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</button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_and_folk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gagaku,_hougaku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gagaku,_hougaku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Gagaku, hougaku</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gagaku,_hougaku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biwa_hōshi,_Heike_biwa_and_goze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biwa_hōshi,_Heike_biwa_and_goze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Biwa hōshi, Heike biwa and goze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biwa_hōshi,_Heike_biwa_and_goze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wadaiko" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wadaiko"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Wadaiko</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wadaiko-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Min'yō_folk_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Min'yō_folk_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Min'yō folk music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Min'yō_folk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Okinawan_folk_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Okinawan_folk_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Okinawan folk music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Okinawan_folk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Traditional instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_Western_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_Western_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Arrival of Western music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arrival_of_Western_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arrival of Western music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_Western_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japanese_blues/Enka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_blues/Enka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Japanese blues/Enka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_blues/Enka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Art music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Western classical music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orchestras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orchestras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1</span> <span>Orchestras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orchestras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jazz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jazz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Jazz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jazz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Popular music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popular music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-J-pop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#J-pop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>J-pop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-J-pop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Idol_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idol_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Idol music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idol_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance_and_disco_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance_and_disco_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Dance and disco music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance_and_disco_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Punk_rock_/_alternative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punk_rock_/_alternative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Punk rock / alternative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punk_rock_/_alternative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavy_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Heavy metal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extreme_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extreme_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Extreme metal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extreme_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metalcore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metalcore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Metalcore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metalcore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hip_hop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hip_hop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hip hop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hip_hop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Grime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synth-pop_and_club_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synth-pop_and_club_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Synth-pop and club music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synth-pop_and_club_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kawaii_Future_Bass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kawaii_Future_Bass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Kawaii Future Bass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kawaii_Future_Bass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roots_and_country_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roots_and_country_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Roots and country music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roots_and_country_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin,_reggae_and_ska_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin,_reggae_and_ska_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Latin, reggae and ska music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin,_reggae_and_ska_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noise_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noise_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Noise music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noise_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theme_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theme_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Theme music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theme_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Game_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Game_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Game music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Game_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Music of Japan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="موسيقى يابانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى يابانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanische_Musik" title="Japanische Musik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Japanische Musik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaapani_muusika" title="Jaapani muusika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaapani muusika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μουσική της Ιαπωνίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μουσική της Ιαπωνίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_de_Jap%C3%B3n" title="Música de Japón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música de Japón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86" title="موسیقی ژاپن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی ژاپن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_japonaise" title="Musique japonaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique japonaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceol_na_Seap%C3%A1ine" title="Ceol na Seapáine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceol na Seapáine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_do_Xap%C3%B3n" title="Música do Xapón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Música do Xapón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="일본 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ճապոնական երաժշտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճապոնական երաժշտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_Jepang" title="Musik Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musik Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_giapponese" title="Musica giapponese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica giapponese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="იაპონიის მუსიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იაპონიის მუსიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жапон музыкасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жапон музыкасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzika_Japonijoje" title="Muzika Japonijoje – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Muzika Japonijoje" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%A1n_zene" title="Japán zene – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Japán zene" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD" title="日本の音楽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本の音楽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansk_musikk" title="Japansk musikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Japansk musikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansk_musikk" title="Japansk musikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Japansk musikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzyka_japo%C5%84ska" title="Muzyka japońska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muzyka japońska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_do_Jap%C3%A3o" title="Música do Japão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música do Japão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzic%C4%83_japonez%C4%83" title="Muzică japoneză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muzică japoneză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Музыка Японии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыка Японии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дьоппуон музыката – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьоппуон музыката" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popularna_muzika_u_Japanu" title="Popularna muzika u Japanu – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Popularna muzika u Japanu" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanilainen_musiikki" title="Japanilainen musiikki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Japanilainen musiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_i_Japan" title="Musik i Japan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Musik i Japan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon_m%C3%BCzi%C4%9Fi" title="Japon müziği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Japon müziği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Музика Японії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Музика Японії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_nh%E1%BA%A1c_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_B%E1%BA%A3n" title="Âm nhạc Nhật Bản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Âm nhạc Nhật Bản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Japan" title="Category:Japan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture of Japan</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/225px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/300px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese history">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Era names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Historical currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="History of science and technology in Japan">Science, and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_system_in_Japan" title="Health care system in Japan">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-occupation_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-occupation Japan">Post-Japanese occupation history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbeikei_Islanders" title="Ōbeikei Islanders">Ōbeikei Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_people" title="Ryukyuan people">Ryukuyuans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Writing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Japanese Sign Language</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditions">Traditions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clothing" title="Japanese clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_funeral" title="Japanese funeral">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Japanese_games" title="List of traditional Japanese games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was%C5%8Dbon" title="Wasōbon">Wasōbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Japan" title="Marriage in Japan">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_values" title="Japanese values">Values</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Japan">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_deities" title="List of Japanese deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_from_Japan" title="List of legendary creatures from Japan">Legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_urban_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese urban legend">Urban legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folktales" title="Japanese folktales">Folktales</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Food history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_ingredients" title="List of Japanese ingredients">Ingredients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_dishes" title="List of Japanese dishes">Dishes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon_(festival)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon (festival)">Obon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_Day" title="Coming of Age Day">Coming of Age Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinamatsuri" title="Hinamatsuri">Hinamatsuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanabata" title="Tanabata">Tanabata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichi-Go-San" title="Shichi-Go-San">Shichi-Go-San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_festival_(Japan)" title="Cultural festival (Japan)">Cultural festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">Japanese New Year</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">New religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Japanese pottery and porcelain">Pottery and porcelain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">Light novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">performing arts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anison" class="mw-redirect" title="Anison">Anison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay%C5%8Dkyoku" title="Kayōkyoku">Kayōkyoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Japan">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Japan" title="Radio in Japan">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_mix" class="mw-redirect" title="Media mix">Media mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mobile_phone_culture" title="Japanese mobile phone culture">Mobile phone culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Japan">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumo in Japan (page does not exist)">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Japan" title="Baseball in Japan">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Japan" title="Football in Japan">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Japan" title="Basketball in Japan">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Japan" title="Ice hockey in Japan">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_in_Japan" title="American football in Japan">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Japan" title="Rugby union in Japan">Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_at_the_Olympics" title="Japan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan" title="Monuments of Japan">Monuments</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Landscape_(Japan)" title="Cultural Landscape (Japan)">Cultural Landscapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Property_(Japan)" title="Cultural Property (Japan)">Cultural Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Treasure_(Japan)" title="National Treasure (Japan)">National Treasures</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Japan">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Japan">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Japan">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_museums" title="Japanese museums">Museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Japan" title="Template:Culture of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Culture of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> includes a wide array of distinct genres, both traditional and modern. The word for "music" in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> is 音楽 (<i>ongaku</i>), combining the <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> 音 <i>on</i> (sound) with the kanji 楽 <i>gaku</i> (music, comfort).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> is the world's largest market for music on physical media<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets" title="List of largest recorded music markets">second-largest overall music market</a>, with a retail value of US$2.7 billion in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_and_folk_music">Traditional and folk music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Traditional and folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gagaku,_hougaku"><span id="Gagaku.2C_hougaku"></span>Gagaku, hougaku</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gagaku, hougaku"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Japanese_music" title="Traditional Japanese music">Traditional Japanese music</a></div> <p>The oldest forms of traditional Japanese music are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dmy%C5%8D" title="Shōmyō">shōmyō</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">声明 or 聲明</span></span>)</span>, or <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> chanting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">gagaku</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">雅楽</span></span>)</span>, or orchestral court music</li></ul> <p>both of which date to the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara</a> (710–794) and <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian</a> (794–1185) periods.<sup id="cite_ref-malm.1959_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malm.1959-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Gagaku</a> classical music has been performed at the Imperial court since the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kagura-uta (神楽歌), Azuma-asobi (東遊) and Yamato-uta (大和歌) are <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Indigenous (disambiguation)">indigenous</a> repertories. <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dgaku" title="Tōgaku">Tōgaku</a> (唐楽) allegedly resembles a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907) style; <a href="/wiki/Komagaku" title="Komagaku">komagaku</a> may have come from the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, gagaku subdivides into <a href="/wiki/Kangen" title="Kangen">kangen</a> (管弦) (instrumental music) and <a href="/wiki/Bugaku" title="Bugaku">bugaku</a> (舞楽) (dance accompanied by gagaku). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a> listened to and performed these music activities, in their practices of enriching their lives and understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biwa_hōshi,_Heike_biwa_and_goze"><span id="Biwa_h.C5.8Dshi.2C_Heike_biwa_and_goze"></span>Biwa hōshi, Heike biwa and goze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biwa hōshi, Heike biwa and goze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gifujyou5848.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gifujyou5848.JPG/170px-Gifujyou5848.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gifujyou5848.JPG/255px-Gifujyou5848.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gifujyou5848.JPG/340px-Gifujyou5848.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Biwa</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Biwa" title="Biwa">biwa</a> (琵琶 - Chinese: <a href="/wiki/Pipa" title="Pipa">pipa</a>), a form of short-necked <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>, was played by a group of itinerant performers (<a href="/wiki/Biwa_h%C5%8Dshi" title="Biwa hōshi">biwa hōshi</a>). The root of Biwa music was <a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Heike" title="The Tale of the Heike">The Tale of the Heike</a><i>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biwa hōshi</i> organized into a guild-like association. The biwa is Japan's traditional instrument.<i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></i> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> related in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Kwaidan:_Stories_and_Studies_of_Strange_Things" title="Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things">Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things</a></i> (1903) "Mimi-nashi Hoichi" (Hoichi the Earless), a Japanese ghost story about a blind biwa hōshi who performs "The Tale of the Heike".