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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revolutions_of_1848-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Revolutions of 1848 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Revolutions_of_1848-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revolution_in_Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_in_Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Revolution in Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_in_Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitutional_and_legitimacy_problems_in_Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_and_legitimacy_problems_in_Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Constitutional and legitimacy problems in Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_and_legitimacy_problems_in_Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_difficulties_in_Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_difficulties_in_Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Military difficulties in Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_difficulties_in_Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_attempt_in_1853" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_attempt_in_1853"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Assassination attempt in 1853</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_attempt_in_1853-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_of_domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Consolidation of domestic policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consolidation_of_domestic_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consolidation of domestic policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bohemian_question" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bohemian_question"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bohemian question</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bohemian_question-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_question" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_question"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>German question</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_question-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_Emperors_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_Emperors_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Three Emperors League</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_Emperors_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vatican" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vatican"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Vatican</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vatican-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Bosnia and Herzegovina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outbreak_of_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outbreak_of_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Outbreak of World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outbreak_of_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Family subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Franz_Ferdinand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Franz_Ferdinand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Relationship with Franz Ferdinand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Franz_Ferdinand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Titles, styles, honours and arms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Titles, styles, honours and arms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Titles and styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>National decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>Foreign decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.3</span> <span>Honorary appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms_and_monogram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms_and_monogram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.4</span> <span>Arms and monogram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms_and_monogram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_motto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_motto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Personal motto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_motto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>General bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Franz Joseph I of Austria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Josef_I_van_Oostenryk" title="Frans Josef I van Oostenryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Frans Josef I van Oostenryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84" title="فرانتس يوزف الأول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانتس يوزف الأول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81_%D4%BA%D6%85%D5%A6%D5%A7%D6%86_I" title="Ֆրանց Ժօզէֆ I – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ֆրանց Ժօզէֆ I" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscu_Xos%C3%A9_I_d%27Austria" title="Franciscu Xosé I d'Austria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Franciscu Xosé I d'Austria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Frans_%C4%B0osif" title="I Frans İosif – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Frans İosif" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81" title="بیرینجی فرانتس یوزف – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی فرانتس یوزف" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_1-s%C3%A8" title="Franz Joseph 1-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Franz Joseph 1-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_I" title="Франц Иосиф I – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Франц Иосиф I" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%86%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%84_I" title="Франц Іосіф I – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Франц Іосіф I" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%84_I" title="Франц Ёсіф I – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Франц Ёсіф I" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_(%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Франц Йосиф (Австрия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франц Йосиф (Австрия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I." title="Franz Joseph I. – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Franz Joseph I." data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franjo_Josip,_car_Austrije" title="Franjo Josip, car Austrije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Franjo Josip, car Austrije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_Ia%C3%B1" title="Franz Joseph Iañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Franz Joseph Iañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_Josep_I_d%27%C3%80ustria" title="Francesc Josep I d'Àustria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francesc Josep I d'Àustria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Josef_I." title="František Josef I. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="František Josef I." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I,_ymerawdwr_Awstria" title="Franz Joseph I, ymerawdwr Awstria – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Franz Joseph I, ymerawdwr Awstria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_1._af_%C3%98strig-Ungarn" title="Franz Joseph 1. af Østrig-Ungarn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Franz Joseph 1. af Østrig-Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I." title="Franz Joseph I. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Franz Joseph I." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I" title="Franz Joseph I – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Franz Joseph I" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AE%CF%86_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Φραγκίσκος Ιωσήφ Α΄ της Αυστρίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φραγκίσκος Ιωσήφ Α΄ της Αυστρίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_I_de_Austria" title="Francisco José I de Austria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francisco José I de Austria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisko_Jozefo_la_1-a_(A%C5%ADstrio)" title="Francisko Jozefo la 1-a (Aŭstrio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francisko Jozefo la 1-a (Aŭstrio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantzisko_Josef_I.a_Austriakoa" title="Frantzisko Josef I.a Austriakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantzisko Josef I.a Austriakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85" title="فرانتس یوزف یکم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانتس یوزف یکم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Ier" title="François-Joseph Ier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="François-Joseph Ier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Xos%C3%A9_I_de_Austria" title="Francisco Xosé I de Austria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Francisco Xosé I de Austria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%80%EC%B8%A0_%EC%9A%94%EC%A0%9C%ED%94%84_1%EC%84%B8" title="프란츠 요제프 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프란츠 요제프 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81_%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%86_I" title="Ֆրանց Յոզեֆ I – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանց Յոզեֆ I" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE_(%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE)" title="फ्रांसिस जोजेफ प्रथम (आस्ट्रिया) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रांसिस जोजेफ प्रथम (आस्ट्रिया)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc_J%C3%B3zef_I." title="Franc Józef I. – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Franc Józef I." data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franjo_Josip_I." title="Franjo Josip I. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Franjo Josip I." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_la_1ma_di_Austria-Hungaria" title="Franz Josef la 1ma di Austria-Hungaria – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Franz Josef la 1ma di Austria-Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_dari_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I dari Austria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Franz Joseph I dari Austria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_J%C3%B3sef_1._Austurr%C3%ADkiskeisari" title="Frans Jósef 1. Austurríkiskeisari – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frans Jósef 1. Austurríkiskeisari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Giuseppe_I_d%27Austria" title="Francesco Giuseppe I d'Austria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francesco Giuseppe I d'Austria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A3_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="פרנץ יוזף הראשון, קיסר אוסטריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנץ יוזף הראשון, קיסר אוסטריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_I_saka_Ostenrik" title="Franz Josef I saka Ostenrik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Franz Josef I saka Ostenrik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4_I" title="ფრანც იოზეფ I – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრანც იოზეფ I" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Франц Иосиф – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Франц Иосиф" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Iosephus_I" title="Franciscus Iosephus I – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Franciscus Iosephus I" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Jozefs_I_H%C4%81bsburgs" title="Francis Jozefs I Hābsburgs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Francis Jozefs I Hābsburgs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranci%C5%A1kus_Juozapas_I" title="Pranciškus Juozapas I – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pranciškus Juozapas I" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesch_Giusepp_I_de_Austria-Ungaria" title="Francesch Giusepp I de Austria-Ungaria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Francesch Giusepp I de Austria-Ungaria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Ferenc_J%C3%B3zsef_magyar_kir%C3%A1ly" title="I. Ferenc József magyar király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Ferenc József magyar király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Франц Јосиф – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Франц Јосиф" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_an%27i_Aotrisy" title="Franz Joseph I an'i Aotrisy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Franz Joseph I an'i Aotrisy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB" title="ऑस्ट्रियाचा पहिला फ्रान्झ योजेफ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑस्ट्रियाचा पहिला फ्रान्झ योजेफ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="فرانتس يوزف الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانتس يوزف الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_dari_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I dari Austria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Franz Joseph I dari Austria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_I_dari_Austria" title="Franz Josef I dari Austria – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Franz Josef I dari Austria" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Jozef_I_van_Oostenrijk" title="Frans Jozef I van Oostenrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frans Jozef I van Oostenrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%84%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BC%E3%83%951%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D)" title="フランツ・ヨーゼフ1世 (オーストリア皇帝) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランツ・ヨーゼフ1世 (オーストリア皇帝)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Josef_I_av_%C3%98sterrike-Ungarn" title="Frans Josef I av Østerrike-Ungarn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frans Josef I av Østerrike-Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Josef_I_av_Austerrike-Ungarn" title="Frans Josef I av Austerrike-Ungarn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frans Josef I av Austerrike-Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s_Jos%C3%A8p_I_d%27%C3%80ustria" title="Francés Josèp I d'Àustria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Francés Josèp I d'Àustria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I" title="Franz Joseph I – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Franz Joseph I" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_a_Aschria" title="Franz Joseph I a Aschria – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Franz Joseph I a Aschria" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_J%C3%B3zef_I" title="Franciszek Józef I – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Franciszek Józef I" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_I_da_%C3%81ustria" title="Francisco José I da Áustria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Francisco José I da Áustria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_al_Austriei" title="Franz Joseph al Austriei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Franz Joseph al Austriei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_I" title="Франц Иосиф I – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франц Иосиф I" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_o_Austrick" title="Franz Joseph I o Austrick – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Franz Joseph I o Austrick" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc_Jozef_I" title="Franc Jozef I – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Franc Jozef I" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciccu_Peppi" title="Ciccu Peppi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ciccu Peppi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Franz Joseph I of Austria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Jozef_I." title="František Jozef I. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="František Jozef I." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc_Jo%C5%BEef_I._Habsbur%C5%A1ko-Lotarin%C5%A1ki" title="Franc Jožef I. Habsburško-Lotarinški – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Franc Jožef I. Habsburško-Lotarinški" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Фрања Јосиф – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фрања Јосиф" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franjo_Josip_I_od_Austro-Ugarske" title="Franjo Josip I od Austro-Ugarske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Franjo Josip I od Austro-Ugarske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Joosef_I" title="Frans Joosef I – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Frans Joosef I" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Josef_I_av_%C3%96sterrike" title="Frans Josef I av Österrike – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frans Josef I av Österrike" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="จักรพรรดิฟรันทซ์ โยเซ็ฟที่ 1 แห่งออสเตรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิฟรันทซ์ โยเซ็ฟที่ 1 แห่งออสเตรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph" title="Franz Joseph – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Franz Joseph" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_I" title="Франц Йосиф I – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франц Йосиф I" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_c%E1%BB%A7a_%C3%81o" title="Franz Joseph I của Áo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Franz Joseph I của Áo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Jozef_I_van_%C3%94ostnryk" title="Frans Jozef I van Ôostnryk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Frans Jozef I van Ôostnryk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_han_Austrya" title="Franz Joseph I han Austrya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Franz Joseph I han Austrya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A3" title="פראנץ יאזעף – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראנץ יאזעף" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%8C%B2%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="法蘭茲約瑟夫一世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法蘭茲約瑟夫一世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Franz Joseph (disambiguation)">Franz Joseph (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Franz Joseph I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Francis_Joseph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Franz Joseph I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emperor_Francis_Joseph.jpg/220px-Emperor_Francis_Joseph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emperor_Francis_Joseph.jpg/330px-Emperor_Francis_Joseph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emperor_Francis_Joseph.jpg/440px-Emperor_Francis_Joseph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1338" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Franz Joseph in the uniform of a Hungarian field marshal, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1892</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">Emperor of Austria</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/Grand_title_of_the_emperor_of_Austria" title="Grand title of the emperor of Austria">more…</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">2 December 1848 – <span class="nowrap">21 November 1916</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Hungarian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Hungarian monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8 June 1867 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Church" title="Matthias Church">Matthias Church</a> <br /> (as King of Hungary)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I & V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I, III & IV</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Lombardy-Venetia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Lombardy-Venetia">King of Lombardy-Venetia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">2 December 1848 – <span class="nowrap">12 October 1866</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Ferdinand I</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Annexation to Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_German_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the German Confederation">Head of the <i>Präsidialmacht</i> Austria</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 May 1850 – 24 August 1866</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ferdinand I</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">Wilhelm I</a><br />(as Head of the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1830-08-18</span>)</span>18 August 1830<br /><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace" title="Schönbrunn Palace">Schönbrunn Palace</a>, Vienna, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 November 1916<span style="display:none">(1916-11-21)</span> (aged 86)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace" title="Schönbrunn Palace">Schönbrunn Palace</a>, Vienna, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crypt" title="Imperial Crypt">Imperial Crypt</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Elisabeth_of_Austria" title="Empress Elisabeth of Austria">Elisabeth in Bavaria</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1854; died 1898)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Sophie" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Sophie">Archduchess Sophie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Gisela" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Gisela">Gisela, Princess of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf,_Crown_Prince_of_Austria" title="Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria">Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Marie_Valerie" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Marie Valerie">Archduchess Marie Valerie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">German: <i lang="de">Franz Joseph Karl</i><br />English: Francis Joseph Charles</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg-Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Karl_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Karl of Austria">Archduke Franz Karl of Austria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophie_of_Bavaria" title="Princess Sophie of Bavaria">Princess Sophie of Bavaria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Joseph_I_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franz Joseph I's signature"><img alt="Franz Joseph I's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Franz_Joseph_I_signature.svg/125px-Franz_Joseph_I_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Franz_Joseph_I_signature.svg/188px-Franz_Joseph_I_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Franz_Joseph_I_signature.svg/250px-Franz_Joseph_I_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="483" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Josef_I_of_Austria_-_voice_recording_(1900).ogg" title="File:Franz Josef I of Austria - voice recording (1900).ogg">Franz Joseph I's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="9" data-mwtitle="Franz_Josef_I_of_Austria_-_voice_recording_(1900).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Franz_Josef_I_of_Austria_-_voice_recording_%281900%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Franz_Josef_I_of_Austria_-_voice_recording_%281900%29.ogg/Franz_Josef_I_of_Austria_-_voice_recording_%281900%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFranz_Josef_I_of_Austria_-_voice_recording_%281900%29.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFranz_Josef_I_of_Austria_-_voice_recording_%281900%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFranz_Josef_I_of_Austria_-_voice_recording_%281900%29.ogg&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Franz Joseph I on the invention of the phonograph<br />Recorded 1900</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Franz Joseph I</b> or <b>Francis Joseph I</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Franz Josef Karl</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[fʁants<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈjoːzɛf<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkaʁl]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Ferenc József Károly</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">[ˈfɛrɛnt͡s<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈjoːʒɛf<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkaːroj]</a></span>; 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) was <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">Emperor of Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a>, and the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_title_of_the_emperor_of_Austria" title="Grand title of the emperor of Austria">other states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> from 2 December 1848 until his death in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early part of his reign, his realms and territories were referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, but were reconstituted as the <a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">dual monarchy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> in 1867. From 1 May 1850 to 24 August 1866, he was also president of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>. </p><p>In December 1848, Franz Joseph's uncle Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a> abdicated the throne at <a href="/wiki/Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olomouc</a>, as part of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers-president_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ministers-president of Austria">Minister President</a> <a href="/wiki/Felix_zu_Schwarzenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix zu Schwarzenberg">Felix zu Schwarzenberg</a>'s plan to end the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a>. Franz Joseph then acceded to the throne. In 1854, he married his cousin <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Elisabeth_in_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria">Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria</a>, with whom he had four children: <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Sophie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Sophie of Austria">Sophie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Gisela_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Gisela of Austria">Gisela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf,_Crown_Prince_of_Austria" title="Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria">Rudolf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Marie_Valerie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria">Marie Valerie</a>. Largely considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a>, Franz Joseph spent his early reign resisting <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a> in his domains. The Austrian Empire was forced to cede its influence over <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a> and most of its claim to <a href="/wiki/Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardy–Venetia">Lombardy–Venetia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a> in 1859 and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a> in 1866. Although Franz Joseph ceded no territory to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> after the Austrian defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">Peace of Prague</a> (23 August 1866) settled the <a href="/wiki/German_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="German Question">German Question</a> in favour of Prussia, which prevented the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> from occurring under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Franz Joseph was troubled by nationalism throughout his reign. He concluded the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a>, which granted greater autonomy to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a> and created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. He ruled peacefully for the next 45 years, but personally suffered the tragedies of the execution of his brother Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I of Mexico</a> in 1867, the <a href="/wiki/Mayerling_incident" title="Mayerling incident">suicide of his son Rudolf</a> in 1889, and the assassinations of <a href="/wiki/Empress_Elisabeth_of_Austria#Assassination" title="Empress Elisabeth of Austria">his wife Elisabeth</a> in 1898 and <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">his nephew and heir presumptive, Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a>, in 1914. </p><p>After the Austro-Prussian War, Austria-Hungary turned its attention to the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, which was a hotspot of international tension because of conflicting interests of Austria with not only the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> but also the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> was a result of Franz Joseph's annexation in 1908 of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which had already been <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">occupied by his troops</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> (1878). On 28 June 1914, the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> resulted in Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a>, which was an ally of the Russian Empire. This activated a system of alliances declaring war on each other, which resulted in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Franz Joseph died in 1916, after ruling his domains for almost 68 years. He was succeeded by his grandnephew <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I & IV</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sophiebayern_franzjoseph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sophiebayern_franzjoseph.jpg/170px-Sophiebayern_franzjoseph.