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<li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Years_of_the_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Years_of_the_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Years of the Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Years_of_the_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>End of the Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governors_of_Lombardy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governors_of_Lombardy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Governors of Lombardy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governors_of_Lombardy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governors_of_Venetia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governors_of_Venetia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Governors of Venetia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governors_of_Venetia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flags_and_Coats_of_Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags_and_Coats_of_Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Flags and Coats of Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flags_and_Coats_of_Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مملكة لومبارديا فينيشيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة لومبارديا فينيشيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Lombard%C3%ADa-Venecia" title="Reino de Lombardía-Venecia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reino de Lombardía-Venecia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardiya%E2%80%93Venesiya_krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Lombardiya–Venesiya krallığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lombardiya–Venesiya krallığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ламбарда-Венецыянскае каралеўства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ламбарда-Венецыянскае каралеўства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кралство Ломбардия-Венеция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралство Ломбардия-Венеция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh_Lombardia-Veneto" title="Rouantelezh Lombardia-Veneto – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh Lombardia-Veneto" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_Llombardov%C3%A8net" title="Regne Llombardovènet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne Llombardovènet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardsko-ben%C3%A1tsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD" title="Lombardsko-benátské království – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lombardsko-benátské království" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriget_Lombardiet-Venetien" title="Kongeriget Lombardiet-Venetien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kongeriget Lombardiet-Venetien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Lombardo-Venetien" title="Königreich Lombardo-Venetien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich Lombardo-Venetien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia-Veneetsia_kuningriik" title="Lombardia-Veneetsia kuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lombardia-Veneetsia kuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Βασίλειο της Λομβαρδοβενετίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο της Λομβαρδοβενετίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_lombardo-v%C3%A9neto" title="Reino lombardo-véneto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino lombardo-véneto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dlando_Lombardujo-Venetio" title="Reĝlando Lombardujo-Venetio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝlando Lombardujo-Venetio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia-Venezia_Erresuma" title="Lombardia-Venezia Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lombardia-Venezia Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Lombardie-V%C3%A9n%C3%A9tie" title="Royaume de Lombardie-Vénétie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Lombardie-Vénétie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%AC%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%94%94%EC%95%84_%EB%B2%A0%EB%84%A4%EC%B9%98%EC%95%84_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="롬바르디아 베네치아 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="롬바르디아 베네치아 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardsko-venetsko_Kraljevstvo" title="Lombardsko-venetsko Kraljevstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lombardsko-venetsko Kraljevstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Lombardia%E2%80%93Venesia" title="Kerajaan Lombardia–Venesia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Lombardia–Venesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_Lombardo-Veneto" title="Regno Lombardo-Veneto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno Lombardo-Veneto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="ממלכת לומברדיה-ונציה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת לומברדיה-ונציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="ლომბარდო-ვენეციის სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლომბარდო-ვენეციის სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Ломбардия-Венеция Королдугу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ломбардия-Венеция Королдугу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Langobardiae_et_Venetiae" title="Regnum Langobardiae et Venetiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum Langobardiae et Venetiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardo-Ven%C4%93cijas_Karaliste" title="Lombardo-Venēcijas Karaliste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lombardo-Venēcijas Karaliste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn_Lombard-Venet" title="Regn Lombard-Venet – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Regn Lombard-Venet" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard%E2%80%93Velencei_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Lombard–Velencei Királyság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lombard–Velencei Királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кралство Ломбардија-Венеција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралство Ломбардија-Венеција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مملكه لومبارديا فينيشيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مملكه لومبارديا فينيشيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Lombardy-Venetia" title="Kerajaan Lombardy-Venetia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Lombardy-Venetia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Lombardije-Veneti%C3%AB" title="Koninkrijk Lombardije-Venetië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Lombardije-Venetië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8D%E3%83%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="ロンバルド＝ヴェネト王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロンバルド＝ヴェネト王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8mmet_Lombardia-Venetia" title="Kongedømmet Lombardia-Venetia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongedømmet Lombardia-Venetia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8met_Lombardia-Venetia" title="Kongedømet Lombardia-Venetia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kongedømet Lombardia-Venetia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Lombardzko-Weneckie" title="Królestwo Lombardzko-Weneckie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Lombardzko-Weneckie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Lombardo-V%C3%AAneto" title="Reino Lombardo-Vêneto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino Lombardo-Vêneto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Lombardia-Vene%C8%9Bia" title="Regatul Lombardia-Veneția – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Lombardia-Veneția" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ломбардо-Венецианское королевство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ломбардо-Венецианское королевство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardsko-bene%C5%A1ko_kraljestvo" title="Lombardsko-beneško kraljestvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lombardsko-beneško kraljestvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Краљевина Ломбардија-Венеција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљевина Ломбардија-Венеција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevstvo_Lombardija-Venecija" title="Kraljevstvo Lombardija-Venecija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kraljevstvo Lombardija-Venecija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Lombardiet-Venetien" title="Kungariket Lombardiet-Venetien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Lombardiet-Venetien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA" title="ราชอาณาจักรลอมบาร์เดีย-เวนิส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรลอมบาร์เดีย-เวนิส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardiya-Venedik_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Lombardiya-Venedik Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lombardiya-Venedik Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ломбардо-Венеційське королівство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ломбардо-Венеційське королівство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonbardo-Veneto" title="Lonbardo-Veneto – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Lonbardo-Veneto" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Lombardo%E2%80%93Veneto" title="Vương quốc Lombardo–Veneto – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Lombardo–Veneto" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E5%B7%B4%E7%AC%AC-%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%89%98%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="倫巴第-威尼托王國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="倫巴第-威尼托王國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Regno Lombardo-Veneto</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</span><br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Königreich Lombardo-Venetien</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Österreichisches Italien</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-WIP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1815–1866</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia_(1815%E2%80%931866).