<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blind women, known as <a href="/wiki/Goze" title="Goze">goze</a> (瞽女), toured beginning in the medieval era, sang and played accompanying music on a lap drum.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> From the seventeenth century they often played the <a href="/wiki/Koto_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koto (musical instrument)">koto</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Shamisen" title="Shamisen">shamisen</a>. Goze organizations sprung up in many places, and existed until the 21st century in <a href="/wiki/Niigata_Prefecture" title="Niigata Prefecture">Niigata Prefecture</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wadaiko">Wadaiko</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wadaiko"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiko_drum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Taiko_drum.jpg/170px-Taiko_drum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Taiko_drum.jpg/255px-Taiko_drum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Taiko_drum.jpg/340px-Taiko_drum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1385" /></a><figcaption>Taiko performing</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko">Wadaiko</a>, a Japanese drum, comes in various sizes and is used in variety of musical genres. It has become particularly popular in recent years as the central instrument of percussion ensembles whose repertory is based on a variety of folk- and festival-music of the past. Such taiko music is played by large drum ensembles called <i>kumi-daiko</i>. Its origins remain uncertain, but can be traced to the 7th century, when a clay figure of a drummer documented its existence. <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> influences followed, but the instrument and its music remained uniquely Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taiko drums during this period were used during battle to intimidate the enemy and to communicate commands. Taiko continue to be used in the religious music of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shint%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Shintō">Shintō</a>. In the past players were holy men who played only at special occasions and in small groups, but in time secular men (rarely women) also played the taiko in semi-religious festivals such as the <a href="/wiki/Bon_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon dance">bon dance</a>. </p><p>Modern ensemble taiko was invented by <a href="/wiki/Daihachi_Oguchi" title="Daihachi Oguchi">Daihachi Oguchi</a> in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> drummer, Oguchi incorporated his musical background into large ensembles of his design. His energetic style made his group popular throughout Japan, and made the <a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_region" title="Hokuriku region">Hokuriku region</a> a center for taiko music. Musical groups to arise from this wave of popularity included <a href="/wiki/Oedo_Sukeroku_Daiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Oedo Sukeroku Daiko">Oedo Sukeroku Taiko</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Seido_Kobayashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Seido Kobayashi">Seido Kobayashi</a>. 1969 saw a group called <a href="/wiki/Ondekoza" title="Ondekoza">Za Ondekoza</a>; Za Ondekoza gathered young performers who innovated a new <a href="/wiki/Roots_revival" title="Roots revival">roots revival</a> taiko, which was used as a way of life in communal <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lifestyle (disambiguation)">lifestyles</a>. During the 1970s the Japanese government allocated funds to preserve Japanese culture, and many community taiko groups formed. Later in the century, taiko groups spread across the world, especially to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Taiko_no_Tatsujin" title="Taiko no Tatsujin">Taiko no Tatsujin</a></i> is based around taiko. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Min'yō_folk_music"><span id="Min.27y.C5.8D_folk_music"></span>Min'yō folk music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Min'yō folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Min%27y%C5%8D" title="Min'yō">Min'yō</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geishashamisen053.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Geishashamisen053.jpg/170px-Geishashamisen053.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Geishashamisen053.jpg/255px-Geishashamisen053.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Geishashamisen053.jpg/340px-Geishashamisen053.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese folkswoman with her <a href="/wiki/Shamisen" title="Shamisen">shamisen</a>, 1904</figcaption></figure> <p>Japanese folk songs (<i>min'yō</i>) can be grouped and classified in many ways but it is often convenient to think of five main categories: </p> <ul><li>fisherman's <a href="/wiki/Work_song" title="Work song">work song</a>, farmer's work song</li> <li>lullaby</li> <li>religious songs (such as <a href="/wiki/Sato_kagura" title="Sato kagura">sato kagura</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Shintoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Shintoist">Shintoist</a> music)</li> <li>songs used for gatherings such as weddings, funerals, and festivals (<a href="/wiki/Matsuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsuri">matsuri</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Obon" title="Obon">Obon</a>)</li> <li>children's songs (<a href="/wiki/Warabe_uta" title="Warabe uta">warabe uta</a>)</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Min%27y%C5%8D" title="Min'yō">min'yō</a>, three-stringed <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Shamisen" title="Shamisen">shamisen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko">taiko</a> drums, and a bamboo flute called <a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi" title="Shakuhachi">shakuhachi</a> typically accompany the singers.<sup id="cite_ref-malm.1963_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malm.1963-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other instruments that could accompany include a transverse <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Shinobue" title="Shinobue">shinobue</a>, a bell known as <a href="/wiki/Kane_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kane (musical instrument)">kane</a>, a hand drum called the <a href="/wiki/Tsuzumi" title="Tsuzumi">tsuzumi</a>, and/or a 13-stringed zither known as the <a href="/wiki/Koto_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koto (musical instrument)">koto</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a> the main instrument is the <a href="/wiki/Sanshin" title="Sanshin">sanshin</a>. These are traditional Japanese instruments, but modern instrumentation, such as <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitars" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric guitars">electric guitars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizers</a>, is also used in this day and age, when <a href="/wiki/Enka" title="Enka">enka</a> singers cover traditional <a href="/wiki/Min%27y%C5%8D" title="Min'yō">min'yō</a> songs (<a href="/wiki/Enka" title="Enka">enka</a> being a Japanese music genre all its own).<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes_2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An ondo generally describes any folk song with a distinctive swing that may be heard as 2/4 time <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a> (though performers usually do not group beats). The typical folk song heard at <a href="/wiki/Obon" title="Obon">Obon</a> festival dances is typically an ondo. A bushi ("melody" or "rhythm") is a song with a distinctive melody. The word is rarely used on its own, but is usually prefixed by a term referring to occupation, location, personal name or the like. Bon uta are songs for <a href="/wiki/Obon" title="Obon">Obon</a>, the lantern festival of the dead. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komori_uta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komori uta (page does not exist)">Komori uta</a> are <a href="/wiki/Lullabies" class="mw-redirect" title="Lullabies">lullabies</a>. The names of min'yo songs often include a descriptive term, usually at the end. For example: Tokyo Ondo, Kushimoto Bushi, Hokkai Bon Uta, and Itsuki no Komoriuta. </p><p>Many of these songs include extra stress on certain syllables as well as pitched shouts (<a href="/wiki/Kakegoe" title="Kakegoe">kakegoe</a>). Kakegoe are generally shouts of cheer but in <a href="/wiki/Min%27y%C5%8D" title="Min'yō">min'yō</a>, they are often included as parts of choruses. There are many <a href="/wiki/Kakegoe" title="Kakegoe">kakegoe</a>, though they vary from region to region. In Okinawa Min'yō, for example, the common "ha iya sasa!" appears. In mainland Japan, however, "a yoisho!," "sate!," or "a sore!" are more common. Others include "a donto koi!," and "dokoisho!" </p><p>Recently a <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a>-based system known as the <a href="/wiki/Iemoto" title="Iemoto">iemoto</a> system has been in effect in some forms of min'yō. This system originally developed for transmitting classical genres such as <a href="/wiki/Nagauta" title="Nagauta">nagauta</a>, shakuhachi, or koto music, but since it proved profitable to teachers and was supported by students who wished to obtain certificates of proficiency. It continues to spread to genres such as min'yō, <a href="/wiki/Tsugaru-jamisen" title="Tsugaru-jamisen">Tsugaru-jamisen</a> and other forms of music that were traditionally transmitted more informally. Today some min'yō are passed on in such pseudo-family organizations and long <a href="/wiki/Apprentice" class="mw-redirect" title="Apprentice">apprenticeships</a> are common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Okinawan_folk_music">Okinawan folk music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Okinawan folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_music" title="Ryukyuan music">Ryukyuan music</a></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umui (page does not exist)">Umui</a>, religious songs, <a href="/wiki/Shima_uta" class="mw-redirect" title="Shima uta">shima uta</a>, dance songs, and, especially <a href="/wiki/Kach%C4%81sh%C4%AB" title="Kachāshī">kachāshī</a>, lively celebratory music, were all popular on the island. Okinawan folk music differs from mainland Japanese folk music in several ways. </p><p>Okinawan folk music is often accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Sanshin" title="Sanshin">sanshin</a>, whereas in mainland Japan the <a href="/wiki/Shamisen" title="Shamisen">shamisen</a> accompanies instead. Other Okinawan instruments include the <a href="/wiki/Sanba_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanba (musical instrument)">sanba</a> (which produce a clicking sound similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Castanets" title="Castanets">castanets</a>), <a href="/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko">taiko</a> and a sharp <a href="/wiki/Wolf-whistling" title="Wolf-whistling">finger whistle</a> called <i>yubi-bue</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">指笛</span></span>)</span>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">pentatonic scale</a> is often used in <a href="/wiki/Min%27y%C5%8D" title="Min'yō">min'yō</a> from the main islands of Japan. In this pentatonic scale the <a href="/wiki/Subdominant" title="Subdominant">subdominant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leading_tone" title="Leading tone">leading tone</a> (scale degrees 4 and 7 of the Western <a href="/wiki/Major_scale" title="Major scale">major scale</a>) are omitted, resulting in a musical scale with no <a href="/wiki/Half_step" class="mw-redirect" title="Half step">half steps</a> between each note. (Do, Re, Mi, Sol, La in <a href="/wiki/Solfeggio" class="mw-redirect" title="Solfeggio">solfeggio</a>, or scale degrees 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6). Okinawan min'yō, however, uses scales that include the half-steps omitted in the aforementioned pentatonic scale, when analyzed in the Western discipline of music. In fact, the most common scale used in Okinawan min'yō includes scale degrees 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_instruments">Traditional instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Traditional instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Japanese_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Japanese musical instruments">Traditional Japanese musical instruments</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biwa" title="Biwa">Biwa</a> (琵琶)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fue_(flute)" title="Fue (flute)">Fue</a> (笛)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hichiriki" title="Hichiriki">Hichiriki</a> (篳篥)　</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hocchiku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hocchiku">Hocchiku</a> (法竹)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dshigi" title="Hyōshigi">Hyōshigi</a> (拍子木)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_(instrument)" title="Kane (instrument)">Kane</a> (鐘)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakko_(instrument)" title="Kakko (instrument)">Kakko</a> (鞨鼓)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koky%C5%AB" title="Kokyū">Kokyū</a> (胡弓)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koto_(instrument)" title="Koto (instrument)">Koto</a> (琴)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhu" title="Erhu">Niko</a> (二胡)</li> <li>Okawa (AKA <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctsuzumi" title="Ōtsuzumi">Ōtsuzumi</a>) (大鼓)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryuteki" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryuteki">Ryūteki</a> (竜笛)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanshin" title="Sanshin">Sanshin</a> (三線)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi" title="Shakuhachi">Shakuhachi</a> (bamboo flute) (尺八)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamisen" title="Shamisen">Shamisen</a> (三味線)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shime-Daiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Shime-Daiko">Shime-Daiko</a> (締太鼓)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinobue" title="Shinobue">Shinobue</a> (篠笛)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_(instrument)" title="Shō (instrument)">Shō</a> (笙)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suikinkutsu" title="Suikinkutsu">Suikinkutsu</a> (water zither) (水琴窟)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko">Taiko</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Wadaiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadaiko">Wadaiko</a>) 太鼓～和太鼓</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuzumi" title="Tsuzumi">Tsuzumi</a> (鼓) (AKA Kotsuzumi)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrival_of_Western_music">Arrival of Western music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Arrival of Western music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_influences_in_modern_Japanese_music" title="Western influences in modern Japanese music">Western influences in modern Japanese music</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_blues/Enka"><span id="Japanese_blues.2FEnka"></span>Japanese blues/Enka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Japanese blues/Enka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABk%C5%8Dka" title="Ryūkōka">Ryūkōka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kay%C5%8Dkyoku" title="Kayōkyoku">Kayōkyoku</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enka" title="Enka">Enka</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%97%A4%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%80%E9%83%8E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%E8%97%A4%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%80%E9%83%8E.jpg/170px-%E8%97%A4%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%80%E9%83%8E.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%E8%97%A4%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%80%E9%83%8E.jpg/255px-%E8%97%A4%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%80%E9%83%8E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%E8%97%A4%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%80%E9%83%8E.jpg/340px-%E8%97%A4%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%80%E9%83%8E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="1486" /></a><figcaption>Ichiro Fujiyama, influential <i>ryūkōka</i> singer</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> introduced Western musical instruction, Shuji Isawa compiled songs like "<a href="/wiki/Auld_Lang_Syne" title="Auld Lang Syne">Auld Lang Syne</a>" for use in public education. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two major forms of music that developed during this period were <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dka_(music)" title="Shōka (music)">shōka</a>, which was composed to bring western music to schools, and <a href="/wiki/Gunka" title="Gunka">gunka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Japan moved towards representative <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> in the late 19th century, leaders hired singers to sell copies of songs that aired their messages, since the leaders themselves were usually prohibited from speaking in public. A distinctively Japanese form of <a href="/wiki/Tango_music" title="Tango music">tango</a> called "dodompa" emerged. Kayōkyoku became associated with traditional Japanese structures influenced by <a href="/wiki/Enka" title="Enka">Enka</a>. Famous enka singers include <a href="/wiki/Hibari_Misora" title="Hibari Misora">Hibari Misora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saburo_Kitajima" class="mw-redirect" title="Saburo Kitajima">Saburo Kitajima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikuzo_Yoshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikuzo Yoshi">Ikuzo Yoshi</a> and Haruo Minami. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_music">Art music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Art music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_classical_music">Western classical music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Western classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shuji_Isawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuji Isawa">Shuji Isawa</a> (1851–1917) studied music at <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgewater Normal School">Bridgewater Normal School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and was an important figure in the development of Western-influenced Japanese music in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji Era">Meiji Era</a> (1868–1912). On returning to Japan in 1879, Isawa formed the Ongaku-Torishirabe-Gakari (Music Investigation Agency), a national research center for Western music; it was later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Music_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Music School">Tokyo Music School</a> (Tôkyô ongaku gakkô). In 1880, Isawa's American friend and teacher, <a href="/wiki/Luther_Whiting_Mason" title="Luther Whiting Mason">Luther Whiting Mason</a>, accepted a two-year appointment. <a href="/wiki/Kosaku_Yamada" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosaku Yamada">Kosaku Yamada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoshinao_Nakada" title="Yoshinao Nakada">Yoshinao Nakada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toru_Takemitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Toru Takemitsu">Toru Takemitsu</a> are Japanese composers who have successively developed what is now known as Japanese Classical Music.<sup id="cite_ref-Holderer_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holderer-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical music</a> established a strong presence in Japan, making the country one of the most important markets for this music tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Conversations_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conversations-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dru_Takemitsu" title="Tōru Takemitsu">Toru Takemitsu</a> composed avant-garde music, contemporary classical music, and movie scoring.