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sophiebayern_franzjoseph.jpg/255px-Sophiebayern_franzjoseph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sophiebayern_franzjoseph.jpg/340px-Sophiebayern_franzjoseph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>Franz Joseph and his mother <a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophie_of_Bavaria" title="Princess Sophie of Bavaria">Archduchess Sophie</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Karl_Stieler" title="Joseph Karl Stieler">Joseph Karl Stieler</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Fendi_-_The_Evening_Prayer,_1839_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Peter_Fendi_-_The_Evening_Prayer%2C_1839_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Peter_Fendi_-_The_Evening_Prayer%2C_1839_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Peter_Fendi_-_The_Evening_Prayer%2C_1839_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Peter_Fendi_-_The_Evening_Prayer%2C_1839_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Peter_Fendi_-_The_Evening_Prayer%2C_1839_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Peter_Fendi_-_The_Evening_Prayer%2C_1839_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3151" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption>Franz Joseph's family gathered in prayer, 1839</figcaption></figure> <p>Franz Joseph was born on 18 August 1830 in the <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace" title="Schönbrunn Palace">Schönbrunn Palace</a> in Vienna (on the 65th anniversary of the death of <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis of Lorraine</a>) as the eldest son of Archduke <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Karl_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Karl of Austria">Franz Karl</a> (the younger son of <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a>), and his wife <a href="/wiki/Sophie,_Princess_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie, Princess of Bavaria">Sophie, Princess of Bavaria</a>. Because his uncle, reigning from 1835 as the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand</a>, was disabled by seizures, and his father unambitious and retiring, the mother of the young Archduke "Franzi" brought him up as a future emperor, with emphasis on devotion, responsibility and diligence. </p><p>For this reason, Franz Joseph was consistently built up as a potential successor to the imperial throne by his politically ambitious mother from early childhood. </p><p>Up to the age of seven, little "Franzi" was brought up in the care of the nanny ("Aja") Louise von Sturmfeder. Then the "state education" began, the central contents of which were "sense of duty", religiosity and dynastic awareness. The theologian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Othmar_von_Rauscher" title="Joseph Othmar von Rauscher">Joseph Othmar von Rauscher</a> conveyed to him the inviolable understanding of rulership of divine origin (divine grace), and therefore a belief that no participation of the population in rulership in the form of parliaments was required. </p><p>The educators Heinrich Franz von Bombelles and Colonel Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg ordered Archduke Franz to study an enormous amount of time, which initially comprised 18 hours per week and was expanded to 50 hours per week by the age of 16. One of the main focuses of the lessons was language acquisition: in addition to French, the diplomatic language of the time, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, Czech, Italian and <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> were the most important national languages of the monarchy. In addition, the archduke received general education that was customary at the time (including mathematics, physics, history, geography), which was later supplemented by law and political science. Various forms of physical education completed the extensive program. </p><p>On his 13th birthday, Franz Joseph was appointed Colonel-<a href="/wiki/Inhaber" title="Inhaber">Inhaber</a> of Dragoon Regiment No. 3 and the focus of his training shifted to imparting basic strategic and tactical knowledge. From that point onward, army style dictated his personal fashion—for the rest of his life, he normally wore the uniform of a military officer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad196861_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad196861-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franz Joseph was soon joined by three younger brothers: Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian (born 1832, the future Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian</a> of <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a>); Archduke <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Louis_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Charles Louis of Austria">Karl Ludwig</a> (born 1833, father of <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ludwig_Viktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Ludwig Viktor">Archduke Ludwig Viktor</a> (born 1842), and a sister, Archduchess <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(1835%E2%80%931840)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1835–1840)">Maria Anna</a> (born 1835), who died at the age of four.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968101_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968101-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolutions_of_1848">Revolutions of 1848</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Revolutions of 1848"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire">Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_under_Austrian_emperors" title="List of heads of government under Austrian emperors">Austrian Chancellor</a> Prince <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a> resigned (March–April 1848). The young archduke, who (it was widely expected) would soon succeed his uncle on the throne, was appointed Governor of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> on 6 April 1848, but never took up the post. Sent instead to the <a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">front in Italy</a>, he joined Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz" title="Joseph Radetzky von Radetz">Radetzky</a> on campaign on 29 April, receiving his baptism of fire on 5 May at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Lucia" title="Battle of Santa Lucia">Santa Lucia</a>. </p><p>By all accounts, he handled his first military experience calmly and with dignity. Around the same time, the imperial family was fleeing revolutionary Vienna for the calmer setting of <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, in <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a>. Called back from Italy, the archduke joined the rest of his family at Innsbruck by mid-June. It was here that Franz Joseph first met his cousin and eventual future bride, Elisabeth, then a girl of ten, but apparently the meeting made little impression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad196833_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad196833-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Austria's victory over the Italians at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Custoza_(1848)" title="Battle of Custoza (1848)">Custoza</a> in late July 1848, the court felt it safe to return to Vienna, and Franz Joseph travelled with them. But within a few weeks Vienna again appeared unsafe, and in September the court left once more, this time for <a href="/wiki/Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olmütz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Moravia" title="Margraviate of Moravia">Moravia</a>. By now, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_I,_Prince_of_Windisch-Gr%C3%A4tz" title="Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz">Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz</a>, an influential military commander in Bohemia, was determined to see the young archduke soon put on the throne. It was thought that a new ruler would not be bound by the oaths to respect constitutional government to which Ferdinand had been forced to agree, and that it was necessary to find a young, energetic emperor to replace the kindly but mentally unfit Ferdinand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad19688_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad19688-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the abdication of his uncle Ferdinand and the renunciation of his father (the mild-mannered Franz Karl), Franz Joseph succeeded as Emperor of Austria at Olmütz on 2 December 1848. At this time, he first became known by his second as well as his first Christian name. The name "Franz Joseph" was chosen to bring back memories of the new Emperor's great-granduncle, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> (Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790), remembered as a modernising reformer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad19686_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad19686-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the guidance of the new prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Felix_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg">Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg</a>, the new emperor at first pursued a cautious course, granting a <a href="/wiki/March_Constitution_(Austria)" title="March Constitution (Austria)">constitution in March 1849</a>. At the same time, a military campaign was necessary against the Hungarians, who had <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">rebelled against Habsburg central authority</a> in the name of their ancient constitution. Franz Joseph was also almost immediately faced with a renewal of the <a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">fighting in Italy</a>, with King <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Albert of Sardinia">Charles Albert of Sardinia</a> taking advantage of setbacks in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Hungary</a> to resume the war in March 1849. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gy%C5%91ri_csata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gy%C5%91ri_csata.jpg/220px-Gy%C5%91ri_csata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gy%C5%91ri_csata.jpg/330px-Gy%C5%91ri_csata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gy%C5%91ri_csata.jpg/440px-Gy%C5%91ri_csata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4889" data-file-height="3385" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gy%C5%91r" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Győr">Battle of Győr</a> on 28 June 1849. Franz Joseph enters <a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%91r" title="Győr">Győr</a> leading the Austrian troops.</figcaption></figure> <p>However, the military tide began to turn swiftly in favor of Franz Joseph and the Austrian whitecoats. Almost immediately, Charles Albert was decisively beaten by Radetzky at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novara_(1849)" title="Battle of Novara (1849)">Novara</a> and forced to sue for peace, as well as to renounce his throne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution_in_Hungary">Revolution in Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revolution in Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></div> <p>Unlike other Habsburg ruled areas, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> had an <a href="/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" title="Uncodified constitution">old historic constitution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which limited the power of the crown and had greatly increased the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">parliament</a> since the 13th century. The Hungarian reform laws (<a href="/wiki/April_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="April laws">April laws</a>) were based on the 12 points that established the fundaments of modern civil and political rights, economic and societal reforms in the Kingdom of Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferenc_Szakály_1980_178_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferenc_Szakály_1980_178-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crucial turning point of the Hungarian events were the April laws which was ratified by his uncle King Ferdinand, however the new young Austrian monarch Francis Joseph arbitrarily "revoked" the laws without any legal competence. The monarchs had no right to revoke Hungarian parliamentary laws which were already signed. This unconstitutional act irreversibly escalated the conflict between the Hungarian parliament and Francis Joseph. The Austrian <a href="/wiki/Stadion_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion Constitution">Stadion Constitution</a> was accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Austria)" title="Imperial Diet (Austria)">Imperial Diet of Austria</a>, where Hungary had no representation, and which traditionally had no legislative power in the territory of Kingdom of Hungary; despite this, it also tried to abolish the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">Diet of Hungary</a> (which existed as the supreme legislative power in Hungary since the late 12th century.)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new Austrian constitution also went against the historical constitution of Hungary, and even tried to nullify it.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the territorial integrity of the country was in danger: On 7 March 1849 an imperial proclamation was issued in the name of the Emperor Francis Joseph, according to the new proclamation, the territory of Kingdom of Hungary would be carved up and administered by five military districts, while the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)">Principality of Transylvania</a> would be reestablished.<sup id="cite_ref-phillips_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phillips-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These events represented a clear and obvious existential threat for the Hungarian state. The new constrained Stadion Constitution of Austria, the revocation of the April laws and the Austrian military campaign against Kingdom of Hungary resulted in the fall of the pacifist <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Lajos Batthyány">Batthyány government</a> (which sought agreement with the court) and led to the sudden emergence of <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Lajos Kossuth</a>'s followers in the Hungarian parliament, who demanded the full independence of Hungary. The Austrian military intervention in the Kingdom of Hungary resulted in strong anti-Habsburg sentiment among Hungarians, thus the events in Hungary grew into a war for total independence from the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg dynasty">Habsburg dynasty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constitutional_and_legitimacy_problems_in_Hungary">Constitutional and legitimacy problems in Hungary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Constitutional and legitimacy problems in Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 7 December 1848, the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">Diet of Hungary</a> formally refused to acknowledge the title of the new king, "as without the knowledge and consent of the diet no one could sit on the Hungarian throne", and called the nation to arms.<sup id="cite_ref-phillips_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phillips-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in most Western European countries (like France and the United Kingdom) the monarch's reign <a href="/wiki/The_king_is_dead,_long_live_the_king!" title="The king is dead, long live the king!">began immediately upon the death of their predecessor</a>, in Hungary the coronation was indispensable; if it were not properly executed, the kingdom remained "<a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">orphaned</a>". </p><p>Even during the long personal union between the Kingdom of Hungary and other Habsburg ruled areas, the Habsburg monarchs had to be crowned as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a> in order to promulgate laws there or exercise royal prerogatives in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-review1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a legal point of view, according to the coronation oath, a crowned Hungarian king could not relinquish the Hungarian throne during his life; if the king was alive and unable to do his duty as ruler, a governor (or regent, as they would be called in English) had to assume the royal duties. Constitutionally, Franz Josef's uncle Ferdinand was still the legal <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">king of Hungary</a>. If there was no possibility to inherit the throne automatically due to the death of the predecessor king (since King Ferdinand was still alive), but the monarch wanted to relinquish his throne and appoint another king before his death, technically only one legal solution remained: the parliament had the power to dethrone the king and elect a new king. Due to the legal and military tensions, the Hungarian parliament did not grant Franz Joseph that favour. This event gave to the revolt an excuse of legality. Actually, from this time until the collapse of the revolution, <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Lajos Kossuth</a> (as elected regent-president) became the de facto and de jure ruler of Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-phillips_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phillips-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_difficulties_in_Hungary">Military difficulties in Hungary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Military difficulties in Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Joseph_of_Austria_young.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Franz_Joseph_of_Austria_young.jpg/170px-Franz_Joseph_of_Austria_young.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Franz_Joseph_of_Austria_young.jpg/255px-Franz_Joseph_of_Austria_young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Franz_Joseph_of_Austria_young.jpg/340px-Franz_Joseph_of_Austria_young.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Franz Joseph in 1851.</figcaption></figure> <p>While the revolutions in the Austrian territories had been suppressed by 1849, in Hungary, the situation was more severe and Austrian defeat seemed imminent. Sensing a need to secure his right to rule, Franz Joseph sought help from <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, requesting the intervention of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicolas I</a>, in order "to prevent the Hungarian insurrection developing into a European calamity".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Russian military support, Franz Joseph kissed the hand of the tsar in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> on 21 May 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsar Nicholas supported Franz Joseph in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sent a 200,000 strong army with 80,000 auxiliary forces. Finally, the joint army of Russian and Austrian forces defeated the Hungarian forces. After the restoration of Habsburg power, Hungary was placed under brutal <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With order now restored throughout his empire, Franz Joseph felt free to renege on the constitutional concessions he had made, especially as the Austrian parliament meeting at <a href="/wiki/Kremsier" class="mw-redirect" title="Kremsier">Kremsier</a> had behaved—in the young Emperor's eyes—abominably. The 1849 constitution was suspended, and a policy of absolutist centralism was established, guided by the Minister of the Interior, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Bach">Alexander Bach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad196841_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad196841-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assassination_attempt_in_1853">Assassination attempt in 1853</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Assassination attempt in 1853"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J.Reiner_-_Attentat_auf_Kaiser_Franz_Joseph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/J.Reiner_-_Attentat_auf_Kaiser_Franz_Joseph.jpg/170px-J.Reiner_-_Attentat_auf_Kaiser_Franz_Joseph.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/J.Reiner_-_Attentat_auf_Kaiser_Franz_Joseph.jpg/255px-J.Reiner_-_Attentat_auf_Kaiser_Franz_Joseph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/J.Reiner_-_Attentat_auf_Kaiser_Franz_Joseph.jpg/340px-J.Reiner_-_Attentat_auf_Kaiser_Franz_Joseph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="2986" /></a><figcaption>Assassination attempt on the emperor in 1853.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 18 February 1853, Franz Joseph survived an assassination attempt by Hungarian nationalist <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Lib%C3%A9nyi" title="János Libényi">János Libényi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad196842_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad196842-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emperor was taking a stroll with one of his officers, Count <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Karl_Lamoral_O%27Donnell" title="Maximilian Karl Lamoral O'Donnell">Maximilian Karl Lamoral O'Donnell</a>, on a city <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastion</a>, when Libényi approached him. He immediately struck the emperor from behind with a knife straight at the neck. Franz Joseph almost always wore a uniform, which had a high collar that almost completely enclosed the neck. The collars of uniforms at that time were made from very sturdy material, precisely to counter this kind of attack. Even though the Emperor was wounded and bleeding, the collar saved his life. Count O'Donnell struck Libényi down with his sabre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad196842_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad196842-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Donnell, hitherto a Count only by virtue of his Irish nobility,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was made a Count of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Reichsgraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsgraf">Reichsgraf</a></i>). Another witness who happened to be nearby, the butcher Joseph Ettenreich, swiftly overpowered Libényi. For his deed he was later elevated to the nobility by the emperor and became Joseph von Ettenreich. Libényi was subsequently put on trial and condemned to death for attempted <a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">regicide</a>. He was executed on the Simmeringer Heide.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After this unsuccessful attack, the emperor's brother Archduke <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Ferdinand Maximilian</a> called upon Europe's royal families for donations to construct a new church on the site of the attack. The church was to be a <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">votive offering</a> for the survival of the emperor. It is located on <a href="/wiki/Ringstra%C3%9Fe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringstraße">Ringstraße</a> in the district of <a href="/wiki/Alsergrund" title="Alsergrund">Alsergrund</a> close to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>, and is known as the <a href="/wiki/Votivkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Votivkirche">Votivkirche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad196842_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad196842-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survival of Franz Joseph was also commemorated in Prague by erecting a new <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Francis_of_Assisi,_Charles_Bridge" title="Statue of Francis of Assisi, Charles Bridge">statue of St. Francis of Assisi</a>, the patron saint of the emperor, on <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bridge" title="Charles Bridge">Charles Bridge</a>. It was donated by Count <a href="/wiki/Franz_Anton_von_Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky" title="Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky">Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky</a>, the first minister-president of the Austrian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consolidation_of_domestic_policy">Consolidation of domestic policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consolidation of domestic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_Gulden_-_Francis_Joseph_I_Silver_Wedding_Jubilee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/2_Gulden_-_Francis_Joseph_I_Silver_Wedding_Jubilee.jpg/250px-2_Gulden_-_Francis_Joseph_I_Silver_Wedding_Jubilee.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/2_Gulden_-_Francis_Joseph_I_Silver_Wedding_Jubilee.jpg/375px-2_Gulden_-_Francis_Joseph_I_Silver_Wedding_Jubilee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/2_Gulden_-_Francis_Joseph_I_Silver_Wedding_Jubilee.jpg/500px-2_Gulden_-_Francis_Joseph_I_Silver_Wedding_Jubilee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2721" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">Silver coin</a>: 2 Gulden of Franz Joseph I - Silver Wedding Jubilee</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_corona_Franz_Joseph_1908.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/5_corona_Franz_Joseph_1908.png/250px-5_corona_Franz_Joseph_1908.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/5_corona_Franz_Joseph_1908.png/375px-5_corona_Franz_Joseph_1908.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/5_corona_Franz_Joseph_1908.png/500px-5_corona_Franz_Joseph_1908.png 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">Silver coin</a>: 5 corona, 1908 – The bust of Franz Joseph I facing right surrounded by the legend "Franciscus Iosephus I, Dei gratia, imperator Austriae, rex Bohemiae, Galiciae, Illyriae et cetera et apostolicus rex Hungariae"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Garter_of_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Order_of_the_Garter_of_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.jpg/250px-Order_of_the_Garter_of_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Order_of_the_Garter_of_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.jpg/375px-Order_of_the_Garter_of_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Order_of_the_Garter_of_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.jpg/500px-Order_of_the_Garter_of_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2769" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">garter</a> of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria</figcaption></figure> <p>The next few years saw the seeming recovery of Austria's position on the international scene following the near disasters of 1848–1849. Under Schwarzenberg's guidance, Austria was able to stymie <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> scheming to create a new German Federation under Prussian leadership, excluding Austria. After Schwarzenberg's premature death in 1852, he could not be replaced by statesmen of equal stature, and the emperor himself effectively took over as prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad196841_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad196841-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of the most prominent Roman Catholic rulers in Europe, and a fierce enemy of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Freemasonry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferenc_J%C3%B3zsef_koron%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa_Bud%C3%A1n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ferenc_J%C3%B3zsef_koron%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa_Bud%C3%A1n.jpg/250px-Ferenc_J%C3%B3zsef_koron%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa_Bud%C3%A1n.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ferenc_J%C3%B3zsef_koron%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa_Bud%C3%A1n.jpg/375px-Ferenc_J%C3%B3zsef_koron%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa_Bud%C3%A1n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ferenc_J%C3%B3zsef_koron%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa_Bud%C3%A1n.jpg/500px-Ferenc_J%C3%B3zsef_koron%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa_Bud%C3%A1n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Franz Joseph's coronation as Apostolic King of Hungary. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tull" title="Edmund Tull">Edmund Tull</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1850s witnessed several failures of Austrian external policy: the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, the dissolution of its alliance with Russia, and defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a>. The setbacks continued in the 1860s with defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> of 1866, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968169_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968169-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hungarian political leaders had two main goals during the negotiations. One was to regain the traditional status (both legal and political) of the Hungarian state, which was lost after the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a>. The other was to restore the series of reform laws of the revolutionary parliament of 1848, which were based on the <a href="/wiki/12_points_of_the_Hungarian_Revolutionaries_of_1848" title="12 points of the Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1848">12 points</a> that established modern civil and political rights, economic and societal reforms in Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferenc_Szakály_1980_178_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferenc_Szakály_1980_178-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Compromise partially re-established<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hungary, separate from, and no longer subject to the Austrian Empire. Instead, it was regarded as an equal partner with Austria. The compromise put an end to 18 years of absolutist rule and military dictatorship which had been introduced by Francis Joseph after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. Franz Joseph was crowned King of Hungary on 8 June, and on 28 July he promulgated the laws that officially turned the Habsburg domains into the Dual Monarchy of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. </p><p>According to Emperor Franz Joseph, "There were three of us who made the agreement: <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Andr%C3%A1ssy" title="Gyula Andrássy">Andrássy</a> and myself."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political difficulties in Austria mounted continuously through the late 19th century and into the 20th century. However, Franz Joseph remained immensely respected; the emperor's patriarchal authority held the Empire together while the politicians squabbled among themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bohemian_question">Bohemian question</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bohemian question"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Special:EditPage/Franz Joseph I of Austria">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Franz+Joseph+I+of+Austria%22">"Franz Joseph I of Austria"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Franz+Joseph+I+of+Austria%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Franz+Joseph+I+of+Austria%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Franz+Joseph+I+of+Austria%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Franz+Joseph+I+of+Austria%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Franz+Joseph+I+of+Austria%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Joseph_of_Bohemia_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Franz_Joseph_of_Bohemia_1861.jpg/180px-Franz_Joseph_of_Bohemia_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Franz_Joseph_of_Bohemia_1861.jpg/270px-Franz_Joseph_of_Bohemia_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Franz_Joseph_of_Bohemia_1861.jpg/360px-Franz_Joseph_of_Bohemia_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2916" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Franz Joseph in the regalia of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Crown_Jewels" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohemian Crown Jewels">Bohemian Crown Jewels</a> next to him. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Engerth" title="Eduard von Engerth">Eduard von Engerth</a> for the Bohemian Diet, 1861.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the accession of Franz Joseph to the throne in 1848, the political representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a> hoped and insisted that account should be taken of their historical state rights in the upcoming constitution. They felt the position of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> should have been highlighted by a <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Bohemian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Bohemian monarch">coronation of the new ruler to the king of Bohemia</a> in Prague (the last coronation took place in 1836). However, before the 19th century the Habsburgs had ruled Bohemia by hereditary right and a separate coronation was not deemed necessary. </p><p>His new government installed the system of <a href="/wiki/Neoabsolutism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoabsolutism">neoabsolutism</a> in Austrian internal affairs to make the Austrian Empire a unitary, centralised and bureaucratically administered state. When Franz Joseph returned to constitutional rule after the debacles in Italy at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magenta" title="Battle of Magenta">Magenta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino" title="Battle of Solferino">Solferino</a> and summoned the diets of his lands, the question of his coronation as king of Bohemia again returned to the agenda, as it had not since 1848. On 14 April 1861, Emperor Franz Joseph received a delegation from the Bohemian Diet with his words (in Czech): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I will have myself crowned King of Bohemia in Prague, and I am convinced that a new, indissoluble bond of trust and loyalty between My throne and My Bohemian Kingdom will be strengthened by this holy rite.<sup id="cite_ref-lecaine_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lecaine-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In contrast to his predecessor Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand</a> (who spent the rest of his life after his abdication in 1848 in Bohemia and especially in Prague), Franz Joseph was never crowned separately as king of Bohemia. In 1861, the negotiations failed because of unsolved constitutional problems. However, in 1866, a visit of the monarch to Prague following defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" title="Battle of Königgrätz">Battle of Königgrätz</a> was a huge success, testified by the considerable numbers of new photographs taken. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria_(by_Philip_Alexius_de_Laszlo)_%E2%80%93_Hungarian_National_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria_%28by_Philip_Alexius_de_Laszlo%29_%E2%80%93_Hungarian_National_Museum.jpg/180px-Portrait_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria_%28by_Philip_Alexius_de_Laszlo%29_%E2%80%93_Hungarian_National_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria_%28by_Philip_Alexius_de_Laszlo%29_%E2%80%93_Hungarian_National_Museum.jpg/270px-Portrait_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria_%28by_Philip_Alexius_de_Laszlo%29_%E2%80%93_Hungarian_National_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria_%28by_Philip_Alexius_de_Laszlo%29_%E2%80%93_Hungarian_National_Museum.jpg/360px-Portrait_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria_%28by_Philip_Alexius_de_Laszlo%29_%E2%80%93_Hungarian_National_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11056" data-file-height="16900" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3" title="Philip de László">Philip de László</a>, 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1867, the Austro-Hungarian compromise and the introduction of the dual monarchy left the Czechs and their aristocracy without the recognition of separate Bohemian state rights for which they had hoped. Bohemia remained part of the <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Austrian Crown Lands</a>. In Bohemia, opposition to dualism took the form of isolated street demonstrations, resolutions from district representations, and even open air mass protest meetings, confined to the biggest cities, such as Prague. The Czech newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_listy" title="Národní listy">Národní listy</a></i> complained that the Czechs had not yet been compensated for their wartime losses and sufferings during the Austro-Prussian War, and had just seen their historic state rights tossed aside and their land subsumed into the "other" half of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, commonly called "Cisleithania".<sup id="cite_ref-lecaine_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lecaine-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Czech hopes were revived again in 1870–1871. In an Imperial <a href="/wiki/Rescript" title="Rescript">Rescript</a> of 26 September 1870, Franz Joseph referred again to the prestige and glory of the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Bohemian Crown</a> and to his intention to hold a coronation. Under Minister-President <a href="/wiki/Karl_Hohenwart" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Hohenwart">Karl Hohenwart</a> in 1871, the government of Cisleithania negotiated a series of fundamental articles spelling out the relationship of the Bohemian Crown to the rest of the Habsburg Monarchy. On 12 September 1871, Franz Joseph announced: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Having in mind the constitutional position of the Bohemian Crown and being conscious of the glory and power which that Crown has given us <i>and our predecessors</i>… we gladly recognise the rights of the kingdom and are prepared to renew that recognition through our coronation oath.<sup id="cite_ref-lecaine_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lecaine-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>For the planned coronation, the composer <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Bedřich Smetana</a> had written the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Libu%C5%A1e_(opera)" title="Libuše (opera)">Libuše</a></i>, but the ceremony did not take place. The creation of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, domestic opposition from German-speaking liberals (especially <a href="/wiki/Sudeten_Germans" title="Sudeten Germans">German-Bohemians</a>) and from Hungarians doomed the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Articles_of_1871" title="Fundamental Articles of 1871">Fundamental Articles</a>. Hohenwart resigned and nothing changed. </p><p>Many Czech people were waiting for political changes in monarchy, including <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk">Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk</a> and others. Masaryk served in the <i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Austria)" title="Imperial Council (Austria)">Reichsrat</a></i> (Upper House) from 1891 to 1893 in the <a href="/wiki/Young_Czech_Party" title="Young Czech Party">Young Czech Party</a> and again from 1907 to 1914 in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Realist_Party" title="Czech Realist Party">Realist Party</a> (which he had founded in 1900), but he did not campaign for the independence of Czechs and Slovaks from Austria-Hungary. In Vienna in 1909 he helped <a href="/wiki/Hinko_Hinkovi%C4%87" title="Hinko Hinković">Hinko Hinković</a>'s defense in the fabricated trial against prominent Croats and Serbs members of the Serbo-Croatian Coalition (such as <a href="/wiki/Frano_Supilo" title="Frano Supilo">Frano Supilo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svetozar_Pribi%C4%87evi%C4%87" title="Svetozar Pribićević">Svetozar Pribićević</a>), and others, who were sentenced to more than 150 years and a number of death penalties. The Bohemian question would remain unresolved for the entirety of Franz Joseph's reign. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Giuseppe_fra_le_truppe_a_Solferino_1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Francesco_Giuseppe_fra_le_truppe_a_Solferino_1859.jpg/220px-Francesco_Giuseppe_fra_le_truppe_a_Solferino_1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Francesco_Giuseppe_fra_le_truppe_a_Solferino_1859.jpg/330px-Francesco_Giuseppe_fra_le_truppe_a_Solferino_1859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Francesco_Giuseppe_fra_le_truppe_a_Solferino_1859.jpg/440px-Francesco_Giuseppe_fra_le_truppe_a_Solferino_1859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>Franz Joseph among his troops at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino" title="Battle of Solferino">Solferino</a>, fought during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Franco-Austrian War</a> of 1859</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_question">German question</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: German question"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_question" title="German question">German question</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuerstentag_Frankfurt_1863_263-022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fuerstentag_Frankfurt_1863_263-022.jpg/220px-Fuerstentag_Frankfurt_1863_263-022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fuerstentag_Frankfurt_1863_263-022.jpg/330px-Fuerstentag_Frankfurt_1863_263-022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fuerstentag_Frankfurt_1863_263-022.jpg/440px-Fuerstentag_Frankfurt_1863_263-022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Franz Joseph (centre in white uniform) at the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">Congress of German princes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt am Main</a>, 1863</figcaption></figure> <p>The main foreign policy goal of Franz Joseph had been the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968149_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968149-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was justified on grounds of precedence; from 1452 to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1806, with only one brief period of interruption under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a>, the Habsburgs had generally held the German crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968150_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968150-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Franz Joseph's desire to retain the non-German territories of the Habsburg <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> in the event of German unification proved problematic. </p><p>Two factions quickly developed: a party of German intellectuals favouring a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Germany">Greater Germany</a> (<i>Großdeutschland</i>) under the House of Habsburg; the other favouring a <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Germany" title="Lesser Germany">Lesser Germany</a> (<i>Kleindeutschland</i>). The Greater Germans favoured the inclusion of Austria in a new all-German state on the grounds that Austria had always been a part of Germanic empires, that it was the leading power of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>, and that it would be absurd to exclude eight million Austrian Germans from an all-German nation state. The champions of a lesser Germany argued against the inclusion of Austria on the grounds that it was a multi-nation state, not a German one, and that its inclusion would bring millions of non-Germans into the German nation state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968151_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968151-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If Greater Germany were to prevail, the crown would necessarily have to go to Franz Joseph, who had no desire to cede it in the first place to anyone else.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968151_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968151-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, if the idea of a smaller Germany won out, the German crown could of course not possibly go to the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">Emperor of Austria</a>, but would naturally be offered to the head of the largest and most powerful German state outside of Austria—the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Prussia">King of Prussia</a>. The contest between the two ideas, quickly developed into a contest between Austria and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>. After Prussia decisively won the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Weeks_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Weeks War">Seven Weeks War</a>, this question was solved; Austria lost no territories to Prussia as long as they remained out of German affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968151_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968151-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_Emperors_League">Three Emperors League</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Three Emperors League"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_joseph1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Franz_joseph1.jpg/170px-Franz_joseph1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Franz_joseph1.jpg/255px-Franz_joseph1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Franz_joseph1.jpg/340px-Franz_joseph1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Franz Joseph I by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter" title="Franz Xaver Winterhalter">Franz Xaver Winterhalter</a>, 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1873, two years after the unification of Germany, Franz Joseph entered into the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Three_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Three Emperors">League of Three Emperors</a> (<i>Dreikaiserbund</i>) with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_I_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm I of Germany">Wilhelm I of Germany</a> and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II of Russia</a>, who was succeeded by Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a> in 1881. The league had been designed by the German chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, as an attempt to maintain the peace of Europe. It would last intermittently until 1887. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vatican">Vatican</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vatican"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1903, Franz Joseph's veto of <a href="/wiki/Jus_exclusivae" title="Jus exclusivae">Jus exclusivae</a> of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rampolla" title="Mariano Rampolla">Mariano Rampolla</a>'s election to the papacy was transmitted to the <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1903" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1903">Papal conclave</a> by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jan_Puzyna_de_Kosielsko" title="Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko">Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko</a>. It was the last use of such a veto, as the new <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> prohibited future uses and provided for excommunication for any attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968127_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968127-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bosnia and Herzegovina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="9" data-mwtitle="Franz_Josef_I_of_Austria_-_voice_recording_(1900).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Franz_Josef_I_of_Austria_-_voice_recording_(1900).ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Franz_Josef_I_of_Austria_-_voice_recording_%281900%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Franz_Josef_I_of_Austria_-_voice_recording_%281900%29.ogg/Franz_Josef_I_of_Austria_-_voice_recording_%281900%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFranz_Josef_I_of_Austria_-_voice_recording_%281900%29.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFranz_Josef_I_of_Austria_-_voice_recording_%281900%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFranz_Josef_I_of_Austria_-_voice_recording_%281900%29.ogg&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption>Voice recording of the emperor speaking into <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_Poulsen" title="Valdemar Poulsen">Valdemar Poulsen</a>'s magnetic wire recorder at the <a href="/wiki/1900_World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="1900 World's Fair">1900 World's Fair</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the mid-1870s a series of violent rebellions against <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman rule</a> broke out in the Balkans, and the Turks responded with equally violent and oppressive reprisals. Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II of Russia</a>, wanting to intervene against the Ottomans, sought and obtained an agreement with Austria-Hungary. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Convention_of_1877" title="Budapest Convention of 1877">Budapest Convention of 1877</a>, the two powers agreed that Russia would annex southern <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, and Austria-Hungary would observe a benevolent neutrality toward Russia in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">pending war</a> with the Turks. As compensation for this support, Russia agreed to Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200516_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200516-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A scant 15 months later, the Russians imposed on the Ottomans the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a>, which reneged on the Budapest accord and declared that Bosnia-Herzegovina would be jointly occupied by Russian and Austrian troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200516_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200516-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The treaty was overturned by the 1878 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a>, which allowed sole <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Austrian occupation of Bosnia-Herzegovina</a> but did not specify a final disposition of the provinces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> That omission was addressed in the Three Emperors' League agreement of 1881, when both Germany and Russia endorsed Austria-Hungary's right to annex Bosnia-Herzegovina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200537_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200537-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 1897, under a <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">new tsar</a>, the Russian Imperial government had again withdrawn its support for Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The Russian foreign minister, Count <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nikolayevich_Muravyov" title="Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov">Mikhail Muravyov</a>, stated that an Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina would raise "an extensive question requiring special scrutiny".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200594_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200594-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1908, the Russian foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Izvolsky" title="Alexander Izvolsky">Alexander Izvolsky</a>, offered Russian support, for the third time, for the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary, in exchange for Austrian support for the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosporus Strait">Bosporus Strait</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> to Russian warships. Austria's foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Count_Alois_Lexa_von_Aehrenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal">Alois von Aehrenthal</a>, pursued this offer vigorously, resulting in the quid pro quo understanding with Izvolsky, reached on 16 September 1908 at the Buchlau Conference. However, Izvolsky made this agreement with Aehrenthal without the knowledge of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> or his government in St. Petersburg, or any of the other foreign powers including <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a>. </p><p>Based upon the assurances of the Buchlau Conference and the treaties that preceded it, Franz Joseph signed the proclamation announcing the <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexation</a> of Bosnia-Herzegovina into the Empire on 6 October 1908. However a diplomatic crisis erupted, as both the Serbs and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italians</a> demanded compensation for the annexation, which the Austro-Hungarian government refused to entertain. The incident was not resolved until the revision of the Treaty of Berlin in April 1909, exacerbating tensions between Austria-Hungary and the Serbs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outbreak_of_World_War_I">Outbreak of World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Outbreak of World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Europe_alliances_1914-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_Europe_alliances_1914-en.svg/240px-Map_Europe_alliances_1914-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_Europe_alliances_1914-en.svg/360px-Map_Europe_alliances_1914-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_Europe_alliances_1914-en.svg/480px-Map_Europe_alliances_1914-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Rival military coalitions in 1914: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#83be58; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b0a336; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>On 28 June 1914 Franz Joseph's nephew and heir-presumptive <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">morganatic</a> wife <a href="/wiki/Sophie,_Duchess_of_Hohenberg" title="Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg">Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">assassinated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip" title="Gavrilo Princip">Gavrilo Princip</a>, a Yugoslav nationalist of Serbian ethnicity,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during a visit to Sarajevo. Franz Joseph learned about the assassination of Franz Ferdinand from his adjutant, cavalry General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_von_Paar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard von Paar (page does not exist)">Eduard von Paar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who also wrote the emperor's reaction in his diary: "one has not to defy the Almighty. In this manner a superior power has restored that order which I unfortunately was unable to maintain."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the emperor was shaken, and interrupted his holiday to return to Vienna, he soon resumed his vacation at his <a href="/wiki/Kaiservilla" title="Kaiservilla">Kaiservilla</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bad_Ischl" title="Bad Ischl">Bad Ischl</a>. Initial decision-making during the "July Crisis" fell to Count <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Berchtold" title="Leopold Berchtold">Leopold Berchtold</a>, the Austrian foreign minister; Count <a href="/wiki/Franz_Conrad_von_H%C3%B6tzendorf" title="Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf">Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf</a>, the chief of staff for the <a href="/wiki/Common_Army" title="Common Army">Austro-Hungarian army</a> and the other ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1994328_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1994328-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate resolution of deliberations by the Austro-Hungarian government during the weeks following the assassination of the Archduke was to give Serbia <a href="/wiki/July_Crisis#Austro-Hungarian_ultimatum" title="July Crisis">an ultimatum</a> of itemized demands with which it was virtually certain Serbia would be unable or unwilling to comply, thus serving as a "legal basis for war". </p><p>A week after delivery of the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia, on 28 July, war was declared. Within weeks, the Germans, Russians, French and British had all entered the fray which eventually became known as <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. On 6 August, Franz Joseph signed the declaration of war against Russia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Funeral_Franz-Joseph.webm/220px--Funeral_Franz-Joseph.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="1295" data-mwtitle="Funeral_Franz-Joseph.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Funeral_Franz-Joseph.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Funeral_Franz-Joseph.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Funeral_Franz-Joseph.webm/Funeral_Franz-Joseph.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Funeral_Franz-Joseph.webm/Funeral_Franz-Joseph.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Funeral_Franz-Joseph.webm/Funeral_Franz-Joseph.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Funeral_Franz-Joseph.webm/Funeral_Franz-Joseph.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Funeral_Franz-Joseph.webm/Funeral_Franz-Joseph.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Film of the funeral procession of Franz Joseph</figcaption></figure> <p>Franz Joseph died in the <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace" title="Schönbrunn Palace">Schönbrunn Palace</a> on the evening of 21 November 1916, at the age of 86. His death was a result of developing <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> of the right lung several days after catching a <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">cold</a> while walking in Schönbrunn Park with King <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_III_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig III of Bavaria">Ludwig III of Bavaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded by his grand-nephew <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I & IV</a>, who reigned until the collapse of the empire following its defeat at the end of the First World War in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is buried in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crypt" title="Imperial Crypt">Imperial Crypt</a> in Vienna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Familie_des_Kaisers_von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Die_Familie_des_Kaisers_von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg/250px-Die_Familie_des_Kaisers_von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Die_Familie_des_Kaisers_von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg/375px-Die_Familie_des_Kaisers_von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Die_Familie_des_Kaisers_von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg/500px-Die_Familie_des_Kaisers_von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Franz Joseph with his family</figcaption></figure> <p>It was generally felt in the court that the emperor should marry and produce heirs as soon as possible. Various potential brides were considered, including <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Elisabeth_Franziska_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria">Princess Elisabeth of Modena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Anna_of_Prussia" title="Princess Anna of Prussia">Princess Anna of Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Saxony#Marriage_and_issue" title="John, King of Saxony">Princess Sidonia of Saxony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although in public life Franz Joseph was the unquestioned director of affairs, in his private life his mother still wielded crucial influence. Sophie wanted to strengthen the relationship between the Houses of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">Habsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">Wittelsbach</a>—descending from the latter house herself—and hoped to match Franz Joseph with her sister <a href="/wiki/Princess_Ludovika_of_Bavaria" title="Princess Ludovika of Bavaria">Ludovika's</a> eldest daughter, <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Helene_in_Bavaria" title="Duchess Helene in Bavaria">Helene</a> ("Néné"), who was four years the emperor's junior. </p><p>However, Franz Joseph fell deeply in love with Néné's younger sister <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth of Bavaria">Elisabeth</a> ("Sisi"), a beautiful girl of fifteen, and insisted on marrying her instead. Sophie acquiesced, despite her misgivings about Sisi's appropriateness as an imperial consort, and the young couple were married on 24 April 1854 in <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_Church,_Vienna" title="Augustinian Church, Vienna">St. Augustine's Church</a>, Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968242_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968242-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariage_de_Sissi_et_Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mariage_de_Sissi_et_Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph.png/220px-Mariage_de_Sissi_et_Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mariage_de_Sissi_et_Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph.png/330px-Mariage_de_Sissi_et_Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mariage_de_Sissi_et_Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph.png/440px-Mariage_de_Sissi_et_Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph.png 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Marriage of Franz Joseph and Elisabeth</figcaption></figure> <p>Their marriage would eventually prove to be an unhappy one; though Franz Joseph was passionately in love with his wife, the feeling was not mutual. Elisabeth never truly acclimatized to life at court, and was frequently in conflict with the imperial family. Their first daughter Sophie died as an infant, and their only son <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_Rudolf_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria">Rudolf</a> died by suicide in 1889 in the infamous <a href="/wiki/Mayerling_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayerling Incident">Mayerling Incident</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968127_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968127-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Franz_Joseph_and_his_only_son.