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Lombardy-Venetia"><img alt="Flag of Lombardy-Venetia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia_%281815%E2%80%931866%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia_%281815%E2%80%931866%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia_%281815%E2%80%931866%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia_%281815%E2%80%931866%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia_%281815%E2%80%931866%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia_%281815%E2%80%931866%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Flags_and_Coats_of_Arms">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Lombardy-Venetia"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Lombardy-Venetia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="1337" /></a></span></div> <div><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Flags_and_Coats_of_Arms">Coat of Arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><i><a href="/wiki/A.E.I.O.U." title="A.E.I.O.U.">A.E.I.O.U.</a></i><br />(Motto for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>)<br /><small>"All the world is subject to Austria"</small><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Translations_of_Gott_erhalte_Franz_den_Kaiser#Italian" title="Translations of Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser">Inno Patriottico</a></i></span> </i><br /><small>"<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">The Patriotic Song</span></span>"</small> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="177" data-mwtitle="Austrio-Hungarian-Empire-_1867-1918_-_Inno-patriottico_Full-HD.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Austrio-Hungarian-Empire-_1867-1918_-_Inno-patriottico_Full-HD.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Austrio-Hungarian-Empire-_1867-1918_-_Inno-patriottico_Full-HD.ogg/Austrio-Hungarian-Empire-_1867-1918_-_Inno-patriottico_Full-HD.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAustrio-Hungarian-Empire-_1867-1918_-_Inno-patriottico_Full-HD.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAustrio-Hungarian-Empire-_1867-1918_-_Inno-patriottico_Full-HD.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAustrio-Hungarian-Empire-_1867-1918_-_Inno-patriottico_Full-HD.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAustrio-Hungarian-Empire-_1867-1918_-_Inno-patriottico_Full-HD.ogg&lang=hr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hr" label="hrvatski ‪(hr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAustrio-Hungarian-Empire-_1867-1918_-_Inno-patriottico_Full-HD.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAustrio-Hungarian-Empire-_1867-1918_-_Inno-patriottico_Full-HD.ogg&lang=mk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mk" label="македонски ‪(mk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAustrio-Hungarian-Empire-_1867-1918_-_Inno-patriottico_Full-HD.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Lombardy-Venetia_1815.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia (green) and the Austrian Empire (light green) in 1815"><img alt="The Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia (green) and the Austrian Empire (light green) in 1815" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kingdom_of_Lombardy-Venetia_1815.svg/250px-Kingdom_of_Lombardy-Venetia_1815.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kingdom_of_Lombardy-Venetia_1815.svg/375px-Kingdom_of_Lombardy-Venetia_1815.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kingdom_of_Lombardy-Venetia_1815.svg/500px-Kingdom_of_Lombardy-Venetia_1815.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia (green) and the Austrian Empire (light green) in 1815</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Crown_land#Austria" title="Crown land">Crown land</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a><br /><small>(1815–1859)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a><br /><small>(1859–1866)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Lombardy-Venetia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Lombardy-Venetia">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1815–1835 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis I of Austria">Francis I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1835–1848 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1848–1866 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Joseph_I_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Joseph I of Austria">Francis Joseph I</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1815 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_XV_of_Reuss-Plauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen">Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1815–1816 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Count_Heinrich_von_Bellegarde" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Heinrich von Bellegarde">Heinrich von Bellegarde</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1816–1818 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Anton_Victor_of_Austria" title="Archduke Anton Victor of Austria">Anton Victor of Austria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1818–1848 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Rainer_Joseph_of_Austria" title="Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria">Rainer Joseph of Austria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1848–1857 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz" title="Joseph Radetzky von Radetz">Joseph Radetzky von Radetz</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1857–1859 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian of Mexico">Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 June 1815</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Five Days of Milan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 March 1848</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Lombardy <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zurich" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Zurich">ceded</a> to <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 November 1859</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 June 1866</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">Peace of Prague</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 August 1866</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1866)" title="Treaty of Vienna (1866)">Treaty of Vienna</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 October 1866</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1852<sup id="cite_ref-RSF_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">46,782 km<sup>2</sup> (18,063 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1852<sup id="cite_ref-RSF_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,671,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lombardo-Venetian_lira" title="Lombardo-Venetian lira">Lira</a> (1816–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombardy-Venetia_florin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardy-Venetia florin">Fiorino</a> (1860–1866)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Saint_Mark.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Saint_Mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Saint_Mark.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Saint_Mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Saint_Mark.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Saint_Mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Regnum Langobardiae et Venetiae</i>), commonly called the "<b>Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom</b>" (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Regno Lombardo-Veneto</i>; German: <i lang="de">Königreich Lombardo-Venetien</i>), was a constituent land (<a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">crown land</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> from 1815 to 1866. It was created in 1815 by resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in recognition of the Austrian <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a>'s rights to the former <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a> and the former <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy</a>, proclaimed in 1805, had collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-RRS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kingdom only survived for fifty years—the region of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> was ceded to <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a> in 1859 after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a>, which then immediately ceded it to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>. Lombardy-Venetia was finally dissolved in 1866 when its remaining territory was incorporated into the recently proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> following the kingdom's victory against Austria in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_(56).