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Orchestras">Orchestras</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Orchestras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Hiroshima Symphony Orchestra">Hiroshima Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyogo_Performing_Arts_Center_Orchestra" title="Hyogo Performing Arts Center Orchestra">Hyogo Performing Arts Center Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Japan Philharmonic Orchestra">Japan Philharmonic Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Kanagawa Philharmonic Orchestra">Kanagawa Philharmonic Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Nagoya Philharmonic Orchestra">Nagoya Philharmonic Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Japan_Philharmonic" title="New Japan Philharmonic">New Japan Philharmonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHK_Symphony_Orchestra" title="NHK Symphony Orchestra">NHK Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra_Ensemble_Kanazawa" title="Orchestra Ensemble Kanazawa">Orchestra Ensemble Kanazawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Osaka Philharmonic Orchestra">Osaka Philharmonic Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Shion_Wind_Orchestra" title="Osaka Shion Wind Orchestra">Osaka Shion Wind Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapporo_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Sapporo Symphony Orchestra">Sapporo Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Kosei_Wind_Orchestra" title="Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra">Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra">Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra">Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Tokyo Symphony Orchestra">Tokyo Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Nippon_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra">Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra</a></li></ul> <p>Besides traditional <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">symphony orchestras</a>, Japan is internationally prominent in the field of <a href="/wiki/Wind_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind bands">wind bands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/All-Japan_Band_Association" title="All-Japan Band Association">All-Japan Band Association</a> is the governing body for wind band competitions in the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jazz">Jazz</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jazz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_jazz" title="Japanese jazz">Japanese jazz</a></div> <p>From the 1930s on (except during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when it was repressed as music of the enemy)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> jazz maintained a strong presence in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country is an important market for the music, and it is common that recordings unavailable in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> or Europe are available there. A number of Japanese jazz musicians, such as June (born in Japan) and <a href="/wiki/Sadao_Watanabe_(musician)" title="Sadao Watanabe (musician)">Sadao Watanabe</a> have a large fan base outside their native country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_music">Popular music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="J-pop">J-pop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: J-pop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a></div> <p>J-pop, an abbreviation for <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> pop is a loosely defined musical genre that entered the musical mainstream of Japan in the 1990s. J-pop has its roots in 1960s <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, which 70s rock bands fused rock with Japanese music.<sup id="cite_ref-beatles_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beatles-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J-pop was further defined by Japanese <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a> bands such as <a href="/wiki/Southern_All_Stars" title="Southern All Stars">Southern All Stars</a> in the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, J-pop replaced <i><a href="/wiki/Kay%C5%8Dkyoku" title="Kayōkyoku">kayōkyoku</a></i> ("Lyric Singing Music", a term for Japanese pop music from the 1920s to the 1980s) in the Japanese music scene.<sup id="cite_ref-ctv_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctv-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was coined by the Japanese media to distinguish Japanese music from foreign music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Idol_music">Idol music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Idol music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Japanese_idol" title="Japanese idol">Japanese idol</a> musical artists are a significant part of the market, with <a href="/wiki/Girl_group" title="Girl group">girl groups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boy_band" title="Boy band">boy bands</a> regularly topping the <a href="/wiki/Oricon_Singles_Chart" title="Oricon Singles Chart">singles chart</a>. These include boy band <a href="/wiki/Arashi" title="Arashi">Arashi</a>, which had the best-selling singles of 2008 and 2009, and girl group <a href="/wiki/AKB48" title="AKB48">AKB48</a>, which have had the best-selling singles each year of the 2010s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since the end of the 2010s, more and more <a href="/wiki/Japanese_idol" title="Japanese idol">idol groups</a> have emerged. Their success is sometimes termed "Idol sengoku jidai" (アイドル戦国時代; lit. Idol war age).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, about 486,000 people attended <a href="/wiki/Momoiro_Clover_Z" title="Momoiro Clover Z">Momoiro Clover Z</a>'s live concerts, which was the highest record for female musicians in Japan for this year.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Covid-19 pandemic, many idol groups have seen their sales plummet. For example, AKB48's physical sales have fallen from over a million copies sold per single to around 300,000, while groups such as <a href="/wiki/Nogizaka46" title="Nogizaka46">Nogizaka46</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakurazaka46" title="Sakurazaka46">Sakurazaka46</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hinatazaka46" title="Hinatazaka46">Hinatazaka46</a> have seen a smaller drop, with average sales of 500,000 to 700,000 copies for their recent singles, making them the most trending Japanese idol groups of the 2020s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dance_and_disco_music">Dance and disco music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dance and disco music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eurobeat" title="Eurobeat">Eurobeat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Para_Para" title="Para Para">Para Para</a></div> <p>In 1984, American musician <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>'s album <i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(Michael_Jackson_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thriller (Michael Jackson album)">Thriller</a></i> became the first album by a Western artist to sell over one million copies in Japanese <a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon</a> charts history.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His style is cited as one of the models for Japanese <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a>, leading the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Avex_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Avex Group">Avex Group</a> musicians and dancers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Avex_Trax" title="Avex Trax">Avex Trax</a> began to release the <a href="/wiki/Super_Eurobeat" title="Super Eurobeat">Super Eurobeat</a> series in Japan. <a href="/wiki/Eurobeat" title="Eurobeat">Eurobeat</a> in Japan led the popularity of group dance form <a href="/wiki/Para_Para" title="Para Para">Para Para</a>. While Avex's artists such as <a href="/wiki/Every_Little_Thing_(band)" title="Every Little Thing (band)">Every Little Thing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayumi_Hamasaki" title="Ayumi Hamasaki">Ayumi Hamasaki</a> became popular in the 1990s, in the late 1990s <a href="/wiki/Hikaru_Utada" title="Hikaru Utada">Hikaru Utada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morning_Musume" title="Morning Musume">Morning Musume</a> emerged. Hikaru Utada's debut album, <i><a href="/wiki/First_Love_(Hikaru_Utada_album)" title="First Love (Hikaru Utada album)">First Love</a></i>, became the highest-selling album in Japan selling over 7 million copies, while <a href="/wiki/Ayumi_Hamasaki" title="Ayumi Hamasaki">Ayumi Hamasaki</a> became Japan's top selling female and solo artist, and Morning Musume remains one of the most well-known girl groups in the Japanese pop music industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock">Rock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock" title="Japanese rock">Japanese rock</a></div> <p>In the 1960s, many Japanese <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> bands were influenced by Western rock, along with <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachian folk music">Appalachian folk music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">mod</a> and similar genres: a phenomenon called <a href="/wiki/Group_Sounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Sounds">Group Sounds</a> (G.S.). <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> became one of the most popular Western musicians in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late 1960s, Group Sounds bands such as The Tempters, the Tigers, the Golden Cups, the Spiders, the Jaguars, the Ox, the Village Singers, the Carnabeats, the Wild Ones, <a href="/wiki/The_Mops" title="The Mops">the Mops</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were popular.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the boom of Group Sounds came folk singer-songwriters. <a href="/wiki/The_Tigers_(Japanese_band)" title="The Tigers (Japanese band)">the Tigers</a> was the most popular Group Sounds band in the era. Later, some of the members of the Tigers, <a href="/wiki/The_Tempters" title="The Tempters">the Tempters</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Spiders_(Japanese_band)" title="The Spiders (Japanese band)">the Spiders</a> formed the first Japanese <a href="/wiki/Supergroup_(music)" title="Supergroup (music)">supergroup</a> <a href="/wiki/PYG_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="PYG (band)">Pyg</a>. </p><p>Kenji Sawada and Kenichi Hagiwara started their solo career in the early 1970s along with rock bands such as the Power House, Blues Creation, and late 70s <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> bands like Murasaki, Condition Green, Bow Wow. Carol (led by <a href="/wiki/Eikichi_Yazawa" title="Eikichi Yazawa">Eikichi Yazawa</a>), <a href="/wiki/RC_Succession" title="RC Succession">RC Succession</a> and Funny Company helped define the rock sound. In the late 70s, Creation and Char performed <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Beck" title="Jeff Beck">Jeff Beck</a>-style rock. Beginning in the late sixties, but mostly in the seventies, musicians mixed rock with American-style folk and pop elements, usually labelled folk rock because of their regular use of the <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_guitar" title="Acoustic guitar">acoustic guitar</a>. This includes bands like Tulip, Banban, and <a href="/wiki/Garo_(Japanese_rock_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garo (Japanese rock group)">Garo</a>. Rock artists include an early <a href="/wiki/Southern_All_Stars" title="Southern All Stars">Southern All Stars</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_Magic_Orchestra_in_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A colour photograph of three members of Yellow Magic Orchestra at the front of a stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Yellow_Magic_Orchestra_in_2008.jpg/170px-Yellow_Magic_Orchestra_in_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Yellow_Magic_Orchestra_in_2008.jpg/255px-Yellow_Magic_Orchestra_in_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Yellow_Magic_Orchestra_in_2008.jpg/340px-Yellow_Magic_Orchestra_in_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Yellow Magic Orchestra in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Japanese musicians began experimenting with <a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock" title="Electronic rock">electronic rock</a> in the 1970s. The most notable was <a href="/wiki/Isao_Tomita" title="Isao Tomita">Isao Tomita</a>, whose 1972 album <i>Electric Samurai: Switched on Rock</i> featured electronic <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a> renditions of contemporary rock and <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop songs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_2007_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins_2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early examples of electronic rock records include <a href="/wiki/Inoue_Yousui" class="mw-redirect" title="Inoue Yousui">Inoue Yousui</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">folk rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">pop rock</a> album <i>Ice World</i> (1973) and <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Kitajima" title="Osamu Kitajima">Osamu Kitajima</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a> album <i><a href="/wiki/Benzaiten" title="Benzaiten">Benzaiten</a></i> (1974), both of which involved contributions from Haruomi Hosono,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who later started the electronic music group "Yellow Magic Band" (later known as <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Magic_Orchestra" title="Yellow Magic Orchestra">Yellow Magic Orchestra</a>) in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-discogs_paraiso_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discogs_paraiso-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, Yutaka Ozaki was popular in young rock fans. Pop rock group such as C-C-B, Tokyo JAP, and Red Warriors gained hit songs. <a href="/wiki/Bo%C3%B8wy" title="Boøwy">Boøwy</a> inspired <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> bands like <a href="/wiki/Shonen_Knife" title="Shonen Knife">Shonen Knife</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Pillows" title="The Pillows">the Pillows</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tama_%26_Little_Creatures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tama & Little Creatures (page does not exist)">Tama & Little Creatures</a> as well as more experimental bands such as <a href="/wiki/Boredoms" title="Boredoms">Boredoms</a> and mainstream bands such as <a href="/wiki/Glay" title="Glay">Glay</a>. In 1980, Huruoma and <a href="/wiki/Ry_Cooder" title="Ry Cooder">Ry Cooder</a>, an American musician, collaborated on a rock album with <a href="/wiki/Shoukichi_Kina" title="Shoukichi Kina">Shoukichi Kina</a>, driving force behind the aforementioned Okinawan band Champloose. They were followed by <a href="/wiki/Sandii_%26_the_Sunsetz" title="Sandii & the Sunsetz">Sandii & the Sunsetz</a>, who further mixed Japanese and Okinawan influences. Also during the 1980s, Japanese metal and rock bands gave birth to the movement known as <a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">visual kei</a>, represented during its history by bands like <a href="/wiki/X_Japan" title="X Japan">X Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buck-Tick" title="Buck-Tick">Buck-Tick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luna_Sea" title="Luna Sea">Luna Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malice_Mizer" title="Malice Mizer">Malice Mizer</a> and many others, some of which experienced national, and international success in the latest years. </p><p>In the 1990s, Japanese rock musicians such as <a href="/wiki/B%27z" title="B'z">B'z</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mr._Children" title="Mr. Children">Mr. Children</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%27Arc-en-Ciel" title="L'Arc-en-Ciel">L'Arc-en-Ciel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glay" title="Glay">Glay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_All_Stars" title="Southern All Stars">Southern All Stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judy_and_Mary" title="Judy and Mary">Judy and Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tube_(band)" title="Tube (band)">Tube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spitz_(band)" title="Spitz (band)">Spitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wands_(band)" title="Wands (band)">Wands</a>, <a href="/wiki/T-Bolan" title="T-Bolan">T-Bolan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_of_View" title="Field of View">Field of View</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deen_(band)" title="Deen (band)">Deen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lindberg_(band)" title="Lindberg (band)">Lindberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharam_Q" title="Sharam Q">Sharam Q</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Monkey" title="The Yellow Monkey">the Yellow Monkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Brilliant_Green" title="The Brilliant Green">the Brilliant Green</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Ash" title="Dragon Ash">Dragon Ash</a> achieved great commercial success.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> B'z is the #1 best selling act in Japanese music since <a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon</a> started to count,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> followed by Mr. Children.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 1990s, pop songs were often used in <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">television advertisement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dramatic_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic programming">dramatic programming</a>, becoming some of Japan's best-sellers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The rise of disposable pop has been linked with the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">karaoke</a>, leading to criticism that it is <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerist</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kazufumi_Miyazawa" title="Kazufumi Miyazawa">Kazufumi Miyazawa</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Boom" title="The Boom">the Boom</a> said "I hate that buy, listen, and throw away and sing at a karaoke bar mentality." Of the visual kei bands, <a href="/wiki/Luna_Sea" title="Luna Sea">Luna Sea</a>, whose members toned down their on-stage attire with on-going success, was very successful, while <a href="/wiki/Malice_Mizer" title="Malice Mizer">Malice Mizer</a>, <a href="/wiki/La%27cryma_Christi" title="La'cryma Christi">La'cryma Christi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shazna" title="Shazna">Shazna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janne_Da_Arc" title="Janne Da Arc">Janne Da Arc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fanatic_Crisis" title="Fanatic Crisis">Fanatic Crisis</a> also achieved commercial success in the late 1990s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The rock band <a href="/wiki/Supercar_(band)" title="Supercar (band)">Supercar</a>, which was characterized as having "almost foundational importance to 21st century Japanese indie rock",<sup id="cite_ref-martin2019_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin2019-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> released its influential first album in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-martin2017_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin2017-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They remained active through 2005, with their later albums containing more electronic rock.