist)">Thal-Chotiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wun_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wun District">Wun District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_District" title="Peshawar District">Peshawar District</a> (NW Frontier)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post independence historical districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_district" title="Bangalore district">Bangalore District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imphal_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Imphal District">Imphal District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Dinajpur_district" title="West Dinajpur district">West Dinajpur district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_British_India" title="Subdivisions of British India">Subdivisions of British India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_British_India" title="Divisions of British India">Divisions of British India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidencies and provinces of British India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire in India">British Empire in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(integrated into the UK)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&oldid=1258188082">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&oldid=1258188082</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1612_establishments_in_India" title="Category:1612 establishments in India">1612 establishments in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1947_disestablishments_in_India" title="Category:1947 disestablishments in India">1947 disestablishments in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidencies_of_British_India" title="Category:Presidencies of British India">Presidencies of British India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_British_colonies_and_protectorates_in_Asia" title="Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia">Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2015" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2015">Use dmy dates from April 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_June_2021" title="Category:Use Indian English from June 2021">Use Indian English from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 16:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-zntss","wgBackendResponseTime":160,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.548","walltime":"0.644","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4314,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":172501,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4433,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":123653,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 495.884 1 -total"," 27.98% 138.729 9 Template:Navbox"," 27.05% 134.140 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.23% 65.588 1 Template:Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India"," 13.09% 64.920 1 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.77% 63.318 15 Template:Cite_book"," 10.65% 52.789 1 Template:Territories_of_the_British_Empire"," 10.08% 49.983 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.47% 37.038 16 Template:Harvnb"," 6.30% 31.219 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.278","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7368462,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBandyopadhyay2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCahoon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopland2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopland2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrington2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._II1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._III1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudd2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajumdarRaychaudhuriDatta1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkovits2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMill1820\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeers2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiddick1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiddick2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._H._Steinberg1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpear1990\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Presidencies And Provinces Of British India\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Em\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 16,\n [\"Historical districts of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Presidencies and provinces of British India\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Territories of the British Empire\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-d8f47","timestamp":"20241124053502","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Presidencies and provinces of British India","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2385925","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2385925","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-12-31T00:07:36Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T16:33:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8c\/Fort_William%2C_Calcutta%2C_1735.jpg","headline":"1612\u20131947 British directly-ruled administrative divisions in India"}</script> </body> </html>