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%2856%29.JPG/170px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%2856%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%2856%29.JPG/255px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%2856%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%2856%29.JPG/340px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%2856%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2110" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>An Austrian <a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">herald</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tabard" title="Tabard">tabard</a> <i>(Wappenrock)</i> with the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of Lombardy-Venetia (1834) – Weltliche Schatzkammer in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of Paris</a> in 1814, the Austrians had confirmed their claims to the territories of the former Lombard <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>, which had been ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> since 1714 and together with the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Duchy of Mantua</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Austrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Monarchy">branch of</a> the dynasty from 1708 to 1796, and of the former <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, which had been under Austrian rule intermittently upon the 1797 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a>. </p><p>The Congress of Vienna combined these lands into a single kingdom, ruled in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> by the Habsburg <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">Emperor of Austria</a>; as distinct from the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a>, which remained independent entities under Habsburg rule. The Austrian emperor was represented day-to-day by <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroys</a> appointed by the Imperial Court in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and resident in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RSF_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FYS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FYS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AWA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ERF_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ERF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Years_of_the_Kingdom">Years of the Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Years of the Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia was first ruled by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a> from 1815 until his death in 1835. His son <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a> ruled from 1835 to 1848. In Milan on 6 September 1838, he became the last king to be crowned with the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Crown of Lombardy">Iron Crown of Lombardy</a>. The crown was subsequently brought to Vienna after the loss of Lombardy in 1859 but was restored to Italy after the loss of Venetia in 1866. </p><p>Though the local administration was Italian in language and staff, the Austrian authorities had to cope with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> (<i>Risorgimento</i>) movement. After a popular revolution on 22 March 1848, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Five Days of Milan</a>", the Austrians fled from <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, which became the capital city of a <i>Governo Provvisorio della Lombardia</i> (Lombardy Provisional Government). The next day, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> also rose against the Austrian rule, forming the <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Governo Provvisorio di Venezia</a></i> (Venice Provisional Government). The Austrian forces under Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz" title="Joseph Radetzky von Radetz">Joseph Radetzky</a>, after defeating the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinian</a> troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Custoza_(1848)" title="Battle of Custoza (1848)">Battle of Custoza</a> (24–25 July 1848), entered Milan (6 August) and Venice (24 August 1849), and once again restored Austrian rule. </p><p>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a> ruled over the kingdom for the rest of its existence. The office of viceroy was abolished and replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Governor-general" title="Governor-general">governor-general</a>. The office was initially assumed by Field Marshal Radetzky - upon his retirement in 1857, it passed to Franz Joseph's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian</a> (who later became <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Mexico" title="Emperor of Mexico">emperor of Mexico</a>), who served as governor-general in Milan from 1857 to 1859. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OeLVK0c.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/OeLVK0c.png/220px-OeLVK0c.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/OeLVK0c.png/330px-OeLVK0c.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/OeLVK0c.png/440px-OeLVK0c.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>Lombardy–Venetia (1853) and its major cities</figcaption></figure><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_Kingdom">End of the Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: End of the Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a> and the defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino" title="Battle of Solferino">Battle of Solferino</a> in 1859, Austria by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zurich" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Zurich">Treaty of Zurich</a> had to cede Lombardy up to the <a href="/wiki/Mincio" title="Mincio">Mincio</a> River, except for the fortresses of <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peschiera_del_Garda" title="Peschiera del Garda">Peschiera</a>, to the French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, who immediately passed it to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> and the embryonic <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italian</a> state. Maximilian retired to <a href="/wiki/Miramare_Castle" title="Miramare Castle">Miramare Castle</a> near <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, while the capital was relocated to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. However, remaining Venetia and Mantua likewise fell to the Kingdom of Italy in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a>, by the 1866 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">Peace of Prague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schjerve_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schjerve-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory of Venetia and Mantua was formally transferred from Austria to France, and then handed over to Italy on 19 October 1866, for diplomatic reasons; a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite_of_Veneto_of_1866" title="Plebiscite of Veneto of 1866">plebiscite</a> marked the Italian annexation on 21–22 October 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Administratively the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia comprised two independent governments (<i>Gubernien</i>) in its two parts, which officially were declared separate crown lands in 1851. Each part was further subdivided into several provinces, roughly corresponding with the <i><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">départements</a></i> of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. </p><p>Lombardy included the provinces of Milan, Como, Bergamo, Brescia, Pavia, Cremona, Mantua, Lodi-Crema, and Sondrio. Venetia included the provinces of Venice, Verona, Padua, Vicenza, Treviso, Rovigo, Belluno, and Udine.<sup id="cite_ref-Schjerve_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schjerve-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Ethnographic map of Karl von Czoernig-Czernhausen, issued by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal" title="Imperial and Royal">Imperial and Royal</a> Administration of Statistics in 1855, the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia then had a population of 5,024,117 people, consisting of the following ethnic groups: 4,625,746 Italians (Lombard-Venetians); 351,805 <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friulians</a>; 12,084 Germans (<a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrians</a> in Venetia); 26,676 <a href="/wiki/Slavia_Friulana" title="Slavia Friulana">Slovenians</a>; and 7,806 <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>. </p><p>For the first time since 1428, Lombardy reappeared as an entity, the first time in history that the term "<a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>" was officially used to call specifically that entity and not for the whole of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>. </p><p>The administration used Italian as its language in its internal and external communications and documents, and the language's dominant position in politics, finance or jurisdiction was not questioned by the Austrian officials. The Italian-language <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Gazzetta_di_Milano_(1816-1875)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazzetta di Milano (1816-1875)">Gazzetta di Milano</a></i></span> was the <a href="/wiki/Official_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Official newspaper">official newspaper</a> of the kingdom. Civil servants employed in the administration were predominantly Italian, with only about 10% of them being recruited from other regions of the Austrian Empire. Some bilingual Italian-German-speaking civil servants came from the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">County of Tyrol</a>. The German language, however, was the command language of the military, and top police officials were native German-speakers from other parts of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest governorships were also reserved for Austrian aristocrats. </p><p>Austrian General <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Sch%C3%B6nhals" title="Karl von Schönhals">Karl von Schönhals</a> wrote in his memoirs <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the Austrian administration enjoyed the support of the rural population and the middle class educated at the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">Pavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Padua" title="University of Padua">Padua</a>, who were able to pursue careers in the administration. </p><p>Von Schönhals further noted that the Austrians mistrusted and refused the local aristocrats from high government offices, as they traditionally had rejected university education and had been able to gain leadership positions because of their family background. Consequently, the aristocrats saw themselves deprived of the possibility of establishing themselves in the management of society and supported the wars of independence against the Austrians. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 686px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Province_lombardovenete.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Provinces of Lombardy–Venetia"><img alt="Provinces of Lombardy–Venetia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Province_lombardovenete.png/300px-Province_lombardovenete.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Province_lombardovenete.png/450px-Province_lombardovenete.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Province_lombardovenete.png/600px-Province_lombardovenete.png 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="465" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Provinces of Lombardy–Venetia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnographic_map_of_austrian_monarchy_czoernig_1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ethnographic map of the Austrian Empire (1855) by Karl von Czoernig-Czernhausen [de]"><img alt="Ethnographic map of the Austrian Empire (1855) by Karl von Czoernig-Czernhausen [de]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ethnographic_map_of_austrian_monarchy_czoernig_1855.jpg/273px-Ethnographic_map_of_austrian_monarchy_czoernig_1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="273" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ethnographic_map_of_austrian_monarchy_czoernig_1855.jpg/409px-Ethnographic_map_of_austrian_monarchy_czoernig_1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ethnographic_map_of_austrian_monarchy_czoernig_1855.jpg/546px-Ethnographic_map_of_austrian_monarchy_czoernig_1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7997" data-file-height="5862" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ethnographic map of the Austrian Empire (1855) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_von_Czoernig-Czernhausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl von Czoernig-Czernhausen (page does not exist)">Karl von Czoernig-Czernhausen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Czoernig-Czernhausen" class="extiw" title="de:Karl von Czoernig-Czernhausen">de</a>]</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kings">Kings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th class="noprint" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">Before the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></span> → </th> <th class="noprint" colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Milan#After_elevation_to_duchy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Milan">Dukes of Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Doges_of_Venice" title="List of Doges of Venice">Doges of Venice</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">King </th> <th>Reign </th> <th>Marriage(s)<br />Issue </th> <th>Succession right(s) </th> <th>Viceroy(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I<br /><span lang="it"><span style="font-size:85%;">(Francesco I)</span></span></a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1768–1835<br />(aged 67)</span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portr%C3%A4t_Des_Kaiser_Franz_I._von_%C3%96sterreich.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Portr%C3%A4t_Des_Kaiser_Franz_I._von_%C3%96sterreich.png/100px-Portr%C3%A4t_Des_Kaiser_Franz_I._von_%C3%96sterreich.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Portr%C3%A4t_Des_Kaiser_Franz_I._von_%C3%96sterreich.png/150px-Portr%C3%A4t_Des_Kaiser_Franz_I._von_%C3%96sterreich.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Portr%C3%A4t_Des_Kaiser_Franz_I._von_%C3%96sterreich.png/200px-Portr%C3%A4t_Des_Kaiser_Franz_I._von_%C3%96sterreich.png 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="1104" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">9 June 1815<br />–<br />2 March 1835 </td> <td rowspan="3"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">(1) <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Elisabeth_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg">Elisabeth of Württemberg</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="married">m.</span> 1788; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="deceased">d.</span> 1790)</span><br />1 children<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Not survived to adulthood)</span><br /><br />(2) <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily">Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="married">m.</span> 1790; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="deceased">d.</span> 1807)</span><br />11 children<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 survived to adulthood)</span><br /><br />(3) <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ludovika_of_Austria-Este" title="Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este">Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="married">m.</span> 1808; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="deceased">d.</span> 1816)</span><br />Childless<br /><br />(4) <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Augusta_of_Bavaria" title="Caroline Augusta of Bavaria">Caroline Augusta of Bavaria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="married">m.</span> 1816; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="widowed">w.</span> 1835)</span><br />Childless</li></ul> </div> </td> <td rowspan="3"><div><ul><li>Son of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a><br />(primogeniture)</li><li>Title granted by <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> (1815)</li></ul></div> </td> <td>1815–1816: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Bellegarde" title="Heinrich von Bellegarde">Heinrich von Bellegarde</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1816–1818: <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Anton_Victor_of_Austria" title="Archduke Anton Victor of Austria">Anton Victor of Austria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1818–1848: <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Rainer_Joseph_of_Austria" title="Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria">Rainer Joseph of Austria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I<br /><span lang="it"><span style="font-size:85%;">(Ferdinando I)</span></span></a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1793–1875<br />(aged 82)</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritratto_di_Ferdinando_I_d%27Austria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ritratto_di_Ferdinando_I_d%27Austria.jpg/100px-Ritratto_di_Ferdinando_I_d%27Austria.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ritratto_di_Ferdinando_I_d%27Austria.jpg/150px-Ritratto_di_Ferdinando_I_d%27Austria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ritratto_di_Ferdinando_I_d%27Austria.jpg/200px-Ritratto_di_Ferdinando_I_d%27Austria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2569" data-file-height="3141" /></a></span> </td> <td>2 March 1835<br />–<br />2 December 1848<br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire">Abdicated due to<br />1848 revolutions</a>)</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Savoy" title="Maria Anna of Savoy">Maria Anna of Savoy</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="married">m.</span> 1831; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="widowed">w.</span> 1878)</span><br />Childless </td> <td><div><ul><li>Son of King Francis I<br />(primogeniture)</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I<br /><span lang="it"><span style="font-size:85%;">(Francesco Giuseppe I)</span></span></a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1830–1916<br />(aged 86)</span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Sogni_-_Francesco_Giuseppe_I_imperatore_d%27Austria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Giuseppe_Sogni_-_Francesco_Giuseppe_I_imperatore_d%27Austria.jpg/100px-Giuseppe_Sogni_-_Francesco_Giuseppe_I_imperatore_d%27Austria.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Giuseppe_Sogni_-_Francesco_Giuseppe_I_imperatore_d%27Austria.jpg/150px-Giuseppe_Sogni_-_Francesco_Giuseppe_I_imperatore_d%27Austria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Giuseppe_Sogni_-_Francesco_Giuseppe_I_imperatore_d%27Austria.jpg/200px-Giuseppe_Sogni_-_Francesco_Giuseppe_I_imperatore_d%27Austria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">2 December 1848<br />–<br />12 October 1866<br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1866)" title="Treaty of Vienna (1866)">Forced to cede<br />Lombardy and Venetia</a>)</i> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Elisabeth_of_Austria" title="Empress Elisabeth of Austria">Elisabeth in Bavaria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="married">m.</span> 1854; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="deceased">d.