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id="toc-Influences_on_Vietnam_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_on_Vietnam_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Influences on Vietnam music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences_on_Vietnam_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_court_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_court_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Royal court music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_court_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dilettante_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dilettante_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dilettante music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dilettante_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Folk music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Folk_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Folk music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Folk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chèo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chèo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Chèo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chèo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xẩm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xẩm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Xẩm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xẩm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quan_họ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quan_họ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Quan họ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quan_họ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chầu_văn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chầu_văn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Chầu văn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chầu_văn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nhạc_dân_tộc_cải_biên" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nhạc_dân_tộc_cải_biên"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Nhạc dân tộc cải biên</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nhạc_dân_tộc_cải_biên-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ca_trù" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ca_trù"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Ca trù</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ca_trù-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cải_lương" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cải_lương"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Cải lương</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cải_lương-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuồng" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuồng"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Tuồng</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuồng-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hò" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hò"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Hò</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hò-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bài_chòi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bài_chòi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Bài chòi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bài_chòi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ritual_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ritual_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Ritual music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ritual_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_musical_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_musical_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Traditional musical instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_musical_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Classical music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Red music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yellow_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yellow_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Yellow music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yellow_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Overseas music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940s–1980s,_singer-songwriters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s–1980s,_singer-songwriters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>1940s–1980s, singer-songwriters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s–1980s,_singer-songwriters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Contemporary music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-V-pop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#V-pop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>V-pop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-V-pop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock_and_heavy_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_and_heavy_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Rock and heavy metal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_and_heavy_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hip_hop_and_rap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hip_hop_and_rap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Hip hop and rap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hip_hop_and_rap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karaoke_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karaoke_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Karaoke music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karaoke_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Work_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Work cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Listening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Listening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Listening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Listening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Music of Vietnam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyetnam_musiqisi" title="Vyetnam musiqisi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vyetnam musiqisi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_in_Vietnam" title="Musik in Vietnam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Musik in Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_vietnamienne" title="Musique vietnamienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique vietnamienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%82%A8_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="베트남 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베트남 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_vietnamita" title="Musica vietnamita – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica vietnamita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0%E3%81%AE%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD" title="ベトナムの音楽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベトナムの音楽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyetnam_musiqasi" title="Vyetnam musiqasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vyetnam musiqasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Музыка Вьетнама – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыка Вьетнама" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamesisk_musik" title="Vietnamesisk musik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vietnamesisk musik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="மரபு வியட்நாமிய இசை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரபு வியட்நாமிய இசை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_nh%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam" title="Âm nhạc Việt Nam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Âm nhạc Việt Nam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="越南音乐 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="越南音乐" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ca_tr%C3%B9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ca_tr%C3%B9.jpg/220px-Ca_tr%C3%B9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ca_tr%C3%B9.jpg/330px-Ca_tr%C3%B9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ca_tr%C3%B9.jpg/440px-Ca_tr%C3%B9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Performance of <a href="/wiki/Ca_tr%C3%B9" title="Ca trù">ca trù</a>, an ancient genre of chamber music from northern Vietnam, inscribed by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as an Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2009</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Comedy_Theatre_in_Tunquin_by_Jean-Baptiste_Tavernier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/A_Comedy_Theatre_in_Tunquin_by_Jean-Baptiste_Tavernier.jpg/220px-A_Comedy_Theatre_in_Tunquin_by_Jean-Baptiste_Tavernier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/A_Comedy_Theatre_in_Tunquin_by_Jean-Baptiste_Tavernier.jpg/330px-A_Comedy_Theatre_in_Tunquin_by_Jean-Baptiste_Tavernier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/A_Comedy_Theatre_in_Tunquin_by_Jean-Baptiste_Tavernier.jpg/440px-A_Comedy_Theatre_in_Tunquin_by_Jean-Baptiste_Tavernier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2910" data-file-height="2167" /></a><figcaption>A comedy theater in <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Traditional Vietnamese music</b> encompasses a large umbrella of Vietnamese music from antiquity to present times, and can also encompass multiple groups, such as those from Vietnam's ethnic minority tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tambour-song-da2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tambour-song-da2.jpg/220px-Tambour-song-da2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tambour-song-da2.jpg/330px-Tambour-song-da2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tambour-song-da2.jpg/440px-Tambour-song-da2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3255" data-file-height="2917" /></a><figcaption>Drum from <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_%C4%90%C3%A0_(M%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Lay)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sông Đà (Mường Lay)">Sông Đà</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. Dong Son II culture. Mid-1st millennium BCE. Bronze.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional Vietnamese music has been mainly used for religious activities, in daily life, and in traditional festivals. The music is considerably diverse due to Vietnam's ethnic population. Moreover, each of Vietnam's ethnic groups owns many unique types of musical instruments. The influence of Asian musical cultures on Vietnamese music can be seen in particular instruments such as the flutes, zithers, harps, and erhu. However, the recovery of an almost complete stringed instrument from a deer antler dated to 2,000 years old and shows clear similarities with traditional Vietnamese musical instruments indicate that these traditional instruments have ancient origins.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences_on_Vietnam_music">Influences on Vietnam music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Influences on Vietnam music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional music of Vietnam has been heavily influenced by Chinese music, mainly in terms of musical instruments and performance styles.