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Emperor_Franz_Joseph_and_his_only_son.jpg/220px-Emperor_Franz_Joseph_and_his_only_son.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Emperor_Franz_Joseph_and_his_only_son.jpg/330px-Emperor_Franz_Joseph_and_his_only_son.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Emperor_Franz_Joseph_and_his_only_son.jpg/440px-Emperor_Franz_Joseph_and_his_only_son.jpg 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Franz Joseph hunting with his only son <a href="/wiki/Rudolf,_Crown_Prince_of_Austria" title="Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria">Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1885 Franz Joseph met <a href="/wiki/Katharina_Schratt" title="Katharina Schratt">Katharina Schratt</a>, a leading actress of the Vienna stage, and she became his friend and confidante. This relationship lasted the rest of his life, and was—to a certain degree—tolerated by Elisabeth. Franz Joseph built Villa Schratt in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Ischl" title="Bad Ischl">Bad Ischl</a> for her, and also provided her with a small palace in Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968120_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968120-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though their relationship lasted for thirty-four years, it remained platonic.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The empress was an inveterate traveller, horsewoman, and fashion maven who was rarely seen in Vienna. Sisi was obsessed about preserving her beauty, carrying out many bizarre routines and strenuous exercise, and as a result suffered from ill health. She was <a href="/wiki/Empress_Elisabeth_of_Austria#Assassination" title="Empress Elisabeth of Austria">stabbed to death</a> by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Lucheni" title="Luigi Lucheni">an Italian anarchist</a> in 1898 while on a visit to Geneva. A few days after the funeral, <a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Robert I, Duke of Parma">Robert of Parma</a> wrote in a letter to his friend <a href="/wiki/Tirso_de_Olaz%C3%A1bal_y_Lardiz%C3%A1bal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirso de Olazábal y Lardizábal">Tirso de Olazábal</a> that "It was pitiful to look at the Emperor, he showed a great deal of energy in his immense pain, but at times one could see all the immensity of his grief."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franz Joseph never fully recovered from the loss. According to the future empress <a href="/wiki/Zita_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Zita of Bourbon-Parma">Zita of Bourbon-Parma</a> he told his relatives: "You'll never know how important she was to me" or, according to some sources, "You will never know how much I loved this woman."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968117_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968117-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Franz_Ferdinand">Relationship with Franz Ferdinand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Relationship with Franz Ferdinand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a> became <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a> (<i>Thronfolger</i>) to the throne of Austria-Hungary in 1896, after the deaths of his cousin Rudolf (in 1889) and his father Karl Ludwig (in 1896). The relationship between him and Franz Joseph had always been a fairly contentious one, which was further exacerbated when Franz Ferdinand announced his desire to marry <a href="/wiki/Sophie,_Duchess_of_Hohenberg" title="Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg">Countess Sophie Chotek</a>. The emperor would not even consider giving his blessing to the union, as Sophie was merely of noble rank, not dynastic rank. </p><p>Although the emperor received letters from members of the imperial family throughout the fall and winter of 1899 beseeching him to relent, Franz Joseph stood his ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1994288_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1994288-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He finally gave his consent in 1900. However, the marriage was to be <a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">morganatic</a>, and any children of the marriage would be ineligible to succeed to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1994289_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1994289-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple were married on 1 July 1900 at <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A1kupy" title="Zákupy">Reichstadt</a>. The emperor did not attend the wedding, nor did any of the archdukes. After that, the two men disliked and mistrusted each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968120_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968120-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His interactions with Franz Ferdinand were strained; the emperor's personal attendant recollected in his memoirs that:<br /> <i>"thunder and lightning always raged when they had their discussions."</i><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie in 1914, Franz Joseph's daughter, Marie Valerie, noted that her father expressed his greater confidence in the new heir presumptive, his grandnephew Archduke Charles. The emperor admitted to his daughter, regarding the assassination: <br /><i>"For me, it is a relief from a great worry."</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1994324_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1994324-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms"><span id="Titles.2C_styles.2C_honours_and_arms"></span>Titles, styles, honours and arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Titles, styles, honours and arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Grand_title_of_the_Emperor_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand title of the Emperor of Austria">Grand title of the Emperor of Austria</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #CCBBEE; color: #000066;"><span style="font-size:80%">Styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Franz Joseph I of Austria and Hungary</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Personal_Arms_of_the_Emperor_of_Austria_and_King_of_Hungary_(1916).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Personal_Arms_of_the_Emperor_of_Austria_and_King_of_Hungary_%281916%29.svg/150px-Personal_Arms_of_the_Emperor_of_Austria_and_King_of_Hungary_%281916%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Personal_Arms_of_the_Emperor_of_Austria_and_King_of_Hungary_%281916%29.svg/225px-Personal_Arms_of_the_Emperor_of_Austria_and_King_of_Hungary_%281916%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Personal_Arms_of_the_Emperor_of_Austria_and_King_of_Hungary_%281916%29.svg/300px-Personal_Arms_of_the_Emperor_of_Austria_and_King_of_Hungary_%281916%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="919" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Majesty" title="Apostolic Majesty">His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty</td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #DEDEDE;"><span style="font-size:80%">Monarchical styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Franz Joseph I of Austria</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Coat_of_Arms_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Coat_of_Arms_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Coat_of_Arms_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="663" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Majesty_(style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial and Royal Majesty (style)">His Imperial and Royal Majesty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Imperial and Royal Majesty</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #DEDEDE;"><span style="font-size:80%">Monarchical styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Ferenc József I of Hungary</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1896-1915;_angels).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg/100px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg/150px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg/200px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Majesty" title="Apostolic Majesty">His Apostolic Majesty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Apostolic Majesty</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Franz Joseph's names in the languages of his empire were: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>: <i lang="bs">Franjo Josip I</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>: <i lang="hr">Franjo Josip I.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">František Josef I</i></li> <li>German: <i lang="de">Franz Joseph I</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">I. Ferenc József</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Francesco Giuseppe I</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Franciszek Józef I</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Francisc Iosif</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <i lang="sr">Фрања Јосиф</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">František Jozef I</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>: <i lang="sl">Franc Jožef I</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <i lang="uk">Фра́нц Йо́сиф I</i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_and_styles">Titles and styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Titles and styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>18 August 1830 – 2 December 1848: <i>His Imperial and Royal Highness</i> Archduke and Prince Francis Joseph of Austria, Prince of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia<sup id="cite_ref-harmonische_Wahlkapitulation_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harmonische_Wahlkapitulation-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2 December 1848 – 21 November 1916: <i>His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty</i> The Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary</li></ul> <p>His official grand title after the <i><a href="/wiki/Ausgleich" class="mw-redirect" title="Ausgleich">Ausgleich</a></i> of 1867 was: "Francis Joseph the First, by the Grace of God <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">Emperor of Austria</a>, Apostolic King of Hungary, King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia" title="Kingdom of Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Slavonia">Slavonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia and Lodomeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Illyria_(1816%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Illyria (1816–49)">Illyria</a>; King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> etc., Archduke of <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Austria</a>; Grand Duke of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Cracow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Cracow">Cracow</a>, Duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Lorraine</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Salzburg" title="Duchy of Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria" title="Duchy of Styria">Styria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Carinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Carniola</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bukovina" title="Duchy of Bukovina">Bukovina</a>; Grand Prince of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Principality of Transylvania">Transylvania</a>; Margrave of <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Moravia" title="Margraviate of Moravia">Moravia</a>; Duke of <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Silesia" title="Austrian Silesia">Upper and Lower Silesia</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Modena">Modena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Parma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Piacenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Piacenza">Piacenza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Guastalla</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Duchy of Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Zator" title="Duchy of Zator">Zator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Teschen" title="Duchy of Teschen">Ćeszyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli" title="Duchy of Friuli">Friuli</a>, Ragusa (<a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>) and Zara (<a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a>); Princely Count of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a>, of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Kyburg" title="County of Kyburg">Kyburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Gorizia and Gradisca">Gorizia and Gradisca</a>; Prince of Trent (Trento) and Brixen; Margrave of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Lusatia" title="Upper Lusatia">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lusatia" title="Lower Lusatia">Lower Lusatia</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Istria" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Istria">Istria</a>; Count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hohenems" title="County of Hohenems">Hohenems</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Feldkirch" title="County of Feldkirch">Feldkirch</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Bregenz" title="County of Bregenz">Bregenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Sonnenberg" title="County of Sonnenberg">Sonnenberg</a>, etc.; Lord of Trieste, of Cattaro (Kotor), and over the <a href="/wiki/Windic_march" class="mw-redirect" title="Windic march">Windic march</a>; <a href="/wiki/Grosswojwod" class="mw-redirect" title="Grosswojwod">Grand Voivode</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Serbia_and_Banat_of_Temeschwar" title="Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar">Voivodship of Serbia</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_decorations">National decorations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: National decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece#Austrian_Order" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Knight of the Golden Fleece</a>, <i>1844</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chief and Sovereign, <i>2 December 1848</i> (<i>Orden vom Goldenen Vlies</i>, ex officio as Emperor of Austria)<sup id="cite_ref-Handbuch_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbuch-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Maria_Theresa" title="Military Order of Maria Theresa">Military Order of Maria Theresa</a> (<i>Militär Maria-Theresien-Orden</i>, ex officio as Emperor of Austria)<sup id="cite_ref-Handbuch2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbuch2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Stephen_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Stephen of Hungary">Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen</a> (<i>Königlich ungarischer St. Stephan-Orden</i>, ex officio as Emperor of Austria)<sup id="cite_ref-Handbuch3_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbuch3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Austria)" title="Order of Leopold (Austria)">Austrian Imperial Order of Leopold</a> (<i>Leopold-Orden</i>, ex officio as Emperor of Austria)<sup id="cite_ref-Handbuch4_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbuch4-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Iron_Crown_(Austria)" title="Order of the Iron Crown (Austria)">Imperial Order of the Iron Crown</a> (<i>Orden der Eisernen Krone</i>, ex officio as Emperor of Austria)<sup id="cite_ref-Handbuch5_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbuch5-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In addition, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Franz_Joseph" title="Order of Franz Joseph">Order of Franz Joseph</a> (<i>Franz Joseph-Orden</i>) on 2 December 1849,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Elizabeth" title="Order of Elizabeth">Order of Elizabeth</a> (<i>Elizabeth-Orden</i>) in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_decorations">Foreign decorations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Foreign decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 38em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">Ascanian duchies</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Albert_the_Bear" title="Order of Albert the Bear">Order of Albert the Bear</a>, <i>27 October 1849</i><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Fidelity" title="House Order of Fidelity">House Order of Fidelity</a>, <i>1851</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Z%C3%A4hringer_Lion" title="Order of the Zähringer Lion">Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion</a>, <i>1851</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Hubert">Knight of St. Hubert</a>, <i>1849</i><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Max_Joseph" title="Military Order of Max Joseph">Military Order of Max Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold</a> (civil), <i>19 April 1849</i><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Henry_the_Lion" title="Order of Henry the Lion">Order of Henry the Lion</a>, <i>1854</i><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius">Knight of Saints Cyril and Methodius</a><sup id="cite_ref-p5_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p5-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Bravery" title="Order of Bravery">Order of Bravery</a>, Grade I<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Knight of the Elephant</a>, <i>17 January 1849</i><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Ernestine_House_Order" title="Saxe-Ernestine House Order">Saxe-Ernestine House Order</a>, <i>March 1852</i><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a><sup id="cite_ref-Museum_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Museum-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Hannover1860_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannover1860-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._George_(Hanover)" title="Order of St. George (Hanover)">Knight of St. George</a>, <i>1848</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Guelphic_Order" title="Royal Guelphic Order">Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Hawaii</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Kamehameha_I_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Order of Kamehameha I (decoration)">Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I</a>, <i>1865</i><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Kal%C4%81kaua" title="Royal Order of Kalākaua">Order of Kalākaua</a>, <i>1878</i><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesse_and_by_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse and by Rhine">Hesse-Darmstadt</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Order" title="Ludwig Order">Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order</a>, <i>3 May 1851</i><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse-Kassel</a>: <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_the_Golden_Lion_(Hesse-Kassel)" class="mw-redirect" title="House Order of the Golden Lion (Hesse-Kassel)">Knight of the Golden Lion</a>, <i>19 November 1851</i><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Order of the Holy Sepulchre">Grand Cross of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Knight of the Annunciation</a>, <i>13 April 1869</i><sup id="cite_ref-dell_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dell-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a>, <i>1869</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy" title="Order of the Crown of Italy">Grand Cross of the Crown of Italy</a>, <i>1869</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Order of the Chrysanthemum</a>, <i>7 May 1880</i>; Collar, <i>25 October 1898</i><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a>: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion<sup id="cite_ref-p5_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p5-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Strelitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a>: Cross for Distinction in War, 1st and 2nd Classes<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Imperial_Orders#Imperial_Order_of_the_Mexican_Eagle" title="Mexican Imperial Orders">Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle</a>, with Collar, <i>1865</i><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Modena</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Eagle_of_Este" title="Order of the Eagle of Este">Grand Cross of the Eagle of Este</a>, <i>1856</i><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Monaco: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint-Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint-Charles">Grand Cross of St. Charles</a>, <i>24 September 1872</i><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Danilo_I" title="Order of Prince Danilo I">Order of Prince Danilo I</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau" title="House of Nassau">Nassau</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Lion_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Golden Lion of Nassau">Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau</a>, <i>May 1858</i><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Netherlands: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Military_William_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Military William Order">Military William Order</a>, <i>21 June 1849</i><sup id="cite_ref-Military_William_Order_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Military_William_Order-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a>: <a href="/wiki/House_and_Merit_Order_of_Peter_Frederick_Louis" title="House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis">Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig</a>, with Golden Crown, <i>9 March 1853</i><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Parma</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Military_Constantinian_Order_of_Saint_George" title="Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George">Senator Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St. George</a>, with Collar, <i>1849</i><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Knight of the Black Eagle</a>, <i>14 August 1844</i>; with Collar, <i>1851</i><sup id="cite_ref-prus_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prus-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Hohenzollern" title="House Order of Hohenzollern">House Order of Hohenzollern</a>, <i>16 September 1884</i><sup id="cite_ref-prus_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prus-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a> (military), with Oak Leaves, <i>27 August 1914</i><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>: <ul><li>Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Carol_I" title="Order of Carol I">Order of Carol I</a>, <i>1906</i><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania" title="Order of the Star of Romania">Grand Cross of the Star of Romania</a><sup id="cite_ref-Museum_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Museum-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew" title="Order of St. Andrew">Knight of St. Andrew</a>, <i>30 December 1845</i><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky">Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the White Eagle (Russia)">Knight of the White Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Anna">Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Order_of_St._George" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Order of St. George">Knight of St. George</a>, 4th Class, <i>2 July 1849</i><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Falcon" title="Order of the White Falcon">Grand Cross of the White Falcon</a>, <i>1 October 1857</i><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rue_Crown" title="Order of the Rue Crown">Knight of the Rue Crown</a>, <i>1847</i><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_St._Henry" title="Military Order of St. Henry">Military Order of St. Henry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Takovo" title="Order of the Cross of Takovo">Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo</a><sup id="cite_ref-Museum_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Museum-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Milo%C5%A1_the_Great" title="Order of Miloš the Great">Order of Miloš the Great</a>, 1st Class</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri" title="Order of the Royal House of Chakri">Order of the Royal House of Chakri</a>, <i>15 July 1891</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a>, with Collar, <i>10 May 1875</i><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden-Norway">Sweden-Norway</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Seraphim" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Order of the Seraphim">Knight of the Seraphim</a>, with Collar, <i>9 July 1850</i><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Norwegian_Lion" title="Order of the Norwegian Lion">Knight of the Norwegian Lion</a>, <i>5 April 1904</i><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Joseph" title="Order of Saint Joseph">Grand Cross of St. Joseph</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Januarius" title="Order of Saint Januarius">Knight of St. Januarius</a>, <i>1848</i><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter</a>, <i>14 August 1867</i> (revoked 1915)<sup id="cite_ref-p64_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p64-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Chain" title="Royal Victorian Chain">Royal Victorian Chain</a>, <i>16 August 1904</i> (revoked 1915)<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Order of the Crown (Württemberg)">Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown</a>, <i>1850</i><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Honorary_appointments">Honorary appointments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Honorary appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Honorary General of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Army" title="Swedish Army">Swedish Army</a>, <i>1888</i><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonel-in-chief" title="Colonel-in-chief">Colonel-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/1st_(The_King%27s)_Dragoon_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="1st (The King's) Dragoon Guards">1st (The King's) Dragoon Guards</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, <i>25 March 1896 – 1914</i></li> <li>Colonel-in-chief of the Kexholm Life Guards Grenadier Regiment, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Russian Army</a>, until 26 June 1914</li> <li>Colonel-in-chief of the 12th Belgorod Lancer Regiment, Russian Army, <i>until 26 June 1914</i></li> <li>Colonel-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/16th_(Schleswig-Holstein)_Hussars" class="mw-redirect" title="16th (Schleswig-Holstein) Hussars">16th (Schleswig-Holstein) Hussars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">German Army</a><sup id="cite_ref-p5_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p5-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Colonel-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/122nd_(Emperor_Francis_Joseph_of_Austria,_King_of_Hungary_(4th_W%C3%BCrttemberg)_Fusiliers" class="mw-redirect" title="122nd (Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria, King of Hungary (4th Württemberg) Fusiliers">122nd (Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria, King of Hungary (4th Württemberg) Fusiliers</a><sup id="cite_ref-p5_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p5-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> of the British Army, <i>1 September 1903 – 1914</i><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Standard_of_Austria-Hungary_(Before_1915).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Imperial_Standard_of_Austria-Hungary_%28Before_1915%29.svg/220px-Imperial_Standard_of_Austria-Hungary_%28Before_1915%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Imperial_Standard_of_Austria-Hungary_%28Before_1915%29.svg/330px-Imperial_Standard_of_Austria-Hungary_%28Before_1915%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Imperial_Standard_of_Austria-Hungary_%28Before_1915%29.svg/440px-Imperial_Standard_of_Austria-Hungary_%28Before_1915%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Imperial Standard (From 1867 to 1915)<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arms_and_monogram">Arms and monogram</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Arms and monogram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Coat_of_Arms_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I.svg/195px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I.svg.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Coat_of_Arms_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I.svg/293px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Coat_of_Arms_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I.svg/390px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="663" /></a></span><br />Lesser coat of arms of Franz Joseph I </td> <td><br />Imperial monogram <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Monogram_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Imperial_Monogram_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.svg/78px-Imperial_Monogram_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="78" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Imperial_Monogram_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.svg/117px-Imperial_Monogram_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Imperial_Monogram_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.svg/156px-Imperial_Monogram_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="98" data-file-height="296" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_1910_10k_Franz_Josef.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Austria_1910_10k_Franz_Josef.JPG/170px-Austria_1910_10k_Franz_Josef.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Austria_1910_10k_Franz_Josef.JPG/255px-Austria_1910_10k_Franz_Josef.