</span> 1898)</span><br />4 children<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 survived to adulthood)</span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><div><ul><li>Grandson of King Francis I</li><li>Eldest son of Ferdinand I's <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#Children" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">only surviving younger brother</a> <br />(blood proximity)</li></ul></div> </td> <td>1848–1857: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz" title="Joseph Radetzky von Radetz">Joseph Radetzky</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1857–1859: <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian of Austria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1859: <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Gyulay" title="Ferenc Gyulay">Ferenc Gyulay</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governors_of_Lombardy">Governors of Lombardy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Governors of Lombardy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Johann_Bellegarde" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Johann Bellegarde">Heinrich Johann Bellegarde</a> 1814–1816</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Josef_Graf_Saurau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Josef Graf Saurau (page does not exist)">Franz Josef Graf Saurau</a> 1816–1818</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giulio_Strassoldo_di_Sotto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giulio Strassoldo di Sotto (page does not exist)">Giulio Strassoldo di Sotto</a> 1818–1830</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Hartig" title="Franz von Hartig">Franz von Hartig</a> 1830–1840</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_von_Salm-Reifferscheidt-Raitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert von Salm-Reifferscheidt-Raitz (page does not exist)">Robert von Salm-Reifferscheidt-Raitz</a> 1840–1841</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Baptist_Spaur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Baptist Spaur (page does not exist)">Johann Baptist Spaur</a> 1841–1848</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Karl_Lamoral_O%27Donnell" title="Maximilian Karl Lamoral O'Donnell">Maximilian Karl Lamoral O'Donnell</a> 1848 (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Felix_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg">Felix von Schwarzenberg</a> 1848</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Wimpffen" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Wimpffen">Franz Wimpffen</a> 1848 (acting)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Montecuccoli-Laderchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberto Montecuccoli-Laderchi (page does not exist)">Alberto Montecuccoli-Laderchi</a> 1848–1849 (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Borrom%C3%A4us_Philipp_zu_Schwarzenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Borromäus Philipp zu Schwarzenberg">Karl Borromäus Philipp zu Schwarzenberg</a> 1849–1850 (acting)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_Strassoldo-Grafenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michele Strassoldo-Grafenberg (page does not exist)">Michele Strassoldo-Grafenberg</a> 1851–1857 (with the title of Lieutenant of Lombardy)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_von_Burger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich von Burger (page does not exist)">Friedrich von Burger</a> 1857–1859</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governors_of_Venetia">Governors of Venetia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Governors of Venetia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter,_Count_of_Go%C3%ABss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter, Count of Goëss (page does not exist)">Peter Goëss</a> 1815–1819</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Ernst_Maria_von_Bissingen-Nippenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand Ernst Maria von Bissingen-Nippenburg (page does not exist)">Ferdinand Ernst Maria von Bissingen-Nippenburg</a> 1819–1820</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_d%27Inzaghi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo d'Inzaghi (page does not exist)">Carlo d'Inzaghi</a> 1820–1826</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Baptist_Spaur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Baptist Spaur (page does not exist)">Johann Baptist Spaur</a> 1826–1840</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aloys_P%C3%A1lffy_de_Erd%C3%B6d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aloys Pálffy de Erdöd (page does not exist)">Aloys Pálffy de Erdöd</a> 1840–1848</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Zichy_zu_Zich_von_Vasonyke%C3%B6y&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand Zichy zu Zich von Vasonykeöy (page does not exist)">Ferdinand Zichy zu Zich von Vasonykeöy</a> 1848 (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laval_Nugent_von_Westmeath" title="Laval Nugent von Westmeath">Laval Nugent von Westmeath</a> 1848–1849 (military governor)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_von_Gorzowsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl von Gorzowsky (page does not exist)">Karl von Gorzowsky</a> 1849</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanislaus_Anton_Puchner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanislaus Anton Puchner (page does not exist)">Stanislaus Anton Puchner</a> 1849–1850</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Otto_von_Toggenburg-Sargans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Otto von Toggenburg-Sargans (page does not exist)">Georg Otto von Toggenburg-Sargans</a> 1850–1855</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kajetan_von_Bissingen-Nippenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kajetan von Bissingen-Nippenburg (page does not exist)">Kajetan von Bissingen-Nippenburg</a> 1855–1860</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Otto_von_Toggenburg-Sargans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Otto von Toggenburg-Sargans (page does not exist)">Georg Otto von Toggenburg-Sargans</a> 1860–1866 (second time)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flags_and_Coats_of_Arms">Flags and Coats of Arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flags and Coats of Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Official Flag of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (1815–1866)</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia_(1815%E2%80%931866).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1815–1866"><img alt="1815–1866" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia_%281815%E2%80%931866%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia_%281815%E2%80%931866%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia_%281815%E2%80%931866%29.svg/405px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia_%281815%E2%80%931866%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia_%281815%E2%80%931866%29.svg/540px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia_%281815%E2%80%931866%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1815–1866</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincenzo_Chilone_-_The_Return_of_the_Horses_of_San_Marco_-_WGA04820.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1815"><img alt="1815" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Vincenzo_Chilone_-_The_Return_of_the_Horses_of_San_Marco_-_WGA04820.jpg/268px-Vincenzo_Chilone_-_The_Return_of_the_Horses_of_San_Marco_-_WGA04820.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Vincenzo_Chilone_-_The_Return_of_the_Horses_of_San_Marco_-_WGA04820.jpg/401px-Vincenzo_Chilone_-_The_Return_of_the_Horses_of_San_Marco_-_WGA04820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Vincenzo_Chilone_-_The_Return_of_the_Horses_of_San_Marco_-_WGA04820.jpg/535px-Vincenzo_Chilone_-_The_Return_of_the_Horses_of_San_Marco_-_WGA04820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="808" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1815</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilone-San_Marco_Flooded.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1825"><img alt="1825" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chilone-San_Marco_Flooded.jpg/240px-Chilone-San_Marco_Flooded.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chilone-San_Marco_Flooded.jpg/360px-Chilone-San_Marco_Flooded.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chilone-San_Marco_Flooded.jpg/480px-Chilone-San_Marco_Flooded.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1494" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1825</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Piazza_di_San_Marco,_Venice%27_by_Carl_Ludwig_Rundt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1850"><img alt="1850" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%27Piazza_di_San_Marco%2C_Venice%27_by_Carl_Ludwig_Rundt.jpg/258px-%27Piazza_di_San_Marco%2C_Venice%27_by_Carl_Ludwig_Rundt.