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of American music, particularly rock and roll and pop music, has influenced the development of modern Vietnamese music.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vietnam War had a profound impact on Vietnamese music, inspiring many protest songs and influencing the development of modern Vietnamese music, the introduction of rock came with use of electric guitars to create more aggressive sound on the songs. The main genres that were common in this period were the rock ,folk and soul. This war influenced the lyrics and themes during that time, songs were mainly about these themes: peace, love and social justice example of a song is Marvin Gaye's "What's Going On".Malone, <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the Doi Moi Period, Vietnam music was mainly influenced by folk music and social realism. At this period there was the introduction of new genres like hiphop , pop , rock which were mainly influenced by Western culture. The economic reforms of the Doi Moi period in the 1980s led to a relaxation of state control over the arts, allowing for greater diversity and experimentation in Vietnamese music. This period led to increased popularity and acceptance of Western music styles and genres.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the fall of Saigon in 1975 , there was strict control over cultural expressions , many musicians were forced to move to other countries, those who remained had to adhere to the government rules. The music themes shifted to reflecting the government propaganda and the styles became more uniform and diverse.A popular Vietnamese musician " Trinh Cong Son" after the fall of Saigon his music was banned and he was out under house arrest because his songs were about anti- war and anti- government songs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The rise of the internet has greatly expanded the availability and diversity of music in Vietnam, allowing for greater cross-cultural influences and the development of new musical styles. This contemporary period made Vietnamese music more diverse and experimental.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buddhism has had a significant influence on Vietnamese music, particularly in terms of its spiritual and meditative aspects.This occurred during the medieval period. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_court_music">Royal court music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Royal court music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Royal Vietnamese court music first appeared in the congetiveness of europas after a successful seaborne raid against <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> led by emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lý Thái Tông">Lý Thái Tông</a> in 1044. Cham women were taken as singers, dancers and entertainers for the court. The chronicles recorded that a special palace for Cham women was built in 1046, then in 1060 the emperor ordered a translation of Cham songs, and incorporated Cham drum known as <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%91ng_c%C6%A1m" title="Trống cơm">trống cơm</a> into the royal band.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVu201711_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVu201711-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 13th century, a new trend of music came from China: songs set to Chinese tunes with Vietnamese lyrics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201642_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201642-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Nhã nhạc</a></i> is the most popular form of royal court music, specifically referring to the court music played from the <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a> to the last <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> of Vietnam, being synthesized and developed by the Nguyễn emperors. Influenced from <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> Chinese music, it slowly emerged in the royal court in the 1430s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore200912_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore200912-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <i>nhã nhạc</i>, the imperial court of Vietnam in the 19th century also had many <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Vietnamese dance">royal dances</a> which still exist in present times. The theme of most dances is to wish the emperor or empress longevity and the country prosperity. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orchestre_de_musique_traditionnelle_(Hanoi).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Orchestre_de_musique_traditionnelle_%28Hanoi%29.jpg/220px-Orchestre_de_musique_traditionnelle_%28Hanoi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Orchestre_de_musique_traditionnelle_%28Hanoi%29.jpg/330px-Orchestre_de_musique_traditionnelle_%28Hanoi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Orchestre_de_musique_traditionnelle_%28Hanoi%29.jpg/440px-Orchestre_de_musique_traditionnelle_%28Hanoi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Traditional orchestra performing at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Literature,_Hanoi" title="Temple of Literature, Hanoi">Temple of Literature, Hanoi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Classical music is also performed in honour of gods and scholars such as to Confucius in temples and shrines. These categories are defined as Nhã Nhạc ("elegant music" or "ritual and ceremonial" music), Đại nhạc ("great music"), and Tiểu nhạc ("small music") are classified as <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a>, often for entertainment for the ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_traditional_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese traditional dance">Vietnamese traditional dance</a>, court dances were encompassed văn vũ (civil servant dance) and võ vũ (military dance).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dilettante_music">Dilettante music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dilettante music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%9Dn_ca_t%C3%A0i_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Đờn ca tài tử">Đờn ca tài tử</a></div> <p>Dilettante music is a genre of <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a> in the traditional music of southern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. Its instrumentation resembles that of the <a href="/wiki/Ca_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Ca Huế">ca Huế</a> style. Sometimes, modified versions of European instruments like the guitar, violin, and the <a href="/wiki/Steel_guitar" title="Steel guitar">steel guitar</a> are also included. <i><a href="/wiki/V%E1%BB%8Dng_c%E1%BB%95" title="Vọng cổ">Vọng cổ</a></i> ( "Folk sound") is one of the more popular <i>tài tử</i> melodies, and was composed in 1919 by songwriter Mr <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1u_L%E1%BA%A7u" class="mw-redirect" title="Sáu Lầu">Sáu Lầu</a>, of <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1c_Li%C3%AAu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bạc Liêu Province">Bạc Liêu</a>, in southern Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_music">Folk music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Kinh_C%E1%BB%95_Nh%E1%BA%A1c_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Kinh_C%E1%BB%95_Nh%E1%BA%A1c_2021.jpg/220px-%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Kinh_C%E1%BB%95_Nh%E1%BA%A1c_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Kinh_C%E1%BB%95_Nh%E1%BA%A1c_2021.jpg/330px-%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Kinh_C%E1%BB%95_Nh%E1%BA%A1c_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Kinh_C%E1%BB%95_Nh%E1%BA%A1c_2021.jpg/440px-%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Kinh_C%E1%BB%95_Nh%E1%BA%A1c_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Singers in the traditional music group Đông Kinh cổ nhạc</figcaption></figure> <p>Vietnamese folk music is extremely diverse and includes <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2n_ca" class="mw-redirect" title="Dân ca">dân ca</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%8D" title="Quan họ">quan họ</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1t_tu%E1%BB%93ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Hát tuồng">hát tuồng</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1t_ch%E1%BA%A7u_v%C4%83n" class="mw-redirect" title="Hát chầu văn">hát chầu văn</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ca_tr%C3%B9" title="Ca trù">ca trù</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Hò">hò</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1t_x%E1%BA%A9m" class="mw-redirect" title="Hát xẩm">hát xẩm</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1t_xoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hát xoan">hát xoan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A0i_ch%C3%B2i" class="mw-redirect" title="Bài chòi">bài chòi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%9Dn_ca_t%C3%A0i_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Đờn ca tài tử">đờn ca tài tử</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ca_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Ca Huế">ca Huế</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%91ng_qu%C3%A2n" title="Trống quân">trống quân</a></i>, among other forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chèo"><span id="Ch.C3.A8o"></span>Chèo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chèo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Puppet_Theatre_Vietnam(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Water_Puppet_Theatre_Vietnam%281%29.jpg/220px-Water_Puppet_Theatre_Vietnam%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Water_Puppet_Theatre_Vietnam%281%29.jpg/330px-Water_Puppet_Theatre_Vietnam%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Water_Puppet_Theatre_Vietnam%281%29.jpg/440px-Water_Puppet_Theatre_Vietnam%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Chèo orchestra accompanies the performance of <a href="/wiki/Water_puppetry" title="Water puppetry">water puppetry</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A8o" title="Chèo">Chèo</a></i> is a form of generally satirical <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical theatre</a>, often encompassing dance, traditionally performed by <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a> in northern Vietnam. It is usually performed outdoors by semi-amateur touring groups, stereotypically in a village square or the courtyard of a public building, although today it is also increasingly performed indoors and by professional performers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xẩm"><span id="X.E1.BA.A9m"></span>Xẩm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Xẩm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_xam_artists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vietnamese_xam_artists.jpg/220px-Vietnamese_xam_artists.