<sup id="cite_ref-martin2017_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin2017-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FujiGreenStage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/FujiGreenStage.jpg/220px-FujiGreenStage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/FujiGreenStage.jpg/330px-FujiGreenStage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/FujiGreenStage.jpg/440px-FujiGreenStage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Green Stage of the Fuji Rock Festival</figcaption></figure> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Fuji_Rock_Festival" title="Fuji Rock Festival">Fuji Rock Festival</a> opened in 1997. <a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Rock_Festival" title="Rising Sun Rock Festival">Rising Sun Rock Festival</a> opened in 1999. <a href="/wiki/Summer_Sonic_Festival" title="Summer Sonic Festival">Summer Sonic Festival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_in_Japan_Festival" title="Rock in Japan Festival">Rock in Japan Festival</a> opened in 2000. Though the rock scene in the 2000s was not as strong, bands such as <a href="/wiki/Bump_of_Chicken" title="Bump of Chicken">Bump of Chicken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Kung%E2%80%93Fu_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Kung–Fu Generation">Asian Kung–Fu Generation</a>, <a href="/wiki/One_Ok_Rock" title="One Ok Rock">One Ok Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flow_(Japanese_band)" title="Flow (Japanese band)">Flow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_Range" title="Orange Range">Orange Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radwimps" title="Radwimps">Radwimps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambomaster" title="Sambomaster">Sambomaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remioromen" title="Remioromen">Remioromen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uverworld" title="Uverworld">Uverworld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aqua_Timez" title="Aqua Timez">Aqua Timez</a> achieved success. Orange Range also ventured into <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>. Established bands as B'z, Mr. Children, Glay, and L'Arc-en-Ciel continued to top charts, though B'z and Mr. Children are the only bands to maintain high sales through the years. </p><p>Japanese rock has a vibrant underground rock scene,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> best known internationally for <a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">noise rock</a> bands such as <a href="/wiki/Boredoms" title="Boredoms">Boredoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melt_Banana" class="mw-redirect" title="Melt Banana">Melt Banana</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Stoner_rock" title="Stoner rock">stoner rock</a> bands such as <a href="/wiki/Boris_(band)" title="Boris (band)">Boris</a>, psychedelic rock bands such as <a href="/wiki/Acid_Mothers_Temple" title="Acid Mothers Temple">Acid Mothers Temple</a>, and alternative acts such as <a href="/wiki/Shonen_Knife" title="Shonen Knife">Shonen Knife</a> (who were championed in the West by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Cobain" title="Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pizzicato_Five" title="Pizzicato Five">Pizzicato Five</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Pillows" title="The Pillows">the Pillows</a> (who gained international attention in 1999 for the <i><a href="/wiki/FLCL" title="FLCL">FLCL</a></i> soundtrack). More conventional <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a> artists such as <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Youth" title="Eastern Youth">Eastern Youth</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Band_Apart" title="The Band Apart">the Band Apart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Number_Girl" title="Number Girl">Number Girl</a> found some success in Japan<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, but little recognition outside of their home country. Other notable international touring indie rock acts are <a href="/wiki/Mono_(Japanese_band)" title="Mono (Japanese band)">Mono</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nisennenmondai" title="Nisennenmondai">Nisennenmondai</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Punk_rock_/_alternative"><span id="Punk_rock_.2F_alternative"></span>Punk rock / alternative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Punk rock / alternative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_hardcore" title="Japanese hardcore">Japanese hardcore</a></div> <p>Early examples of punk rock include <a href="/wiki/SS_(band)" title="SS (band)">SS</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Star_Club" title="The Star Club">the Star Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Stalin" title="The Stalin">the Stalin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=INU_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="INU (band) (page does not exist)">INU</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/INU" class="extiw" title="ja:INU">ja</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaseneta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaseneta (page does not exist)">Gaseneta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%82%BB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BF_(%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89)" class="extiw" title="ja:ガセネタ (バンド)">ja</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Bomb_Factory_(band)" title="Bomb Factory (band)">Bomb Factory</a>, Lizard (who were produced by <a href="/wiki/The_Stranglers" title="The Stranglers">the Stranglers</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Friction_(band)" title="Friction (band)">Friction</a> (whose guitarist Reck played with <a href="/wiki/Teenage_Jesus_and_the_Jerks" title="Teenage Jesus and the Jerks">Teenage Jesus and the Jerks</a> before returning to Tokyo) and <a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Hearts" title="The Blue Hearts">the Blue Hearts</a>. The early punk scene was filmed by <a href="/wiki/Gakury%C5%AB_Ishii" title="Gakuryū Ishii">Sogo Ishii</a>, who directed the 1982 film <i><a href="/wiki/Burst_City" title="Burst City">Burst City</a></i> featuring a cast of punk bands/musicians and also filmed videos for The Stalin. In the 1980s, hardcore bands such as <a href="/wiki/GISM" class="mw-redirect" title="GISM">GISM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauze_(band)" title="Gauze (band)">Gauze</a>, Confuse, Lip Cream and Systematic Death began appearing, some incorporating <a href="/wiki/Crossover_thrash" title="Crossover thrash">crossover</a> elements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The independent scene also included a diverse number of alternative/post-punk/new wave artists such as <a href="/wiki/Aburadako" title="Aburadako">Aburadako</a>, <a href="/wiki/P-Model" title="P-Model">P-Model</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uchoten" title="Uchoten">Uchoten</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auto-Mod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auto-Mod (page does not exist)">Auto-Mod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buck-Tick" title="Buck-Tick">Buck-Tick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guernica_(band)" title="Guernica (band)">Guernica</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yapoos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yapoos (page does not exist)">Yapoos</a> (both of which featured <a href="/wiki/Jun_Togawa" title="Jun Togawa">Jun Togawa</a>), G-Schmitt, Totsuzen Danball and <a href="/wiki/Jagatara" title="Jagatara">Jagatara</a>, along with noise/industrial bands such as <a href="/wiki/Hijokaidan" title="Hijokaidan">Hijokaidan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanatarashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanatarashi">Hanatarashi</a>. </p><p>Ska-punk bands of the late nineties extending in the years 2000 include Shakalabbits and <a href="/wiki/175R" title="175R">175R</a> (pronounced "inago rider"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavy_metal">Heavy metal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Heavy metal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_metal" title="Japanese metal">Japanese metal</a></div> <p>Japan is a successful market for <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">metal</a> bands. Notable examples are <a href="/wiki/Judas_Priest" title="Judas Priest">Judas Priest</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Unleashed_in_the_East" title="Unleashed in the East">Unleashed in the East</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple" title="Deep Purple">Deep Purple</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Made_in_Japan_(Deep_Purple_album)" title="Made in Japan (Deep Purple album)">Made in Japan</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Maiden" title="Iron Maiden">Iron Maiden</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Maiden_Japan" title="Maiden Japan">Maiden Japan</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Schenker_Group" title="Michael Schenker Group">Michael Schenker Group</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/One_Night_at_Budokan" title="One Night at Budokan">One Night at Budokan</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Dream_Theater" title="Dream Theater">Dream Theater</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_Budokan_(Dream_Theater_album)" title="Live at Budokan (Dream Theater album)">Live at Budokan</a></i>. </p><p>Japanese metal emerged in the late 1970s, pioneered by bands like <a href="/wiki/Bow_Wow_(band)" title="Bow Wow (band)">Bow Wow</a>, formed in 1975 by guitarist <a href="/wiki/Kyoji_Yamamoto" title="Kyoji Yamamoto">Kyoji Yamamoto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Loudness_(band)" title="Loudness (band)">Loudness</a>, formed in 1981 by guitarist <a href="/wiki/Akira_Takasaki" title="Akira Takasaki">Akira Takasaki</a>. Contemporary bands like <a href="/wiki/Earthshaker_(band)" title="Earthshaker (band)">Earthshaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthem_(band)" title="Anthem (band)">Anthem</a> and <a href="/wiki/44_Magnum_(band)" title="44 Magnum (band)">44 Magnum</a> released their debut albums only around the mid eighties. The first overseas live performances were by Bow Wow in 1978 in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Montreux_Jazz_Festival" title="Montreux Jazz Festival">Montreux Jazz Festival</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Reading_and_Leeds_Festivals" title="Reading and Leeds Festivals">Reading Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-japantimes_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantimes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, Loudness toured United States and Europe. In 1985, the first Japanese metal act was signed to a major US label. Their albums <i><a href="/wiki/Thunder_in_the_East_(album)" title="Thunder in the East (album)">Thunder in the East</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lightning_Strikes_(Loudness_album)" title="Lightning Strikes (Loudness album)">Lightning Strikes</a></i>, released in 1985 and 1986, peaked at number 74 (while number 4 in homeland <a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon</a> chart), and number 64 in the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200"><i>Billboard</i> 200</a> charts respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Till the end of the eighties only two other bands, <a href="/wiki/Ezo_(band)" title="Ezo (band)">Ezo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dead_End_(band)" title="Dead End (band)">Dead End</a>, released albums in the United States. In the eighties few bands had a female member, like the all-female band <a href="/wiki/Show-Ya" title="Show-Ya">Show-Ya</a> fronted by <a href="/wiki/Keiko_Terada" title="Keiko Terada">Keiko Terada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terra_Rosa_(band)" title="Terra Rosa (band)">Terra Rosa</a> with Kazue Akao on vocals. In September 1989, Show-Ya's album <i><a href="/wiki/Outerlimits" title="Outerlimits">Outerlimits</a></i> was released, reaching #3 on the Oricon album chart.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heavy metal bands reached their peak in the late 1980s and then many disbanded until the mid-1990s. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xjapan_hongkong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Xjapan_hongkong.jpg/220px-Xjapan_hongkong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Xjapan_hongkong.jpg/330px-Xjapan_hongkong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Xjapan_hongkong.jpg/440px-Xjapan_hongkong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption>Concert of pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">visual kei</a>, <a href="/wiki/X_Japan" title="X Japan">X Japan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> in 2009 after their 2007 reunion</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1982, some of the first Japanese <a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">glam metal</a> bands were formed, like <a href="/wiki/Seikima-II" title="Seikima-II">Seikima-II</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a>-inspired makeup, and <a href="/wiki/X_Japan" title="X Japan">X Japan</a> who pioneered the Japanese movement known as <a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">visual kei</a>, and became the best-selling metal band.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, Seikima-II's album <i>Seikima-II - Akuma ga Kitarite Heavy Metal</i> was released and although it reached number 48 on the Oricon album chart, it exceeded 100,000 in sales, the first time for any Japanese metal band. Their albums charted regularly in the top ten until the mid-1990s. In April 1989, X Japan's second album <i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Blood_(X_Japan_album)" title="Blue Blood (X Japan album)">Blue Blood</a></i> was released and went to number 6, and after 108 weeks on charts sold 712,000 copies.<sup id="cite_ref-BBJeoricon_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBJeoricon-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their third and best-selling album <i><a href="/wiki/Jealousy_(X_Japan_album)" title="Jealousy (X Japan album)">Jealousy</a></i> was released in July 1991; it topped the charts and sold 1.11 million copies.<sup id="cite_ref-BBJeoricon_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBJeoricon-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two number one studio albums, <i><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Life" title="Art of Life">Art of Life</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dahlia_(album)" title="Dahlia (album)">Dahlia</a></i>, a singles compilation <i><a href="/wiki/X_Singles" title="X Singles">X Singles</a></i>, all sold more than half a million,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ending up with thirteen top five singles before disbanding in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Oricon_singles_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oricon_singles-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese metal came to global attention in 2014 with the success of "<a href="/wiki/Kawaii_metal" title="Kawaii metal">kawaii metal</a>" band <a href="/wiki/Babymetal" title="Babymetal">Babymetal</a>. They recorded viral <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> hits like "<a href="/wiki/Gimme_Chocolate!!" title="Gimme Chocolate!!">Gimme Chocolate!!</a>" as well as international performances including at the UK's <a href="/wiki/Sonisphere_Festival#Sonisphere_2014" title="Sonisphere Festival">Sonisphere Festival 2014</a> and Canada's <a href="/wiki/Heavy_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Heavy Montréal">Heavy Montréal</a> alongside the likes of <a href="/wiki/Metallica" title="Metallica">Metallica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slayer" title="Slayer">Slayer</a>. Babymetal was the opening act to five of <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a>'s concerts in her <a href="/wiki/ArtRave:_The_Artpop_Ball" title="ArtRave: The Artpop Ball">ArtRave: The Artpop Ball</a> 2014 tour.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babymetal won numerous awards including <a href="/wiki/Kerrang!" title="Kerrang!">Kerrang!</a>'s The Spirit of Independence Award and <a href="/wiki/Metal_Hammer" title="Metal Hammer">Metal Hammer</a>'s Breakthrough Band Award.<sup id="cite_ref-ro69151214_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ro69151214-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extreme_metal">Extreme metal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Extreme metal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">extreme metal</a> bands formed in the wake of the American and European wave, but did not get any bigger exposure until the 1990s, and the genre took underground form in Japan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">thrash metal</a> bands formed in the early 1980s, like <a href="/wiki/United_(band)" title="United (band)">United</a>, whose music incorporates <a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">death metal</a> elements, and <a href="/wiki/Outrage_(band)" title="Outrage (band)">Outrage</a>. United performed in Los Angeles at the metal festival "Foundations Forum" in September 1995 and released a few albums in North America. Formed in the mid-1980s, <a href="/wiki/Doom_(Japanese_band)" title="Doom (Japanese band)">Doom</a> played in the United States in October 1988 at <a href="/wiki/CBGB" title="CBGB">CBGB</a>, and was active until 2000 when it disbanded. </p><p>The first bands to play <a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">black metal</a> music were <a href="/wiki/Sabbat_(Japanese_band)" title="Sabbat (Japanese band)">Sabbat</a>, who is still active, and <a href="/wiki/Bellzlleb" title="Bellzlleb">Bellzlleb</a>, who was active until the early 1990s. Other notable acts are <a href="/wiki/Sigh_(band)" title="Sigh (band)">Sigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abigail_(band)" title="Abigail (band)">Abigail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gallhammer" title="Gallhammer">Gallhammer</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Doom_metal" title="Doom metal">Doom metal</a> also gained an audience in Japan. The two best-known Japanese doom metal acts are <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Misery" title="Church of Misery">Church of Misery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boris_(band)" title="Boris (band)">Boris</a>: both gained considerable popularity outside the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metalcore">Metalcore</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Metalcore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2000s, Japanese metalcore bands such as Tokyo's <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Lake_(band)" title="Crystal Lake (band)">Crystal Lake</a>, Nagoya natives <a href="/wiki/Coldrain" title="Coldrain">Coldrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deathgaze" title="Deathgaze">Deathgaze</a>, Kobe's <a href="/wiki/Fear,_and_Loathing_in_Las_Vegas" title="Fear, and Loathing in Las Vegas">Fear, and Loathing in Las Vegas</a>, and Osaka's <a href="/wiki/Crossfaith" title="Crossfaith">Crossfaith</a> formed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hip_hop">Hip hop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hip hop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_hip_hop" title="Japanese hip hop">Japanese hip hop</a></div> <p>Hip-hop came in the late 1980s and continues to thrive. This was mainly due to the music world's belief that "Japanese sentences were not capable of forming the rhyming effect that was contained in American rappers' songs."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different "families" of rappers perform on stage at a <a href="/wiki/Genba" class="mw-redirect" title="Genba">genba</a>, or nightclub. A family is essentially a collection of rap groups that are usually headed by one of the more famous Tokyo acts, which also include proteges.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref-2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref-2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are important because they are "the key to understanding stylistic differences between groups."<sup id="cite_ref-Ref-2_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref-2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hip-hop fans in the audience are in control of the club. They judge who is the winner in rap contests on stage. An example of this can be seen with the battle between rap artists <a href="/wiki/Dabo_(rapper)" title="Dabo (rapper)">Dabo</a> (a major label artist) and <a href="/wiki/Kan_(musician)" title="Kan (musician)">Kan</a> (an indie artist). Kan challenged Dabo while Dabo was mid-performance. The event highlighted showed "the openness of the scene and the fluidity of boundaries in clubs."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grime">Grime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Grime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grime_(music_genre)#Japanese_grime" class="mw-redirect" title="Grime (music genre)">Japanese grime</a></div><p><a href="/wiki/Grime_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grime (music genre)">Grime</a> is a British electronic genre<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that emerged in the early 2000s derived from <a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oldschool_jungle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldschool jungle">jungle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and draws influence from <a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">dancehall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragga" title="Ragga">ragga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style is typified by rapid, syncopated <a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">breakbeats</a>, generally around 140 <a href="/wiki/Tempo#Beats_per_minute" title="Tempo">bpm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and often features an aggressive or jagged electronic sound.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a> is a significant element, and lyrics often revolve around gritty depictions of urban life.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, Japanese DJ's began to play grime.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008 that MC's, primarily from <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, began to emerge. The MC's were inspired by British grime crew <a href="/wiki/Roll_Deep" title="Roll Deep">Roll Deep</a>, and their mixtape <i>Rules And Regulations.</i> The Osaka MC's consisted of pioneers MC Dekishi, MC Duff and MC Tacquilacci.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MC Dekishi released the first ever Japanese grime mixtape in 2009, titled "Grime City Volume 1".<sup id="cite_ref-:20_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Osaka MC's are known for rapping extremely fast.<sup id="cite_ref-grm_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grm-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another scene sprung up in the Tokyo region of <a href="/wiki/Shibuya" title="Shibuya">Shibuya</a> led by Carpainter, Double Clapperz, MC ONJUICY, PAKIN and Sakana Lavenda.