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<li id="toc-26th_Dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#26th_Dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>26th Dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-26th_Dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-27th_Dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#27th_Dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>27th Dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-27th_Dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-28th–30th_Dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#28th–30th_Dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>28th–30th Dynasties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-28th–30th_Dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-31st_Dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#31st_Dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>31st Dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-31st_Dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Late Period of ancient Egypt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laat_Tydperk_van_Antieke_Egipte" title="Laat Tydperk van Antieke Egipte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Laat Tydperk van Antieke Egipte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tzeit_(%C3%84gypten)" title="Spätzeit (Ägypten) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Spätzeit (Ägypten)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B1" title="العصر الفرعوني المتأخر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الفرعوني المتأخر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonrak%C4%B1_d%C3%B6vr_(Misir)" title="Sonrakı dövr (Misir) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sonrakı dövr (Misir)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai-ki%CC%8Dp_Boa%CC%8Dt-k%C3%AE_%C3%94ng-ti%C3%A2u" title="Ai-ki̍p Boa̍t-kî Ông-tiâu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ai-ki̍p Boa̍t-kî Ông-tiâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4_(%D0%95%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Позні перыяд (Егіпет) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Позні перыяд (Егіпет)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Късен период на Древен Египет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Късен период на Древен Египет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maread_izel_Henegipt" title="Maread izel Henegipt – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Maread izel Henegipt" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baix_imperi_d%27Egipte" title="Baix imperi d'Egipte – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Baix imperi d'Egipte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozdn%C3%AD_doba" title="Pozdní doba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pozdní doba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tzeit_des_Alten_%C3%84gyptens" title="Spätzeit des Alten Ägyptens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spätzeit des Alten Ägyptens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8E%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B7_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%91%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Ύστερη περίοδος (αρχαία Αίγυπτος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ύστερη περίοδος (αρχαία Αίγυπτος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodo_tard%C3%ADo_de_Egipto" title="Periodo tardío de Egipto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Periodo tardío de Egipto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasta_Periodo_de_antikva_Egiptio" title="Lasta Periodo de antikva Egiptio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lasta Periodo de antikva Egiptio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptoko_Aro_Berantiarra" title="Egiptoko Aro Berantiarra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egiptoko Aro Berantiarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دوره متاخر مصر باستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوره متاخر مصر باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basse_%C3%89poque" title="Basse Époque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Basse Époque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Baixa_%C3%89poca" title="A Baixa Época – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="A Baixa Época" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A7%90%EA%B8%B0%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="이집트 말기왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이집트 말기왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasni_period_drevnog_Egipta" title="Kasni period drevnog Egipta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kasni period drevnog Egipta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_Akhir_Mesir_Kuno" title="Periode Akhir Mesir Kuno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Periode Akhir Mesir Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AD%C3%B0t%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Síðtímabilið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Síðtímabilið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodo_tardo_dell%27Egitto" title="Periodo tardo dell'Egitto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Periodo tardo dell'Egitto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="התקופה המאוחרת של מצרים העתיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התקופה המאוחרת של מצרים העתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97lyvasis_laikotarpis_(Senov%C4%97s_Egiptas)" title="Vėlyvasis laikotarpis (Senovės Egiptas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vėlyvasis laikotarpis (Senovės Egiptas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9s%C5%91kor" title="Későkor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Későkor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanimpotoana_Farany_tany_Ejipta_taloha" title="Vanimpotoana Farany tany Ejipta taloha – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vanimpotoana Farany tany Ejipta taloha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B1" title="العصر المتأخر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="العصر المتأخر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Akhir_Mesir_Purba" title="Zaman Akhir Mesir Purba – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman Akhir Mesir Purba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Periode" title="Late Periode – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Late Periode" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E6%9C%AB%E6%9C%9F%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="エジプト末期王朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エジプト末期王朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senepoken_i_Egypt" title="Senepoken i Egypt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Senepoken i Egypt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoka_P%C3%B3%C5%BAna" title="Epoka Późna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Epoka Późna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89poca_Baixa" title="Época Baixa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Época Baixa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perioada_T%C3%A2rzie_a_Egiptului" title="Perioada Târzie a Egiptului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Perioada