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vietnamese_xam_artists.jpg/330px-Vietnamese_xam_artists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vietnamese_xam_artists.jpg/440px-Vietnamese_xam_artists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Blind artists performing xẩm</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/X%E1%BA%A9m" title="Xẩm">Xẩm</a></i> or <i>Hát xẩm</i> (Xẩm singing) is a type of Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> which was popular in the Northern region of Vietnam but is considered nowadays an endangered form of traditional music in Vietnam. In the dynastic time, xẩm was performed by blind artists who wandered from town to town and earned their living by singing in common places. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quan_họ"><span id="Quan_h.E1.BB.8D"></span>Quan họ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Quan họ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quan_ho_bac_ninh_o_ha_noi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Quan_ho_bac_ninh_o_ha_noi.jpg/260px-Quan_ho_bac_ninh_o_ha_noi.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Quan_ho_bac_ninh_o_ha_noi.jpg/390px-Quan_ho_bac_ninh_o_ha_noi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Quan_ho_bac_ninh_o_ha_noi.jpg/520px-Quan_ho_bac_ninh_o_ha_noi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Singing <i>quan họ</i> at <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0n_Ki%E1%BA%BFm_Lake" title="Hoàn Kiếm Lake">Hoàn Kiếm Lake</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%8D" title="Quan họ">Quan họ</a></i> (<i>alternate singing</i>) is popular in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_B%E1%BA%AFc" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Bắc">Hà Bắc</a> (divided into nowadays <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Ninh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bắc Ninh Province">Bắc Ninh</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Giang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bắc Giang Province">Bắc Giang</a> provinces) and across Vietnam; numerous variations exist, especially in the Northern provinces. Sung a cappella, <i>quan họ</i> is improvised and is used in courtship rituals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chầu_văn"><span id="Ch.E1.BA.A7u_v.C4.83n"></span>Chầu văn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chầu văn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lienweb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lienweb.jpg/220px-Lienweb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lienweb.jpg/330px-Lienweb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lienweb.jpg/440px-Lienweb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Singing <i>chầu văn</i> in the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAn_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="Lên đồng">lên đồng</a> ritual</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A7u_v%C4%83n" title="Chầu văn">Chầu văn</a></i> or <i>hát văn</i> is a spiritual form of music used to invoke spirits during ceremonies. It is highly rhythmic and trance-oriented. Before 1986, the Vietnamese government repressed hát chầu văn and other forms of religious expression. It has since been revived by musicians like <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_V%C4%83n_T%E1%BB%B5" title="Phạm Văn Tỵ">Phạm Văn Tỵ</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nhạc_dân_tộc_cải_biên"><span id="Nh.E1.BA.A1c_d.C3.A2n_t.E1.BB.99c_c.E1.BA.A3i_bi.C3.AAn"></span>Nhạc dân tộc cải biên</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nhạc dân tộc cải biên"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Nh%E1%BA%A1c_d%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%99c_c%E1%BA%A3i_bi%C3%AAn" title="Nhạc dân tộc cải biên">Nhạc dân tộc cải biên</a></i> is a modern form of Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> which arose in the 1950s after the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Conservatory_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoi Conservatory of Music">Hanoi Conservatory of Music</a> in 1956. This development involved writing traditional music using Western <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a>, while Western elements of <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">instrumentation</a> were added. <i>Nhạc dân tộc cải biên</i> is often criticized by purists for its watered-down approach to traditional sounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ca_trù"><span id="Ca_tr.C3.B9"></span>Ca trù</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ca trù"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ca_tr%C3%B9_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ca_tr%C3%B9_4.jpg/220px-Ca_tr%C3%B9_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ca_tr%C3%B9_4.jpg/330px-Ca_tr%C3%B9_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Ca_tr%C3%B9_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Band performances <i>Ca trù</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ca_tr%C3%B9" title="Ca trù">Ca trù</a></i> (also <i>hát cô đầu</i>) is a popular folk music which is said to have begun with ca nương, a female singer who charmed the enemy with her voice. Most singers remain female, and the genre has been revived since the Communist government loosened its repression in the 1980s, when it was associated with prostitution. </p><p>Ca trù, which has many forms, is thought to have originated in the imperial palace, eventually moving predominantly into performances at communal houses for scholars and other members of the elite (this is the type of ca trù most widely known). It can be referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Korean_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean culture">Korean</a> <a href="/wiki/Gisaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Gisaeng">gisaeng</a>-type of entertainment where women, trained in music and poetry, entertained rich and powerful men. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cải_lương"><span id="C.E1.BA.A3i_l.C6.B0.C6.A1ng"></span>Cải lương</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cải lương"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tu_duc_dang_roi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tu_duc_dang_roi.JPG/250px-Tu_duc_dang_roi.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tu_duc_dang_roi.JPG/375px-Tu_duc_dang_roi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tu_duc_dang_roi.JPG/500px-Tu_duc_dang_roi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Excerpts from reformed salary <i>Tự đức dâng roi</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A3i_l%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Cải lương">Cải lương</a></i> originated in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Vietnam" title="Southern Vietnam">Southern Vietnam</a> in the early 20th century and blossomed in the 1930s as a theatre of the middle class during the country's <a href="/wiki/French_colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonial">French colonial</a> period. Cải lương is now promoted as a national theatrical form. Unlike the other folk forms, it continued to prove popular with the masses as late as the 1970s and the 1980s, although it is now in decline. </p><p>Cải lương can be compared to a sort of play with the added aspect of <a href="/wiki/V%E1%BB%8Dng_c%E1%BB%95" title="Vọng cổ">Vọng cổ</a>. This term literally means "nostalgia for the past", it is a special type of singing with the background music often being the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_tranh" title="Đàn tranh">đàn tranh</a> zither or the <a href="/wiki/Guitar_ph%C3%ADm_l%C3%B5m" title="Guitar phím lõm">đàn ghi-ta</a> (Vietnamized guitar). In a typical cải lương play, the actresses and actors would use a combination of regular spoken dialogue and vọng cổ to express their thoughts and emotions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuồng"><span id="Tu.E1.BB.93ng"></span>Tuồng</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tuồng"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Costumes_de_th%C3%A9atre,_%C3%A0_Hu%C3%A9_chefs_guerriers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Costumes_de_th%C3%A9atre%2C_%C3%A0_Hu%C3%A9_chefs_guerriers.jpg/200px-Costumes_de_th%C3%A9atre%2C_%C3%A0_Hu%C3%A9_chefs_guerriers.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Costumes_de_th%C3%A9atre%2C_%C3%A0_Hu%C3%A9_chefs_guerriers.jpg/300px-Costumes_de_th%C3%A9atre%2C_%C3%A0_Hu%C3%A9_chefs_guerriers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Costumes_de_th%C3%A9atre%2C_%C3%A0_Hu%C3%A9_chefs_guerriers.jpg/400px-Costumes_de_th%C3%A9atre%2C_%C3%A0_Hu%C3%A9_chefs_guerriers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Costumes as warlords for Tuồng (Hát Bội) in <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> in 1874</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tu%E1%BB%93ng" title="Tuồng">Tuồng</a></i> also known as <i>hát tuồng</i> or <i>hát bội</i> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese theatre">Vietnamese theatre</a>. Hát tuồng is often referred to as classical <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese opera">Vietnamese opera</a> influenced by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera" title="Chinese opera">Chinese opera</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hò"><span id="H.C3.B2"></span>Hò</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hò"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Hò</i> can be thought of as the southern style of Quan họ. It is improvisational and is typically sung as dialogue between a man and woman. Common themes include love, courtship, the countryside, etc. "Hò" is popular in Cần Thơ - Vietnam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bài_chòi"><span id="B.C3.A0i_ch.C3.B2i"></span>Bài chòi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bài chòi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ritual_music">Ritual music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ritual music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Nhạc lễ</a> - court music</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_musical_instruments">Traditional musical instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Traditional musical instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Vietnamese musical instruments">Traditional Vietnamese musical instruments</a>.