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synth-pop_and_club_music">Synth-pop and club music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Synth-pop and club music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">synth-pop</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electro_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro music">electro music</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a> in Japan was influenced by German electronic and techno artists such as <a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a>. New wave and synth-pop bands such as Hikasyuu, <a href="/wiki/P-Model" title="P-Model">P-Model</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plastics_(band)" title="Plastics (band)">The Plastics</a> were popular. Many musicians of the 1970s and 80s who were known for pop music turned to techno production such as C-C-B and <a href="/wiki/Akiko_Yano" title="Akiko Yano">Akiko Yano</a>. In the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Denki_Groove" title="Denki Groove">Denki Groove</a> formed and became mainstays of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica">electronica</a> scene. Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Polysics" title="Polysics">Polysics</a> pay explicit homage to this era. <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(band)" title="Capsule (band)">Capsule</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yasutaka_Nakata" title="Yasutaka Nakata">Yasutaka Nakata</a> has been involved behind the scenes of popular <a href="/wiki/Electropop" title="Electropop">electropop</a> acts <a href="/wiki/Perfume_(Japanese_band)" title="Perfume (Japanese band)">Perfume</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyary_Pamyu_Pamyu" title="Kyary Pamyu Pamyu">Kyary Pamyu Pamyu</a>, both of which had domestic and international success; Kyary in particular was dubbed the "Kawaii Harajuku Ambassador". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kawaii_Future_Bass">Kawaii Future Bass</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Kawaii Future Bass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kawaii_Future_Bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawaii Future Bass">Kawaii Future Bass</a></div> <p>Kawaii Future Bass is a subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Future_bass" title="Future bass">Future Bass</a>, with a generally upbeat sound and heavily inspired by Japanese culture, and often includes Japanese lyrics or references to anime or manga. It began to see success around 2015, mostly pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Snail%27s_House" title="Snail's House">Snail's House</a>. Due to Japan's increasing influence in foreign countries, Kawaii Future Bass grew popular around the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roots_and_country_music">Roots and country music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Roots and country music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">roots bands</a> like <a href="/wiki/Shang_Shang_Typhoon" title="Shang Shang Typhoon">Shang Shang Typhoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Boom" title="The Boom">the Boom</a> became popular. Okinawan roots bands like <a href="/wiki/Nenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenes">Nenes</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kina_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kina (band) (page does not exist)">Kina</a> were also commercially and critically successful. This led to a second wave of Okinawan music, led by the sudden success of <a href="/wiki/Rinken_Band" title="Rinken Band">Rinken Band</a>. Bands followed, including the comebacks of Champluse and Kina, as led by Kawachiya Kikusuimaru; very similar to <a href="/wiki/Kawachi_ondo" title="Kawachi ondo">kawachi ondo</a> is <a href="/wiki/Tadamaru_Sakuragawa" title="Tadamaru Sakuragawa">Tadamaru Sakuragawa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Goshu_ondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Goshu ondo">goshu ondo</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Country_music#Japan_and_Asia" title="Country music">J-country</a> is a form of J-pop that originated in the 1960s, during the international popularity of <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Westerns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Furmanovsky_2008_p._61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furmanovsky_2008_p.-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major companies such as <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> continue to produce country and <a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western music</a> within Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_2021_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_2021-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goldmine_Magazine:_Record_Collector_&_Music_Memorabilia_2022_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldmine_Magazine:_Record_Collector_&_Music_Memorabilia_2022-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin,_reggae_and_ska_music"><span id="Latin.2C_reggae_and_ska_music"></span>Latin, reggae and ska music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Latin, reggae and ska music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_reggae" title="Japanese reggae">Japanese reggae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_ska" title="Japanese ska">Japanese ska</a></div> <p>Music from <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> and elsewhere were assimilated. African <a href="/wiki/Soukous" title="Soukous">soukous</a> and Latin music, like <a href="/wiki/Orquesta_de_la_Luz" title="Orquesta de la Luz">Orquesta de la Luz (オルケスタ・デ・ラ・ルス)</a>, was popular as was Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a>, exemplified by Mice Teeth, <a href="/wiki/Mute_Beat" title="Mute Beat">Mute Beat</a>, La-ppisch, Home Grown and Ska Flames, Determinations, and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Ska_Paradise_Orchestra" title="Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra">Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noise_music">Noise music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Noise music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanoise" title="Japanoise">Japanoise</a></div> <p>Another recognized music form from Japan is <a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">noise music</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Japanoise" title="Japanoise">Japanoise</a> when referring to noise music made by Japanese artists. Some of the most prominent representatives of this form include <a href="/wiki/Merzbow" title="Merzbow">Merzbow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masonna" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonna">Masonna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanatarash" title="Hanatarash">Hanatarash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Gerogerigegege" title="The Gerogerigegege">The Gerogerigegege</a>. As befits the challenging nature of the music, some noise music performers have become notorious for their extreme on-stage antics including (but not limited to) physically injuring themselves, destroying their musical equipment, or damaging the venue they are playing at. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theme_music">Theme music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Theme music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anime_composer" title="Anime composer">Anime composer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anime_song" title="Anime song">Anime song</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Theme_music" title="Theme music">Theme music</a> for films, <a href="/wiki/Anime_song" title="Anime song">anime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">tokusatsu</a> (tokuson<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">特ソン</span></span>)</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_television_drama" title="Japanese television drama">dorama</a> are considered a separate music genre. While musicians and bands from all genres have recorded for Japanese television and film, several artists and groups have spent most of their careers performing theme songs and composing <a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">soundtracks</a> for visual media. Such artists include <a href="/wiki/Masato_Shimon" title="Masato Shimon">Masato Shimon</a> (current holder of the world record for most successful single in Japan for "<a href="/wiki/Oyoge!_Taiyaki-kun" title="Oyoge! Taiyaki-kun">Oyoge! Taiyaki-kun</a>"),<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ichirou_Mizuki" title="Ichirou Mizuki">Ichirou Mizuki</a>, all of the members of <a href="/wiki/JAM_Project" title="JAM Project">JAM Project</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Hironobu_Kageyama" title="Hironobu Kageyama">Hironobu Kageyama</a> who sung the openings for <i><a href="/wiki/Dengeki_Sentai_Changeman" title="Dengeki Sentai Changeman">Dengeki Sentai Changeman</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z" title="Dragon Ball Z">Dragon Ball Z</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Akira_Kushida" title="Akira Kushida">Akira Kushida</a>, members of <a href="/wiki/Project.R" title="Project.R">Project.R</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isao_Sasaki" title="Isao Sasaki">Isao Sasaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitsuko_Horie" title="Mitsuko Horie">Mitsuko Horie</a>. Notable composers of Japanese theme music include <a href="/wiki/Joe_Hisaishi" title="Joe Hisaishi">Joe Hisaishi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michiru_Oshima" class="mw-redirect" title="Michiru Oshima">Michiru Oshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoko_Kanno" title="Yoko Kanno">Yoko Kanno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshihiko_Sahashi" title="Toshihiko Sahashi">Toshihiko Sahashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuki_Kajiura" title="Yuki Kajiura">Yuki Kajiura</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Nakagawa" title="Kōtarō Nakagawa">Kōtarō Nakagawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shunsuke_Kikuchi" title="Shunsuke Kikuchi">Shunsuke Kikuchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuki_Hayashi_(composer)" title="Yuki Hayashi (composer)">Yuki Hayashi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Game_music">Game music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Game music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music">Video game music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitpop" title="Bitpop">Bitpop</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobuo_Uematsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nobuo_Uematsu.jpg/170px-Nobuo_Uematsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Nobuo_Uematsu.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nobuo_Uematsu" title="Nobuo Uematsu">Nobuo Uematsu</a>, composer for the <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy" title="Final Fantasy">Final Fantasy</a></i> game series</figcaption></figure> <p>When the first <a href="/wiki/Electronic_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic games">electronic games</a> were sold, they had rudimentary <a href="/wiki/Chip_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Chip music">sound chips</a> with which to produce music. As the technology advanced, quality increased dramatically. The first game to take credit for its music was <i><a href="/wiki/Xevious" title="Xevious">Xevious</a></i>, also noteworthy (at that time) for its deeply constructed stories. One of the most important games in the history of the video game music is <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Quest" title="Dragon Quest">Dragon Quest</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Sugiyama" title="Koichi Sugiyama">Koichi Sugiyama</a>, who composed for various anime and TV shows, including <i><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_009" title="Cyborg 009">Cyborg 009</a></i> and a feature film of <i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla_vs._Biollante" title="Godzilla vs. Biollante">Godzilla vs. Biollante</a></i>, got involved in the project out of curiosity and proved that games can have serious soundtracks. Until his involvement, music and sounds were often neglected in the development of video games and programmers with little musical knowledge were forced to write the soundtracks as well. Undaunted by technological limits, Sugiyama worked with only 8-part polyphony to create a soundtrack that would not tire the player despite hours of gameplay. </p><p>A well-known author of game music is <a href="/wiki/Nobuo_Uematsu" title="Nobuo Uematsu">Nobuo Uematsu</a>. Uematsu's earlier compositions for the game series, <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy" title="Final Fantasy">Final Fantasy</a></i>, on <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Famicom</a> (Nintendo Entertainment System in America), were arranged for full orchestral score. In 2003, he took his rock-based tunes from their original MIDI format and created <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Mages" title="The Black Mages">the Black Mages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yasunori_Mitsuda" title="Yasunori Mitsuda">Yasunori Mitsuda</a> is the composer of music for such games as <i><a href="/wiki/Xenogears" title="Xenogears">Xenogears</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Xenosaga_Episode_I" title="Xenosaga Episode I">Xenosaga Episode I</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chrono_Cross" title="Chrono Cross">Chrono Cross</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Chrono_Trigger" title="Chrono Trigger">Chrono Trigger</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Koji_Kondo" title="Koji Kondo">Koji Kondo</a>, the sound manager for <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>, wrote themes for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="The Legend of Zelda">Zelda</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mario_(franchise)" title="Mario (franchise)">Mario</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Jun_Senoue" title="Jun Senoue">Jun Senoue</a> composed for <i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog" title="Sonic the Hedgehog">Sonic the Hedgehog</a></i>. He also is the main guitarist of <a href="/wiki/Crush_40" title="Crush 40">Crush 40</a>, which is known for creating the theme songs to <i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_Adventure" title="Sonic Adventure">Sonic Adventure</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_Adventure_2" title="Sonic Adventure 2">Sonic Adventure 2</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_Heroes" title="Sonic Heroes">Sonic Heroes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_the_Hedgehog_(video_game)" title="Shadow the Hedgehog (video game)">Shadow the Hedgehog</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_and_the_Black_Knight" title="Sonic and the Black Knight">Sonic and the Black Knight</a></i>, as well as other <i>Sonic</i> games. <a href="/wiki/Motoi_Sakuraba" title="Motoi Sakuraba">Motoi Sakuraba</a> composed the <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_(video_game_series)" title="Tales (video game series)">Tales</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Souls" title="Dark Souls">Dark Souls</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Sonata" title="Eternal Sonata">Eternal Sonata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Ocean" title="Star Ocean">Star Ocean</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie_Profile" title="Valkyrie Profile">Valkyrie Profile</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Sun" title="Golden Sun">Golden Sun</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Baten_Kaitos:_Eternal_Wings_and_the_Lost_Ocean" title="Baten Kaitos: Eternal Wings and the Lost Ocean">Baten Kaitos</a></i> games, as well as numerous <a href="/wiki/Mario_sports_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario sports games">Mario sports games</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yuzo_Koshiro" title="Yuzo Koshiro">Yuzo Koshiro</a> composed electronic music-influenced soundtracks for games such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Shinobi_(1989_video_game)" title="The Revenge of Shinobi (1989 video game)">Revenge of Shinobi</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Streets_of_Rage" title="Streets of Rage">Streets of Rage</a></i> series. </p><p>Pop singers such as <a href="/wiki/Hikaru_Utada" title="Hikaru Utada">Hikaru Utada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nana_Mizuki" title="Nana Mizuki">Nana Mizuki</a> and <a href="/wiki/BoA" title="BoA">BoA</a> sometimes sing for games. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cool_Japan" title="Cool Japan">Cool Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuya-kei" title="Shibuya-kei">Shibuya-kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_artists_from_Japan" title="List of musical artists from Japan">List of musical artists from Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_hip_hop_musicians" title="List of Japanese hip hop musicians">List of Japanese hip hop musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_J-pop_artists" title="List of J-pop artists">List of J-pop artists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Johnson, H., ed. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/63358?rskey=pL1gZL&result=1"><i>Handbook of Japanese Music in the Modern Era.</i></a> Leiden: Brill.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMalm,_William_P.1959" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_P._Malm" title="William P. Malm">Malm, William P.</a> (1959), <i>Japanese Music and Musical Instruments</i> (1st ed.), Tokyo & Rutland, Vt.: C. E. Tuttle Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Music+and+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=Tokyo+%26+Rutland%2C+Vt.&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=C.+E.+Tuttle+Co.&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Malm%2C+William+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalm,_William_P.1963" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_P._Malm" title="William P. Malm">Malm, William P.</a> (1963), <i>Nagauta: The Heart of Kabuki Music</i>, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015007996476">2027/mdp.39015007996476</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780837169002" title="Special:BookSources/9780837169002"><bdi>9780837169002</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nagauta%3A+The+Heart+of+Kabuki+Music&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015007996476&rft.isbn=9780837169002&rft.au=Malm%2C+William+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7674-2015-6" title="Special:BookSources/4-7674-2015-6">4-7674-2015-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaj.or.jp/riaj/open/open-record!file?fid=1638">"The Record vol. 703"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RIAJ" class="mw-redirect" title="RIAJ">RIAJ</a>. 6 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Record+vol.+703&rft.pub=RIAJ&rft.date=2018-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaj.or.jp%2Friaj%2Fopen%2Fopen-record%21file%3Ffid%3D1638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malm.1959-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-malm.1959_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalm,_William_P.1959" class="citation book cs1">Malm, William P. (1959). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japanesemusicmus00malm"><i>Japanese Music and Musical Instruments</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Tokyo & Rutland, Vt.: C. E. Tuttle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804803083" title="Special:BookSources/9780804803083"><bdi>9780804803083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Music+and+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=Tokyo+%26+Rutland%2C+Vt.&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=C.+E.+Tuttle&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=9780804803083&rft.au=Malm%2C+William+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapanesemusicmus00malm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508231541/http://iha-gagaku.com/english/history.html">"Gagaku, Imperial Court Music & Dance of Japan | Musicians of the Imperial Household | History of Gagaku"</a>. <i>New Site 102E_02</i> (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iha-gagaku.com/english/history.html">the original</a> on 2021-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Site+102E_02&rft.atitle=Gagaku%2C+Imperial+Court+Music+%26+Dance+of+Japan+%7C+Musicians+of+the+Imperial+Household+%7C+History+of+Gagaku&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiha-gagaku.com%2Fenglish%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHays" class="citation web cs1">Hays, Jeffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factsanddetails.com/japan/cat20/sub130/item708.html#:~:text=In%20ancient%20times,%20nobles%20were,into%20festival%20and%20recital%20music.">"CLASSICAL JAPANESE MUSIC: GAGAKU, SHAKUHACHI FLUTES, KOTO, BIWA AND OTHER TRADITIONAL INSTRUMENTS | Facts and Details"</a>. <i>factsanddetails.