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aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Frederick Augustus Abel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 30 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Abel" title="Frederick Augustus Abel — aragonês" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Frederick Augustus Abel" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84" title="فريدريك أبيل — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريدريك أبيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84" title="فريدريك ابيل — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريدريك ابيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Avqust_Abel" title="Frederik Avqust Abel — azerbaijano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Frederik Avqust Abel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A2%D8%A8%D9%84" title="فردریک آبل — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فردریک آبل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Abel" title="Frederick Augustus Abel — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frederick Augustus Abel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Abel" title="Frederick Augustus Abel — galês" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Frederick Augustus Abel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Abel" title="Frederick Augustus Abel — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frederick Augustus Abel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA_%CE%88%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Φρέντερικ Έιμπελ — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρέντερικ Έιμπελ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Abel" title="Frederick Abel — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Frederick Abel" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Abel" title="Frederick Abel — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frederick Abel" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Abel" title="Frederick Augustus Abel — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frederick Augustus Abel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A2%D8%A8%D9%84" title="فردریک آبل — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فردریک آبل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Abel" title="Frederick Abel — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Frederick Abel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Abel" title="Frederick Augustus Abel — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frederick Augustus Abel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C" title="פרדריק אייבל — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרדריק אייבל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Abel" title="Frederick Abel — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Frederick Abel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Abel" title="Frederick Augustus Abel — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frederick Augustus Abel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%87%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB" title="フレデリック・エイベル — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フレデリック・エイベル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಫ್ರೆಡರಿಕ್ ಅಬೆಲ್ — canarim" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫ್ರೆಡರಿಕ್ ಅಬೆಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="canarim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD" title="ഫ്രെഡെറിക്ക് ആബെൽ — malaiala" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രെഡെറിക്ക് ആബെൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Abel" title="Frederick Augustus Abel — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frederick Augustus Abel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Abel" title="Frederick Abel — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Frederick Abel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Abel" title="Frederick Augustus Abel — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frederick Augustus Abel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Абель, Фредерик Август — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абель, Фредерик Август" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Фридрих Август Абел — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фридрих Август Абел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Abel" title="Frederick Abel — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frederick Abel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரெடெரிக் ஏபெல் — tâmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரெடெரிக் ஏபெல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tâmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Abel" title="Frederick Abel — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Frederick Abel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Фредерік Август Абель — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фредерік Август Абель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="noprint">Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pt" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox infobox_v2" cellpadding="3" border="0" style="width: 270px; font-size: 88%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; background-color:transparent; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;"><span class="">Frederick Augustus Abel</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div style="padding-bottom: 5px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Frederick_Augustus_Abel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frederick Augustus Abel"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Frederick_Augustus_Abel.jpg/200px-Frederick_Augustus_Abel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Frederick_Augustus_Abel.jpg/300px-Frederick_Augustus_Abel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Frederick_Augustus_Abel.jpg/400px-Frederick_Augustus_Abel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>Frederick Augustus Abel</figcaption></figure></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Conhecido(a) por </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Cordite" title="Cordite">Cordite</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nascimento </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/17_de_julho#Nascimentos" title="17 de julho">17 de julho</a> de <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Morte </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/6_de_setembro" title="6 de setembro">6 de setembro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1902" title="1902">1902</a> (75 anos)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nacionalidade </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Ingleses" title="Ingleses">inglês</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;"><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></i> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Westminster" title="Universidade de Westminster">Universidade de Westminster</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Prêmios </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Real" title="Medalha Real">Medalha Real</a> (1877)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Orientador(es)(as) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Campo(s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química">química</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Frederick Augustus Abel</b> (<a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a>, <a href="/wiki/17_de_julho" title="17 de julho">17 de julho</a> de <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a> — Londres, <a href="/wiki/6_de_setembro" title="6 de setembro">6 de setembro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1902" title="1902">1902</a>) foi um <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmico" title="Químico">químico</a> <a href="/wiki/Ingleses" title="Ingleses">inglês</a>, reconhecido como a principal autoridade britânica em explosivos. É mais conhecido pela invenção da cordite como substituto da pólvora em armas de fogo.