</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_b%E1%BA%A7u" title="Đàn bầu">Đàn bầu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monochord" title="Monochord">monochord</a> zither)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_g%C3%A1o" title="Đàn gáo">Đàn gáo</a> (two-stringed fiddle with coconut body, from Chinese <a href="/wiki/Yehu" title="Yehu">yehu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_nguy%E1%BB%87t" title="Đàn nguyệt">Đàn nguyệt</a> (two-stringed fretted moon <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>, from Chinese <a href="/wiki/Yueqin" title="Yueqin">yueqin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_nh%E1%BB%8B" title="Đàn nhị">Đàn nhị</a> (two-stringed fiddle with hardwood body, from Chinese <a href="/wiki/Erhu" title="Erhu">erhu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_s%E1%BA%BFn" title="Đàn sến">Đàn sến</a> (two-string fretted flower lute, from Chinese <a href="/wiki/Chaozhou" title="Chaozhou">Chaozhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Qinqin" title="Qinqin">qinqin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_tam" title="Đàn tam">Đàn tam</a> (fretless lute with snakeskin-covered body and three strings from Chinese <a href="/wiki/Sanxian" title="Sanxian">sanxian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_tam_th%E1%BA%ADp_l%E1%BB%A5c" title="Đàn tam thập lục">Đàn tam thập lục</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hammered_dulcimer" title="Hammered dulcimer">hammered dulcimer</a> from Chinese <a href="/wiki/Yangqin" title="Yangqin">yangqin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_tranh" title="Đàn tranh">Đàn tranh</a> (long <a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zither</a> from Chinese <a href="/wiki/Guzheng" title="Guzheng">guzheng</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_t%E1%BB%B3_b%C3%A0" title="Đàn tỳ bà">Đàn tỳ bà</a> (pear-shaped four-stringed lute from Chinese <a href="/wiki/Pipa" title="Pipa">pipa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A8n_b%E1%BA%A7u" title="Kèn bầu">Kèn bầu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a> from Chinese <a href="/wiki/Suona" title="Suona">suona</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%27r%C6%B0ng" title="T'rưng">T'rưng</a> (bamboo <a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27ni" title="K'ni">K'ni</a> (also spelled <i>k'ny</i> or <i>k'ný</i>) - one-string vertical <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a> with a resonating disc that is held in the player's mouth; played by the <a href="/wiki/Jarai_people" title="Jarai people">Jarai people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam)" title="Central Highlands (Vietnam)">Central Highlands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_music">Classical music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_ca" title="Trường ca">Trường ca</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nhac_si_Pham_Tuyen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nhac_si_Pham_Tuyen.JPG/220px-Nhac_si_Pham_Tuyen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nhac_si_Pham_Tuyen.JPG/330px-Nhac_si_Pham_Tuyen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nhac_si_Pham_Tuyen.JPG/440px-Nhac_si_Pham_Tuyen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="1285" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Tuy%C3%AAn" title="Phạm Tuyên">Phạm Tuyên</a> was one of the representatives of Classical music</figcaption></figure> <p>Vietnamese composers also followed Western <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4_Sao" title="Cô Sao">Cô Sao</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_Nhu%E1%BA%ADn" title="Đỗ Nhuận">Đỗ Nhuận</a>, considered as the first Vietnamese opera. <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_V%C3%A2n_(composer)" title="Hoàng Vân (composer)">Hoàng Vân</a> signed <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A0nh_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_T%E1%BB%95_Qu%E1%BB%91c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thành Đồng Tổ Quốc (page does not exist)">Thành Đồng Tổ Quốc</a></i>, in 1960, considered as the first Vietnamese symphonie, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BB%8B_S%E1%BB%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chị Sứ (page does not exist)">Chị Sứ</a> as the first Vietnamese ballet in 1968, as well as the dozen of Choir with symphonic orchestra among his hundred famous patriotic tunes. <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Qu%E1%BB%B3" title="Nguyễn Văn Quỳ">Nguyễn Văn Quỳ</a> also wrote 9 sonatas for violin and piano, following his French music studies and Vietnamese traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Duy" title="Phạm Duy">Phạm Duy</a> also wrote classical compositions mixed with Vietnamese folk music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Red_music">Red music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Red music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nh%E1%BA%A1c_%C4%91%E1%BB%8F" title="Nhạc đỏ">Nhạc đỏ</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanh_Lam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Thanh_Lam.jpg/220px-Thanh_Lam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Thanh_Lam.jpg/330px-Thanh_Lam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Thanh_Lam.jpg/440px-Thanh_Lam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thanh_Lam" title="Thanh Lam">Thanh Lam</a> was one of the representatives of Red music</figcaption></figure> <p>Red music (Nhạc đỏ) is the common name of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary music">revolutionary music</a> (nhạc cách mạng) genre in Vietnam. This genre of music began soon after the beginning of the 20th century during the French colonial period, advocating for independence, socialism and anti-colonialism. Red Music was later strongly promoted across <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">War</a>, to urge Northerners to achieve reunification under the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a> and fight against the "American imperialist puppet" in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>. Other forms of non-traditional, non-Revolutionary music and culture in the North, like <a href="/wiki/V-Pop" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Pop">Vietnamese popular music</a> and Western music and culture, were banned, being labelled as "counter-revolutionary", "bourgeois", or "capitalist". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yellow_music">Yellow music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Yellow music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Yellow_music" title="Yellow music">Yellow music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">Bolero</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%E1%BA%BF_Linh_at_Fan_Club_Galla_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ch%E1%BA%BF_Linh_at_Fan_Club_Galla_2019.jpg/220px-Ch%E1%BA%BF_Linh_at_Fan_Club_Galla_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ch%E1%BA%BF_Linh_at_Fan_Club_Galla_2019.jpg/330px-Ch%E1%BA%BF_Linh_at_Fan_Club_Galla_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ch%E1%BA%BF_Linh_at_Fan_Club_Galla_2019.jpg/440px-Ch%E1%BA%BF_Linh_at_Fan_Club_Galla_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="2173" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%BF_Linh" title="Chế Linh">Chế Linh</a> was one of the representatives of Yellow music</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Yellow_music" title="Yellow music">Yellow music</a> (Nhạc vàng) in Vietnam has two meanings. The first meaning is the lyrical and romantic music from pre-war, post-development in southern Vietnam in the period 1954s-1975s and later overseas as well as in the country after <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Đổi Mới</a>, influenced by music of South Vietnam 1975s. The second meaning is the common name of popular music that was formed in the late 1950s in South Vietnam, using many different melodies such as <a href="/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">bolero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enka" title="Enka">enka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumba" title="Rumba">rumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tango" title="Tango">tango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)" title="Ballade (forme fixe)">ballade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">mambo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cha-cha-ch%C3%A1_(music)" title="Cha-cha-chá (music)">chachacha</a>,...<sup id="cite_ref-diplomat_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diplomat-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ballad and bolero music still remains one of the most popular genres of slow-tempo Vietnamese music, especially for karaoke sessions or for easy listening.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overseas_music">Overseas music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Overseas music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_diasporic_music" title="Vietnamese diasporic music">Vietnamese diasporic music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ca_s%C4%A9_T%C3%A2m_Doan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ca_s%C4%A9_T%C3%A2m_Doan.jpg/220px-Ca_s%C4%A9_T%C3%A2m_Doan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ca_s%C4%A9_T%C3%A2m_Doan.jpg/330px-Ca_s%C4%A9_T%C3%A2m_Doan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ca_s%C4%A9_T%C3%A2m_Doan.jpg/440px-Ca_s%C4%A9_T%C3%A2m_Doan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2m_%C4%90oan" title="Tâm Đoan">Tâm Đoan</a> was one of the representatives of Overseas music</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Overseas music</b> also called Vietnamese diaspora music, refers to the Vietnamese music brought overseas, especially to the United States and France by the forced migration of Vietnamese artists after the Fall of Saigon in 1975. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bi%E1%BB%83u_tr%C6%B0ng_Thu%C3%BD_Nga_2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bi%E1%BB%83u_tr%C6%B0ng_Thu%C3%BD_Nga_2012.png/220px-Bi%E1%BB%83u_tr%C6%B0ng_Thu%C3%BD_Nga_2012.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Bi%E1%BB%83u_tr%C6%B0ng_Thu%C3%BD_Nga_2012.png 1.5x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="118" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%BAy_Nga_Productions" title="Thúy Nga Productions">Thúy Nga Productions</a> was one of the record label biggest of Overseas</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Đổi Mới</a> economic reformation began in 1986, an increasing number of foreign tourists have visited Vietnam, constructing a new dimension to the musical life of the country. Many hotels and restaurants have hired musicians who played traditional Vietnamese music to entertain their new customers. Spectacles of musical performances present tourists with some aspects of the musical culture of Vietnam, though musicians also play westernized folk music to cater to foreigners' tastes because of economic necessity. The cultural industry in Vietnam shows a positive tendency towards prosperity. Some excellent musical festivals have taken place, namely the Lullaby Festival, modernized Theater Festival, Theater Song contest, the Traditional Theater Festival, etc. A considerable amount of film music has been composed to enrich the film industry in Vietnam. Furthermore, the Institute of Musicology has played an important role in the preservation and academic research of Vietnamese music. The institute is well using modern technology to help restore and preserve Vietnamese music and songs on compact discs for the longer and better conservation of sound documents. Stored in the Sound Archives of the Institute of Musicology are 8,850 pieces of instrumental music and nearly 18,000 folk songs performed by more or less 2,000 performers. Thousands of technology products in the form of an audio CD, video CD, and videotapes featuring performances on folk music have been released. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1940s–1980s,_singer-songwriters"><span id="1940s.E2.80.931980s.2C_singer-songwriters"></span>1940s–1980s, singer-songwriters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1940s–1980s, singer-songwriters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phamduy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Phamduy.jpg/200px-Phamduy.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Phamduy.