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id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A" title="পানীৰ পুতলা নাচ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পানীৰ পুতলা নাচ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titelles_aqu%C3%A0tics_del_Vietnam" title="Titelles aquàtics del Vietnam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Titelles aquàtics del Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodn%C3%AD_loutkov%C3%A9_divadlo" title="Vodní loutkové divadlo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vodní loutkové divadlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserpuppentheater" title="Wasserpuppentheater – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wasserpuppentheater" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADteres_acu%C3%A1ticos_de_Vietnam" title="Títeres acuáticos de Vietnam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Títeres acuáticos de Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akva_pupteatro" title="Akva pupteatro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akva pupteatro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAa_r%E1%BB%91i_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Múa rối nước – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Múa rối nước" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%83%81_%EC%9D%B8%ED%98%95%EA%B7%B9_(%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%82%A8)" title="수상 인형극 (베트남) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수상 인형극 (베트남)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marionette_sull%27acqua" title="Marionette sull'acqua – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marionette sull'acqua" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%BD%A2%E5%8A%87_(%E3%83%99%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0)" title="水上人形劇 (ベトナム) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水上人形劇 (ベトナム)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodny_Teatr_Lalek" title="Wodny Teatr Lalek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wodny Teatr Lalek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_aqu%C3%A1tico_de_fantoches" title="Teatro aquático de fantoches – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teatro aquático de fantoches" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Кукольный театр на воде – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кукольный театр на воде" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_puppetry" title="Water puppetry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Water puppetry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodne_lutke" title="Vodne lutke – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vodne lutke" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesinukketeatteri" title="Vesinukketeatteri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vesinukketeatteri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="வியட்நாமிய நீர்ப்பாவைக் கூத்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வியட்நாமிய நீர்ப்பாவைக் கூத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="หุ่นกระบอกน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หุ่นกระบอกน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAa_r%E1%BB%91i_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Múa rối nước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Múa rối nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%A8%E5%81%B6%E6%88%B2" title="越南水上木偶戲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="越南水上木偶戲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%A8%E5%81%B6%E6%88%8F" title="越南水上木偶戏 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="越南水上木偶戏" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vietnamese tradition</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thang_Long_Water_Puppet_Theatre2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Thang_Long_Water_Puppet_Theatre2.JPG/250px-Thang_Long_Water_Puppet_Theatre2.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Thang_Long_Water_Puppet_Theatre2.JPG/375px-Thang_Long_Water_Puppet_Theatre2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Thang_Long_Water_Puppet_Theatre2.JPG/500px-Thang_Long_Water_Puppet_Theatre2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Performance of the water puppet theatre Thăng Long, in <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Water puppetry</td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi" style="font-style: normal;">Múa rối nước</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%A6%A8%82%F0%A6%87%92%E6%B8%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:𦨂𦇒渃">𦨂𦇒渃</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Making <a href="/wiki/Puppets" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppets">puppets</a> dance (on) water</td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tbody></table> <p><b>Water puppetry</b> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Múa rối nước</i>) is a Vietnamese tradition that dates back as far as the 11th century, when it originated in the villages of the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a>, in the north of the country. Vietnamese water puppetry is a variation on the ancient Asian puppet tradition<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What tradition does this refer to? (July 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>The puppets are made out of wood and then <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquered</a>. The shows are performed in a waist-deep pool. A large bamboo rod supports the puppet under the water and is used by the puppeteers, who are normally hidden behind a screen, to control them. Thus the puppets appear to be moving over the water. When rice fields would flood, the villagers would entertain each other using this form of puppet play. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_puppetry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Puppet_Theatre_Vietnam(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Water_Puppet_Theatre_Vietnam%281%29.jpg/220px-Water_Puppet_Theatre_Vietnam%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Water_Puppet_Theatre_Vietnam%281%29.jpg/330px-Water_Puppet_Theatre_Vietnam%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Water_Puppet_Theatre_Vietnam%281%29.jpg/440px-Water_Puppet_Theatre_Vietnam%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An orchestra accompanies the performance with traditional music and song.