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%27Piazza_di_San_Marco%2C_Venice%27_by_Carl_Ludwig_Rundt.jpg/387px-%27Piazza_di_San_Marco%2C_Venice%27_by_Carl_Ludwig_Rundt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%27Piazza_di_San_Marco%2C_Venice%27_by_Carl_Ludwig_Rundt.jpg/516px-%27Piazza_di_San_Marco%2C_Venice%27_by_Carl_Ludwig_Rundt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1258" data-file-height="878" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1850</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Coats of Arms of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (1815–1866)</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Lombardo-Venetian_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lesser"><img alt="Lesser" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Lombardo-Venetian_Kingdom.svg/79px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Lombardo-Venetian_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Lombardo-Venetian_Kingdom.svg/119px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Lombardo-Venetian_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Lombardo-Venetian_Kingdom.svg/159px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Lombardo-Venetian_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="547" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lesser</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Middle"><img alt="Middle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia_%282%29.svg/97px-Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia_%282%29.svg/146px-Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia_%282%29.svg/194px-Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1307" data-file-height="1612" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Middle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greater"><img alt="Greater" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia.svg/83px-Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia.svg/124px-Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia.svg/165px-Coat_of_arms_Kingdom_Lombardy-Venetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="1337" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Greater</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WIP-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WIP_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPütz1855" class="citation book cs1">Pütz, Wilhelm (1855). <i>Leitfaden bei dem Unterricht in der vergleichenden Erdbeschreibung</i>. Freiburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leitfaden+bei+dem+Unterricht+in+der+vergleichenden+Erdbeschreibung&rft.place=Freiburg&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=P%C3%BCtz&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeimann2010" class="citation book cs1">Heimann, Heinz-Dieter (2010). <i>Die Habsburger: Dynastie und Kaiserreiche</i>. Munich: Beck. pp. 38–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-44754-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-44754-9"><bdi>978-3-406-44754-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Habsburger%3A+Dynastie+und+Kaiserreiche&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=38-45&rft.pub=Beck&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-406-44754-9&rft.aulast=Heimann&rft.aufirst=Heinz-Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Alles Erdreich ist Österreich untertan</i> (All soil is subject to Austria), <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Austriae est imperare orbi universo</i> (Austria is to rule the whole world). But in the book of the same author, another page in Latin "En, amor electis, iniustis ordinor ultor; Sic Fridericus ego mea iura rego" (En, the love of the elect, I am ordered to avenge the unjust; Thus, Frederick, I rule my rights) There are also others, but like House of Savoy's <a href="/wiki/FERT" title="FERT">FERT</a>, the official interpretation is not set.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSF-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RSF_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSF_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSF_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1852" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Richard S. (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookworldbeinga00fishgoog"><i>The Book of the World: Volume 2</i></a>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+the+World%3A+Volume+2&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookworldbeinga00fishgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RRS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RRS_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRindler_Schjerve2003" class="citation book cs1">Rindler Schjerve, Rosita (2003). <i>Diglossia and Power</i>. Berlin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diglossia+and+Power&rft.place=Berlin&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Rindler+Schjerve&rft.aufirst=Rosita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FYS-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FYS_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Young_&_W.B.B._Stevens1864" class="citation book cs1">Francis Young & W.B.B. Stevens (1864). <i>Garibaldi: His Life and Times</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garibaldi%3A+His+Life+and+Times&rft.place=London&rft.date=1864&rft.au=Francis+Young+%26+W.B.B.+Stevens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AWA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AWA_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock1854" class="citation book cs1">Pollock, Arthur William Alsager (1854). <i>The United Service magazine: Vol.75</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+Service+magazine%3A+Vol.75&rft.place=London&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Arthur+William+Alsager&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ERF-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ERF_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFörster1866" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Förster, Ernst (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_P3-wVu_CBnsC/page/71/mode/2up"><i>Handbuch für Reisende in Italien: Vol.1</i></a> (in German). Munich.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+f%C3%BCr+Reisende+in+Italien%3A+Vol.1&rft.place=Munich&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=F%C3%B6rster&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_P3-wVu_CBnsC%2Fpage%2F71%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schjerve-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schjerve_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schjerve_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosita_Rindler_Schjerve2003" class="citation book cs1">Rosita Rindler Schjerve (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w6W9V70JgvAC&q=Lombardy-Venetia&pg=PA199"><i>Diglossia and Power: Language Policies and Practice in the 19th Century Habsburg Empire</i></a>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 199–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017653-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017653-X"><bdi>3-11-017653-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diglossia+and+Power%3A+Language+Policies+and+Practice+in+the+19th+Century+Habsburg+Empire&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=199-200&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-11-017653-X&rft.au=Rosita+Rindler+Schjerve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw6W9V70JgvAC%26q%3DLombardy-Venetia%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710163519/http://www.raixevenete.com/21-22-ottobre-1866-annessione-del-veneto-allitalia-2/">"21st-22nd October 1866: annexation of Veneto to Italy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raixevenete.com/21-22-ottobre-1866-annessione-del-veneto-allitalia-2/">the original</a> on 10 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=21st-22nd+October+1866%3A+annexation+of+Veneto+to+Italy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raixevenete.com%2F21-22-ottobre-1866-annessione-del-veneto-allitalia-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" class="Z3988"></span> (in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4auGZY0zJYC&dq=%22Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia%22+%22german+language%22&pg=PA205">Boaglio, Gualtiero. 2003. 6. Language and power in an Italian crownland of the Habsburg Empire: The ideological dimension of diglossia in Lombardy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchönhals1852" class="citation web cs1">Schönhals, Karl von (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10068742-6">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Erinnerungen eines österreichischen Veteranen aus dem italienischen Kriege der Jahre 1848 und 1849. 1'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>MDZ</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MDZ&rft.atitle=%27Erinnerungen+eines+%C3%B6sterreichischen+Veteranen+aus+dem+italienischen+Kriege+der+Jahre+1848+und+1849.+1%27&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6nhals&rft.aufirst=Karl+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmdz-nbn-resolving.de%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3Abvb%3A12-bsb10068742-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchönhals1852" class="citation web cs1">Schönhals, Karl von (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10068743-1">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Erinnerungen eines österreichischen Veteranen aus dem italienischen Kriege der Jahre 1848 und 1849. 2'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>MDZ</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MDZ&rft.atitle=%27Erinnerungen+eines+%C3%B6sterreichischen+Veteranen+aus+dem+italienischen+Kriege+der+Jahre+1848+und+1849.