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="177" /></a><figcaption>Songwriter Phạm Duy (1920–2013)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Popular_music_of_Vietnam" title="Popular music of Vietnam">Popular music of Vietnam</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the consequent <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a>, and the plight of Vietnamese refugees gave rise to a collection of musical pieces that have become "classical" anthems for Vietnamese people both in Vietnam and abroad. Notable writers include <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Duy" title="Phạm Duy">Phạm Duy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_C%C3%B4ng_S%C6%A1n" title="Trịnh Công Sơn">Trịnh Công Sơn</a>. Singers include <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Thanh" title="Thái Thanh">Thái Thanh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_Ly" title="Khánh Ly">Khánh Ly</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BB%87_Thu" title="Lệ Thu">Lệ Thu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of these composers, in the North, also contributed Vietnamese revolutionary songs, known as <a href="/wiki/Nh%E1%BA%A1c_%C4%91%E1%BB%8F" title="Nhạc đỏ">nhạc đỏ</a> "Red Music": <a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0u_H%E1%BB%AFu_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Lưu Hữu Phước">Lưu Hữu Phước</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_Cao" title="Văn Cao">Văn Cao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_V%C3%A2n_(composer)" title="Hoàng Vân (composer)">Hoàng Vân</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Xu%C3%A2n_Kho%C3%A1t" title="Nguyễn Xuân Khoát">Nguyễn Xuân Khoát</a>... </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_music">Contemporary music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Contemporary music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="V-pop">V-pop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: V-pop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/V-pop" title="V-pop">V-pop</a></div> <p>The embrace of modern pop music culture has increased, as each new generation of people in Vietnam has become more exposed to and influenced by Westernized music, along with the fashion styles of Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea. Musical production has improved and expanded over the years as visiting performers and organizers from other countries have helped to stimulate the Vietnamese entertainment industry. Such performances include international stages like the Asia Music Festival in South Korea where popular Vietnamese singers such as <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_Linh" title="Mỹ Linh">Mỹ Linh</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_T%C3%A2m" title="Mỹ Tâm">Mỹ Tâm</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%C3%A0" title="Hồ Ngọc Hà">Hồ Ngọc Hà</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lam_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Lam Trường">Lam Trường</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%C3%B9ng_M-TP" title="Sơn Tùng M-TP">Sơn Tùng M-TP</a> and others have performed along with other singers from different Asian countries. During the recent years, such as 2006 and beyond, Vietnamese pop music has tremendously improved from years past. Vietnamese music has been able to widen its reach to audiences nationally and also overseas. There are many famous underground artists such as Andree Right Hand, Big Daddy, Shadow P (all featured in a popular song called <i>Để anh được yêu</i>) or Lil' Knight and countless others who have risen to fame through the Internet. In addition, there are also other singers that have gone mainstream, such as M4U, Hồ Ngọc Hà, <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_Thy" title="Bảo Thy">Bảo Thy</a>, Wanbi Tuấn Anh, <a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%95ng_T%C3%BA_Qu%E1%BB%B3nh" title="Khổng Tú Quỳnh">Khổng Tú Quỳnh</a>, Radio Band, etc. There are also amateur singers whose songs have been hits in Vietnam, such as Khởi My, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3c_Ti%C3%AAn" title="Tóc Tiên">Tóc Tiên</a>, Văn Mai Hương,... These singers tend to view singing as a hobby, therefore not being labeled as mainstream artists. Overall, the quality of recording and the style of music videos in Vietnam has improved a lot compared to the past years due to many private productions and also overseas Vietnamese coming back to produce a combination of Western and Vietnamese music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock_and_heavy_metal">Rock and heavy metal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Rock and heavy metal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Introduced by American soldiers, <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> was popular in Saigon during the Vietnam War. This genre has developed strongly in the South and has spread out over the North region after the rise of <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BB%A9c_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Bức Tường">Bức Tường</a> in the 90s. For the last 10 years, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">metal</a> has become more mainstream in Vietnam. <a href="/wiki/Ng%C5%A9_Cung" title="Ngũ Cung">Ngũ Cung</a> and Microwave are the current top Vietnamese metal bands in the 21st century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some songs that were popular during the Vietnam war include <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Paint_it_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="Paint it Black">Paint it Black</a>", <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>' "<a href="/wiki/All_You_Need_is_Love" class="mw-redirect" title="All You Need is Love">All You Need is Love</a>," and <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Purple_Haze" title="Purple Haze">Purple Haze</a>". In the 21st century, in addition to bands from the 20th century, there are a number of new alternative rock - pop rock bands gradually appearing such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/@Ngotband">Ngọt</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/@cahoihoang">Cá Hồi Hoang</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/@chilliesmusic">Chillies</a>. The most special is Ngọt with many hits such as Lần Cuối, Thấy Chưa, để quên, Cho Tôi Đi Theo, ... </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hip_hop_and_rap">Hip hop and rap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hip hop and rap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early 1990s hip hop import into Vietnam. However, due to language limitations, the number of listeners is not much. Until the early 2000s, hip hop began to grow in Vietnam become a movement of young people. Not long after that, the movement quickly subsided and many turned their backs on Hip Hop and Rap. Although it can be considered as the freezing period of Vietnamese Hip Hop, it also helps Vietnamese Underground Hip Hop become more stable when the true continues the mission of making this culture ever stronger and promises more and more talents are born from this cradle. </p><p>Until the early 2005s new groups and communities were born Most prominent is Wowy a famous rapper in Vietnam in 2005s, and DSK ("Die Sonnen Kinder" or "Da Sun Kid") is called "King Of Rap". After that, he teamed up with Karik to become a very famous rapper couple in Vietnam in 2005s–2010s. Another famous rapper in Vietnam is named <a href="/wiki/Suboi" title="Suboi">Suboi</a>, she is the first Vietnamese female rapper to become successful in her country and is considered "Vietnam's queen of <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>". Some of the artist are : Suboi , Kimmese and Wowy. </p><p>Currently, hip hop plays an important role in <a href="/wiki/V-pop" title="V-pop">V-pop</a>, hip hop gameshow competitions are currently developing in Vietnam such as Rap Viet, King of Rap,... Contributing to bring Vietnamese hip hop internationally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karaoke_music">Karaoke music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Karaoke music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karaoke music developed in Vietnam in the 1990s. Karaoke music mostly consist of songs with a slow tempo, often with sad and/or romantic lyrics. Vietnamese karaoke with sing-along lyrics often come in the genres of <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">bolero</a> or like <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A3i_l%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Cải lương">cải lương</a>. Vietnamese ballad and bolero music such at those from <a href="/wiki/Paris_by_Night" title="Paris by Night">Paris by Night</a> or from Vietnamese music productions in Vietnam still remain one of the most popular genres of slow-tempo music for Vietnamese people. Some examples are Love in the sunshine by Trish Thuy Trang and Unforgettable love by Ho Quynh Huong. <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_diasporic_music" title="Vietnamese diasporic music">Vietnamese diasporic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-pop" title="V-pop">V-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_of_Vietnam" title="Popular music of Vietnam">Popular music of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca_tr%C3%B9" title="Ca trù">Ca trù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2y_%C4%91%C3%A0n_sinh_vi%C3%AAn" title="Cây đàn sinh viên">Cây đàn sinh viên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%8D" title="Quan họ">Quan họ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%E1%BA%A1c_t%C3%A0i_t%E1%BB%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhạc tài tử">Nhạc tài tử</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Vietnamese dance">Traditional Vietnamese dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Vietnamese musical instruments">Traditional Vietnamese musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese theatre">Vietnamese theatre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Briain2018" class="citation book cs1">Ó Briain, Lonán (2018). <i>Musical minorities : the sounds of Hmong ethnicity in Northern Vietnam</i>. New York, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190626976" title="Special:BookSources/9780190626976"><bdi>9780190626976</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/994287647">994287647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+minorities+%3A+the+sounds+of+Hmong+ethnicity+in+Northern+Vietnam&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F994287647&rft.isbn=9780190626976&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Briain&rft.aufirst=Lon%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>Throughout its history, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> has been most heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">traditional Chinese music</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_of_Korea" title="Traditional music of Korea">Korea</a>,<a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japan</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://original.britannica.com/eb/article-29500/Southeast-Asian-arts">"Southeast Asian arts Vietnam"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 July 2008. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southeast+Asian+arts+Vietnam&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2008-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foriginal.