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-02</span></span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Gagaku' is made up of three bodies of musical pieces: 'togaku', said to be in the style of the Chinese Tang Dynasty (618-907); 'komagaku', said to have been transmitted from the Korean peninsula; and music of native composition associated with rituals of the Shinto religion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=factsanddetails.com&rft.atitle=CLASSICAL+JAPANESE+MUSIC%3A+GAGAKU%2C+SHAKUHACHI+FLUTES%2C+KOTO%2C+BIWA+AND+OTHER+TRADITIONAL+INSTRUMENTS+%7C+Facts+and+Details&rft.aulast=Hays&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactsanddetails.com%2Fjapan%2Fcat20%2Fsub130%2Fitem708.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%2520ancient%2520times%2C%2520nobles%2520were%2Cinto%2520festival%2520and%2520recital%2520music.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidejapantours.com/japanese-culture/samurai/">"Samurai: A Brief Guide to Samurai Culture | InsideJapan Tours"</a>. <i>www.insidejapantours.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-02</span></span>. <q>[...] it was common for samurai to enjoy calligraphy, tea ceremony, poetry and music, and to study.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.insidejapantours.com&rft.atitle=Samurai%3A+A+Brief+Guide+to+Samurai+Culture+%7C+InsideJapan+Tours&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidejapantours.com%2Fjapanese-culture%2Fsamurai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonic.net/~tabine/heike081003/Heike_mainpage.html">"Welcome to The Tale of Heike (Heike monogatari)"</a>. <i>www.sonic.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sonic.net&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+The+Tale+of+Heike+%28Heike+monogatari%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonic.net%2F~tabine%2Fheike081003%2FHeike_mainpage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History of Taiko <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://aitech.ac.jp/~inomoto/ino/taiko/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220060149/http://aitech.ac.jp/~inomoto/ino/taiko/">Archived</a> 2008-12-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "鼓と太鼓のながれ" - 中国の唐からわが国に入ってきたいろんな太鼓が、時代と共にどのように変遷してきたかを各種の資料からまとめると、次のようになる。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiryu-project.com/daihachi.html">"Grandmaster Daihachi Oguchi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160722054923/http://www.hiryu-project.com/daihachi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grandmaster+Daihachi+Oguchi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiryu-project.com%2Fdaihachi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malm.1963-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-malm.1963_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalm,_William_P.1963" class="citation cs2">Malm, William P. (1963), <i>Nagauta: The Heart of Kabuki Music</i>, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015007996476">2027/mdp.39015007996476</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780837169002" title="Special:BookSources/9780837169002"><bdi>9780837169002</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nagauta%3A+The+Heart+of+Kabuki+Music&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015007996476&rft.isbn=9780837169002&rft.au=Malm%2C+William+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes_2008-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_2008_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2008" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, David W. (2008). <i>Traditional folk song in modern Japan: sources, sentiment and society</i>. Folkestone, UK: Global Oriental Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905246-65-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905246-65-6"><bdi>978-1-905246-65-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+folk+song+in+modern+Japan%3A+sources%2C+sentiment+and+society&rft.place=Folkestone%2C+UK&rft.pub=Global+Oriental+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-905246-65-6&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/robertburns/works/auld_lang_syne/">"Robert Burns – Auld Lang Syne"</a>. BBC. 23 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Burns+%E2%80%93+Auld+Lang+Syne&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2009-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Frobertburns%2Fworks%2Fauld_lang_syne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Satoshi Sugita (1972). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716153318/http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=osu1170788993">Cherry blossoms and rising sun: a systematic and objective analysis of gunka (Japanese war songs) in five historical periods (1868-1945)</a>". Dissertation submitted to Ohio State University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holderer-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holderer_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolderer,_Michael_J.2009" class="citation web cs1">Holderer, Michael J. (Spring 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaelholderer.com/Documents/Michael_Holderer_JWCM.pdf">"Japanese Western Classical Music from the Meiji to the Modern Era - Lecture Document"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at Austin">The University of Texas at Austin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160824080313/http://www.michaelholderer.com/Documents/Michael_Holderer_JWCM.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+Western+Classical+Music+from+the+Meiji+to+the+Modern+Era+-+Lecture+Document&rft.pub=The+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Holderer%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michaelholderer.com%2FDocuments%2FMichael_Holderer_JWCM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conversations-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conversations_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLo,_Patrick2016" class="citation book cs1">Lo, Patrick (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CZg5DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA156">"Katsu Watanabe Akane Oki and Yasushi Ishii, Librarians of the NHK Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo"</a>. <i>Conversations with the World's Leading Orchestra and Opera Librarians</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5543-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5543-2"><bdi>978-1-4422-5543-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Katsu+Watanabe+Akane+Oki+and+Yasushi+Ishii%2C+Librarians+of+the+NHK+Symphony+Orchestra%2C+Tokyo&rft.btitle=Conversations+with+the+World%27s+Leading+Orchestra+and+Opera+Librarians&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5543-2&rft.au=Lo%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCZg5DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Takemitsu, Toru", <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music</i>, Ed. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Michael Kennedy</a>, (Oxford, 1996), <i>Oxford Reference Online</i>, Oxford University Press (accessed March 16, 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t76.e8918">[2]</a> (subscription access).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hebert, David G., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789400721777"><i>Wind Bands and Cultural Identity in Japanese Schools</i></a>. New York: Springer Press, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhatley2018" class="citation web cs1">Whatley, Katherine (2018-03-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2018/03/29/music/kiyoshi-koyama-life-lived-jazz/">"Kiyoshi Koyama: A life lived with jazz"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609165607/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2018/03/29/music/kiyoshi-koyama-life-lived-jazz/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-22</span></span>. <q>Around the same time as FEN's broadcasts, jazz experienced a resurgence in popularity in Japan. It first became popular here during the late 1920s and '30s, but was banned during World War II, along with other non-German music from the West.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Kiyoshi+Koyama%3A+A+life+lived+with+jazz&rft.date=2018-03-29&rft.aulast=Whatley&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fculture%2F2018%2F03%2F29%2Fmusic%2Fkiyoshi-koyama-life-lived-jazz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1978" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, John S. (1978-05-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/26/archives/jazz-from-japan.html">"Jazz From Japan"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222212219/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/26/archives/jazz-from-japan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-22</span></span>. <q>American jazz was banned during the war, but afterward, Japan leaped into jazz enthusiastically.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jazz+From+Japan&rft.date=1978-05-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1978%2F05%2F26%2Farchives%2Fjazz-from-japan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/international-jazz-day-2014/jazz-in-japan-a-history-of-tradition-and-modernity/">"Jazz in Japan: A History of Tradition and Modernity | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"</a>. <i>www.unesco.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222230604/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/international-jazz-day-2014/jazz-in-japan-a-history-of-tradition-and-modernity/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Jazz+in+Japan%3A+A+History+of+Tradition+and+Modernity+%7C+United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Funesco%2Fevents%2Fprizes-and-celebrations%2Fcelebrations%2Finternational-days%2Finternational-jazz-day-2014%2Fjazz-in-japan-a-history-of-tradition-and-modernity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beatles-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beatles_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/confidence/25384/"><bdi lang="ja">究極のビートルズ来日賞味法！ビートルズが日本に与えたもの</bdi></a> (in Japanese). Oricon. 2006-06-21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130212102840/http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/confidence/25384/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%A9%B6%E6%A5%B5%E3%81%AE%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E6%9D%A5%E6%97%A5%E8%B3%9E%E5%91%B3%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%81+%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%81%8C%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AB%E4%B8%8E%E3%81%88%E3%81%9F%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE&rft.pub=Oricon&rft.date=2006-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oricon.co.jp%2Fnews%2Fconfidence%2F25384%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chikyu Ongaku Library: Southern All Stars [Renewed Edition], Edited by Amuse Inc., Tokyo FM Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-88745-135-0" title="Special:BookSources/4-88745-135-0">4-88745-135-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ctv-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ctv_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090312033942/http://www.ctv.co.jp/otov/column13.html">"J-POPって何だろう？そして今、改めて歌謡曲の魅力とは？"</a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABky%C5%8D_Television_Broadcasting" title="Chūkyō Television Broadcasting">Chūkyō Television Broadcasting</a>. 2008. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nihon+Keizai+Shimbun&rft.atitle=AKB48%E3%82%88%E3%82%8A%E3%82%82%E3%82%82%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%81%8C%E4%B8%8A+%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E5%8B%95%E5%93%A1%E5%8A%9B2014&rft.date=2014-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikkei.com%2Farticle%2FDGXMZO79804640X11C14A1000000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629071716/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/entertainments/entertainers/090626/tnr0906261505028-n1.htm"><bdi lang="ja">【マイケル急死】日本でもアルバム売り上げ１位を獲得</bdi></a> (in Japanese). Sankei Shimbun. 2009-06-26. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sankei.jp.msn.com/entertainments/entertainers/090626/tnr0906261505028-n1.htm">the original</a> on 2009-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%90%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E6%80%A5%E6%AD%BB%E3%80%91%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%A7%E3%82%82%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%A0%E5%A3%B2%E3%82%8A%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%92%EF%BC%91%E4%BD%8D%E3%82%92%E7%8D%B2%E5%BE%97&rft.pub=Sankei+Shimbun&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsankei.jp.msn.com%2Fentertainments%2Fentertainers%2F090626%2Ftnr0906261505028-n1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7770865.stm">"Japan keeps Lennon's memory alive"</a>. BBC. 2008-12-08. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090118014410/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7770865.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Japan+keeps+Lennon%27s+memory+alive&rft.date=2008-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F7770865.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/psychedelic-sounds-in-japan-mw0002033144">"AllMusic: The Mops"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=AllMusic%3A+The+Mops&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fpsychedelic-sounds-in-japan-mw0002033144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Ian F. (2016). Quit Your Band: Musical Notes From the Japanese Underground. Awai Books. p. 42. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-937220-05-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-937220-05-1">978-1-937220-05-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jenkins_2007-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_2007_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Jenkins_(musician)" title="Mark Jenkins (musician)">Jenkins, Mark</a> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c3EHIpo0DKwC&pg=PA133"><i>Analog synthesizers: from the legacy of Moog to software synthesis</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>, pp. 133–4, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-52072-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-52072-8"><bdi>978-0-240-52072-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019003232/https://books.google.com/books?id=c3EHIpo0DKwC&pg=PA133">archived</a> from the original on 2015-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analog+synthesizers%3A+from+the+legacy+of+Moog+to+software+synthesis&rft.pages=133-4&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-240-52072-8&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc3EHIpo0DKwC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/release/2509617">井上陽水 – 氷の世界</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ja&tl=en&u=http://www.discogs.com/%E4%BA%95%E4%B8%8A%E9%99%BD%E6%B0%B4-%E6%B0%B7%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C/release/2509617">Translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420110819/https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ja&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2F%E4%BA%95%E4%B8%8A%E9%99%BD%E6%B0%B4-%E6%B0%B7%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%2Frelease%2F2509617">Archived</a> 2019-04-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/release/1303605">Osamu Kitajima – Benzaiten</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-discogs_paraiso-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-discogs_paraiso_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/release/1188801">Harry Hosono And The Yellow Magic Band – Paraiso</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin2019-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-martin2019_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2019" class="citation cs2">Martin, Ian (May 17, 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metropolisjapan.com/supercar-futurama">"Supercar's Futurama"</a>, <i><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard.com&rft.atitle=Music+Albums%2C+Top+200+Albums+%26+Music+Album+Charts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fcharts%2Fbillboard-200%23%2Falbum%2Floudness%2Fthunder-in-the-east%2F10735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200#/album/loudness/lightning-strikes/10736">"Lightning Strikes - Loudness"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412150156/http://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200#/album/loudness/lightning-strikes/10736">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Lightning+Strikes+-+Loudness&rft.date=1991&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fcharts%2Fbillboard-200%23%2Falbum%2Floudness%2Flightning-strikes%2F10736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ranking.oricon.co.jp/free_contents/search/ranking_list.asp?itemcd=90557&samecd=1&chart_kbn=11A&linkcd=30010757">"Outerlimits Oricon chart"</a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Pop+Life%3A+End+of+a+Life%2C+End+of+an+Era&rft.date=1998-06-18&rft.au=Strauss%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9D00EFD7103DF93BA25755C0A96E958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBJeoricon-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBJeoricon_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBJeoricon_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/rankmusic/42172/">"X、初期のリマスター再発商品2作が好調！"</a> (in Japanese). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=X%E3%80%81%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E3%81%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E5%86%8D%E7%99%BA%E5%95%86%E5%93%812%E4%BD%9C%E3%81%8C%E5%A5%BD%E8%AA%BF%EF%BC%81&rft.pub=Oricon&rft.date=2007-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oricon.co.jp%2Fnews%2Frankmusic%2F42172%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20071111034142/http://www7a.biglobe.ne.jp/~yamag/album/al_x.html">"X JAPAN"</a>. <i>biglobe.ne.jp</i> (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www7a.biglobe.ne.jp/%257Eyamag/album/al_x.html">the original</a> on 2007-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biglobe.ne.jp&rft.atitle=X+JAPAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww7a.biglobe.ne.jp%2F%25257Eyamag%2Falbum%2Fal_x.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oricon_singles-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oricon_singles_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/26180/ranking/cd_single/">"X JAPANのシングル売り上げランキング"</a> (in Japanese). oricon.co.jp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205051936/http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/26180/ranking/cd_single/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=X+JAPAN%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E5%A3%B2%E3%82%8A%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%92%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0&rft.pub=oricon.co.jp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oricon.co.jp%2Fprof%2Fartist%2F26180%2Franking%2Fcd_single%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard-japan.com/d_news/detail/20622">"BABYMETAL レディー・ガガの米ツアーに大抜擢、LAワンマンも – Daily News – Billboard JAPAN"</a> (in Japanese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165246/http://www.billboard-japan.com/d_news/detail/20622">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BABYMETAL+%E3%83%AC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%82%AC%E3%81%AE%E7%B1%B3%E3%83%84%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AB%E5%A4%A7%E6%8A%9C%E6%93%A2%E3%80%81LA%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%82+%E2%80%93+Daily+News+%E2%80%93+Billboard+JAPAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard-japan.com%2Fd_news%2Fdetail%2F20622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kdramastars.com/articles/25403/20140618/lady-gaga-artrave-tour-2014-babymetal-confirmed-opening-act-japanese.htm">"Lady Gaga Artrave US Tour 2014: Babymetal Confirmed As Opening Act"</a>. <i>KDramaStars.com</i>. 2014-06-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162414/http://www.kdramastars.com/articles/25403/20140618/lady-gaga-artrave-tour-2014-babymetal-confirmed-opening-act-japanese.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KDramaStars.com&rft.atitle=Lady+Gaga+Artrave+US+Tour+2014%3A+Babymetal+Confirmed+As+Opening+Act&rft.date=2014-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kdramastars.com%2Farticles%2F25403%2F20140618%2Flady-gaga-artrave-tour-2014-babymetal-confirmed-opening-act-japanese.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ro69151214-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ro69151214_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF高橋智樹2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">高橋智樹 (2015-12-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ro69.jp/news/detail/135677">"BABYMETAL、宙を舞う！新曲連打、大発表続々で燃えた横浜アリーナ公演レポート！"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rockin%27On_Japan" title="Rockin'On Japan">Rockin'On Japan</a></i> (in Japanese). 