Târzie a Egiptului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Поздний период – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поздний период" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="පුරාතන ඊජිප්තුවේ පසුකාලීන යුගය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පුරාතන ඊජිප්තුවේ පසුකාලීන යුගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neskor%C3%A9_obdobie_(Egypt)" title="Neskoré obdobie (Egypt) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Neskoré obdobie (Egypt)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Касни период старог Египта – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Касни период старог Египта" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasni_period_Drevnog_Egipta" title="Kasni period Drevnog Egipta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kasni period Drevnog Egipta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptin_my%C3%B6h%C3%A4iskausi" title="Egyptin myöhäiskausi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Egyptin myöhäiskausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentiden" title="Sentiden – Swedish" lang="sv" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Period in ancient Egyptian history (c. 664 BCE–332 BCE)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Late Period of ancient Egypt</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 664 BC</span>–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 332 BC</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_near_east_540_bc.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Egypt in the 6th century BC."><img alt="Egypt in the 6th century BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ancient_near_east_540_bc.svg/250px-Ancient_near_east_540_bc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ancient_near_east_540_bc.svg/375px-Ancient_near_east_540_bc.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">Pharaoh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• c. 664–610 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 336–332 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Began </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 664 BC</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Ended </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 332 BC</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period of Egypt</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; background:#fff2e2"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Egypt" title="Category:History of Egypt">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:transparent; padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">History of <span class="fn org label">Egypt</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/140px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/210px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/280px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4372" data-file-height="2906" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:#F2E4C3"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt#Neolithic_to_Proto-Dynastic" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Predynastic Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">6000–3000 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #E6FFF2"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">3150–2686 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">2686–2181 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1st Intermediate Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">2181–2055 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">2055–1650 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2nd Intermediate Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1650–1550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1550–1069 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3rd Intermediate Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1069–664 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Late Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">664–332 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Greco-Roman Egypt</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #F2FFE6"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">332–310 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic dynasties</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">310–30 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman and Byzantine Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">30 BC–641 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Sasanian Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">619–629</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Medieval Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #F2E6FF"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">641–661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">750–935</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">868–905</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">935–969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">969–1171</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1171–1250</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1250–1517</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern</a> Egypt</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #FFFACD"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1517–1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1798–1801</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1805–1953</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1867–1914</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt" title="History of modern Egypt">Late Modern Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #E2EBEB"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1882–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate of Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1914–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1922–1953</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_republican_Egypt" title="History of republican Egypt">Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1953–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/16px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/24px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Egypt portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Egypt" title="Template:History of Egypt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Egypt" title="Template talk:History of Egypt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Egypt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Egypt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Periodization of ancient Egypt">Periods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Dynasties of ancient Egypt">dynasties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none;padding-top:0;font-weight:normal;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">All years are <a href="/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">BC</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Pre-dynastic period</a></td><td style="width:1.3em;text-align:center;"></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a></td><td style="width:1.3em;text-align:center;"> I</td><td style="text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3150–2890</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty</a></td><td