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Austria_1910_10k_Franz_Josef.JPG/340px-Austria_1910_10k_Franz_Josef.JPG 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Centennial stamp<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Land" title="Franz Josef Land">Franz Josef Land</a> in the Russian Arctic was named in his honour in 1873 by the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition</a> which first reported finding it. The <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Glacier" title="Franz Josef Glacier">Franz Josef Glacier</a> in New Zealand's South Island also bears his name. </p><p>Franz Joseph founded in 1872 the <i>Franz Joseph University</i> (Hungarian: <i>Ferenc József Tudományegyetem</i>, Romanian: <i>Universitatea Francisc Iosif</i>) in the city of <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a> (at that time a part of Austria-Hungary under the name of Kolozsvár). The university was moved to <a href="/wiki/Szeged" title="Szeged">Szeged</a> after Cluj became a part of Romania, becoming the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Szeged" title="University of Szeged">University of Szeged</a>. </p><p>In certain areas, celebrations are still being held in remembrance of Franz Joseph's birthday. The Mitteleuropean People's Festival takes place every year around 18 August, and is a "spontaneous, traditional and brotherly meeting among peoples of the Central-European Countries".<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event includes ceremonies, meetings, music, songs, dances, wine and food tasting, and traditional costumes and folklore from <i><a href="/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_motto">Personal motto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Personal motto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"With united forces" <i>(as the Emperor of Austria)</i> – German: <i lang="de">"Mit vereinten Kräften"</i> – Latin: <i lang="la">"Viribus Unitis"</i></li> <li>"My trust in [the ancient] virtue" <i>(as the Apostolic King of Hungary)</i> – Hungarian: <i lang="hu">"Bizalmam az Ősi Erényben"</i> – Latin: <i lang="la">"Virtutis Confido"</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Sophie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Sophie of Austria">Archduchess Sophie of Austria</a>; 5 March 1855 – 29 May 1857.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Gisela_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Gisela of Austria">Archduchess Gisela of Austria</a>; 12 July 1856 – 27 July 1932. Married <a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold_of_Bavaria" title="Prince Leopold of Bavaria">Prince Leopold of Bavaria</a> (second cousin) in 1873; had issue.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf,_Crown_Prince_of_Austria" title="Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria">Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria</a>; 21 August 1858 – 30 January 1889. Married <a href="/wiki/Princess_Stephanie_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Stephanie of Belgium">Princess Stephanie of Belgium</a> in 1881; had issue. Died in a <a href="/wiki/Mayerling_incident" title="Mayerling incident">murder–suicide</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Marie_Valerie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria">Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria</a>; 22 April 1868 – 6 September 1924. Married <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria">Archduke Franz Salvator</a> (second cousin) in 1890; had issue</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Franz Joseph I of Austria</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Franz_I_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Franz_I-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Franz_Karl_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Franz_Karl-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Spain" title="Maria Luisa of Spain">Infanta Maria Louisa of Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Franz_I_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Franz_I-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Karl_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Karl of Austria">Archduke Franz Karl of Austria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_von_Neapel_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_von_Neapel-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily">Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Franz_Karl_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Franz_Karl-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria" title="Maria Carolina of Austria">Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_von_Neapel_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_von_Neapel-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Franz Joseph I of Austria</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Michael,_Count_Palatine_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="Frederick Michael, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken">Frederick Michael, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken</a><sup id="cite_ref-Genealogie94_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genealogie94-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Sophie_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Sophie-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Countess_Palatine_Maria_Franziska_of_Sulzbach" title="Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach">Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach</a><sup id="cite_ref-Genealogie94_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genealogie94-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophie_of_Bavaria" title="Princess Sophie of Bavaria">Princess Sophie of Bavaria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Baden" title="Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden">Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden</a><sup id="cite_ref-HDBG_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDBG-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Baden" title="Caroline of Baden">Princess Caroline of Baden</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Sophie_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Sophie-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Amalie_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" title="Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt">Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt</a><sup id="cite_ref-HDBG_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDBG-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_German_monarchs" title="Family tree of German monarchs">Family tree of German monarchs</a> – he was related to every other ruler of Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coupled_cousins#Royalty" title="List of coupled cousins">List of coupled cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franc_Jozeph_Island" title="Franc Jozeph Island">Franc Jozeph Island</a>, island in Albania named in honor of the Emperor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._George_(Habsburg-Lorraine)" title="Order of St. George (Habsburg-Lorraine)">Order of St. George (Habsburg-Lorraine)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/216776/Francis-Joseph">Francis Joseph</a>, in <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Retrieved 19 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/franz-joseph-of-austria">"Gale Encyclopedia of Biography: <i>Francis Joseph</i>"</a>. Answers.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gale+Encyclopedia+of+Biography%3A+Francis+Joseph&rft.pub=Answers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Ftopic%2Ffranz-joseph-of-austria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad196861-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad196861_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurad1968">Murad 1968</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968101-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968101_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurad1968">Murad 1968</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad196833-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad196833_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurad1968">Murad 1968</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad19688-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad19688_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurad1968">Murad 1968</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad19686-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad19686_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurad1968">Murad 1968</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Young1995" class="citation book cs1">Robert Young (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secessionofquebe0000youn"><i>Secession of Quebec and the Future of Canada</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Queen's Press">McGill-Queen's Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secessionofquebe0000youn/page/138">138</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-6547-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-6547-0"><bdi>978-0-7735-6547-0</bdi></a>. <q>the Hungarian constitution was restored.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secession+of+Quebec+and+the+Future+of+Canada&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-6547-0&rft.au=Robert+Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecessionofquebe0000youn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferenc_Szakály_1980_178-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferenc_Szakály_1980_178_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferenc_Szakály_1980_178_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerenc_Szakály1980" class="citation book cs1">Ferenc Szakály (1980). <i>Hungary and Eastern Europe: Research Report Volume 182 of Studia historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae</i>. Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-05-2595-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-05-2595-4"><bdi>978-963-05-2595-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungary+and+Eastern+Europe%3A+Research+Report+Volume+182+of+Studia+historica+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-963-05-2595-4&rft.au=Ferenc+Szak%C3%A1ly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJúlius_Bartl2002" class="citation book cs1">Július Bartl (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3orG2yZ9mBkC&q=%22stadion+constitution%22++%22Imperial+Diet%22&pg=PA222"><i>Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon, G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series</i></a>. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-444-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-444-4"><bdi>978-0-86516-444-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slovak+History%3A+Chronology+%26+Lexicon%2C+G+%E2%80%93+Reference%2C+Information+and+Interdisciplinary+Subjects+Series&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-86516-444-4&rft.au=J%C3%BAlius+Bartl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3orG2yZ9mBkC%26q%3D%2522stadion%2Bconstitution%2522%2B%2B%2522Imperial%2BDiet%2522%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=et9nAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Declaration+of+Independence%22+%22Stadion+Constitution%22"><i>Hungarian statesmen of destiny, 1860–1960, Volume 58 of Atlantic studies on society in change, Volume 262 of East European monographs</i></a>. Social Sciences Monograph. 1989. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-159-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-159-3"><bdi>978-0-88033-159-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungarian+statesmen+of+destiny%2C+1860%E2%80%931960%2C+Volume+58+of+Atlantic+studies+on+society+in+change%2C+Volume+262+of+East+European+monographs&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Social+Sciences+Monograph&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-159-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Det9nAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Declaration%2Bof%2BIndependence%2522%2B%2522Stadion%2BConstitution%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phillips-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phillips_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phillips_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phillips_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Phillips" title="Walter Alison Phillips">Phillips, Walter Alison</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hungary" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hungary">Hungary</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 917–918.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hungary&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=917-918&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYonge1867" class="citation book cs1">Yonge, Charlotte (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/yonge/deeds/crown.html">"The Crown of St. Stephen"</a>. <i>A Book of Golden Deeds Of all Times and all Lands</i>. London, Glasgow and Bombay: Blackie and Son<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Crown+of+St.+Stephen&rft.btitle=A+Book+of+Golden+Deeds+Of+all+Times+and+all+Lands&rft.place=London%2C+Glasgow+and+Bombay&rft.pub=Blackie+and+Son&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Yonge&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.upenn.edu%2Fwomen%2Fyonge%2Fdeeds%2Fcrown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-review1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-review1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemes2000" class="citation web cs1">Nemes, Paul (10 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517110819/http://www.ce-review.org/00/1/nemes1.html">"Central Europe Review – Hungary: The Holy Crown"</a>. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+Europe+Review+%E2%80%93+Hungary%3A+The+Holy+Crown&rft.date=2000-01-10&rft.aulast=Nemes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ce-review.org%2F00%2F1%2Fnemes1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An account of this service, written by Count Miklos Banffy, a witness, may be read at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.websitetoolbox.com/tool/post/royalcello/vpost?id=2646769&trail=15">The Last Habsburg Coronation: Budapest, 1916</a>. From <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royaltymonarchy.com/">Theodore's Royalty and Monarchy Website</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rothenburg, G. <i>The Army of Francis Joseph</i>. West Lafayette, Purdue University Press, 1976. p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Lendvai2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lendvai" title="Paul Lendvai">Paul Lendvai</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2C33DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Hungarians A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-20027-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-20027-9"><bdi>978-0-691-20027-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hungarians+A+Thousand+Years+of+Victory+in+Defeat&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-691-20027-9&rft.au=Paul+Lendvai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2C33DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Roman: <i>Austria-Hungary & the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present</i> p. 67, Publisher: Infobase Publishing, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7469-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7469-3">978-0-8160-7469-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Making of the West</i>: Volume C, Lynn Hunt, pp. 683–684</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad196841-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad196841_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad196841_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurad1968">Murad 1968</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad196842-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad196842_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad196842_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad196842_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurad1968">Murad 1968</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As a descendant of the Irish noble dynasty <a href="/wiki/O%27Donnell_of_Tyrconnell" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Donnell of Tyrconnell">O'Donnell of Tyrconnell</a>: <i>O'Domhnaill Abu – <a href="/wiki/O%27Donnell" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Donnell">O'Donnell</a> Clan Newsletter</i> no. 7, Spring 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0790-7389">0790-7389</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDecker" class="citation web cs1">Decker, Wolfgang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simmeringerhaide.at/chronik.html">"Kleingartenanlage Simmeringer Haide"</a>. <i>www.simmeringerhaide.at</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.simmeringerhaide.at&rft.atitle=Kleingartenanlage+Simmeringer+Haide&rft.aulast=Decker&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simmeringerhaide.at%2Fchronik.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227131536/http://www.kralovskacesta.cz/en/tour/objects/statuary-of-st-francis-seraph.html">"Statuary of St. Francis Seraph"</a>. <i>Královská cesta</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kralovskacesta.cz/en/tour/objects/statuary-of-st-francis-seraph.html">the original</a> on 27 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kr%C3%A1lovsk%C3%A1+cesta&rft.atitle=Statuary+of+St.+Francis+Seraph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kralovskacesta.cz%2Fen%2Ftour%2Fobjects%2Fstatuary-of-st-francis-seraph.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Sarlin and Dan Rouyer, "The Anti-Masonic Congress of Trento (1896): International Mobilization and the Circulation of Practices against Freemasonry." <i>Contemporanea: Rivista di Storia dell'800 e del '900</i> (July-Sep 2021), 24#3, pp. 517-536.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968169-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968169_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurad1968">Murad 1968</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré_GerritsDirk_Jan_Wolffram2005" class="citation book cs1">André Gerrits; Dirk Jan Wolffram (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UFY_iWZAj7kC&q=Ausgleich+%22hungarian+parliament%22+re-established&pg=PA42"><i>Political Democracy and Ethnic Diversity in Modern European History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4976-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4976-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-4976-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Democracy+and+Ethnic+Diversity+in+Modern+European+History&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4976-3&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Gerrits&rft.au=Dirk+Jan+Wolffram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUFY_iWZAj7kC%26q%3DAusgleich%2B%2522hungarian%2Bparliament%2522%2Bre-established%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kozuchowski, Adam. <i>The Afterlife of Austria-Hungary: The Image of the Habsburg Monarchy in Interwar Europe</i>. Pitt Series in Russian and East European Studies. University of Pittsburgh Press (2013), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7917-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7917-3">978-0-8229-7917-3</a>. p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnston_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">:<a href="/wiki/Will_Johnston" title="Will Johnston">William M. Johnston</a>, <i>The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848–1938</i> (University of California Press, 1983), p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lecaine-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lecaine_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lecaine_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lecaine_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Caine_Agnew2007" class="citation book cs1">Le Caine Agnew, Hugh (2007). "The Flyspecks on Palivec's Portrait: Franz Joseph, the Symbols of Monarchy, and Czech Popular Loyalty". In Cole, Laurence; Unowsky, Daniel L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l_SOie5SJQwC"><i>The limits of loyalty: imperial symbolism, popular allegiances, and state patriotism in the late Habsburg monarchy</i></a>. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 86–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-202-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-202-5"><bdi>978-1-84545-202-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Flyspecks+on+Palivec%27s+Portrait%3A+Franz+Joseph%2C+the+Symbols+of+Monarchy%2C+and+Czech+Popular+Loyalty&rft.btitle=The+limits+of+loyalty%3A+imperial+symbolism%2C+popular+allegiances%2C+and+state+patriotism+in+the+late+Habsburg+monarchy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=86-112&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-202-5&rft.aulast=Le+Caine+Agnew&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl_SOie5SJQwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968149-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968149_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurad1968">Murad 1968</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968150-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968150_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurad1968">Murad 1968</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968151-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968151_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968151_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968151_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurad1968">Murad 1968</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968127-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968127_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968127_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurad1968">Murad 1968</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05677b.htm">http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05677b.htm</a> (discussing the papal veto from the perspective of the Catholic Church)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200516-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200516_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200516_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200537-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200537_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200594-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200594_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDejan_Djokić2003" class="citation book cs1">Dejan Djokić (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMyZdvTympMC"><i>Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918–1992</i></a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-663-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-663-0"><bdi>978-1-85065-663-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavism%3A+Histories+of+a+Failed+Idea%2C+1918%E2%80%931992&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2003-01&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-663-0&rft.au=Dejan+Djoki%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZMyZdvTympMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Freiherr von Margutti: Vom alten Kaiser. Leipzig & Wien 1921, S. 147f. Zitiert nach Erika Bestenreiter: Franz Ferdinand und Sophie von Hohenberg. München (Piper), 2004, S. 247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1994328-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1994328_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1994">Palmer 1994</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SN19161125.2.74#">"Sausalito News 25 November 1916 — California Digital Newspaper Collection"</a>. Cdnc.ucr.edu. 25 November 1916<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sausalito+News+25+November+1916+%E2%80%94+California+Digital+Newspaper+Collection&rft.pub=Cdnc.ucr.edu&rft.date=1916-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcdnc%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DSN19161125.2.74%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Davies, <i>Europe: A history</i> p. 687</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d_rlZKhgaekC">Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph By Alan Palmer</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968242-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968242_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurad1968">Murad 1968</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968120-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968120_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968120_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurad1968">Murad 1968</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1989" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Frederic (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thunderattwiligh00mort"><i>Thunder at Twilight: Vienna 1913/1914</i></a></span>. Scribner. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thunderattwiligh00mort/page/85">85–86</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-19143-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-19143-0"><bdi>978-0-684-19143-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thunder+at+Twilight%3A+Vienna+1913%2F1914&rft.pages=85-86&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-684-19143-0&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthunderattwiligh00mort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The letter is available <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Letter_from_Robert,_Duke_of_Parma,_to_Tirso_de_Olaz%C3%A1bal_(Sep._1898).pdf">here</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurad1968117-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurad1968117_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurad1968">Murad 1968</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1994288-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1994288_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1994">Palmer 1994</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1994289-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1994289_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1994">Palmer 1994</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ketterl, Eugen. <i>Der alte Kaiser wie nur einer ihn sah</i>. Cissy Klastersky (ed.), Gerold & Co., Vienna 1929</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1994324-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1994324_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1994">Palmer 1994</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harmonische_Wahlkapitulation-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harmonische_Wahlkapitulation_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Kaiser Joseph II. harmonische Wahlkapitulation mit allen den vorhergehenden Wahlkapitulationen der vorigen Kaiser und Könige</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaiser+Joseph+II.+harmonische+Wahlkapitulation+mit+allen+den+vorhergehenden+Wahlkapitulationen+der+vorigen+Kaiser+und+K%C3%B6nige&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span> Since 1780 official title used for princes ("<i>zu Ungarn, Böhmen, Dalmatien, Kroatien, Slawonien, Königlicher Erbprinz</i>")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The official title of the ruler of Austrian Empire and later the Austria-Hungary had been changed several times: by a patent from 1 August 1804, by a court office decree from 22 August 1836, by an imperial court ministry decree from 6 January 1867 and finally by a letter from 12 December 1867. Shorter versions were recommended for official documents and international treaties: "Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia etc. and Apostolic King of Hungary", "Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary", "His Majesty The Emperor and King" and "His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty". The term <i><a href="/wiki/Kaiserlich_und_k%C3%B6niglich" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiserlich und königlich">Kaiserlich und königlich</a></i> (<i>K.u.K.</i>) was decreed in a letter from 17 October 1889 for the military, the navy and the institutions shared by both parts of the monarchy. – From the <a href="/wiki/Otto%27s_encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto's encyclopedia">Otto's encyclopedia</a> (published during 1888–1909), subject 'King', <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedie.seznam.cz/heslo/285233-kral">online in Czech</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209045019/http://encyklopedie.seznam.cz/heslo/285233-kral">Archived</a> 9 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoettger" class="citation web cs1">Boettger, T. F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquesatoz.com/sgfleece/knights5.htm">"Chevaliers de la Toisón d'Or – Knights of the Golden Fleece"</a>. <i>La Confrérie Amicale</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Confr%C3%A9rie+Amicale&rft.atitle=Chevaliers+de+la+Tois%C3%B3n+d%27Or+%E2%80%93+Knights+of+the+Golden+Fleece&rft.aulast=Boettger&rft.aufirst=T.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquesatoz.com%2Fsgfleece%2Fknights5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbuch-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbuch_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1856&size=45&page=132">"Ritter-Orden: Orden des Goldenen Vlies"</a>, <i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich</i>, 1856, p. 40<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritter-Orden%3A+Orden+des+Goldenen+Vlies&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+des+Kaiserthumes+%C3%96sterreich&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1856&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falex.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Falex%3Faid%3Dshb%26datum%3D1856%26size%3D45%26page%3D132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbuch2-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbuch2_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1856&size=45&page=133">"Ritter-Orden: Militärischer Maria-Theresien-Orden"</a>, <i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich</i>, 1856, p. 41<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritter-Orden%3A+Milit%C3%A4rischer+Maria-Theresien-Orden&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+des+Kaiserthumes+%C3%96sterreich&rft.pages=41&rft.date=1856&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falex.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Falex%3Faid%3Dshb%26datum%3D1856%26size%3D45%26page%3D133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbuch3-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbuch3_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1856&size=45&page=135">"Ritter-Orden: Königlich ungarischer St. Stephan-Orden"</a>, <i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich</i>, 1856, p. 43<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritter-Orden%3A+K%C3%B6niglich+ungarischer+St.