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educação"><span id="Educa.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Educação</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_Abel&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Educação" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_Abel&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Educação"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nascido em Londres como filho de Johann Leopold Abel, Abel estudou química na Royal Polytechnic Institution e em 1845 tornou-se um dos 26 alunos originais de AW von Hofmann no Royal College of Chemistry. Em 1852 ele foi nomeado professor de química na Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, sucedendo Michael Faraday, que ocupava o cargo desde 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Início_de_carreira"><span id="In.C3.ADcio_de_carreira"></span>Início de carreira</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_Abel&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Início de carreira" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_Abel&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Início de carreira"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De 1854 a 1888 Abel serviu como químico de munições no Estabelecimento Químico do Arsenal Real em Woolwich, estabelecendo-se como a principal autoridade britânica em explosivos. Três anos depois, foi nomeado químico do Departamento de Guerra e árbitro químico do governo. Durante a sua gestão neste cargo, que durou até 1888, desenvolveu uma grande quantidade de trabalhos relacionados com a química de explosivos.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Abel,_Frederick_Augustus_%E2%80%93_Mining_accidents_and_their_prevention,_1889_%E2%80%93_BEIC_10976127.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Abel%2C_Frederick_Augustus_%E2%80%93_Mining_accidents_and_their_prevention%2C_1889_%E2%80%93_BEIC_10976127.jpg/282px-Abel%2C_Frederick_Augustus_%E2%80%93_Mining_accidents_and_their_prevention%2C_1889_%E2%80%93_BEIC_10976127.jpg" decoding="async" width="282" height="462" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Abel%2C_Frederick_Augustus_%E2%80%93_Mining_accidents_and_their_prevention%2C_1889_%E2%80%93_BEIC_10976127.jpg/424px-Abel%2C_Frederick_Augustus_%E2%80%93_Mining_accidents_and_their_prevention%2C_1889_%E2%80%93_BEIC_10976127.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Abel%2C_Frederick_Augustus_%E2%80%93_Mining_accidents_and_their_prevention%2C_1889_%E2%80%93_BEIC_10976127.jpg/565px-Abel%2C_Frederick_Augustus_%E2%80%93_Mining_accidents_and_their_prevention%2C_1889_%E2%80%93_BEIC_10976127.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2242" data-file-height="3666" /></a><figcaption><i>Acidentes de mineração e sua prevenção</i>, 1889</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trabalho_notável"><span id="Trabalho_not.C3.A1vel"></span>Trabalho notável</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_Abel&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Trabalho notável" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_Abel&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Trabalho notável"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uma das mais importantes de suas investigações tinha a ver com a fabricação de <a href="/wiki/Trinitrocelulose" title="Trinitrocelulose">trinitrocelulose</a>. Ele e <a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> foram processados sem sucesso por <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> por violação da patente para um explosivo semelhante chamado balistita, o caso finalmente sendo resolvido na <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mara_dos_Lordes" title="Câmara dos Lordes">Câmara dos Lordes</a> em 1895. Ele também pesquisou extensivamente o comportamento da <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3lvora_negra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pólvora negra">pólvora negra</a> quando inflamado, com o físico escocês Sir <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Noble" title="Andrew Noble">Andrew Noble</a>. A pedido do <a href="/wiki/Governo_brit%C3%A2nico" class="mw-redirect" title="Governo britânico">governo britânico</a>, ele idealizou o <a href="/wiki/Teste_de_Abel" title="Teste de Abel">teste de Abel</a>, um meio de determinar o <a href="/wiki/Ponto_de_fulgor" title="Ponto de fulgor">ponto de fulgor</a> de produtos petrolíferos. Seu primeiro instrumento, o aparelho de teste aberto, foi especificado em uma Lei do Parlamento em 1868 para especificar oficialmente o produtos de petróleo. Foi substituído em agosto de 1879 pelo muito mais confiável instrumento de teste aproximado Abel. Sob sua liderança, primeiro, o <a href="/wiki/Trinitrocelulose" title="Trinitrocelulose">trinitrocelulose</a> foi desenvolvido em Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills, patenteado em 1865, então, o propelente cordite, patenteado em 1889. Na eletricidade, Abel estudou a construção de fusíveis elétricos e outras aplicações da eletricidade para a guerra finalidades.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Livros">Livros</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_Abel&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar secção: Livros" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_Abel&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Livros"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="//archive.org/details/handbookofchemis00abelrich" class="extiw" title="iarchive:handbookofchemis00abelrich"><i>Handbook of Chemistry</i></a> (com C. L. Bloxam)</li> <li><i>The Modern History of Gunpowder</i> (1866)<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Gun-cotton</i> (1866)<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>On Explosive Agents</i> (1872)<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Researches in Explosives</i> (1875)<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Mining accidents and their prevention</i> (1889)</li> <li><i>Electricity applied to Explosive Purposes</i> (1898)<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Ele também escreveu vários artigos na nona edição da <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3">d</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenwood, Douglas (1999). Who's Buried where in England (Third ed.). Constable. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0094793107" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-09-479310-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-3">d</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-4">e</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-5">f</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Este artigo incorpora texto de uma publicação agora em domínio público: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). " Abel, Sir Frederick Augustus, Bart.". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> . 1911 (11ª ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 39</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <p>  </p><table class="toccolours" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin:0 auto; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wyville_Thomson" title="Charles Wyville Thomson">Charles Wyville Thomson</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Froude" title="William Froude">William Froude</a></span></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Real" title="Medalha Real">Medalha Real</a></b><br />1877<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;">com <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Heer" title="Oswald Heer">Oswald Heer</a></span></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Carl_Ludwig_Gotthilf_G%C3%BCnther" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Carl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther">Albert Carl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Allan_Broun" title="John Allan Broun">John Allan Broun</a></span></b></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Real._Laureados_(1851_—_1900)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Real_(1851_%E2%80%94_1900)" title="Predefinição:Medalha Real (1851 — 1900)"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Real_(1851_%E2%80%94_1900)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Real (1851 — 1900) (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Real_(1851_%E2%80%94_1900)&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Real._Laureados_(1851_—_1900)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Real" title="Medalha Real">Medalha Real. Laureados (1851 — 1900)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1851: <a href="/wiki/William_Parsons" title="William Parsons">William Parsons</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Newport" title="George Newport">George Newport</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1852: <a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> e <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1853: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall">John Tyndall</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1854: <a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a> e <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1855: <a href="/wiki/John_Obadiah_Westwood" title="John Obadiah Westwood">John Obadiah Westwood</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Hind" title="John Russell Hind">John Russell Hind</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1856: <a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalista)" title="John Richardson (naturalista)">John Richardson</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson">William Thomson</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1857: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">John Lindley</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1858: <a href="/wiki/Albany_Hancock" title="Albany Hancock">Albany Hancock</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Lassell" title="William Lassell">William Lassell</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1859: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Bentham" title="George Bentham">George Bentham</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1860: <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Volney_Waller" title="Augustus Volney Waller">Augustus Volney Waller</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Fairbairn" title="William Fairbairn">William Fairbairn</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1861: <a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Benjamin_Carpenter" title="William Benjamin Carpenter">William Benjamin Carpenter</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1862: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_William_Williamson" title="Alexander William Williamson">Alexander William Williamson</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_Romney_Robinson" title="John Thomas Romney Robinson">John Thomas Romney Robinson</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1863: <a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Gassiot" title="John Peter Gassiot">John Peter Gassiot</a> e <a href="/wiki/Miles_Joseph_Berkeley" title="Miles Joseph Berkeley">Miles Joseph Berkeley</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1864: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lockhart_Clarke" title="Jacob Lockhart Clarke">Jacob Lockhart Clarke</a> e <a href="/wiki/Warren_De_La_Rue" title="Warren De La Rue">Warren De La Rue</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1865: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Smith" title="Archibald Smith">Archibald Smith</a> e <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Prestwich" title="Joseph Prestwich">Joseph Prestwich</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1866: <a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Kitchen_Parker" title="William Kitchen Parker">William Kitchen Parker</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1867: <a href="/wiki/John_Bennet_Lawes" title="John Bennet Lawes">John Bennet Lawes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Gilbert" title="Joseph Henry Gilbert">Joseph Henry Gilbert</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Edmond_Logan" title="William Edmond Logan">William Edmond Logan</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1868: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Salmon" title="George Salmon">George Salmon</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1869: <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Matthiessen" title="Augustus Matthiessen">Augustus Matthiessen</a> e <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Maclear" title="Thomas Maclear">Thomas Maclear</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1870: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davidson" title="Thomas Davidson">Thomas Davidson</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Hallowes_Miller" title="William Hallowes Miller">William Hallowes Miller</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1871: <a href="/wiki/George_Busk" title="George Busk">George Busk</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Stenhouse" title="John Stenhouse">John Stenhouse</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1872: <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Carter" title="Henry John Carter">Henry John Carter</a> e <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Anderson" title="Thomas Anderson">Thomas Anderson</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1873: <a href="/wiki/George_James_Allman" title="George James Allman">George James Allman</a> e <a href="/wiki/Henry_Enfield_Roscoe" title="Henry Enfield Roscoe">Henry Enfield