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puppettheatre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Puppettheatre.JPG/220px-Puppettheatre.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Puppettheatre.JPG/330px-Puppettheatre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Puppettheatre.JPG/440px-Puppettheatre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Dance of the water <a href="/wiki/Xian_(Taoism)" title="Xian (Taoism)">tiên</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Traditional_vietnamese_water_puppetry_-_dec_2018.webm/220px--Traditional_vietnamese_water_puppetry_-_dec_2018.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="Traditional_vietnamese_water_puppetry_-_dec_2018.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Traditional_vietnamese_water_puppetry_-_dec_2018.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Traditional_vietnamese_water_puppetry_-_dec_2018.webm/Traditional_vietnamese_water_puppetry_-_dec_2018.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Traditional_vietnamese_water_puppetry_-_dec_2018.webm/Traditional_vietnamese_water_puppetry_-_dec_2018.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Traditional_vietnamese_water_puppetry_-_dec_2018.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Traditional_vietnamese_water_puppetry_-_dec_2018.webm/Traditional_vietnamese_water_puppetry_-_dec_2018.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Traditional_vietnamese_water_puppetry_-_dec_2018.webm/Traditional_vietnamese_water_puppetry_-_dec_2018.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Traditional_vietnamese_water_puppetry_-_dec_2018.webm/Traditional_vietnamese_water_puppetry_-_dec_2018.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Traditional_vietnamese_water_puppetry_-_dec_2018.webm/Traditional_vietnamese_water_puppetry_-_dec_2018.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Water puppetry performance, 2018</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Puppet_Theater_Show.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Water_Puppet_Theater_Show.JPG/220px-Water_Puppet_Theater_Show.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Water_Puppet_Theater_Show.JPG/330px-Water_Puppet_Theater_Show.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Water_Puppet_Theater_Show.JPG/440px-Water_Puppet_Theater_Show.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A water puppet theater show in Hanoi, Vietnam. The players present themselves at the end of the show.</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern water puppetry is performed in a pool of water four meters square, with the water surface being the stage. Performance today occurs in one of three settings—on traditional ponds in villages, where a staging area has been set up; on portable tanks built for traveling performers; or in a specialized building where a pool stage has been constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Up to eight puppeteers stand behind a split-bamboo screen, decorated to resemble a temple facade, and control the puppets using long bamboo rods and string mechanism hidden beneath the water surface. The puppets are carved out of wood and often weigh up to 15 kg (33 lb). </p><p>Rice, the main staple of the Vietnamese diet, is usually grown in paddy fields. The original water puppet festivals were literally held inside a rice paddy, with a pagoda built on top to hide the puppeteers who stand in the waist-deep water. The water acts as the stage for the puppets and as a symbolic link to the rice harvest. It also hides the puppet strings and puppeteer movements, improves the musical and vocal acoustics, and provides a shimmering lighting effect.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A traditional Vietnamese orchestra provides background music accompaniment. The instrumentation includes vocals, drums, wooden bells, cymbals, horns, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_b%E1%BA%A7u" title="Đàn bầu">đàn bầu</a> (monochord), <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">gongs</a>, and bamboo flutes. The bamboo flute's clear, simple notes may accompany royalty, while the drums and cymbals may loudly announce a fire-breathing dragon's entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Singers of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A8o" title="Chèo">chèo</a> (a form of opera originating in northern Vietnam) sing songs that tell the story being acted out by the puppets. The musicians and the puppets interact during the performance; the musicians may yell a word of warning to a puppet in danger or a word of encouragement to one in need. </p><p>The puppets enter from either side of the stage or emerge from the murky depths of the water. </p><p>Spotlights and colorful flags adorn the stage and create a festive atmosphere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_puppetry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The theme of the skits is rural and has a strong reference to Vietnamese folklore. It tells of day-to-day living in rural Vietnam and Vietnamese folk tales that are told by grandparents to their grandchildren. Stories of the harvest, of fishing, and of festivals are highlighted. </p><p>Legends and national history are also told through short skits. Many of the skits, especially those involving the tales of day-to-day living, often have a humorous twist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tễu"><span id="T.E1.BB.85u"></span>Tễu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_puppetry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tễu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_puppets.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Water_puppets.JPG/220px-Water_puppets.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Water_puppets.JPG/330px-Water_puppets.