+2%27&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6nhals&rft.aufirst=Karl+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmdz-nbn-resolving.de%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3Abvb%3A12-bsb10068743-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Pre-Roman period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (27 BC–395 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476 AD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval<br />and<br />Early Modern<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Barbarian kingdoms<br />(476–774)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(476%E2%80%93493)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (476–493)">Odoacer's rule</a> (476–493)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic rule</a> (493–553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal rule</a> (435–534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard rule</a> (568–774) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli" title="Duchy of Friuli">Duchy of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tridentum" title="Duchy of Tridentum">Duchy of Tridentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tuscia" title="Duchy of Tuscia">Duchy of Tuscia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (584–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a> (584–751) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a> (533–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Perugia" title="Duchy of Perugia">Duchy of Perugia</a> (554–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolis" title="Duchy of the Pentapolis">Duchy of the Pentapolis</a> (554–752)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> (585–698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a><br />(754–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campagna_e_Marittima_Province" title="Campagna e Marittima Province">Campagna e Marittima Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Castro" title="Duchy of Castro">Duchy of Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Duchy of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino" title="Duchy of Urbino">Duchy of Urbino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br />and other<br />independent<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen" title="Prince-Bishopric of Brixen">Bishopric of Bressanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">Corsican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Fiume)" title="Corpus separatum (Fiume)">City of Fiume and its District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia" title="County of Gorizia">County of Gorizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca" title="Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca">Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Guastalla" title="County of Guastalla">County of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Santa_Fiora" title="County of Santa Fiora">County of Santa Fiora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Duchy of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ancona" title="March of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Ceva" title="Marquisate of Ceva">Ceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Finale" title="Marquisate of Finale">Finale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Friuli" title="March of Friuli">March of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patria_del_Friuli" title="Patria del Friuli">Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ivrea" title="March of Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Milan" title="Lordship of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Montferrat" title="March of Montferrat">March of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Montferrat" title="Duchy of Montferrat">Duchy of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City_of_Trieste" title="Imperial Free City of Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Turin" title="March of Turin">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Tuscany" title="March of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Verona" title="March of Verona">Verona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Duchy of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Merania" title="Duchy of Merania">Duchy of Merania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mirandola" title="Duchy of Mirandola">Duchy of Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piombino" title="Principality of Piombino">Principality of Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Reggio" title="Duchy of Reggio">Duchy of Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Saluzzo" title="Marquisate of Saluzzo">Marquisate of Saluzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Tarentaise" title="Ancient Diocese of Tarentaise">Bishopric of Tarantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent" title="Prince-Bishopric of Trent">Prince-Bishopric of Trento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Savoy" title="County of Savoy">County of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Piedmont" title="Prince of Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aosta" title="Duchy of Aosta">Duchy of Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">County of Tenda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a><br />(697–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogado" title="Dogado">Dogado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domini_di_Terraferma" title="Domini di Terraferma">Domini di Terraferma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other Republics<br />(c. 1000–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cospaia" title="Republic of Cospaia">Republic of Cospaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Republic of Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Massa" title="Republic of Massa">Republic of Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Republic of Noli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Republic of Ancona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_south_Italian_principalities" title="List of south Italian principalities">Southern Italy</a><br />(774–1139)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Duchy of Amalfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Duchy of Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catepanate_of_Italy" title="Catepanate of Italy">Catepanate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longobardia" title="Longobardia">Longobardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_(theme)" title="Lucania (theme)">Theme of Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Theme of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Byzantine Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Duchy of Sorrento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari" title="Emirate of Bari">Emirate of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lombard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Principality of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Principality of Capua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">County of Apulia and Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Aversa" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Aversa">County of Aversa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> <br />(from the 9th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agugliastra" title="Agugliastra">Agugliastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Arborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Cagliari" title="Judicate of Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Gallura" title="Judicate of Gallura">Gallura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Logudoro" title="Judicate of Logudoro">Logudoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Oristano" title="Marquisate of Oristano">Oristano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sassari" title="Republic of Sassari">Republic of Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1324–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a><br />(1130–1816) and<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a><br />(1282–1816)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Presidi" title="State of the Presidi">State of the Presidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_San_Donato" title="Duke of San Donato">Duke of San Donato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sora" title="Duchy of Sora">Duchy of Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bari" title="Duchy of Bari">Duchy of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sancti_Benedicti" title="Terra Sancti Benedicti">Terra Sancti Benedicti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647%E2%80%931648)" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)">Neapolitan Republic</a> (1647–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Hospitaller Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Gozo (1798–1800)">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Crown Colony of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Revolutionary</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic</a> eras<br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Republics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Republic" title="Piedmontese Republic">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1798%E2%80%931799)" title="Roman Republic (1798–1799)">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subalpine_Republic" title="Subalpine Republic">Subalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpadane_Republic" title="Transpadane Republic">Transpadania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Monarchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Lucca and Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pontecorvo" title="Principality of Pontecorvo">Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento" title="Principality of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Post-Napoleonic<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Genoa" title="Duchy of Genoa">Duchy of Genoa</a> (1815–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Duchy of Lucca">Duchy of Lucca</a> (1815–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a> (1814–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> (1815–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_United_Provinces" title="Italian United Provinces">Italian United Provinces</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Provisional Government of Milan</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a> (1848–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1849%E2%80%931850)" title="Roman