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-29500%2FSoutheast-Asian-arts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamposHullHồng" class="citation journal cs1">Campos, Fredeliza Z.; Hull, Jennifer R.; Hồng, Vương Thu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/in-search-of-a-musical-past-evidence-for-early-chordophones-from-vietnam/7A195B3ACFA44E291A9DF2B8EDFFD03A">"In search of a musical past: evidence for early chordophones from Vietnam"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>97</b> (391): 141–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2022.170">10.15184/aqy.2022.170</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a> – via Cambridge Core.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=In+search+of+a+musical+past%3A+evidence+for+early+chordophones+from+Vietnam&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=391&rft.pages=141-157&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15184%2Faqy.2022.170&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft.aulast=Campos&rft.aufirst=Fredeliza+Z.&rft.au=Hull%2C+Jennifer+R.&rft.au=H%E1%BB%93ng%2C+V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+Thu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fantiquity%2Farticle%2Fin-search-of-a-musical-past-evidence-for-early-chordophones-from-vietnam%2F7A195B3ACFA44E291A9DF2B8EDFFD03A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQingSan1994" class="citation journal cs1">Qing, Tian; San, Tan Hwee (1994). "Recent Trends in Buddhist Music Research in China". <i>British Journal of Ethnomusicology</i>. <b>3</b>: 63–72. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0968-1221">0968-1221</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3060806">3060806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Ethnomusicology&rft.atitle=Recent+Trends+in+Buddhist+Music+Research+in+China&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=63-72&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3060806%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0968-1221&rft.aulast=Qing&rft.aufirst=Tian&rft.au=San%2C+Tan+Hwee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbs, Jason (2008). "How Does Hanoi Rock? 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JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt130j59n.11">http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt130j59n.11</a>. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Heller, G. N. (2011). From the Melting Pot to Cultural Pluralism: General Music in a Technological Age, 1892-1992. Journal of Historical Research in Music Education, 33(1), 59–84. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/41300429">http://www.jstor.org/stable/41300429</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Qing, Tian, and Tan Hwee San. “Recent Trends in Buddhist Music Research in China.” British Journal of Ethnomusicology, vol. 3, 1994, pp. 63–72. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3060806">http://www.jstor.org/stable/3060806</a>. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVu201711-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVu201711_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVu2017">Vu 2017</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201642-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201642_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldanza2016">Baldanza 2016</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore200912-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore200912_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitmore2009">Whitmore 2009</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vietnam - Page 95 Audrey Seah, Charissa M. Nair - 2004 "There were three categories: dai nhac (dai nyahk) or great music, chamber music for the entertainment of the king, and ritual music- accompanying important ceremonies such as the one to ensure a good harvest. The Ly kings, in particular "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Workshop on Nhã Nhạc of Nguyễn Dynasty: <i>Huế court music</i> - Page 201 Huế Monuments Conservation Center, Ủy ban quốc gia Unesco của Việt Nam, Viện nghiên cứu âm nhạc (Vietnam) - 2004 "... by stricter rules. That was the rule in using "Great music" and "Small music". Great music ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tư liệu âm nhạc cung đình Việt Nam</i> - Page 103 Ngọc Thành Tô,ön (Mounting the Esplanade-simple version), -Dàngdàn kép (Mounting the ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Asian Pacific quarterly of cultural and social affairs</i> - Volumes 3-4 - Page 67 Cultural and Social Centre for the Asian and Pacific Region - 1971 "Đại nhạc (literally : great music) or Cd xuy Đại nhạc iW&^k.1^), composed ... Tiểu nhạc (literally :small music) or // true Tiểu nhạc (UYrB%:) : small group of silk or stringed instruments and bamboo flute. Ty khanh: ... <i>Traditional Vietnamese Music</i> 67."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225043904/https://lyricsbhandaar.blogspot.com/">[1]</a> Court Music "He with the profound knowledge about Vietnamese Court Music not only taught the performance skill of such repertoires as Liên hoàn, Bình bán, Tây mai, Kim tiền, Xuân phong, Long hổ, Tẩu mã extracted from Ten bản ngự (Small music); Mã vũ, Man (Great music) but introduced their origin and performance environment."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Workshop on Nhã Nhạc of Nguyễn Dynasty: <i>Huế court music</i> - Page 152 Huế Monuments Conservation Center, Ủy ban quốc gia Unesco của Việt Nam, Viện nghiên cứu âm nhạc (Vietnam) - 2004 "What is Dai nhac (great music) and what is Tieu nhac (small music)? On basis of terminology and canon-like document, there are some notions for our deep concern: - Nha nhac is a genre of music used by Chinese emperors in sacrifices to ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selected musical terms of non-Western cultures: a notebook-glossary - Page 132 Walter Kaufmann - 1990 "Dai nhac (Vietnam). "Great music." Ceremonial music of Temple and Royal Palace performed by a large instrumental ensemble. The instruments of a dai nhac ensemble were: 4 ken, ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Visiting Arts regional profile: <i>Asia Pacific arts directory</i> - Page 578 Tim Doling - 1996 "Court orchestras were also organized into nha nhac ('elegant music') and dai nhac ('great music') ensembles and court dances were defined as either van vu (civil) or vo vu (military). Confucian music and dance was presented at court until ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Garland_Encyclopedia_of_World_Music" title="Garland Encyclopedia of World Music">Garland Encyclopedia of World Music</a></i> South East Asia p.262 Nhạc tài tử</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn2011" class="citation book cs1">Nguyễn, Trâm (7 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notesdevoyage.com/ftp/Texte/Quy/"><i>Nguyen Van Quy - A Biography</i></a>. Hanoi: Nguyễn Trâm. p. 38<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nguyen+Van+Quy+-+A+Biography&rft.place=Hanoi&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Nguy%E1%BB%85n+Tr%C3%A2m&rft.date=2011-07-07&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=Tr%C3%A2m&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.notesdevoyage.com%2Fftp%2FTexte%2FQuy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diplomat-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diplomat_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuy2016" class="citation news cs1">Duy, Dinh (12 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2016/10/the-revival-of-bolero-in-vietnam/">"The Revival of Boléro in Vietnam"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=The+Revival+of+Bol%C3%A9ro+in+Vietnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2016%2F10%2Fthe-revival-of-bolero-in-vietnam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Shepherd <i>Continuum encyclopedia of popular music of the world</i>: Volumes 3–7 - 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phạm Duy. 1975. <i>Musics of Vietnam</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olsen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leonardo.info/reviews/sept2010/zilberg_olsen.php"><i>Popular Music of Vietnam</i></a> 5 Sep 2010 – <i>Popular Music of Vietnam: The Politics of Remembering, the Economics of Forgetting</i> by Dale A.Olsen Routledge, New York, London, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2016/10/the-revival-of-bolero-in-vietnam/">"The Revival of Boléro in Vietnam"</a>. <i>thediplomat.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=The+Revival+of+Bol%C3%A9ro+in+Vietnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2016%2F10%2Fthe-revival-of-bolero-in-vietnam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_cited">Work cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Work cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamposHullVuong2023" class="citation journal cs1">Campos, Fredeliza; Hull, Jennifer; Vuong, Thu Hong (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/in-search-of-a-musical-past-evidence-for-early-chordophones-from-vietnam/7A195B3ACFA44E291A9DF2B8EDFFD03A">"In search of a musical past: Evidence for early chordophones from Vietnam"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>97</b> (391): 141–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2022.170">10.15184/aqy.2022.170</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257039609">257039609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=In+search+of+a+musical+past%3A+Evidence+for+early+chordophones+from+Vietnam&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=391&rft.pages=141-157&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15184%2Faqy.2022.170&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257039609%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Campos&rft.aufirst=Fredeliza&rft.au=Hull%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Vuong%2C+Thu+Hong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fantiquity%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fin-search-of-a-musical-past-evidence-for-early-chordophones-from-vietnam%2F7A195B3ACFA44E291A9DF2B8EDFFD03A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldanza2016" class="citation book cs1">Baldanza, Kathlene (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781316440551"><i>Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-44055-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-44055-1"><bdi>978-1-316-44055-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ming+China+and+Vietnam%3A+Negotiating+Borders+in+Early+Modern+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-316-44055-1&rft.aulast=Baldanza&rft.aufirst=Kathlene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.cambridge.org%2Fref%2Fid%2FCBO9781316440551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVu2017" class="citation cs2">Vu, Hong Lien (2017), <i>Cham Features in Buddhist Arts under the Lý Dynasty of Vietnam</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cham+Features+in+Buddhist+Arts+under+the+L%C3%BD+Dynasty+of+Vietnam&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Vu&rft.aufirst=Hong+Lien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitmore2009" class="citation cs2">Whitmore, John K. (2009), <i>Religion and Ritual in the Royal Courts of Dai Viet</i>, Asia Research Institute</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Ritual+in+the+Royal+Courts+of+Dai+Viet&rft.pub=Asia+Research+Institute&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Whitmore&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrang2023" class="citation web cs1">Trang, Hien (9 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thisissoutheastasia.com/binh-minhs-jazz-club-is-like-a-dragon-with-nine-heads/">"Binh Minh's Jazz Club is Like a Dragon With Nine Heads"</a>. <i>This Is Southeast Asia</i>. Translated from Vietnamese by Nguyễn, Phương Anh<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+Is+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=Binh+Minh%27s+Jazz+Club+is+Like+a+Dragon+With+Nine+Heads&rft.date=2023-07-09&rft.aulast=Trang&rft.aufirst=Hien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisissoutheastasia.com%2Fbinh-minhs-jazz-club-is-like-a-dragon-with-nine-heads%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Music_of_Vietnam" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Music of Vietnam">Music of Vietnam</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xjph">BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Tran Quang Hai in Hanoi.