株式会社<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ロッキング・オン (page does not exist)">ロッキング・オン</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222151529/http://ro69.jp/news/detail/135677">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rockin%27On+Japan&rft.atitle=BABYMETAL%E3%80%81%E5%AE%99%E3%82%92%E8%88%9E%E3%81%86%EF%BC%81+%E6%96%B0%E6%9B%B2%E9%80%A3%E6%89%93%E3%80%81%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BA%E8%A1%A8%E7%B6%9A%E3%80%85%E3%81%A7%E7%87%83%E3%81%88%E3%81%9F%E6%A8%AA%E6%B5%9C%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E5%85%AC%E6%BC%94%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%EF%BC%81&rft.date=2015-12-14&rft.au=%E9%AB%98%E6%A9%8B%E6%99%BA%E6%A8%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fro69.jp%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2F135677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinney, Caleb. "Hip-hop influences Japanese Culture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.lightonline.org/articles/chiphopjapan.html">http://www.lightonline.org/articles/chiphopjapan.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509064724/http://www.lightonline.org/articles/chiphopjapan.html">Archived</a> 2015-05-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref-2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-2_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-2_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Condry, Ian. "A History of Japanese Hip-Hop: Street Dance, Club Scene, Pop Market." In Global Noise: Rap and Hip-Hop Outside the USA, 237, Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Condry, Ian. "Hip-Hop Japan". Durham and London, Duke University Press, 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/e/slang/wagwan/">"What Does wagwan Mean? | Slang by Dictionary.com"</a>. <i>Everything After Z by Dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119010707/https://www.dictionary.com/e/slang/wagwan/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Everything+After+Z+by+Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=What+Does+wagwan+Mean%3F+%7C+Slang+by+Dictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fe%2Fslang%2Fwagwan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted (Special:Diff/901422525) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at Special:Permalink/901162895 cite #7 - please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (August 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.complex.com/music/an-idiots-guide-to-edm-genres/grime">"An Idiot's Guide to EDM GenresGrime"</a>. <i>Complex</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118153102/https://www.complex.com/music/an-idiots-guide-to-edm-genres/grime">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Complex&rft.atitle=An+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+EDM+GenresGrime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.complex.com%2Fmusic%2Fan-idiots-guide-to-edm-genres%2Fgrime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted (Special:Diff/901422525) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at Special:Permalink/901162895 cite #8 - please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (August 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnon2005" class="citation news cs1">McKinnon, Matthew (5 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070126235949/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/grimewave.html">"Grime Wave"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/grimewave.html">the original</a> on 26 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Grime+Wave&rft.date=2005-05-05&rft.aulast=McKinnon&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fgrimewave.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted (Special:Diff/901422525) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at Special:Permalink/901162895 cite #9 - please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (August 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.complex.com/music/2016/06/hip-hop-dancehall-breaking-down-the-origins-of-grime/dizzee-talks-hip-hop-rosenberg">"Hip-Hop Or Dancehall? Breaking Down The Grime Scene's Roots"</a>. <i>Complex UK</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170206103917/http://uk.complex.com/music/2016/06/hip-hop-dancehall-breaking-down-the-origins-of-grime/dizzee-talks-hip-hop-rosenberg">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Complex+UK&rft.atitle=Hip-Hop+Or+Dancehall%3F+Breaking+Down+The+Grime+Scene%27s+Roots&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.complex.com%2Fmusic%2F2016%2F06%2Fhip-hop-dancehall-breaking-down-the-origins-of-grime%2Fdizzee-talks-hip-hop-rosenberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted (Special:Diff/901422525) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at Special:Permalink/901162895 cite #2 - please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (August 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowie2017" class="citation book cs1">Cowie, Richard Kylea (2017). <i>Eskiboy</i>. London: William Heinemann. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-785-15159-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-785-15159-0"><bdi>978-1-785-15159-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eskiboy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-785-15159-0&rft.aulast=Cowie&rft.aufirst=Richard+Kylea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted (Special:Diff/901422525) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at Special:Permalink/901162895 cite #1 - please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (August 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/style/garage-rap-grime-ma0000004464">"Garage rap/Grime overview"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170119215703/http://www.allmusic.com/style/garage-rap-grime-ma0000004464">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Garage+rap%2FGrime+overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fstyle%2Fgarage-rap-grime-ma0000004464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted (Special:Diff/901422525) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at Special:Permalink/901162895 cite #10 - please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (August 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramwell2015" class="citation book cs1">Bramwell, Richard (2015). <i>UK Hip-Hop, Grime and the City: The Aesthetics and Ethics of London's Rap Scenes</i>. Routledge Advances in Ethnography. New York, NY and Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge (an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa business). pp. 28, 33, 63–64, 76–78, 99, 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-81238-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-81238-2"><bdi>978-0-415-81238-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015002414">2015002414</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/903248100">903248100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UK+Hip-Hop%2C+Grime+and+the+City%3A+The+Aesthetics+and+Ethics+of+London%27s+Rap+Scenes&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY+and+Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.series=Routledge+Advances+in+Ethnography&rft.pages=28%2C+33%2C+63-64%2C+76-78%2C+99%2C+131&rft.pub=Routledge+%28an+imprint+of+Taylor+%26+Francis%2C+an+informa+business%29&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F903248100&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015002414&rft.isbn=978-0-415-81238-2&rft.aulast=Bramwell&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukf.com/words/mc-duff-and-the-rise-of-japanese-grime/18472">"MC Duff and the rise of Japanese grime"</a>. <i>UKF</i>. 2017-01-27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180404201101/https://ukf.com/words/mc-duff-and-the-rise-of-japanese-grime/18472">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mixmag&rft.atitle=Meet+the+five+MCs+and+producers+at+the+forefront+of+grime+in+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmixmag.net%2Ffeature%2Fmeet-the-five-mcs-and-producers-at-the-forefront-of-grime-in-japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metropolisjapan.com/japans-underground-meets-u-k/">"Japan's underground meets the U.K. – Metropolis Magazine"</a>. <i>Metropolis Magazine</i>. 2016-06-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180404134720/https://metropolisjapan.com/japans-underground-meets-u-k/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metropolis+Magazine&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+underground+meets+the+U.K.+%E2%80%93+Metropolis+Magazine&rft.date=2016-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmetropolisjapan.com%2Fjapans-underground-meets-u-k%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grm-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grm_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grmdaily.com/mc-pakin-dj-sakana-interview">"GRM Exclusive: An Interview With Japanese grime artists MC Pakin & DJ Sakana"</a>. <i>GRM Daily - Grime, Rap music and Culture</i>. 2 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180404134654/http://grmdaily.com/mc-pakin-dj-sakana-interview">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GRM+Daily+-+Grime%2C+Rap+music+and+Culture&rft.atitle=GRM+Exclusive%3A+An+Interview+With+Japanese+grime+artists+MC+Pakin+%26+DJ+Sakana&rft.date=2017-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrmdaily.com%2Fmc-pakin-dj-sakana-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furmanovsky_2008_p.-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Furmanovsky_2008_p._61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurmanovsky2008" class="citation journal cs1">Furmanovsky, Michael (January 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03007760701682383">"American Country Music in Japan: Lost Piece in the Popular Music History Puzzle"</a>. <i>Popular Music and Society</i>. <b>31</b> (3). Taylor & Francis: 357–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03007760701682383">10.1080/03007760701682383</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0300-7766">0300-7766</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191566118">191566118</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Music+and+Society&rft.atitle=American+Country+Music+in+Japan%3A+Lost+Piece+in+the+Popular+Music+History+Puzzle&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=357-372&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191566118%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0300-7766&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03007760701682383&rft.aulast=Furmanovsky&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03007760701682383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee_2021-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_2021_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2021" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Julia (November 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polygon.com/animal-crossing-new-horizons-switch-acnh-guide/22770283/k-k-slider-song-list-music-how-to-get-titles-request-unlock-stereo-speakers-how-to-play">"Animal Crossing: New Horizons K.K. Slider song list, music guide"</a>. <i>Polygon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft.atitle=Animal+Crossing%3A+New+Horizons+K.K.+Slider+song+list%2C+music+guide&rft.date=2021-11-08&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2Fanimal-crossing-new-horizons-switch-acnh-guide%2F22770283%2Fk-k-slider-song-list-music-how-to-get-titles-request-unlock-stereo-speakers-how-to-play&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldmine_Magazine:_Record_Collector_&_Music_Memorabilia_2022-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldmine_Magazine:_Record_Collector_&_Music_Memorabilia_2022_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goldminemag.com/artist-news/see-willie-nelson-live-footage-from-long-out-of-print-japanese-performance-in-1984">"See Willie Nelson live footage from long-out-of-print Japanese performance in 1984"</a>. <i>Goldmine Magazine: Record Collector & Music Memorabilia</i>. October 13, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goldmine+Magazine%3A+Record+Collector+%26+Music+Memorabilia&rft.atitle=See+Willie+Nelson+live+footage+from+long-out-of-print+Japanese+performance+in+1984&rft.date=2022-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldminemag.com%2Fartist-news%2Fsee-willie-nelson-live-footage-from-long-out-of-print-japanese-performance-in-1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contents.oricon.co.jp/news/music/52143/full/">"「およげ！たいやきくん」がギネス認定、再評価の気運高まる"</a>. Oricon. 2008-02-20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001093643/http://contents.oricon.co.jp/news/music/52143/full/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8C%E3%81%8A%E3%82%88%E3%81%92%EF%BC%81%E3%81%9F%E3%81%84%E3%82%84%E3%81%8D%E3%81%8F%E3%82%93%E3%80%8D%E3%81%8C%E3%82%AE%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E8%AA%8D%E5%AE%9A%E3%80%81%E5%86%8D%E8%A9%95%E4%BE%A1%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%97%E9%81%8B%E9%AB%98%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B&rft.pub=Oricon&rft.date=2008-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontents.oricon.co.jp%2Fnews%2Fmusic%2F52143%2Ffull%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-ge.ch/meg/musinfo_ph.php?what=pays=Japon&debut=0&bool=AND">Audio clips: Traditional music of Japan.</a> <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27ethnographie_de_Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Musée d'ethnographie de Genève">Musée d'ethnographie de Genève</a>. Accessed November 25, 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xlpc">BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Minyo singers and Taiko drumming.</a> Accessed November 25, 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xlpv">BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Sadao China, Yoriko Ganeko, The Rinken Band.</a> Accessed November 25, 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jtrad.columbia.jp/">columbia.jp – Japanese Traditional Music</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115003507/http://japanese.lingualift.com/blog/best-japanese-music-artists/">Best Japanese non-pop music artists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnomusicology.org/?Groups_SIGsJPA">Japanese Performing Arts special interest group, Society for Ethnomusicology</a> (international group of scholars who research Japanese music and performing arts)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Japan" title="Template:Music of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Music of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>"<a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a>" (National anthem)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Japanese_music" title="Traditional Japanese music">Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Japanese_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Japanese musical instruments">Instruments</a> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Genres_and_styles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres and styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugaku" title="Bugaku">Bugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_(music)" title="Bushi (music)">Bushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainichido_Bugaku" title="Dainichido Bugaku">Dainichido Bugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danmono" title="Danmono">Danmono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigaku" title="Gigaku">Gigaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Druri_(music)" title="Jōruri (music)">Jōruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouta_(music)" title="Kouta (music)">Kouta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min%27y%C5%8D" title="Min'yō">Min'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagauta" title="Nagauta">Nagauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dkyoku" title="Rōkyoku">Rōkyoku</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saimon_Ondo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saimon Ondo (page does not exist)">Saimon Ondo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E6%96%87%E9%9F%B3%E9%A0%AD" class="extiw" title="ja:祭文音頭">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullaby#Asia-Pacific" title="Lullaby">Komori-uta (lullaby)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warabe_Uta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warabe Uta (page does not exist)">Warabe Uta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:童歌">ja</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazoe_Uta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazoe Uta (page does not exist)">Kazoe Uta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E3%81%88%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:数え歌">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekaki_Uta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekaki Uta (page does not exist)">Ekaki Uta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B5%E6%8F%8F%E3%81%8D%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:絵描き歌">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temari_Uta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temari Uta (page does not exist)">Temari Uta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E9%9E%A0%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:手鞠歌">ja</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span style="font-size:85%;">(1868–present)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_commercial_song&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese commercial song (page does not exist)">Commercial song</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0#日本における歴史" class="extiw" title="ja:コマーシャルソング">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gakus%C4%93ka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gakusēka (page does not exist)">Gakusēka (student song)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:学生歌">ja</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_school_song&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese school song (page does not exist)">Kōka (school song)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%A1%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:校歌">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ry%C5%8Dka_(song)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ryōka (song) (page does not exist)">Ryōka (dormitory song)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:寮歌">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daigaku-%C5%8Denka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daigaku-ōenka (page does not exist)">Daigaku-Ōenka (cheering song of university)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%9C%E6%8F%B4%E6%AD%8C#大学" class="extiw" title="ja:応援歌">ja</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enka" title="Enka">Enzetsuka/Enka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunka" title="Gunka">Gunka (military song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_jazz" title="Japanese jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay%C5%8Dkyoku" title="Kayōkyoku">Kayōkyoku</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senji-kay%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senji-kayō (page does not exist)">Senji-kayō</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E6%99%82%E6%AD%8C%E8%AC%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:戦時歌謡">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunkoku-kay%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunkoku-kayō (page does not exist)">Gunkoku-kayō</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%8C%E8%AC%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:軍国歌謡">ja</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_calisthenics" title="Radio calisthenics">Radio calisthenics song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABk%C5%8Dka" title="Ryūkōka">Ryūkōka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shich%C5%8Dsonka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shichōsonka (page does not exist)">Shichōsonka (municipality song)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E7%94%BA%E6%9D%91%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:市町村歌">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dka_(subject)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shōka (subject) (page does not exist)">Shōka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%B1%E6%AD%8C_(%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91)" class="extiw" title="ja:唱歌 (教科)">ja</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mansh%C5%AB-Sh%C5%8Dka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manshū-Shōka (page does not exist)">Manshū-Shōka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E5%B7%9E%E5%94%B1%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:満州唱歌">ja</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shin-min%27y%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shin-min'yō (page does not exist)">Shin-min'yō</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B0%91%E8%AC%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:新民謡">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-War<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–present)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1945–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kayōkyoku <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mood-kay%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mood-kayō (page does not exist)">Mood-kayō</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E6%AD%8C%E8%AC%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:ムード歌謡">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idol-kay%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idol-kayō (page