Roscoe</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1874: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clifton_Sorby" title="Henry Clifton Sorby">Henry Clifton Sorby</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Crawford_Williamson" title="William Crawford Williamson">William Crawford Williamson</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1875: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Oldham" title="Thomas Oldham">Thomas Oldham</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1876: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wyville_Thomson" title="Charles Wyville Thomson">Charles Wyville Thomson</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Froude" title="William Froude">William Froude</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1877: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frederick Augustus Abel</a> e <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Heer" title="Oswald Heer">Oswald Heer</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1878: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Carl_Ludwig_Gotthilf_G%C3%BCnther" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Carl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther">Albert Carl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Allan_Broun" title="John Allan Broun">John Allan Broun</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1879: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ramsay" title="Andrew Ramsay">Andrew Ramsay</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Perkin" title="William Perkin">William Perkin</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1880: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Noble" title="Andrew Noble">Andrew Noble</a> e <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1881: <a href="/wiki/John_Hewitt_Jellett" title="John Hewitt Jellett">John Hewitt Jellett</a> e <a href="/wiki/Francis_Maitland_Balfour" title="Francis Maitland Balfour">Francis Maitland Balfour</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1882: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">John William Strutt</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Flower" title="William Henry Flower">William Henry Flower</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1883: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Archer_Hirst" title="Thomas Archer Hirst">Thomas Archer Hirst</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Burdon-Sanderson" title="John Scott Burdon-Sanderson">John Scott Burdon-Sanderson</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1884: <a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a> e <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Oliver" title="Daniel Oliver">Daniel Oliver</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1885: <a href="/wiki/David_Edward_Hughes" title="David Edward Hughes">David Edward Hughes</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">Ray Lankester</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1886: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Guthrie_Tait" title="Peter Guthrie Tait">Peter Guthrie Tait</a> e <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1887: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ross_Clarke" title="Alexander Ross Clarke">Alexander Ross Clarke</a> e <a href="/wiki/Henry_Nottidge_Moseley" title="Henry Nottidge Moseley">Henry Nottidge Moseley</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1888: <a href="/wiki/Osborne_Reynolds" title="Osborne Reynolds">Osborne Reynolds</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Mueller" title="Ferdinand von Mueller">Ferdinand von Mueller</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1889: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Thorpe" title="Thomas Edward Thorpe">Thomas Edward Thorpe</a> e <a href="/wiki/Walter_Holbrook_Gaskell" title="Walter Holbrook Gaskell">Walter Holbrook Gaskell</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1890: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopkinson" title="John Hopkinson">John Hopkinson</a> e <a href="/wiki/David_Ferrier" title="David Ferrier">David Ferrier</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1891: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_William_Rucker" title="Arthur William Rucker">Arthur William Rucker</a> e <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lapworth" title="Charles Lapworth">Charles Lapworth</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1892: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pritchard" title="Charles Pritchard">Charles Pritchard</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Newport_Langley" title="John Newport Langley">John Newport Langley</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1893: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Marshall_Ward" title="Harry Marshall Ward">Harry Marshall Ward</a> e <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" title="Arthur Schuster">Arthur Schuster</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1894: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Victor_Horsley" title="Victor Horsley">Victor Horsley</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1895: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray" title="John Murray">John Murray</a> e <a href="/wiki/James_Alfred_Ewing" title="James Alfred Ewing">James Alfred Ewing</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1896: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Geikie" title="Archibald Geikie">Archibald Geikie</a> e <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vernon_Boys" title="Charles Vernon Boys">Charles Vernon Boys</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1897: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strachey" title="Richard Strachey">Richard Strachey</a> e <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Russell_Forsyth" title="Andrew Russell Forsyth">Andrew Russell Forsyth</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1898: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerr" title="John Kerr">John Kerr</a> e <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gardiner" title="Walter Gardiner">Walter Gardiner</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1899: <a href="/wiki/William_Carmichael_McIntosh" title="William Carmichael McIntosh">William Carmichael McIntosh</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_FitzGerald" class="mw-redirect" title="George FitzGerald">George FitzGerald</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1900: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Newton" title="Alfred Newton">Alfred Newton</a> e <a href="/wiki/Percy_Alexander_MacMahon" title="Percy Alexander MacMahon">Percy Alexander MacMahon</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="infobox noprint" style="width:250px; line-height:2.2em; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr style="line-height:1.3em"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Outros projetos <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a> também contêm material sobre este tema: </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Frederick_Augustus_Abel" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" 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