</a> Accessed November 25, 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xjpn">BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Tran Quang Hai in Saigon.</a> Accessed November 25, 2010.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-ge.ch/meg/musinfo_ph.php?what=pays=Viet%20Nam&debut=0&bool=AND">Audio clips: Traditional music of Vietnam.</a> <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27ethnographie_de_Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Musée d'ethnographie de Genève">Musée d'ethnographie de Genève</a>. Accessed November 25, 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090121210122/http://www.vietmusicblog.com/">Listen to traditional Vietnamese music</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istov.de/htmls/vietnam/vietnam_start.html">The traditional music of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vietnam-culture.com/zones-8-1/Vietnamese-Traditional-Music.aspx">Traditional music of Vietnam from Vietnam-Culture.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070517041218/http://www.vim-online.net/">International Institute For Vietnamese Performing Art (IIVPA) </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vietmusic.pbwiki.com/">Encyclopedia of Vietnamese music</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-apr-24-et-e7filler24-story.html">Prosperity revives a tradition (Vietnam's live music for the dead)</a> by Ho Binh Minh, Sunday April 18, 04:22 AM</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041209010503/http://www.vietnamtourism.com/e_pages/vietnam/culture/theatre/fr_theatre.htm">VietnamTourism.com: Traditional Theatre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041204144630/http://vn-style.com/vim/english/introduction/index.html">Vietnamese Institute of Musicology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vietnam.culturalprofiles.net">Việt Nam Cultural Profile</a> - detailed overview of different music genres plus directory of key contacts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnyinc.com">Young Vietnamese pop culture music Da Nhat Yen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516004312/http://tranquanghai.info/index.php?p=559">Music of the Montagnards of Vietnam, part 1</a> - a panorama of tribal music in Vietnam by Tran Quang Hai</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tranquanghai.info/index.php?p=560">Music of the Montagnards of Vietnam, part 2</a> - a panorama of tribal music of Vietnam by Tran Quang Hai</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516045412/http://tranquanghai.info/index.php?p=561">Music of the Montagnards of Vietnam, part 3</a> - a panorama of tribal music of Vietnam by Tran Quang Hai</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Listening">Listening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Listening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubu.com/ethno/soundings/vietnam.html">UbuWeb Ethnopoetics: Ca Dao: Vietnamese Folk Poems</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floridamemory.com/audio/cd2.php">Recording of Vietnamese folk singer Pham Duy at the 1966 Florida Folk Festival (made available for public use for the State Archives of Florida)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311044054/http://home.scarlet.be/~ping9712/awaken-meo-viet.htm">Nhạc Truyền Thuyết Về Chú Mèo Ngủ Quên</a>, the legend of the Cat-That-Sleeps.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Asia" title="Template:Music of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Music of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Music of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_East_Timor" title="Music of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Maldives" title="Music of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hong_Kong" title="Music of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Macau" title="Music of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vietnam_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vietnam_topics" title="Template:Vietnam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vietnam_topics" title="Template talk:Vietnam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vietnam_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vietnam-related_articles" title="Index of Vietnam-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Vietnam" title="List of historical capitals of Vietnam">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_dynasties" title="List of Vietnamese dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Vietnam" title="Economic history of Vietnam">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Vietnam" title="Military history of Vietnam">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Vietnam" title="Naval history of Vietnam">Naval</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Timeline" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Vietnamese_history" title="Timeline of Vietnamese history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Prehistoric_period" title="History of Vietnam">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Ancient_period_(2879–111_BC)" title="History of Vietnam">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Chinese_domination_(111_BC–938_AD)" title="History of Vietnam">Chinese dominated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Monarchical_period_(938–1858)" title="History of Vietnam">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Modern_period_(1858–present)" title="History of Vietnam">French colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Vietnam (1945–present)">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vietnam" title="Geography of Vietnam">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Vietnam" title="Template:Borders of Vietnam">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Vietnam" title="Climate of Vietnam">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Vietnam" title="Climate change in Vietnam">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Vietnam" title="List of ecoregions in Vietnam">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Vietnam" title="Environmental issues in Vietnam">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Vietnam" title="Protected areas of Vietnam">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Vietnam" title="List of national parks of Vietnam">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Vietnam" title="Wildlife of Vietnam">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Vietnam" title="List of mammals of Vietnam">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Vietnam" title="List of birds of Vietnam">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Vietnam" title="List of non-marine molluscs of Vietnam">Molluscs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_species_in_Vietnam" title="List of endangered species in Vietnam">Endangered species</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Vietnam" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Vietnam">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Vietnam" title="Subdivisions of Vietnam">Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Vietnam" title="Provinces of Vietnam">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Vietnam" title="Municipalities of Vietnam">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Vietnam" title="List of cities in Vietnam">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district-level_subdivisions_in_Vietnam" title="List of district-level subdivisions in Vietnam">District-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune-level_subdivisions_(Vietnam)" title="Commune-level subdivisions (Vietnam)">Commune-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_divisions_of_Vietnam" title="Electoral divisions of Vietnam">Electoral units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Vietnam" title="List of regions of Vietnam">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Hong (Red) River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_(Vietnam)" title="Northeast (Vietnam)">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_(Vietnam)" title="Northwest (Vietnam)">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vietnam" title="Central Vietnam">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Coast" title="North Central Coast">North Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_Coast" title="South Central Coast">South Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam)" title="Central Highlands (Vietnam)">Central Highlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Vietnam" title="Southern Vietnam">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_(Vietnam)" title="Southeast (Vietnam)">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vietnam" title="Politics of Vietnam">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Vietnam" title="Censorship in Vietnam">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Vietnam" title="Constitution of Vietnam">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Fatherland_Front" title="Vietnamese Fatherland Front">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Vietnam" title="Foreign relations of Vietnam">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Vietnam" title="Human rights in Vietnam">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Vietnam">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Vietnam" title="Law of Vietnam">Law</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Central Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Member_of_the_Secretariat" title="Permanent Member of the Secretariat">Permanent Member of the Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_officeholders_in_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="List of central officeholders in the Communist Party of Vietnam">History of central officeholders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Central Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Inspection Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Central Inspection Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Central Military Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Vietnam" title="President of Vietnam">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Vietnam" title="Vice President of Vietnam">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vietnam" title="Government of Vietnam">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam" title="Prime