Republic (1849–1850)">Roman Republic</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a> (1859–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1814–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> (1816–1861)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> (1815–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States#Italian_unification" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (1814–1870)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Post-unification" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> (1861–1946) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> (1920–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> (1947–1954)</li></ul> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown lands</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(Habsburg)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia" title="Kingdom of Dalmatia">Kingdom of Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Illyria" title="Kingdom of Illyria">Kingdom of Illyria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Slavonia">Kingdom of Slavonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Archduchy of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bukovina" title="Duchy of Bukovina">Duchy of Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Duchy of Carinthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Duchy of Carniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria" title="Duchy of Styria">Duchy of Styria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Salzburg" title="Duchy of Salzburg">Duchy of Salzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Silesia" title="Austrian Silesia">Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)">Grand Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria#Habsburg_Margraviate" title="March of Istria">Margraviate of Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Moravia" title="Margraviate of Moravia">Margraviate of Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol#Counts_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Princely County of Tyrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca" title="Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca">Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Serbia_and_Banat_of_Temeschwar" title="Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar">Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City_of_Trieste" title="Imperial Free City of Trieste">Imperial Free City of Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Frontier" title="Military Frontier">Military Frontier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unification_of_Italy_(Risorgimento)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Risorgimento" title="Template:Risorgimento"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Risorgimento" title="Template talk:Risorgimento"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Risorgimento" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Risorgimento"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unification_of_Italy_(Risorgimento)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy (<i>Risorgimento</i>)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Pre-unitary states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_(Baldassare_Verazzi).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Five Days of Milan"><img alt="Five Days of Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/150px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/225px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/300px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2583" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Italian unification">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimini_Proclamation" title="Rimini Proclamation">Rimini Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_during_the_1820s" title="Revolutions during the 1820s">Revolutions during the 1820s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">Revolutions of 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Italy_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Italy (historical)">Young Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Guelphism" title="Neo-Guelphism">Neo-Guelphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilatero" title="Quadrilatero">Quadrilatero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Five Days of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mestre" title="Battle of Mestre">Sortie on Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_1848" title="Sicilian revolution of 1848">Sicilian revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Brescia" title="Ten Days of Brescia">Ten Days of Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfiore_martyrs" title="Belfiore martyrs">Belfiore martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War#Piedmontese_involvement" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res_Agreement" title="Plombières Agreement">Plombières Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Garibaldi">Dictatorship of Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861">Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Guarantees" title="Law of Guarantees">Law of Guarantees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italian entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">Impresa di Fiume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_Italy" title="Cockade of Italy">Cockade of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag of Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_d%27Azeglio" title="Massimo d'Azeglio">Massimo d'Azeglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Bertani" title="Agostino Bertani">Agostino Bertani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celso_Ceretti" title="Celso Ceretti">Celso Ceretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Confalonieri" title="Federico Confalonieri">Federico Confalonieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Manin" title="Daniele Manin">Daniele Manin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Ricasoli" title="Bettino Ricasoli">Bettino Ricasoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Saffi" title="Aurelio Saffi">Aurelio Saffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annibale_Santorre_di_Rossi_de_Pomarolo,_Count_of_Santarosa" title="Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa">Annibale Santore di Santarosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Settimo" title="Ruggero Settimo">Ruggero Settimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature and philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrivabene" title="Giovanni Arrivabene">Giovanni Arrivabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Balbo" title="Cesare Balbo">Cesare Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Carlo Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Cavallotti" title="Felice Cavallotti">Felice Cavallotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Cuoco" title="Vincenzo Cuoco">Vincenzo Cuoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ferrari_(philosopher)" title="Giuseppe Ferrari (philosopher)">Giuseppe Ferrari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gioberti" title="Vincenzo Gioberti">Vincenzo Gioberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Domenico_Guerrazzi" title="Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi">Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Lomonaco" title="Francesco Lomonaco">Francesco Lomonaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goffredo_Mameli" title="Goffredo Mameli">Goffredo Mameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Nievo" title="Ippolito Nievo">Ippolito Nievo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Pellico" title="Silvio Pellico">Silvio Pellico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Pisacane" title="Carlo Pisacane">Carlo Pisacane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Domenico_Romagnosi" title="Gian Domenico Romagnosi">Gian Domenico Romagnosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Salfi" title="Francesco Saverio Salfi">Francesco Saverio Salfi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Francis II of the Two Sicilies">Francis II of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz" title="Joseph Radetzky von Radetz">Joseph Radetzky von Radetz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento,_Bologna" title="Museum of the Risorgimento, Bologna">Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Milan)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Turin)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flag_Museum" title="Tricolour Flag Museum">Tricolour Flag Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_Unification_of_Italy" title="Anniversary of the Unification of Italy">Anniversary of the Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_and_Armed_Forces_Day" title="National Unity and Armed Forces Day">National Unity and Armed Forces Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altare_della_Patria" class="mw-redirect" title="Altare della Patria">Altare della Patria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">Redshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento" title="Revisionism of Risorgimento">Revisionism of Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Rome">Third Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/157135068">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtH4TF8TGg96T6fYYg3Qq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4215793-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82166980">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lombardo-Veneto <Regno>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TSAV555842">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span 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