+Stephan-Orden&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+des+Kaiserthumes+%C3%96sterreich&rft.pages=43&rft.date=1856&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falex.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Falex%3Faid%3Dshb%26datum%3D1856%26size%3D45%26page%3D135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbuch4-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbuch4_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1856&size=45&page=137">"Ritter-Orden: Österreichisch-kaiserlicher Leopolds-Orden"</a>, <i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich</i>, 1856, p. 45<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritter-Orden%3A+%C3%96sterreichisch-kaiserlicher+Leopolds-Orden&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+des+Kaiserthumes+%C3%96sterreich&rft.pages=45&rft.date=1856&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falex.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Falex%3Faid%3Dshb%26datum%3D1856%26size%3D45%26page%3D137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbuch5-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbuch5_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1856&size=45&page=147">"Ritter-Orden: Österreichisch-kaiserlicher Orden der eisernen Krone"</a>, <i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich</i>, 1856, p. 55<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritter-Orden%3A+%C3%96sterreichisch-kaiserlicher+Orden+der+eisernen+Krone&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+des+Kaiserthumes+%C3%96sterreich&rft.pages=55&rft.date=1856&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falex.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Falex%3Faid%3Dshb%26datum%3D1856%26size%3D45%26page%3D147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ3MGbRilRoC&q=ordine%20di%20francesco-giuseppe&pg=PA100"><i>Bollettino generale delle leggi e degli atti del governo per l'impero d'Austria: anno ...</i></a> (in Italian). Imp. reg. stampieria di Corte e di Stato. 1851<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bollettino+generale+delle+leggi+e+degli+atti+del+governo+per+l%27impero+d%27Austria%3A+anno+...&rft.pub=Imp.+reg.+stampieria+di+Corte+e+di+Stato&rft.date=1851&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIQ3MGbRilRoC%26q%3Dordine%2520di%2520francesco-giuseppe%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYashnev2003" class="citation book cs1">Yashnev, Yuri (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090402203536/http://awards.netdialogue.com/Europe/Austria/AHEmpire/Elizabeth/Elizabeth.htm"><i>Orders and Medals of the Austro-Hungarian Empire</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awards.netdialogue.com/Europe/Austria/AHEmpire/Elizabeth/Elizabeth.htm">the original</a> on 2 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orders+and+Medals+of+the+Austro-Hungarian+Empire&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Yashnev&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fawards.netdialogue.com%2FEurope%2FAustria%2FAHEmpire%2FElizabeth%2FElizabeth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Herzogtum Anhalt</i> (1867) "Herzoglicher Haus-orden Albrecht des Bären" p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYEp3N5O48EC&pg=PA16">16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden</i> (1868), "Großherzogliche Orden" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1872719">pp. 50</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1872729">60</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VJljAAAAcAAJ&q=Hof-%20und%20Staats-handbuch%20des%20K%C3%B6nigreichs%20Bayern&pg=PA8"><i>Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern</i></a> (in German). Königl. Oberpostamt. 1867. p. 8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staats-Handbuch+des+K%C3%B6nigreichs+Bayern&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nigl.+Oberpostamt&rft.date=1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVJljAAAAcAAJ%26q%3DHof-%2520und%2520Staats-handbuch%2520des%2520K%25C3%25B6nigreichs%2520Bayern%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.bruxelles.be/almanach/watch/AR/ALMANACH%20ROYAL%20OFFICIEL_1850_R%20208/ALMANACH%20ROYAL%20OFFICIEL_1850_R%20208#page/16">"Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold"</a>, <i>Almanach Royal Officiel</i> (in French), 1850, p. 33 – via Archives de Bruxelles</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liste+des+Membres+de+l%27Ordre+de+L%C3%A9opold&rft.btitle=Almanach+Royal+Officiel&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1850&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.bruxelles.be%2Falmanach%2Fwatch%2FAR%2FALMANACH%2520ROYAL%2520OFFICIEL_1850_R%2520208%2FALMANACH%2520ROYAL%2520OFFICIEL_1850_R%2520208%23page%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Herzogtums Braunschweig für das Jahr 1897</i>, "Herzogliche Orden Heinrich des Löwen" p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p5-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p5_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p5_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p5_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p5_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Justus Perthes, <i>Almanach de Gotha</i> (1916) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/almanachdegotha01unse_0/page/n63">p. 5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boiniznamena.com/?action=article&id=155">"Knights of the Order of Bravery"</a> (in Bulgarian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Knights+of+the+Order+of+Bravery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boiniznamena.com%2F%3Faction%3Darticle%26id%3D155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJørgen_Pedersen2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jørgen Pedersen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ"><i>Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009</i></a> (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 472. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-434-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-434-2"><bdi>978-87-7674-434-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riddere+af+Elefantordenen%2C+1559%E2%80%932009&rft.pages=472&rft.pub=Syddansk+Universitetsforlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-87-7674-434-2&rft.au=J%C3%B8rgen+Pedersen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dglw-AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtums Sachsen-Altenburg</i> (1869), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00243702/Parladrusa_Staatshandbuch_SA_166810592_1869_0034.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jparticle_00472815">p. 20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Museum-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Ausl%C3%A4ndische_Orden_Kaiser_Franz_Josephs_I.jpg"><i>Ausländische_Orden_Kaiser_Franz_Josephs_I.jpg (3366×2508)</i></a>. <i>upload.wikimedia.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ausl%C3%A4ndische_Orden_Kaiser_Franz_Josephs_I.jpg+%283366%C3%972508%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F1%2F1e%2FAusl%25C3%25A4ndische_Orden_Kaiser_Franz_Josephs_I.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannover1860-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hannover1860_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaat_Hannover1860" class="citation book cs1">Staat Hannover (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dQdTAAAAcAAJ"><i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1860</i></a>. Berenberg. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dQdTAAAAcAAJ/page/n52">36</a>, 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+f%C3%BCr+das+K%C3%B6nigreich+Hannover%3A+1860&rft.pages=36%2C+71&rft.pub=Berenberg&rft.date=1860&rft.au=Staat+Hannover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_dQdTAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230228013523/https://www.crownofhawaii.com/order-of-kamehameha">"The Royal Order of Kamehameha"</a>. <i>crownofhawaii.com</i>. Official website of the Royal Family of Hawaii. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crownofhawaii.com/order-of-kamehameha">the original</a> on 28 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=crownofhawaii.com&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Order+of+Kamehameha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crownofhawaii.com%2Forder-of-kamehameha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230228013521/https://www.crownofhawaii.com/order-of-kalakaua">"The Royal Order of Kalākaua"</a>. <i>crownofhawaii.com</i>. Official website of the Royal Family of Hawaii. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crownofhawaii.com/order-of-kalakaua">the original</a> on 28 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=crownofhawaii.com&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Order+of+Kal%C4%81kaua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crownofhawaii.com%2Forder-of-kalakaua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hof- und Staats-Handbuch ... Hessen</i> (1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen</i> (1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dell-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dell_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItalia_:_Ministero_dell'interno1898" class="citation book cs1">Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0dnhcmSJ6FcC&pg=PP5"><i>Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia</i></a>. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0dnhcmSJ6FcC&pg=PA53">53</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendario+generale+del+Regno+d%27Italia&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Unione+tipografico-editrice&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Italia+%3A+Ministero+dell%27interno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0dnhcmSJ6FcC%26pg%3DPP5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF刑部芳則2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">刑部芳則 (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf"><i>明治時代の勲章外交儀礼</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. pp. 143, 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AE%E5%8B%B2%E7%AB%A0%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%84%80%E7%A4%BC&rft.pages=143%2C+149&rft.pub=%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E8%81%96%E5%BE%B3%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E7%B4%80%E8%A6%81&rft.date=2017&rft.au=%E5%88%91%E9%83%A8%E8%8A%B3%E5%89%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeijiseitoku.org%2Fpdf%2Ff54-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhm-Hieronymussen2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ohm-Hieronymussen, Peter (2000). <i>Die Mecklenburg-Strelitzer Orden und Ehrenzeichen</i> (in German). Copenhagen. p. 150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Mecklenburg-Strelitzer+Orden+und+Ehrenzeichen&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=150&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ohm-Hieronymussen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ">"Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio"</a>, <i>Almanaque imperial para el año 1866</i> (in Spanish), 1866, pp. 214–236, 242–243<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seccion+IV%3A+Ordenes+del+Imperio&rft.btitle=Almanaque+imperial+para+el+a%C3%B1o+1866&rft.pages=214-236%2C+242-243&rft.date=1866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVOAxAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N29SDfqL548C&pg=PA30"><i>Almanacco di corte</i></a>. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanacco+di+corte&rft.pages=30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN29SDfqL548C%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/4a7cd0b8d97d49ce72579e14a486159b.pdf">Sovereign Ordonnance of 24 September 1872</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orderofdanilo.org/en/news/051207.htm">"The Order of Sovereign Prince Danilo I"</a>, <i>orderofdanilo.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009012208/http://www.orderofdanilo.org/en/history/index.htm">Archived</a> 9 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10021632?page=25">Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Nassau</a></i> (1866), "Herzogliche Orden" p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Military_William_Order-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Military_William_Order_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/onderscheidingen/inhoud/dapperheidsonderscheidingen/databank-dapperheidsonderscheidingen/1849/06/21/franz-joseph-i">Military William Order: Franz Joseph I. 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A. (1906) <i>The Knights of England</i>, <b>I</b>, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n153/mode/2up">p. 64</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n505/mode/2up">p. 415</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pc5CAAAAYAAJ/page/n61">Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg</a></i> (1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/rikskal/1909/0239.html"><i>Sveriges statskalender</i></a> (in Swedish), 1909, p. 155<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2018</span> – via runeberg.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sveriges+statskalender&rft.pages=155&rft.date=1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Frikskal%2F1909%2F0239.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flagspot.net/flags/ah-imper.html">"Imperial Standard of Austria, Flags of the World"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imperial+Standard+of+Austria%2C+Flags+of+the+World.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fflagspot.net%2Fflags%2Fah-imper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlineshop.post.at/onlineshop/briefmarken---philatelie/briefmarken/sondermarken/100-todestag-kaiser-franz-joseph_13438"><i>100. Todestag Kaiser Franz Joseph</i> (100th Anniversary of the death of Emperor Francis Joseph)</a>. The stamp uses the design issued on his 80th birthday, which in turn is based on a 1908 design by <a href="/wiki/Koloman_Moser" title="Koloman Moser">Koloman Moser</a> to commemorate the 60th anniversary of his accession to the throne.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mitteleuropa.it/uk">Associazione Culturale Mitteleuropa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514200334/http://www.mitteleuropa.it/uk/">Archived</a> 14 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 21 April 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLKO-Franz_Karl-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Franz_Karl_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Franz_Karl_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurzbach1860" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Constant_von_Wurzbach" title="Constant von Wurzbach">Wurzbach, Constantin von</a>, ed. (1860). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:de:BLKÖ:Habsburg, Franz Karl Joseph"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Franz_Karl_Joseph">"Habsburg, Franz Karl Joseph" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich" title="Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich">Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich</a></i> [<i>Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire</i>] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 257 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Habsburg%2C+Franz+Karl+Joseph&rft.btitle=Biographisches+Lexikon+des+Kaiserthums+Oesterreich&rft.pages=257&rft.date=1860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLKO-Sophie-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Sophie_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Sophie_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurzbach1861" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Constant_von_Wurzbach" title="Constant von Wurzbach">Wurzbach, Constantin von</a>, ed. (1861). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:de:BLKÖ:Habsburg, Sophie (geb. 27. Jänner 1805)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Sophie_(geb._27._J%C3%A4nner_1805)">"Habsburg, Sophie (geb. 27. Jänner 1805)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich" title="Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich">Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich</a></i> [<i>Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire</i>] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 149 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Habsburg%2C+Sophie+%28geb.+27.+J%C3%A4nner+1805%29&rft.btitle=Biographisches+Lexikon+des+Kaiserthums+Oesterreich&rft.pages=149&rft.date=1861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLKO-Franz_I-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Franz_I_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Franz_I_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurzbach1860" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Constant_von_Wurzbach" title="Constant von Wurzbach">Wurzbach, Constantin von</a>, ed. (1860). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:de:BLKÖ:Habsburg, Franz I."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Franz_I.">"Habsburg, Franz I." </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich" title="Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich">Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich</a></i> [<i>Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire</i>] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 208 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Habsburg%2C+Franz+I.&rft.btitle=Biographisches+Lexikon+des+Kaiserthums+Oesterreich&rft.pages=208&rft.date=1860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_von_Neapel-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_von_Neapel_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_von_Neapel_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurzbach1861" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Constant_von_Wurzbach" title="Constant von Wurzbach">Wurzbach, Constantin von</a>, ed. (1861). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:de:BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Theresia von Neapel"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Maria_Theresia_von_Neapel">"Habsburg, Maria Theresia von Neapel" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich" title="Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich">Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich</a></i> [<i>Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire</i>] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 81 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Habsburg%2C+Maria+Theresia+von+Neapel&rft.btitle=Biographisches+Lexikon+des+Kaiserthums+Oesterreich&rft.pages=81&rft.date=1861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genealogie94-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Genealogie94_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genealogie94_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA94"><i>Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans</i></a> [<i>Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living</i>] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogie+ascendante+jusqu%27au+quatrieme+degre+inclusivement+de+tous+les+Rois+et+Princes+de+maisons+souveraines+de+l%27Europe+actuellement+vivans&rft.place=Bourdeaux&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Frederic+Guillaume+Birnstiel&rft.date=1768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAINPAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDBG-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HDBG_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDBG_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hdbg.eu/koenigreich/index.php/personen/index/herrscher_id/1/id/7">"Maximilian I. Joseph → Karoline Friederike Wilhelmine von Baden"</a>. <i>Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte [House of Bavarian History]</i> (in German). Bavarian Ministry of State for Wissenschaft and Kunst<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haus+der+Bayerischen+Geschichte+%5BHouse+of+Bavarian+History%5D&rft.atitle=Maximilian+I.+Joseph+%E2%86%92+Karoline+Friederike+Wilhelmine+von+Baden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdbg.eu%2Fkoenigreich%2Findex.php%2Fpersonen%2Findex%2Fherrscher_id%2F1%2Fid%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: General bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertini2005" class="citation book cs1">Albertini, Luigi (2005). <i>The Origins of the War of 1914</i>. New York: Enigma Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+War+of+1914&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Albertini&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurad1968" class="citation book cs1">Murad, Anatol (1968). <i>Franz Joseph I of Austria and his Empire</i>. Twayne Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8290-0172-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8290-0172-3"><bdi>978-0-8290-0172-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Joseph+I+of+Austria+and+his+Empire&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-8290-0172-3&rft.aulast=Murad&rft.aufirst=Anatol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1994" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Alan (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twilightofhabsbu00palm"><i>Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph</i></a>. Atlantic Monthly Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1560-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1560-7"><bdi>978-0-8021-1560-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+of+the+Habsburgs%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Emperor+Francis+Joseph&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-1560-7&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwilightofhabsbu00palm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagger1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Szekeres_Bagger" title="Eugene Szekeres Bagger">Bagger, E. S.</a> (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/francisjosephemp1927bagg/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Francis Joseph: Emperor of Austria – King of Hungary</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/G.P._Putnam%27s_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="G.P. Putnam's Sons">G.P. Putnam's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1658401">1658401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Joseph%3A+Emperor+of+Austria+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BKing+of+Hungary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1658401&rft.aulast=Bagger&rft.aufirst=E.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrancisjosephemp1927bagg%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeller1996" class="citation book cs1">Beller, S. (1996). <i>Francis Joseph</i>. Profiles in Power. London: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/605339010">605339010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Joseph&rft.place=London&rft.series=Profiles+in+Power&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F605339010&rft.aulast=Beller&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBled1994" class="citation book cs1">Bled, J. (1994). <i>Franz Joseph</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/844302638">844302638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Joseph&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F844302638&rft.aulast=Bled&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bridge, F. R. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromsadowatosara0000brid"><i>From Sadowa to Sarajevo: the foreign policy of Austria–Hungary, 1866–1914</i></a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe-Owen1904" class="citation book cs1">Cunliffe-Owen, M. (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924067345177"><i>A Keystone of Empire: Francis Joseph of Austria</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8393894">8393894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Keystone+of+Empire%3A+Francis+Joseph+of+Austria&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1904&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8393894&rft.aulast=Cunliffe-Owen&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924067345177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerő2001" class="citation book cs1">Gerő, A. (2001). <i>Emperor Francis Joseph: King of the Hungarians</i>. Boulder: Social Science Monogaphs. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865200178">865200178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor+Francis+Joseph%3A+King+of+the+Hungarians&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pub=Social+Science+Monogaphs&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865200178&rft.aulast=Ger%C5%91&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens2013" class="citation book cs1">Owens, K. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1543474"><i>Franz Joseph and Elisabeth: The Last Great Monarchs of Austria–Hungary</i></a>. Jefferson: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-1216-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-1216-4"><bdi>978-1-4766-1216-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Joseph+and+Elisabeth%3A+The+Last+Great+Monarchs+of+Austria%E2%80%93Hungary&rft.place=Jefferson&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-1216-4&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublic.eblib.com%2Fchoice%2Fpublicfullrecord.aspx%3Fp%3D1543474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedlich1929" class="citation book cs1">Redlich, J. (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176378"><i>Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936201260">936201260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor+Francis+Joseph+of+Austria&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936201260&rft.aulast=Redlich&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.176378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, A.J.P.</a> (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/habsburgmonarchy00tayl"><i>The Habsburg monarchy, 1809–1918: a history of the Austrian Empire and Austria–Hungary</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Habsburg+monarchy%2C+1809%E2%80%931918%3A+a+history+of+the+Austrian+Empire+and+Austria%E2%80%93Hungary&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.J.