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Water_puppets.JPG/440px-Water_puppets.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Teu, with his familiar "peach-buns" hair (<i>tóc trái đào</i>, or <i>zongjiao</i> in Chinese</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%BA_T%E1%BB%85u" title="Chú Tễu">Chú Tễu</a> (<i>chú</i> means uncle, man, boy, or Mr. in Vietnamese) is a recurrent and the most notable character in water puppetry.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tễu</i> means "laugh" in ancient Vietnamese.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a jester who provides witty comments on political and social topics, especially officials' corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His appearance is of a smiling boy who often wears nothing but a simple <a href="/wiki/Loincloth" title="Loincloth">loincloth</a>, sometimes accompanied by a simple open vest.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_puppetry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Puppet_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water puppet representing one of the stages of the Buddhist "ox herder" parable"><img alt="Water puppet representing one of the stages of the Buddhist "ox herder" parable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Water_Puppet_Vietnam.jpg/106px-Water_Puppet_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Water_Puppet_Vietnam.jpg/159px-Water_Puppet_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Water_Puppet_Vietnam.jpg/212px-Water_Puppet_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Water puppet representing one of the stages of the <a href="/wiki/Ox-Herding_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Ox-Herding Pictures">Buddhist "ox herder" parable</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Final_act_of_Thang_Long_water_puppetry_show.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Puppeteers onstage for final act"><img alt="Puppeteers onstage for final act" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Final_act_of_Thang_Long_water_puppetry_show.jpg/120px-Final_act_of_Thang_Long_water_puppetry_show.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Final_act_of_Thang_Long_water_puppetry_show.jpg/180px-Final_act_of_Thang_Long_water_puppetry_show.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Final_act_of_Thang_Long_water_puppetry_show.jpg/240px-Final_act_of_Thang_Long_water_puppetry_show.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4505" data-file-height="2984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Puppeteers onstage for final act</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water-Puppet-Show-Musician.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Musician at water puppet show, Hanoi"><img alt="Musician at water puppet show, Hanoi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Water-Puppet-Show-Musician.jpg/120px-Water-Puppet-Show-Musician.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Water-Puppet-Show-Musician.jpg/180px-Water-Puppet-Show-Musician.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Water-Puppet-Show-Musician.jpg/240px-Water-Puppet-Show-Musician.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="1368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Musician at water puppet show, Hanoi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanoi_Water_Puppets_-_Fairy_Dance_(3695189852).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanoi water puppets – Tiên dance"><img alt="Hanoi water puppets – Tiên dance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hanoi_Water_Puppets_-_Fairy_Dance_%283695189852%29.jpg/120px-Hanoi_Water_Puppets_-_Fairy_Dance_%283695189852%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hanoi_Water_Puppets_-_Fairy_Dance_%283695189852%29.jpg/180px-Hanoi_Water_Puppets_-_Fairy_Dance_%283695189852%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hanoi_Water_Puppets_-_Fairy_Dance_%283695189852%29.jpg/240px-Hanoi_Water_Puppets_-_Fairy_Dance_%283695189852%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hanoi water puppets – <a href="/wiki/Xian_(Taoism)" title="Xian (Taoism)">Tiên</a> dance</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%A8%E5%81%B6%E7%A7%80%E4%B8%80.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Water puppets"><img alt="Water puppets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%A8%E5%81%B6%E7%A7%80%E4%B8%80.JPG/120px-%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%A8%E5%81%B6%E7%A7%80%E4%B8%80.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%A8%E5%81%B6%E7%A7%80%E4%B8%80.JPG/180px-%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%A8%E5%81%B6%E7%A7%80%E4%B8%80.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%A8%E5%81%B6%E7%A7%80%E4%B8%80.JPG/240px-%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%A8%E5%81%B6%E7%A7%80%E4%B8%80.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Water puppets</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_marionnettes_sur_l%27eau_Thang_Long_(Hanoi).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water puppets at Thang Long Theater"><img alt="Water puppets at Thang Long Theater" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Le_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_marionnettes_sur_l%27eau_Thang_Long_%28Hanoi%29.jpg/120px-Le_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_marionnettes_sur_l%27eau_Thang_Long_%28Hanoi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Le_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_marionnettes_sur_l%27eau_Thang_Long_%28Hanoi%29.jpg/180px-Le_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_marionnettes_sur_l%27eau_Thang_Long_%28Hanoi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Le_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_marionnettes_sur_l%27eau_Thang_Long_%28Hanoi%29.jpg/240px-Le_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_marionnettes_sur_l%27eau_Thang_Long_%28Hanoi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Water puppets at Thang Long Theater</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water-Puppet-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water puppet"><img alt="Water puppet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Water-Puppet-4.jpg/114px-Water-Puppet-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Water-Puppet-4.jpg/172px-Water-Puppet-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Water-Puppet-4.jpg/229px-Water-Puppet-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="963" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Water puppet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water-Puppet-turtle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turtle water puppet"><img alt="Turtle water puppet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Water-Puppet-turtle.jpg/120px-Water-Puppet-turtle.