style="width:1.3em;text-align:center;"> II</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2890–2686</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> III</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2686–2613</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> IV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2613–2498</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> V</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2498–2345</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> VI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2345–2181</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Seventh Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> VII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> spurious</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> VIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2181–2160</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Ninth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> IX</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2160–2130</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">Tenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> X</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2130–2040</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> Early <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2134–2061</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> Late <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2061–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1991–1803</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1803–1649</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourteenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XIV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1705–1690</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifteenth Dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>)</td><td style="text-align:center;"> XV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1674–1535</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixteenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XVI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1660–1600</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1650–1600</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XVII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1580–1549</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XVIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1549–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XIX</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1292–1189</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XX</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1189–1077</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-first Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1069–945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-second Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 945–720</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-third Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 837–728</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fourth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXIV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 732–720</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Nubian</a>)</td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 732–653</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Late Period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXVI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 672–525</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty<br />(1st Persian Period)</a></div></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXVII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 525–404</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-eighth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXVIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 404–398</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-ninth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXIX</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 398–380</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXX</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 380–343</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first Dynasty<br />(2nd Persian Period)</a></div></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXXI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 343–332</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Thirty-second Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXXII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 332–305</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thirty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-third Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXXIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 305–30</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">Thirty-fourth Dynasty<br />(Roman Pharaohs)</a></div></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXXIV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 30 BC – 313 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh#History" title="Roman pharaoh">Thirty-fifth Dynasty</a><br />(<i>speculated</i>)</div></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXXV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 379 AD – 641 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border:none;padding-top:0;font-weight:normal;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">See also: <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs">List of pharaohs by period and dynasty</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Periodization of ancient Egypt">Periodization of ancient Egypt</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_dynasties_sidebar" title="Template:Ancient Egypt dynasties sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egypt_dynasties_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ancient Egypt dynasties sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egypt_dynasties_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egypt dynasties sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Late Period</b> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> refers to the last flowering of native Egyptian rulers after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Intermediate Period">Third Intermediate Period</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt">26th Saite Dynasty</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a>, but includes the time of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Persian</a> rule over Egypt after the conquest by <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a> in 525 BC as well. The Late Period existed from 664 BC until 332 BC, following a period of foreign rule by the <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubian</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">25th Dynasty</a> and beginning with a short period of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>, with Psamtik I initially ruling as their vassal. The period ended with <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">the conquests of the Persian Empire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a> by his general <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">diadochi</a> from <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Greece" title="Northern Greece">northern Greece</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Greek</a> conquest in the latter half of the 4th century BC, the age of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Egypt">Hellenistic Egypt</a> began. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="26th_Dynasty">26th Dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 26th Dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-Sixth Dynasty</a>, also known as the <b>Saite Dynasty</b> after its seat of power the city of <a href="/wiki/Sais,_Egypt" title="Sais, Egypt">Sais</a>, reigned from 672 to 525 BC, and consisted of six pharaohs. It started with the unification of Egypt under <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> c. 656 BC, itself a direct consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Thebes" title="Sack of Thebes">Sack of Thebes</a> by the Assyrians in 663 BC. Canal construction from the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> began. </p><p>Egypt seems to have expanded into the Near East early in this period. They <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Ashdod" title="Fall of Ashdod">conquered the city of Ashdod</a> around 655 BC, and a wide range of archaeological finds from throughout the Levant shows an Egyptian occupation and control in the late decades of the 7th century BC. These include various Egyptian objects from several sites, ostraca and documents showing a tribute/tax system, and evidence from the fortress of Mezad Hashavyahu.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptian influence reached to the Euphrates area in places such as <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kimuhu" title="Siege of Kimuhu">Kimuhu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quramati" title="Battle of Quramati">Quramati</a>. Later they were pushed back by the defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carchemish" title="Battle of Carchemish">Carcemish</a>, although Egyptian intervention in the Near East seems to have continued after this battle.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Amasis II</a> followed a new policy and directed his interests toward the Greek world. He annexed <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> during his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the south, <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a> led a great military expedition that reached deep into upper Nubia and inflicted a heavy defeat on them.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A demotic papyrus from the reign of Ahmose II describes a small expedition into Nubia, the character of which is unclear. There is archaeological evidence of an Egyptian garrison at Dorginarti in lower Nubia during the Saite period.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One major contribution from the Late Period of ancient Egypt was the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Papyrus" title="Brooklyn Papyrus">Brooklyn Papyrus</a>. This was a medical papyrus with a collection of medical and magical remedies for victims of <a href="/wiki/Snakebites" class="mw-redirect" title="Snakebites">snakebites</a> based on snake type or symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBleibergBarbashBruno201355_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBleibergBarbashBruno201355-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artwork during this time was representative of animal cults and animal mummies. This image shows the god Pataikos wearing a scarab beetle on his head, supporting two human-headed birds on his shoulders, holding a snake in each hand, and standing atop crocodiles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBleibergBarbashBruno201316_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBleibergBarbashBruno201316-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="27th_Dynasty">27th Dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 27th Dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a></div> <p>The <b>First Achaemenid Period</b> (525–404 BC) began with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pelusium_(525_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pelusium (525 BC)">Battle of Pelusium</a>, which saw Egypt (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: <span lang="peo">𐎸𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹</span> <i>Mudrāya</i>) conquered by the expansive <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a>, and Egypt become a <a href="/wiki/Satrapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapy">satrapy</a>. The Persians came to dominate Egypt, but Egypt remained independent until it was made a Persian province in 485 B.C., after a revolt. The <a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> consists of the Persian emperors - including Cambyses, <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> - who ruled Egypt as Pharaohs and governed through their satraps, as well as the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a> (522–520 BC) (and possibly the disputed <a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a>), who rebelled in defiance of the Persian authorities. The unsuccessful revolt of <a href="/wiki/Inaros_II" title="Inaros II">Inaros II</a> (460–454), aided by the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Athenians</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Delian_League" title="Wars of the Delian League">Wars of the Delian League</a>, aspired to the same object. The Persian satraps were <a href="/wiki/Aryandes" title="Aryandes">Aryandes</a> (525–522 BC; 518–c.496 BC) - whose rule was interrupted by the rebel Pharaoh Petubastis III, <a href="/wiki/Pherendates" title="Pherendates">Pherendates</a> (c.496–c.486 BC), <a href="/wiki/Achaemenes_(satrap)" title="Achaemenes (satrap)">Achaemenes</a> (c.486–459 BC) - a brother of the emperor Xerxes I, and <a href="/wiki/Arsames_(satrap_of_Egypt)" title="Arsames (satrap of Egypt)">Arsames</a> (c.454–c.406 BC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="28th–30th_Dynasties"><span id="28th.E2.80.9330th_Dynasties"></span>28th–30th Dynasties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 28th–30th Dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-eighth dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-Eighth Dynasty</a> consisted of a single king, <a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a>, prince of <a href="/wiki/Sais,_Egypt" title="Sais, Egypt">Sais</a>, who successfully rebelled against the Persians, inaugurating Egypt's last significant phase of independence under native sovereigns. He left no monuments with his name. This dynasty reigned for six years, from 404 BC–398 BC. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-Ninth Dynasty</a> ruled from <a href="/wiki/Mendes" title="Mendes">Mendes</a>, for the period from 398 to 380 BC. King <a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a> of this dynasty was able to defeat a Persian invasion during his reign. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirtieth dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty</a> took their art style from the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-Sixth Dynasty</a>. A series of three pharaohs ruled from 380 to 343 BC. The first king of the dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a>, defeated a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pelusium_(373_BC)" title="Battle of Pelusium (373 BC)">Persian invasion</a> in 373 BC. His successor <a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a> subsequently led an expedition against the Achaemenid Empire in the Near East. The expedition was beginning to meet with some success and made its way to Phoenicia without particular problems. unfortunately for Teos, his brother <a href="/wiki/Tjahapimu" title="Tjahapimu">Tjahapimu</a> was plotting against him. Tjahapimu convinced his son <a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a> to rebel against Teos and to make himself pharaoh. The plan was successful and the betrayed Teos had no alternative but to flee and the expedition disintegrated. The final ruler of this dynasty, and the final native ruler of Egypt, was <a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a> who was defeated in battle leading to the re-annexation by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="31st_Dynasty">31st Dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 31st Dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a></div> <p>The <b>Second Achaemenid Period</b> saw the re-inclusion of Egypt as a satrapy of the Persian Empire under the rule of the Thirty-First Dynasty, (343–332 BC) which consisted of three Persian emperors who ruled as Pharaoh—<a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> (343–338 BC), <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes IV">Artaxerxes IV</a> (338–336 BC), and <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> (336–332 BC)—interrupted by the revolt of the non-Achaemenid <a href="/wiki/Khababash" class="mw-redirect" title="Khababash">Khababash</a> (338–335 BC). Persian rule in Egypt ended with the defeat of the Achaemenid Empire by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, who accepted the surrender of the Persian satrap of Egypt <a href="/wiki/Mazaces" title="Mazaces">Mazaces</a> in 332 BC, marking the beginning of Hellenistic rule in Egypt which stabilized after Alexander's death into the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarKahnShirley2011" class="citation book cs1">Bar, S.; Kahn, D.; Shirley, J.J. (2011). <i>Egypt, Canaan and Israel: History, Imperialism, Ideology and Literature (Culture and History of the Ancient Near East)</i>. BRILL. pp. 268–285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+Canaan+and+Israel%3A+History%2C+Imperialism%2C+Ideology+and+Literature+%28Culture+and+History+of+the+Ancient+Near+East%29&rft.pages=268-285&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bar&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Kahn%2C+D.&rft.au=Shirley%2C+J.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALate+Period+of+ancient+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederico" class="citation journal cs1">Federico, Zains. "Some Preliminary Remarks on the Neo-Assyrian City Wall in the Outer Town at Karkemish": 901–902.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Some+Preliminary+Remarks+on+the+Neo-Assyrian+City+Wall+in+the+Outer+Town+at+Karkemish&rft.pages=901-902&rft.aulast=Federico&rft.aufirst=Zains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALate+Period+of+ancient+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2004" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian (2004). <i>The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 372–373.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=372-373&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALate+Period+of+ancient+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2010" class="citation book cs1">Hill, George (2010). <i>A History of Cyprus, Vol. 1</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Cyprus%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALate+Period+of+ancient+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Psamtik-II">Psamtik II</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2004" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian (2004). <i>The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 373–374.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=373-374&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALate+Period+of+ancient+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBleibergBarbashBruno201355-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBleibergBarbashBruno201355_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBleibergBarbashBruno2013">Bleiberg, Barbash & Bruno 2013</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBleibergBarbashBruno201316-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBleibergBarbashBruno201316_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBleibergBarbashBruno2013">Bleiberg, Barbash & Bruno 2013</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleibergBarbashBruno2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bleiberg" title="Edward Bleiberg">Bleiberg, Edward</a>; Barbash, Yekaterina; Bruno, Lisa (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ol6omQEACAAJ"><i>Soulful Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781907804274" title="Special:BookSources/9781907804274"><bdi>9781907804274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soulful+Creatures%3A+Animal+Mummies+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Brooklyn+Museum&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781907804274&rft.aulast=Bleiberg&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Barbash%2C+Yekaterina&rft.au=Bruno%2C+Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dol6omQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALate+Period+of+ancient+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Roberto B. Gozzoli: <i>The Writing of History in Ancient Egypt During the First Millennium BCE (ca. 1070–180 BCE). Trend and Perspectives</i>, London 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9550256-3-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9550256-3-X">0-9550256-3-X</a></li> <li>Lloyd, Alan B. 2000. "The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw". Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 369–394</li> <li>Quirke, Stephen. 1996 "Who were the Pharaohs?", New York: Dover Publications. 71–74</li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Primary sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_of_Herodotus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Histories of Herodotus">Histories</a></i>)</li> <li>Fragments of <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a> (<i>Persica</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> (<i>Bibliotheca historica</i>)</li> <li>Fragments of <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a> (<i>Aegyptiaca</i>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Egypt_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Egypt_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Egypt_artifacts" title="Glossary of ancient Egypt artifacts">Glossary of artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ancient_Egypt%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of ancient Egypt–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt/Main_topics" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt/Main topics">Main topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:81px"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_obelisks" title="List of Egyptian