does not exist)">Idol-kayō</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E6%AD%8C%E8%AC%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:アイドル歌謡">ja</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Sounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Sounds">Group Sounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_song" title="Image song">Image song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock" title="Japanese rock">Rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_song" title="Anime song">Anime song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_pop" title="City pop">City pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denpa_song" title="Denpa song">Denpa song</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_disco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese disco (page does not exist)">Disco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3#日本のディスコ" class="extiw" title="ja:ディスコ">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electropop" title="Electropop">Electropop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurobeat" title="Eurobeat">Eurobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_disco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese disco (page does not exist)">Disco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3#日本のディスコ" class="extiw" title="ja:ディスコ">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_hardcore" title="Japanese hardcore">Hardcore punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_hip_hop" title="Japanese hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_metal" title="Japanese metal">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanoise" title="Japanoise">Noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nu-music_(Japan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nu-music (Japan) (page does not exist)">Nu-music</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" class="extiw" title="ja:ニューミュージック">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_song#Japan" title="Fight song">Ōenka (cheering song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_reggae" title="Japanese reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_ska" title="Japanese ska">Ska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Disco" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo Disco">Italo Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo House">Italo House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_techno" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardcore techno">Juliana’s techno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitpop" title="Bitpop">Bitpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime_(music_genre)#Japanese_grime" class="mw-redirect" title="Grime (music genre)">Grime</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Being_craze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Being craze (page does not exist)">Being-kei</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" class="extiw" title="ja:ビーイングブーム">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-core" title="J-core">J-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netlabels_in_Japan" title="Netlabels in Japan">Japanese net label scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii_metal" title="Kawaii metal">Kawaii metal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komuro_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komuro family (page does not exist)">Komuro-kei</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%AE%A4%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" class="extiw" title="ja:小室ファミリー">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onkyokei" title="Onkyokei">Onkyokei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuya-kei" title="Shibuya-kei">Shibuya-kei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akishibu-kei" title="Akishibu-kei">Akishibu-kei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utaite" title="Utaite">Utaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eroguro#In_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Eroguro">Eroguro kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya_kei" title="Nagoya kei">Nagoya kei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocaloid#Music" title="Vocaloid">Vocaloid music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu music">Ainu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rekuhkara" title="Rekuhkara">Rekuhkara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_music" title="Ryukyuan music">Southern Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oricon_Singles_Chart" title="Oricon Singles Chart">Singles Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon_Combined_Singles_Chart" title="Oricon Combined Singles Chart">Combined Singles Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon_Albums_Chart" title="Oricon Albums Chart">Albums Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon_Combined_Albums_Chart" title="Oricon Combined Albums Chart">Combined Albums Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon_Karaoke_Chart" title="Oricon Karaoke Chart">Karaoke Chart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Japan" title="Billboard Japan">Billboard Japan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Japan_Hot_100" title="Billboard Japan Hot 100">Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Japan_Hot_Albums" title="Billboard Japan Hot Albums">Hot Albums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RIAJ_Digital_Track_Chart" title="RIAJ Digital Track Chart">RIAJ Digital Track Chart</a> <small>(discontinued)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Achievements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Japan" title="List of best-selling music artists in Japan">List of best-selling music artists in Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Western_artists_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of best-selling Western artists in Japan">List of best-selling Western artists in Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_in_Japan" title="List of best-selling albums in Japan">List of best-selling albums in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_in_Japan" title="List of best-selling singles in Japan">List of best-selling singles in Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_record_labels" title="Category:Japanese record labels">Record companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"Big 10" <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>(as of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avex_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Avex Group">Avex Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan" title="Sony Music Entertainment Japan">Sony Music Entertainment Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Japan" title="Universal Music Japan">Universal Music Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Records_(Japan)" title="King Records (Japan)">King Record Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_Storm" title="J Storm">J Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JVCKenwood_Victor_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="JVCKenwood Victor Entertainment">Victor Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Being Inc.">Being Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_Canyon" title="Pony Canyon">Pony Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teichiku_Records" title="Teichiku Records">Teichiku Entertainment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_record_labels" title="Category:Japanese record labels">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_independent_record_labels" title="Category:Japanese independent record labels">Independent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_artists_from_Japan" title="List of musical artists from Japan">List of musical artists from Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_musical_groups" title="List of Japanese musical groups">List of Japanese musical groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_J-pop_artists" title="List of J-pop artists">List of J-pop artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_composers" title="List of Japanese composers">List of Japanese composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_hip_hop_musicians" title="List of Japanese hip hop musicians">List of Japanese hip hop musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_singers" title="List of Japanese singers">List of Japanese singers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Japanese_music" title="Timeline of Japanese music">Timeline and years</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_in_Japanese_music" title="1979 in Japanese music">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_in_Japanese_music" title="1980 in Japanese music">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_in_Japanese_music" title="1981 in Japanese music">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_in_Japanese_music" title="1982 in Japanese music">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_in_Japanese_music" title="1983 in Japanese music">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_in_Japanese_music" title="1984 in Japanese music">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Japanese_music" title="2007 in Japanese music">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_Japanese_music" title="2008 in Japanese music">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_Japanese_music" title="2009 in Japanese music">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_Japanese_music" title="2010 in Japanese music">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_Japanese_music" title="2011 in Japanese music">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_Japanese_music" title="2012 in Japanese music">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_Japanese_music" title="2013 in Japanese music">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_Japanese_music" title="2014 in Japanese music">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_Japanese_music" title="2015 in Japanese music">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Japanese_music" title="2016 in Japanese music">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_Japanese_music" title="2017 in Japanese music">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_Japanese_music" title="2018 in Japanese music">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_Japanese_music" title="2019 in Japanese music">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_Japanese_music" title="2020 in Japanese music">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_Japanese_music" title="2021 in Japanese music">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_Japanese_music" title="2022 in Japanese music">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_Japanese_music" title="2023 in Japanese music">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Online distributors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music" title="Apple Music">Apple Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Music" title="Google Play Music">Google Play Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Music" title="Amazon Music">Amazon Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KKBox" title="KKBox">KKBox</a> (the successor of <a href="/wiki/LISMO" title="LISMO">LISMO</a> Unlimited)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RecoChoku" class="mw-redirect" title="RecoChoku">RecoChoku</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%82%AF" class="extiw" title="ja:レコチョク">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music.jp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music.jp (page does not exist)">Music.jp</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/music.jp" class="extiw" title="ja:music.jp">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_(music_store)" title="Mora (music store)">Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwango_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwango (company)">Dwango.jp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onkyo" title="Onkyo">E-Onkyo music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon Music Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_Music" title="Line Music">Line Music</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamaha_Music_Media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yamaha Music Media (page does not exist)">MySound</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8F%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A1%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" class="extiw" title="ja:ヤマハミュージックメディア">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OTOTOY&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OTOTOY (page does not exist)">OTOTOY</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ototoy" class="extiw" title="ja:Ototoy">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AWA_(streaming_service)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AWA (streaming service) (page does not exist)">AWA</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWA_(%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD%E9%85%8D%E4%BF%A1)" class="extiw" title="ja:AWA (音楽配信)">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_Music_Award_Shows" title="Template:Japanese Music Award Shows">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_music" title="Shinto music">Shinto music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min-On_Concert_Association" title="Min-On Concert Association">Min-On Concert Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japan_topics" title="Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japan_topics" title="Template talk:Japan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Japan" title="Outline of Japan">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Eras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clans" title="Japanese clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shoguns" title="List of shoguns">Shoguns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Japan" title="List of wars involving Japan">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_Kiyomihara_Code" title="Asuka Kiyomihara Code">Asuka Kiyomihara Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D_period" title="Hakuhō period">Hakuhō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taika_Reform" title="Taika Reform">Taika Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monmu_period" title="Monmu period">Monmu period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Elders" title="Council of Five Elders">Council of Five Elders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Imperial Constitution (1890–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy" title="Meiji oligarchy">Meiji oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system" title="Abolition of the han system">Abolition of the han system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a> (noble)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">2019 imperial transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_addressing_system" title="Japanese addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Japan" title="Cities of Japan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan" title="Environmental issues in Japan">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Japan" title="List of extreme points of Japan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Japan" title="List of islands of Japan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Japan" title="List of lakes of Japan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Japan" title="List of regions of Japan">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Japan" title="List of rivers of Japan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan" title="List of towns in Japan">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Japan" title="List of villages in Japan">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Japan" title="Elections in Japan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Japan" title="List of emperors of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Human rights in Japan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ rights in Japan">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Japan" title="Judicial system of Japan">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Japan" title="Law of Japan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Japan" title="Law enforcement in Japan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Diet_of_Japan" title="List of members of the Diet of Japan">List of members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Japan" title="List of political parties in Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Self-Defense Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Air</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cabinets" title="List of Japanese cabinets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_and_fiscal_policy_of_Japan" title="Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Japan" title="Foreign policy of Japan">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Japan" title="Ministries of Japan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of prime ministers of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Japan">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture,_forestry,_and_fishing_in_Japan" title="Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan">Agriculture, forestry, fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_of_Japan" title="Labor market of Japan">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Japan" title="Manufacturing in Japan">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="Science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Japan" title="Communications in Japan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Yen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Japan" title="Category:Society of Japan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Japan" title="Crime in Japan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Japan" title="Gambling in Japan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Japan" title="Health in Japan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Japan" title="Housing in Japan">Housing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Japan" title="Homelessness in Japan">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Japanese prefectures by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Japan" title="Prostitution in Japan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Sex trafficking in Japan">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Japan" title="Sexual minorities in Japan">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Japan" title="Smoking in Japan">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> / <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class S (genre)">Class S (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Japanese_games" title="List of traditional Japanese games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genderless_fashion_in_Japan" title="Genderless fashion in Japan">Genderless fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori">Hikikomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanami" title="Hanami">Hanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henohenomoheji" title="Henohenomoheji">Henohenomoheji</a></li> <li>Icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irezumi" title="Irezumi">Irezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">Kawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ culture in Japan">LGBTQ culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Japan" title="Mass media in Japan">Media</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Japan" title="National symbols of Japan">National symbols</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No-pan_kissa" title="No-pan kissa">No-pan kissa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">Otokonoko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Japan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Japan" title="Category:Japan">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Asia" title="Template:Music of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Music of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Music of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_East_Timor" title="Music of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Maldives" title="Music of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hong_Kong" title="Music of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Macau" title="Music of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Comoros">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_East_Timor" title="Music of East Timor">East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a 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of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Music of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a 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Príncipe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&oldid=1258668031">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Japan&oldid=1258668031</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Japan" title="Category:Music of Japan">Music of 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