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhabsburgmonarchy00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span>; politics and diplomacy</li> <li>Tschuppik, Karl (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.227241"><i>The reign of the Emperor Francis Joseph</i></a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnterreiner2006" class="citation book cs1">Unterreiner, K. (2006). <i>Emperor Franz Joseph, 1830–1916: Myth and Truth</i>. Vienna: Brandstätter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902510-44-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-902510-44-0"><bdi>978-3-902510-44-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor+Franz+Joseph%2C+1830%E2%80%931916%3A+Myth+and+Truth&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=Brandst%C3%A4tter&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-902510-44-0&rft.aulast=Unterreiner&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Kiste2005" class="citation book cs1">Van der Kiste, J. (2005). <i>Emperor Francis Joseph: Life, Death and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire</i>. Stroud: <a href="/wiki/History_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="History Press">History Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-9547-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-9547-7"><bdi>978-0-7524-9547-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor+Francis+Joseph%3A+Life%2C+Death+and+the+Fall+of+the+Habsburg+Empire&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-9547-7&rft.aulast=Van+der+Kiste&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkelhofer2012" class="citation book cs1">Winkelhofer, M. (2012). <i>The Everyday Life of the Emperor: Francis Joseph and His Imperial Court</i>. Innsbruck: Haymon Taschenbuch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-85218-927-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-85218-927-7"><bdi>978-3-85218-927-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Everyday+Life+of+the+Emperor%3A+Francis+Joseph+and+His+Imperial+Court&rft.place=Innsbruck&rft.pub=Haymon+Taschenbuch&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-85218-927-7&rft.aulast=Winkelhofer&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Joseph+I+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28Franz+Joseph+I+of+Austria%29%20OR%20%28%221830-1916%22%20AND%20Austria%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Franz Joseph I of Austria</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11368">Works by Franz Joseph I of Austria</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/005488">Newspaper clippings about Franz Joseph I of Austria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Franz Joseph I of Austria </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">House of Lorraine</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 18 August 1830</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 21 November 1916</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I & V</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">Emperor of Austria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Bohemia">King of Bohemia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">King of Galicia and Lodomeria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a><br /><a href="/wiki/King_of_Croatia,_Slavonia_and_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia">King of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia</a> </b><br />1848–1916 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I & IV</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Lombardy-Venetia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Lombardy-Venetia">King of Lombardy-Venetia</a> </b><br />1848–1866 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I of Austria</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_German_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the German Confederation">Head of the <i>Präsidialmacht</i> Austria</a> </b><br />1850–1866 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of Prussia">William I of Prussia</a></div><i><b>as Holder of the <a href="/wiki/Bundespr%C3%A4sidium" title="Bundespräsidium">Bundespräsidium</a><br />of the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> </b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Austria" title="Template:Monarchs of Austria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Austria" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Austria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Austria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Austria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Austria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Austria">Monarchs of Austria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Babenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Babenberg">House of Babenberg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Margrave_of_Austria" title="Leopold I, Margrave of Austria">Leopold I the Illustrious</a> <small>(976–994)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Margrave_of_Austria" title="Henry I, Margrave of Austria">Henry I the Strong</a> <small>(994–1018)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert,_Margrave_of_Austria" title="Adalbert, Margrave of Austria">Adalbert the Victorious</a> <small>(1018–1055)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest,_Margrave_of_Austria" title="Ernest, Margrave of Austria">Ernest the Brave</a> <small>(1055–1075)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Margrave_of_Austria" title="Leopold II, Margrave of Austria">Leopold II the Fair</a> <small>(1075–1095)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_III,_Margrave_of_Austria" title="Leopold III, Margrave of Austria">Leopold III the Good</a> <small>(1095–1136)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Leopold, Duke of Bavaria">Leopold the Generous</a> <small>(1137–1141)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Henry II, Duke of Austria">Henry II Jasomirgott</a> <small>(1141–1177)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_V,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold V, Duke of Austria">Leopold V the Virtuous</a> <small>(1177–1194)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Austria_(Babenberg)" title="Frederick I, Duke of Austria (Babenberg)">Frederick I the Catholic</a> <small>(1195–1198)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_VI,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold VI, Duke of Austria">Leopold VI the Glorious</a> <small>(1198–1230)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Frederick II, Duke of Austria">Frederick II the Quarrelsome</a> <small>(1230–1246)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">Interregnum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladislaus_III_of_Moravia" title="Vladislaus III of Moravia">Vladislaus of Moravia</a> <small>(claimant 1246–1247)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_VI,_Margrave_of_Baden" title="Herman VI, Margrave of Baden">Herman VI of Baden</a> <small>(claimant 1248–1250)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Margrave_of_Baden" title="Frederick I, Margrave of Baden">Frederick I of Baden</a> <small>(claimant 1250–1268)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II of Bohemia</a> <small>(claimant 1251–1278)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a><br /><small>Austria</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a> <small>(1278–1282)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany" title="Albert I of Germany">Albert I</a> <small>(1282–1308)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Rudolf II, Duke of Austria">Rudolf II the Debonair</a> <small>(1282–1283)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Bohemia" title="Rudolf I of Bohemia">Rudolf III the Good</a> <small>(1298–1307)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Fair" title="Frederick the Fair">Frederick I the Fair</a> <small>(1308–1330)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold I, Duke of Austria">Leopold I the Glorious</a> <small>(1308–1326)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Albert II, Duke of Austria">Albert II the Wise</a> <small>(1330–1358)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Otto, Duke of Austria">Otto I the Merry</a> <small>(1330–1339)</small></li> <li>Frederick II <small>(1339–1344)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold II, Duke of Austria">Leopold II</a> <small>(1339–1344)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria">Rudolf IV the Founder</a> <small>(1358–1365)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_III,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold III, Duke of Austria">Leopold III the Just</a> <small>(1365-1379)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_III,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Albert III, Duke of Austria">Albert III the Pigtail</a> <small>(1365-1395)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Albert IV, Duke of Austria">Albert IV the Patient</a> <small>(1395-1404)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Germany" title="Albert II of Germany">Albert V</a> <small>(1404–1439)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Posthumous" title="Ladislaus the Posthumous">Ladislaus I the Posthumous</a> <small>(1440–1457)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick V the Peaceful</a> <small>(1457–1493)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I the Last Knight</a> <small>(1493–1519)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a> <small>(1519–1521)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a> <small>(1521–1564)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a> <small>(1564–1576)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf V</a> <small>(1576–1608)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a> <small>(1608–1619)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert VII</a> <small>(1619)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a> <small>(1590, 1619–1637)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand IV</a> <small>(1637–1657)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_V,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Leopold V, Archduke of Austria">Leopold V</a> <small>(1623–1632)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Charles,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria">Ferdinand Charles</a> <small>(1632–1662)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Francis,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Austria">Sigismund Francis</a> <small>(1662–1665)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold VI</a> <small>(1657, 1665–1705)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a> <small>(1705–1711)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles III</a> <small>(1711–1740)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> <small>(1740–1780)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I Stephen</a> <small>(1740–1765)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> <small>(1765–1790)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold VII</a> <small>(1790–1792)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a> <small>(1792–1835)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a> <small>(1835–1848)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis Joseph I</a> <small>(1848–1916)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I</a> <small>(1916–1918)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a><br /><small>Styria, Carinthia, Carniola</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_III,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold III, Duke of Austria">Leopold III the Just</a> <small>(1365–1386)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Duke_of_Austria" title="William, Duke of Austria">William the Courteous</a> <small>(1386–1406)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold IV, Duke of Austria">Leopold IV the Fat</a> <small>(1386–1411)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Ernest, Duke of Austria">Ernest the Iron</a> <small>(1402–1424)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick V the Peaceful</a> <small>(1424–1493)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_VI,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VI, Archduke of Austria">Albert VI the Prodigal</a> <small>(1457–1463)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I the Last Knight</a> <small>(1493–1519)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a> <small>(1519–1521)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a> <small>(1521–1564)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Charles II, Archduke of Austria">Charles II</a> <small>(1564–1590)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a> <small>(1590–1637)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a><br /><small>Tyrol</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria">Rudolf IV the Founder</a> <small>(1363–1365)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_III,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold III, Duke of Austria">Leopold III the Just</a> <small>(1365–1386)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Duke_of_Austria" title="William, Duke of Austria">William the Courteous</a> <small>(1386–1406)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Frederick IV, Duke of Austria">Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets</a> <small>(1406–1439)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund, Archduke of Austria">Sigismund the Rich</a> <small>(1439–1490)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I the Last Knight</a> <small>(1490–1519)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a> <small>(1519–1521)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a> <small>(1521–1564)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria">Ferdinand II</a> <small>(1564–1595)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a> <small>(1595–1619)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert VII</a> <small>(1619)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a> <small>(1619–1623)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_V,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Leopold V, Archduke of Austria">Leopold V</a> <small>(1623–1632)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Charles,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria">Ferdinand Charles</a> <small>(1632–1662)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Francis,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Austria">Sigismund Francis</a> <small>(1662–1665)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold VI</a> <small>(1665–1705)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="German_Confederations_(1806–1871)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:German_Confederations_1806%E2%80%931871" title="Template:German Confederations 1806–1871"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:German_Confederations_1806%E2%80%931871" title="Template talk:German Confederations 1806–1871"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_Confederations_1806%E2%80%931871" title="Special:EditPage/Template:German Confederations 1806–1871"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="German_Confederations_(1806–1871)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs" title="List of German monarchs">German Confederations</a> (1806–1871)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/18px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/27px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/36px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> 1806–1813</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Protector</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a> (1806–1813)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_primate" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince primate">Prince primate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Theodor_Anton_Maria_von_Dalberg" title="Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg">Karl Theodor von Dalberg</a> (1806–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a> (1813)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(3-2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/18px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> 1815–1866</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I of Austria</a> (1815–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I of Austria</a> (1835–1848)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis Joseph I of Austria</a> (1850–1866)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Imperial regent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke Johann of Austria</a> (1848–1849)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/18px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> 1867–1871</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">Wilhelm I of Prussia</a> (1867–1871)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Chancellor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> (1867–1871)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs" title="List of German monarchs">List of German monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Germany" title="Template:Monarchs of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs" title="List of German monarchs">Monarchs of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> during the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a> (843–911)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Younger" title="Louis the Younger">Louis the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> (911–919)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a> (919–962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_I_of_Germany" title="Conrad I of Germany">Conrad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnulf,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria">Arnulf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a> within the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (962–1806)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_of_Rheinfelden" title="Rudolf of Rheinfelden">Rudolf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hermann_of_Salm" title="Hermann of Salm">Hermann</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II_of_Italy" title="Conrad II of Italy">Conrad (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair II/III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany" title="Conrad III of Germany">Conrad III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Berengar" title="Henry Berengar">Henry (VI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia" title="Philip of Swabia">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(VII)_of_Germany" title="Henry (VII) of Germany">Henry (VII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_IV_of_Germany" title="Conrad IV of Germany">Conrad IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_Raspe" title="Henry Raspe">Henry (VIII)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Holland" title="William II of Holland">William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Cornwall" title="Richard of Cornwall">Richard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Adolf, King of the Romans">Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany" title="Albert I of Germany">Albert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Fair" title="Frederick the Fair">Frederick (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Schwarzburg" title="Günther von Schwarzburg">Günther</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Rupert, King of the Romans">Rupert</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jobst_of_Moravia" title="Jobst of Moravia">Jobst</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Germany" title="Albert II of Germany">Albert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> (1806–1813)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (1815–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="German Empire (1848–1849)">German Empire</a> (1848/1849)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a> <small>(Imperial Regent)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (1850–1866)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franz Joseph I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> (1867–1871)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1871–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">William II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Bohemia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Bohemia" title="Template:Monarchs of Bohemia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Bohemia" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Bohemia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Bohemia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Bohemia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Bohemia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bohemian_monarchs" title="List of Bohemian monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Bohemia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;font-weight:normal;">Legendary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lech,_Czech,_and_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Lech, Czech, and Rus'">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Krok" title="Duke Krok">Krok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libu%C5%A1e" title="Libuše">Libuše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emysl_the_Ploughman" title="Přemysl the Ploughman">Přemysl the Ploughman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valasca" title="Valasca">Valasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nezamysl" title="Nezamysl">Nezamysl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnata" title="Mnata">Mnata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojen" title="Vojen">Vojen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vnislav" title="Vnislav">Vnislav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%99esomysl" title="Křesomysl">Křesomysl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neklan" title="Neklan">Neklan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostiv%C3%ADt" title="Hostivít">Hostivít</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;font-weight:normal;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 870–1198 (Dukes)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%99ivoj_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Bořivoj I, Duke of Bohemia">Bořivoj I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spytihn%C4%9Bv_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Spytihněv I, Duke of Bohemia">Spytihněv I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vratislaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Vratislaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Vratislaus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Saint Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boleslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Boleslaus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boleslaus_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia">Boleslaus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boleslaus_III,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Boleslaus III, Duke of Bohemia">Boleslaus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladivoj,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Vladivoj, Duke of Bohemia">Vladivoj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Boleslaus the Brave</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarom%C3%ADr,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Jaromír, Duke of Bohemia">Jaromír</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old%C5%99ich,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Oldřich, Duke of Bohemia">Oldřich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretislav_I" title="Bretislav I">Bretislaus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spytihn%C4%9Bv_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Spytihněv II, Duke of Bohemia">Spytihněv II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vratislaus_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vratislaus II, Duke of Bohemia">Vratislaus II</a> (I)<sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Conrad I, Duke of Bohemia">Conrad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretislav_II" title="Bretislav II">Bretislaus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%99ivoj_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Bořivoj II, Duke of Bohemia">Bořivoj II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatopluk,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Svatopluk, Duke of Bohemia">Svatopluk the Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladislaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Vladislaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Vladislaus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sob%C4%9Bslav_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia">Sobeslaus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladislaus_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia">Vladislaus II</a> (I)<sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Frederick, Duke of Bohemia">Frederick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sob%C4%9Bslav_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Soběslav II, Duke of Bohemia">Sobeslaus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Frederick, Duke of Bohemia">Frederick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Conrad II, Duke of Bohemia">Conrad II Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus II, Duke of Bohemia">Wenceslaus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottokar_I_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar I of Bohemia">Ottokar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretislaus_III,_Duke_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bretislaus III, Duke of Bohemia">Henry Bretislaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladislaus_III,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Vladislaus III, Duke of Bohemia">Vladislaus III Henry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;font-weight:normal;">1198–1306 (Kings)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottokar_I_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar I of Bohemia">Ottokar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I of Bohemia">Wenceslaus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_II_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus II of Bohemia">Wenceslaus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus III of Bohemia">Wenceslaus III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Znak_%C4%8Desk%C3%A9ho_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Bohemia"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Bohemia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Znak_%C4%8Desk%C3%A9ho_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD.png/100px-Znak_%C4%8Desk%C3%A9ho_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Znak_%C4%8Desk%C3%A9ho_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD.png/150px-Znak_%C4%8Desk%C3%A9ho_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Znak_%C4%8Desk%C3%A9ho_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD.png/200px-Znak_%C4%8Desk%C3%A9ho_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD.png 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="526" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-dynastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1306–1310" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;font-weight:normal;">1306–1310</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Bohemia" title="Henry of Bohemia">Henry the Carinthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Bohemia" title="Rudolf I of Bohemia">Rudolph I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1310–1437" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;font-weight:normal;">1310–1437</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Bohemia" title="John of Bohemia">John the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a> (I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia">Wenceslaus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1437–1457" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;font-weight:normal;">1437–1457</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Germany" title="Albert II of Germany">Albert</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#999">Interregnum</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Posthumous" title="Ladislaus the Posthumous">Ladislaus the Posthumous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-dynastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1457–1471" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;font-weight:normal;">1457–1471</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady" title="George of Poděbrady">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias I</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1471–1526" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;font-weight:normal;">1471–1526</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladislaus_II_of_Hungary" title="Vladislaus II of Hungary">Vladislaus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary" title="Louis II of Hungary">Louis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1526–1780" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;font-weight:normal;">1526–1780</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_V,_Elector_Palatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick V, Elector Palatine">Frederick</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles Albert</a> (II)<sup><small>3,</small></sup> <sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1780–1918" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;font-weight:normal;">1780–1918</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a> (I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand V</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I</a> (III)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">Duke of Poland</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>2</small></sup></span> During his reign obtained non-hereditary royal title</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>3</small></sup></span> Antiking</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>4</small></sup></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Electoral_Palatinate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of the Electoral Palatinate">Elector Palatine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Wittelsbach_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittelsbach dynasty">Wittelsbach dynasty</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>5</small></sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Prince-elector</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> from the Wittelsbach dynasty</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Hungary" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hungarian_kings" title="Template:Hungarian kings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hungarian_kings" title="Template talk:Hungarian kings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hungarian_kings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hungarian kings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Hungary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs" title="List of Hungarian monarchs">Monarchs of Hungary</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Hungary_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Hungary family tree">Family tree</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">House of Árpád</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-size:80%; font-weight:normal;">Grand Princes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lmos" title="Álmos">Álmos</a> (<i>c</i>. 850–<i>c</i>. 895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d" title="Árpád">Árpád</a> (<i>c</i>. 895–<i>c</i>. 907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_of_Hungary" title="Zoltán of Hungary">Zoltán</a></i> (<i>c</i>. 907–<i>c</i>. 947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fajsz" title="Fajsz">Fajsz</a> (<i>c</i>. 947–<i>c</i>. 955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksony_of_Hungary" title="Taksony of Hungary">Taksony</a> (<i>c</i>. 955–<i>c</i>. 972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za,_Grand_Prince_of_the_Hungarians" title="Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians">Géza</a> (<i>c</i>. 972–997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen</a> (997–1000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-size:80%; font-weight:normal;">Kings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen I</a> (1000–1038)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter,_King_of_Hungary" title="Peter, King of Hungary">Peter</a> (1038–1041; 1044–1046)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Aba" title="Samuel Aba">Samuel</a> (1041–1044)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_I_of_Hungary" title="Andrew I of Hungary">Andrew I</a> (1046–1060)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_I_of_Hungary" title="Béla I of Hungary">Béla I</a> (1060–1063)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon,_King_of_Hungary" title="Solomon, King of Hungary">Solomon</a> (1063–1074)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_I_of_Hungary" title="Géza I of Hungary">Géza I</a> (1074–1077)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus I of Hungary">Ladislaus I</a> (1077–1095)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloman,_King_of_Hungary" title="Coloman, King of Hungary">Coloman</a> (1095–1116)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_II_of_Hungary" title="Stephen II of Hungary">Stephen II</a> (1116–1131)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_II_of_Hungary" title="Béla II of Hungary">Béla II</a> (1131–1141)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_II_of_Hungary" title="Géza II of Hungary">Géza II</a> (1141–1162)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Hungary" title="Stephen III of Hungary">Stephen III</a> (1162–1172) <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_II_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus II of Hungary">Ladislaus II</a> (1162–1163)</small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Stephen_IV_of_Hungary" title="Stephen IV of Hungary">Stephen IV</a> (1163–1165)</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary" title="Béla III of Hungary">Béla III</a> (1172–1196)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emeric,_King_of_Hungary" title="Emeric, King of Hungary">Emeric</a> (1196–1204)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_III_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus III of Hungary">Ladislaus III</a> (1204–1205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary" title="Andrew II of Hungary">Andrew II</a> (1205–1235)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary" title="Béla IV of Hungary">Béla IV</a> (1235–1270)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_V_of_Hungary" title="Stephen V of Hungary">Stephen V</a> (1270–1272)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus IV of Hungary">Ladislaus IV</a> (1272–1290)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_III_of_Hungary" title="Andrew III of Hungary">Andrew III</a> (1290–1301)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coa_Hungary_Country_History_(14th_century).