obelisks">Obelisks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">Pylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Portraiture in ancient Egypt">Portraiture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Urban planning in ancient Egypt">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_towns_and_cities" title="List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Clothing in ancient Egypt">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy" title="Ancient Egyptian race controversy">Ancient Egyptian race controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt" title="Population history of Egypt">Population history of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Dance in ancient Egypt">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Dynasties of ancient Egypt">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerary practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Geography of ancient Egypt">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Royal_Wife" title="Great Royal Wife">Great Royal Wives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_royal_consorts" title="List of ancient Egyptian royal consorts">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_hieroglyphs" title="Cursive hieroglyphs">Cursive hieroglyphs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics" title="Ancient Egyptian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Military of ancient Egypt">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptians" title="List of ancient Egyptians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Titulary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_pottery" title="Ancient Egyptian pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_scribes" title="List of ancient Egyptian scribes">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_sites" title="List of ancient Egyptian sites">Sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" title="Egypt–Mesopotamia relations">Egypt–Mesopotamia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/100px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/150px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/200px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4372" data-file-height="2906" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:81px"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptologists" title="List of Egyptologists">Egyptologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_of_Egyptian_antiquities" title="List of museums of Egyptian antiquities">Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/16px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/24px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/32px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egypt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ancient Egypt">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Outline of ancient Egypt">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ancient_Egypt" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ancient Egypt">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire(Behistun_/_Persepolis_/_Naqsh-e_Rustam_/_Susa_/_Daeva_inscriptions)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible Egypt navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Achaemenid_Provinces" title="Template:Achaemenid Provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Achaemenid_Provinces" title="Template talk:Achaemenid Provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Achaemenid_Provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Achaemenid Provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire(Behistun_/_Persepolis_/_Naqsh-e_Rustam_/_Susa_/_Daeva_inscriptions)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.1em;white-space:nowrap;"><ul style="line-height:1.2em;"><li>Provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li><li style="font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa" title="Palace of Darius in Susa">Susa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daeva</a> inscriptions)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;padding:0.25em;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Akaufaka (<a href="/wiki/Quhistan" title="Quhistan">Quhistan</a>?)</li> <li>Amyrgoi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Arabia" title="Achaemenid Arabia">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_(region)" title="Aria (region)">Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia#Persian_Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria_(satrapy)" title="Bactria (satrapy)">Bactria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(satrapy)" title="Cappadocia (satrapy)">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmania_(region)" title="Carmania (region)">Carmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorasmia_(satrapy)" title="Chorasmia (satrapy)">Chorasmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(satrapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia (satrapy)">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drangiana" title="Drangiana">Drangiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">1st Egypt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">2nd Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Eber-Nari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kush_(satrapy)" title="Kush (satrapy)">Kush</a> (Nubia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gand%C4%81ra" title="Gandāra">Gandāra</a> (Gandhara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedrosia_(satrapy)" title="Gedrosia (satrapy)">Gedrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia_(satrapy)" title="Ionia (satrapy)">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindush" title="Hindush">Hindush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_(satrapy)" title="Libya (satrapy)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_(satrapy)" title="Lydia (satrapy)">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka_(satrapy)" title="Maka (satrapy)">Maka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Phoenicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellespontine_Phrygia" title="Hellespontine Phrygia">Hellespontine Phrygia</a></li> <li>Greater Phrygia</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li>Samaritan Province</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattagydia" title="Sattagydia">Sattagydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skudra" title="Skudra">Skudra (Thrace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Persian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehud (Persian province)">Yehud</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The principal Achaemenid satrapies, ~500 BC."><img alt="The principal Achaemenid satrapies, ~500 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/160px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/240px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/320px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="635" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also <a href="/wiki/Taxation_districts_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" title="Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire">Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(according to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>)</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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