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Water-Puppet-turtle.jpg/180px-Water-Puppet-turtle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Water-Puppet-turtle.jpg/240px-Water-Puppet-turtle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Turtle water puppet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_puppeteers_Phan_Tranh_Liem_and_his_wife,_Hanoi,_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water puppeteers Phan Tranh Liem and his wife in waders, Hanoi, 2017"><img alt="Water puppeteers Phan Tranh Liem and his wife in waders, Hanoi, 2017" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Water_puppeteers_Phan_Tranh_Liem_and_his_wife%2C_Hanoi%2C_2017.jpg/120px-Water_puppeteers_Phan_Tranh_Liem_and_his_wife%2C_Hanoi%2C_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Water_puppeteers_Phan_Tranh_Liem_and_his_wife%2C_Hanoi%2C_2017.jpg/180px-Water_puppeteers_Phan_Tranh_Liem_and_his_wife%2C_Hanoi%2C_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Water_puppeteers_Phan_Tranh_Liem_and_his_wife%2C_Hanoi%2C_2017.jpg/240px-Water_puppeteers_Phan_Tranh_Liem_and_his_wife%2C_Hanoi%2C_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Water puppeteers Phan Tranh Liem and his wife in waders, Hanoi, 2017</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_puppetry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eckersley. M.(ed.) 2009. Drama from the Rim: Asian Pacific Drama Book. Drama Victoria. Melbourne. 2009. (p44)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.learnnc.org/lp/multimedia/3740">http://www.learnnc.org/lp/multimedia/3740</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223071727/http://english.vietnamnet.vn/vniden/2003/08/219962/">"The long cultural strings of Water Puppetry"</a>. <i>VietNamNet</i>. 14 August 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.vietnamnet.vn/vniden/2003/08/219962/">the original</a> on 23 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VietNamNet&rft.atitle=The+long+cultural+strings+of+Water+Puppetry&rft.date=2003-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.vietnamnet.vn%2Fvniden%2F2003%2F08%2F219962%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+puppetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRevolinski2012" class="citation news cs1">Revolinski, Kevin (6 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themadtraveleronline.com/articles/vietnamese-puppetry-just-add-water/">"Vietnamese Puppetry: Just Add Water"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vietnamese+Puppetry%3A+Just+Add+Water&rft.date=2012-06-06&rft.aulast=Revolinski&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themadtraveleronline.com%2Farticles%2Fvietnamese-puppetry-just-add-water%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+puppetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiang" class="citation web cs1">Giang, Tuấn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanchuongviet.org/index.php?comp=tacpham&action=detail&id=22092">"Chống quan tham sân khấu Sẽ phải "nghỉ hưu" theo chế độ hiện hành"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ch%E1%BB%91ng+quan+tham+s%C3%A2n+kh%E1%BA%A5u+S%E1%BA%BD+ph%E1%BA%A3i+%22ngh%E1%BB%89+h%C6%B0u%22+theo+ch%E1%BA%BF+%C4%91%E1%BB%99+hi%E1%BB%87n+h%C3%A0nh&rft.aulast=Giang&rft.aufirst=Tu%E1%BA%A5n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanchuongviet.org%2Findex.php%3Fcomp%3Dtacpham%26action%3Ddetail%26id%3D22092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+puppetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiang" class="citation web cs1">Giang, Tuấn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanchuongviet.org/index.php?comp=tacpham&action=detail&id=22092">"Chống quan tham sân khấu Sẽ phải "nghỉ hưu" theo chế độ hiện hành"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ch%E1%BB%91ng+quan+tham+s%C3%A2n+kh%E1%BA%A5u+S%E1%BA%BD+ph%E1%BA%A3i+%22ngh%E1%BB%89+h%C6%B0u%22+theo+ch%E1%BA%BF+%C4%91%E1%BB%99+hi%E1%BB%87n+h%C3%A0nh&rft.aulast=Giang&rft.aufirst=Tu%E1%BA%A5n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanchuongviet.org%2Findex.php%3Fcomp%3Dtacpham%26action%3Ddetail%26id%3D22092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+puppetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRevolinski2012" class="citation news cs1">Revolinski, Kevin (6 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themadtraveleronline.com/articles/vietnamese-puppetry-just-add-water/">"Vietnamese Puppetry: Just Add Water"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vietnamese+Puppetry%3A+Just+Add+Water&rft.date=2012-06-06&rft.aulast=Revolinski&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themadtraveleronline.com%2Farticles%2Fvietnamese-puppetry-just-add-water%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+puppetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_puppetry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn2006" class="citation book cs1">Nguyễn, Huy Hồng (2006). <i>Vietnamese Traditional Water Puppetry</i>. Hanoi: Thế Giới Publishers. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnamese+Traditional+Water+Puppetry&rft.place=Hanoi&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Th%E1%BA%BF+Gi%E1%BB%9Bi+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=Huy+H%E1%BB%93ng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+puppetry" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_puppetry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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