Minister of Vietnam">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Vietnam">Deputy Prime Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Ministers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Vietnam" title="National Assembly of Vietnam">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_Assembly" title="Standing Committee of the National Assembly">Standing Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Vietnam" title="Chairman of the National Assembly of Vietnam">Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Vietnam" title="Elections in Vietnam">Elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Vietnam" title="Judicial system of Vietnam">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_Vietnam" title="Supreme People's Court of Vietnam">Supreme People's Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_Vietnam" title="Supreme People's Court of Vietnam">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuracy_of_Vietnam" title="Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam">Supreme People's Procuracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuracy_of_Vietnam" title="Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam">Procurator-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Courts_of_Vietnam" title="Military Courts of Vietnam">Military Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Vietnam">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Central Military Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_and_Security_Council" title="National Defense and Security Council">National Defense and Security Council</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Armed forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam#Main_force" title="People's Army of Vietnam">Ground Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Border_Guard" title="Vietnam Border Guard">Border Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy" title="Vietnam People's Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force" title="Vietnam People's Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Coast_Guard" title="Vietnam Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Public_Security" title="Vietnam People's Public Security">Public Security</a> <br /> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Armed_Forces#Vietnam_Civil_Defense_Force" title="Vietnam People's Armed Forces">Militia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Public_Security" title="Vietnam People's Public Security">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Public_Security" title="Vietnam People's Public Security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Armed_Forces#Vietnam_Self-Defence_Militia" title="Vietnam People's Armed Forces">Self-Defence Militia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Vietnam" title="Agriculture in Vietnam">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Vietnam" title="Banking in Vietnam">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới"><i>Doi Moi</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">("Renovation")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="Vietnamese đồng">Đồng <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Vietnam" title="Energy in Vietnam">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Vietnam" title="Renewable energy in Vietnam">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Vietnam" title="Nuclear power in Vietnam">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Vietnam" title="List of power stations in Vietnam">Power stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Vietnam" title="Foreign aid to Vietnam">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Vietnam" title="Foreign trade of Vietnam">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_Vietnam" title="Five-Year Plans of Vietnam">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Vietnam" title="Manufacturing in Vietnam">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Standards" title="Vietnam Standards">Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Vietnam" title="Automotive industry in Vietnam">Automotive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Vietnam" title="Poverty in Vietnam">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Vietnam" title="Science and technology in Vietnam">Science and Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_medicine" title="Traditional Vietnamese medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_units_of_measurement" title="Vietnamese units of measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Vietnamese inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vietnam" title="Telecommunications in Vietnam">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Vietnam" title="Internet in Vietnam">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Vietnam" title="Internet censorship in Vietnam">Censorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Vietnam" title="Tourism in Vietnam">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Vietnam" title="Visa policy of Vietnam">Visa policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vietnam" title="Transport in Vietnam">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_Vietnam" title="Expressways of Vietnam">Expressways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Vietnam" title="Rail transport in Vietnam">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Vietnam" title="List of airports in Vietnam">Airports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Vietnam" title="Water supply and sanitation in Vietnam">Water supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vietnam" title="Transport in Vietnam">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_Vietnam" title="Air transport in Vietnam">Air transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Vietnam" title="Rail transport in Vietnam">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Vietnam" title="Category:Society of Vietnam">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vietnam" title="Education in Vietnam">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Vietnam" title="List of universities in Vietnam">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Vietnam" title="Health in Vietnam">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Vietnam" title="HIV/AIDS in Vietnam">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam">COVID-19</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Vietnam" title="Crime in Vietnam">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Vietnam" title="Gambling in Vietnam">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Vietnam" title="Prostitution in Vietnam">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Vietnam" title="Sex trafficking in Vietnam">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Vietnam" title="Human trafficking in Vietnam">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Vietnam" title="Corruption in Vietnam">Corruption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Vietnam" title="Public holidays in Vietnam">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Vietnam" title="Time in Vietnam">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Women</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Vietnam" title="Demographics of Vietnam">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_Vietnam" title="Eunuchs in Vietnam">Eunuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Vietnamese" title="Overseas Vietnamese">Overseas community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language_and_computers" title="Vietnamese language and computers">Language and computers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam" title="List of ethnic groups in Vietnam">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Folk religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism_in_Vietnam" title="Taoism in Vietnam">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vietnam" title="Christianity in Vietnam">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam" title="Islam in Vietnam">Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vietnam" title="Culture of Vietnam">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFn_Qu%C3%A2n_Ca" title="Tiến Quân Ca">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_architecture" title="Vietnamese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_art" title="Vietnamese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Vietnam" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Vietnam">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Vietnam" title="Cinema of Vietnam">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_animation" title="Vietnamese animation">Animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing" title="Vietnamese clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_dishes" title="List of Vietnamese dishes">Dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_ingredients" title="List of Vietnamese ingredients">Ingredients</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Vietnam" title="Dance in Vietnam">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Vietnam" title="Emblem of Vietnam">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_festivals_in_Vietnam" title="List of traditional festivals in Vietnam">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vietnam" title="Flag of Vietnam">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_literature" title="Vietnamese literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_poetry" title="Vietnamese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_and_mass_media_in_Vietnam" title="Television and mass media in Vietnam">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Television" title="Vietnam Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_News_Agency" title="Vietnam News Agency">News Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Vietnam" title="Voice of Vietnam">Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Vietnam" title="List of newspapers in Vietnam">Newspapers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V-pop" title="V-pop">V-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Vietnamese musical instruments">Traditional musical instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Vietnam" title="Socialism in Vietnam">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism_in_Vietnam" title="Trotskyism in Vietnam">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_Dignity_Theory" title="Person Dignity Theory">Person Dignity Theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Vietnam" title="Sport in Vietnam">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_traditional_games" title="List of Vietnamese traditional games">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_martial_arts" title="Vietnamese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Vietnam" title="National symbols of Vietnam">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Vietnam" title="Theatre of Vietnam">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_studies" title="Vietnamese studies">Vietnamese studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vietnam" title="Outline of Vietnam">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vietnam-related_articles" title="Index of Vietnam-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vietnam" title="Category:Vietnam">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vietnam" 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