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the King of Hungary (14th century)"><img alt="Coat of arms of the King of Hungary (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_%2814th_century%29.svg/80px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_%2814th_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_%2814th_century%29.svg/120px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_%2814th_century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_%2814th_century%29.svg/160px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_%2814th_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">House of Přemysl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus III of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a> (1301–1305)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Otto III, Duke of Bavaria">Otto</a> (1305–1307)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Capetian House of Anjou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary" title="Charles I of Hungary">Charles I</a> (1308–1342)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I</a> (1342–1382)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Hungary" title="Mary, Queen of Hungary">Maria</a> (1382–1385; 1386–1395)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Naples" title="Charles III of Naples">Charles II</a> (1385–1386)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Luxembourg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a> (1387–1437)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Germany" title="Albert II of Germany">Albert</a> (1437–1439)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Posthumous" title="Ladislaus the Posthumous">Ladislaus V</a> (1440–1457)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">House of Jagiellon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland" title="Władysław III of Poland">Vladislaus I</a> (1440–1444)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hunyadi_family" title="Hunyadi family">House of Hunyadi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias I</a> (1458–1490)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">House of Jagiellon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladislaus_II_of_Hungary" title="Vladislaus II of Hungary">Vladislaus II</a> (1490–1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary" title="Louis II of Hungary">Louis II</a> (1516–1526)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A1polya_family" title="Zápolya family">House of Zápolya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Z%C3%A1polya" title="John Zápolya">John</a> (1526–1540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sigismund_Z%C3%A1polya" title="John Sigismund Zápolya">John Sigismund</a> (1540–1570)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a> (1526–1564)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian</a> (1564–1576)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolph</a> (1576–1608)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias II</a> (1608–1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a> (1619–1637)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a> (1637–1657) <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans">Ferdinand IV</a> (1647–1654)</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a> (1657–1705)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a> (1705–1711)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles III</a> (1711–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> (1740–1780)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> (1780–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a> (1790–1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis</a> (1792–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand V</a> (1835–1848)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis Joseph</a> (1848–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles IV</a> (1916–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Croatia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Croatian_kings" title="Template:Croatian kings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Croatian_kings" title="Template talk:Croatian kings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Croatian_kings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Croatian kings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Croatia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of Croatia">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trpimirovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Trpimirović">House of Trpimirović</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomislav_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomislav of Croatia">Tomislav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trpimir_II_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trpimir II of Croatia">Trpimir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kre%C5%A1imir_I_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Krešimir I of Croatia">Krešimir I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Miroslav of Croatia">Miroslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kre%C5%A1imir_II_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Krešimir II of Croatia">Michael Krešimir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dr%C5%BEislav_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Držislav of Croatia">Stephen Držislav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetoslav_Suronja" title="Svetoslav Suronja">Svetoslav Suronja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kre%C5%A1imir_III_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Krešimir III of Croatia">Krešimir III</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gojslav_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gojslav of Croatia">Gojslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Croatia" title="Stephen I of Croatia">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kre%C5%A1imir_IV_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia">Peter Krešimir IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_Zvonimir_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia">Demetrius Zvonimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_II_of_Croatia" title="Stephen II of Croatia">Stephen II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%81rp%C3%A1d" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Árpád">House of Árpád</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus I of Hungary">Ladislaus I</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Prince_%C3%81lmos" title="Prince Álmos">Álmos</a> as duke)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sna%C4%8Di%C4%87_family" title="Snačić family">House of Snačić</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Sna%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Petar Snačić">Petar Snačić</a> (pretender)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Croatia in personal<br /> union with Hungary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Croatia#Hungarian_Kings_of_Croatia_(1102–1527)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Croatia">Rulers of Croatia after 1102</a> (1102–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aosta" title="Duke of Aosta">House of Savoy-Aosta</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Aimone,_Duke_of_Aosta" title="Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta">Tomislav II</a> (king designate)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austrian_archdukes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austrian_archdukes" title="Template:Austrian archdukes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austrian_archdukes" title="Template talk:Austrian archdukes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian_archdukes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian archdukes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austrian_archdukes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archduke#Other_dynastic_Habsburg_use" title="Archduke">Austrian archdukes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_VI,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VI, Archduke of Austria">Albert VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund, Archduke of Austria">Sigismund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I of Castile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Charles II, Archduke of Austria">Charles II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Charles, Prince of Asturias</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias">Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Diego, Prince of Asturias">Diego, Prince of Asturias</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III of Spain</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ernest_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ernest of Austria">Ernest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_III,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria">Maximilian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Wenceslaus_of_Austria" title="Archduke Wenceslaus of Austria">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_Ernest_of_Austria" title="Archduke Maximilian Ernest of Austria">Maximilian Ernest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_V,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Leopold V, Archduke of Austria">Leopold V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Austria,_Bishop_of_Wroclaw" title="Charles of Austria, Bishop of Wroclaw">Charles, Bishop of Wroclaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos_of_Spain_(1607%E2%80%931632)" title="Infante Carlos of Spain (1607–1632)">Charles</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria">Ferdinand</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alonso_of_Spain" title="Infante Alonso of Spain">Alonso</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Wilhelm_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria">Leopold Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Charles,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria">Ferdinand Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Francis,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Austria">Sigismund Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Charles,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias">Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Prospero,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias">Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II of Spain</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans">Ferdinand IV of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Joseph_of_Austria" title="Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria">Charles Joseph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Joseph_of_Austria_(1682%E2%80%931684)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Leopold Joseph of Austria (1682–1684)">Leopold Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Joseph_of_Austria_(born_1745)" title="Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria (born 1745)">Charles Joseph</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold VII</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Karl,_Archduke_of_Austria-Este" title="Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este">Ferdinand</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_Francis_of_Austria" title="Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria">Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne</a><sup>T</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Francis I</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Charles</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Alexander_Leopold_of_Austria" title="Archduke Alexander Leopold of Austria">Alexander Leopold</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_of_Austria_(Palatine_of_Hungary)" title="Archduke Joseph of Austria (Palatine of Hungary)">Joseph</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Anton_Victor_of_Austria" title="Archduke Anton Victor of Austria">Anton Victor</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">John</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Rainer_Joseph_of_Austria" title="Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria">Rainer Joseph</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Louis_of_Austria" title="Archduke Louis of Austria">Louis</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Rudolf_of_Austria" title="Archduke Rudolf of Austria">Cardinal Rudolf</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_IV,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis IV, Duke of Modena">Francis IV, Duke of Modena</a><sup>M</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ferdinand_Karl_Joseph_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este">Ferdinand Karl Joseph</a><sup>M</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduke Maximilian of Austria-Este">Maximilian</a><sup>M</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Ambrosius_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduke Karl Ambrosius of Austria-Este">Karl Ambrosius, Primate of Hungary</a><sup>M</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Emperor Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_Franz_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Franz of Austria">Joseph Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Karl_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Karl of Austria">Franz Karl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Albrecht,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen">Albrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria">Karl Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Friedrich_of_Austria_(1821%E2%80%931847)" title="Archduke Friedrich of Austria (1821–1847)">Frederick Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Wilhelm_Franz_of_Austria" title="Archduke Wilhelm Franz of Austria">Wilhelm Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Stephen_of_Austria_(Palatine_of_Hungary)" title="Archduke Stephen of Austria (Palatine of Hungary)">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_Karl_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Karl of Austria">Joseph Karl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Ludwig_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Ludwig of Austria">Leopold Ludwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ernest_of_Austria_(1824%E2%80%931899)" title="Archduke Ernest of Austria (1824–1899)">Ernest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Sigismund_of_Austria_(1826%E2%80%931891)" title="Archduke Sigismund of Austria (1826–1891)">Sigismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Rainer_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Rainer Ferdinand of Austria">Rainer Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Heinrich_Anton_of_Austria" title="Archduke Heinrich Anton of Austria">Heinrich Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_V,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis V, Duke of Modena">Francis V, Duke of Modena</a><sup>M</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ferdinand_Karl_Viktor_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor of Austria-Este">Ferdinand Karl Viktor</a><sup>M</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emperor Franz Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Ludwig_of_Austria" title="Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria">Karl Ludwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ludwig_Viktor_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ludwig Viktor of Austria">Ludwig Viktor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria">Karl Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ludwig_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria">Ludwig Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Johann_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Johann Salvator of Austria">John Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Friedrich,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Stephen_of_Austria" title="Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria">Charles Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Eugen_of_Austria" title="Archduke Eugen of Austria">Eugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_August_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph August of Austria">Joseph August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ladislaus_Philipp_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ladislaus Philipp of Austria">Archduke Ladislaus Philipp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf,_Crown_Prince_of_Austria" title="Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria">Crown Prince Rudolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Franz Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Otto_Franz_Joseph_of_Austria" title="Archduke Otto Franz Joseph of Austria">Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ferdinand_Karl_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ferdinand Karl of Austria">Ferdinand Karl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Ferdinand of Austria">Leopold Ferdinand</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria">Josef Ferdinand</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Peter_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Peter Ferdinand of Austria">Peter Ferdinand</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria">Leopold Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria">Franz Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Albrecht_Franz,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen">Albrecht Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Albrecht_of_Austria" title="Archduke Karl Albrecht of Austria">Karl Albrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leo_Karl_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leo Karl of Austria">Leo Karl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Wilhelm_of_Austria" title="Archduke Wilhelm of Austria">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_Francis_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria">Joseph Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Emperor Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_of_Austria_(1895%E2%80%931952)" title="Archduke Maximilian of Austria (1895–1952)">Maximilian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Habsburg<br />Tuscany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Gottfried_of_Austria" title="Archduke Gottfried of Austria">Gottfried</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Rainer_of_Austria_(1895%E2%80%931930)" title="Archduke Rainer of Austria (1895–1930)">Rainer</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_of_Austria,_Prince_of_Tuscany" title="Archduke Leopold of Austria, Prince of Tuscany">Leopold Maria</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Anton_of_Austria" title="Archduke Anton of Austria">Anton</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Josef_of_Austria,_Prince_of_Tuscany" title="Archduke Franz Josef of Austria, Prince of Tuscany">Franz Joseph</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Pius_of_Austria,_Prince_of_Tuscany" title="Archduke Karl Pius of Austria, Prince of Tuscany">Karl Pius</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Karl_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Karl Salvator of Austria">Franz Karl Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Hubert_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Hubert Salvator of Austria">Hubert Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palatines<br />of Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Árpád of Austria">Joseph Árpád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_von_Habsburg" title="Géza von Habsburg">Géza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Descent of<br />Charles I</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Crown Prince Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert,_Archduke_of_Austria-Este" title="Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este">Robert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Felix_of_Austria" title="Archduke Felix of Austria">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Carl_Ludwig_of_Austria_(1918%E2%80%932007)" title="Archduke Carl Ludwig of Austria (1918–2007)">Carl Ludwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Rudolf_of_Austria_(1919%E2%80%932010)" title="Archduke Rudolf of Austria (1919–2010)">Rudolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tuscany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_von_Habsburg" title="Dominic von Habsburg">Dominic</a><sup>T</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palatines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Habsburg-Lothringen" title="Eduard Habsburg-Lothringen">Eduard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Habsburg" title="Karl von Habsburg">Karl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Habsburg" title="Georg von Habsburg">Georg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Lorenz_of_Belgium" title="Prince Lorenz of Belgium">Lorenz</a><sup>B</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Felipe_de_Habsburgo" title="Carlos Felipe de Habsburgo">Karl Philipp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_von_Habsburg" title="Simeon von Habsburg">Simeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Habsburg_(racing_driver)" title="Ferdinand Habsburg (racing driver)">Ferdinand Zvonimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Amedeo_of_Belgium" title="Prince Amedeo of Belgium">Amedeo</a><sup>B</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>S: <i>also an infante of Spain</i></li> <li>P: <i>also an infante of Portugal</i></li> <li>T: <i>also a prince of Tuscany</i></li> <li>M: <i>also a prince of Modena</i></li> <li>B: <i>also a prince of Belgium</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Hungary" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="Template:Heads of state of Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this 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href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Kingdom (1867–1918)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Mihály Károlyi">Károlyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Soviet Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Garbai" title="Sándor Garbai">Garbai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Peidl" title="Gyula Peidl">Peidl</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Republic_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Hungarian Republic (1919–1920)">Republic (1919–20)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_August_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph August of Austria">Joseph August</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Friedrich" title="István Friedrich">Friedrich</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Husz%C3%A1r" title="Károly Huszár">Huszár</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom (1920–46)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Mikl%C3%B3s" title="Béla Miklós">Miklós</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High_National_Council" title="High National Council">High National Council</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Tildy" title="Zoltán Tildy">Tildy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Szakasits" title="Árpád Szakasits">Szakasits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">People's Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Szakasits" title="Árpád Szakasits">Szakasits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_R%C3%B3nai" title="Sándor Rónai">Rónai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Dobi" title="István Dobi">Dobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Losonczi" title="Pál Losonczi">Losonczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_N%C3%A9meth_(politician)" title="Károly Németh (politician)">Németh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brun%C3%B3_Ferenc_Straub" title="Brunó Ferenc Straub">Straub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Third Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_Sz%C5%B1r%C3%B6s" title="Mátyás Szűrös">Szűrös</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_G%C3%B6ncz" title="Árpád Göncz">Göncz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_M%C3%A1dl" title="Ferenc Mádl">Mádl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_S%C3%B3lyom" title="László Sólyom">Sólyom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Schmitt" title="Pál Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_K%C3%B6v%C3%A9r" title="László Kövér">Kövér</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_%C3%81der" title="János Áder">Áder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Nov%C3%A1k" title="Katalin Novák">Novák</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_K%C3%B6v%C3%A9r" title="László Kövér">Kövér</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_Sulyok" title="Tamás Sulyok">Sulyok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicates acting officeholders.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austro-Hungarian_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Template:Military of Austria-Hungary"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Template talk:Military of Austria-Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of Austria-Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austro-Hungarian_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Armed_Forces" title="Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces">Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Army" title="Common Army">Common Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial-Royal_Landwehr" title="Imperial-Royal Landwehr">Imperial Austrian Landwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privilegiertes_uniformiertes_Grazer_B%C3%BCrgerkorps" title="Privilegiertes uniformiertes Grazer Bürgerkorps">Privilegiertes uniformiertes Grazer Bürgerkorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Honv%C3%A9d" title="Royal Hungarian Honvéd">Royal Hungarian Honvéd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Croatian_Home_Guard" title="Royal Croatian Home Guard">Royal Croatian Home Guard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Home_Guard_Infantry_Division" title="42nd Home Guard Infantry Division">42nd Inf. Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Army_(Austria-Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Army (Austria-Hungary)">First Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_insignia_of_the_Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Rank insignia of the Austro-Hungarian Army">Rank insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidenzbureau" title="Evidenzbureau">Military Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaponry_of_the_Austro-Hungarian_Empire" title="Weaponry of the Austro-Hungarian Empire">Weaponry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Infantry" title="Imperial and Royal Infantry">Imperial and Royal Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_companies" title="Alpine companies">Alpine companies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K.u.k._Feldj%C3%A4ger" title="K.u.k. Feldjäger">Feldjäger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaiserj%C3%A4ger" title="Kaiserjäger">Kaiserjäger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial-Royal_Mountain_Troops" title="Imperial-Royal Mountain Troops">Imperial-Royal Mountain Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Dragoons" title="Imperial and Royal Dragoons">Imperial and Royal Dragoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Hussars" title="Imperial and Royal Hussars">Imperial and Royal Hussars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Uhlans" title="Imperial and Royal Uhlans">Imperial and Royal Uhlans</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Standsch%C3%BCtzen" title="Standschützen">Standschützen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schutzkorps" title="Schutzkorps">Schutzkorps</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grenz_infantry" title="Grenz infantry">Grenz infantry</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormtroopers_(Imperial_Germany)#Austro-Hungarian_assault_units" title="Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany)">Stormtroopers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/50px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/75px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/100px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /><br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg/50px-Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg/75px-Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg/100px-Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Kriegsmarine</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_in_the_Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Ranks in the Austro-Hungarian Navy">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_Austria-Hungary" title="List of battleships of Austria-Hungary">Battleships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cruisers_of_Austria-Hungary" title="List of cruisers of Austria-Hungary">Cruisers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austro-Hungarian_U-boats" title="List of Austro-Hungarian U-boats">U-Boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K.u.K._Seefliegerkorps" class="mw-redirect" title="K.u.K. Seefliegerkorps">Seefliegerkorps</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Danube_Flotilla" title="Austro-Hungarian Danube Flotilla">Danube Flotilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Aviation_Troops" title="Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops">Luftfahrtruppen</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Aviation_Troops#Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops">Aircraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">Emperors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_War_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Minister of War (Austria-Hungary)">Ministers for War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feldmarschalleutnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Feldmarschalleutnant">Feldmarschalleutnant</a> (FML) <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_John" title="Franz von John">Franz Freiherr von John</a></li> <li>FML Franz Kuhn <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Freiherr</a> Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_insignia_of_the_Austro-Hungarian_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank insignia of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces">General der Kavallerie</a> (GdK) Alexander <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Freiherr</a> von Koller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feldzeugmeister" class="mw-redirect" title="Feldzeugmeister">Feldzeugmeister</a> (FZM) Arthur Maximilian <a href="/wiki/Graf" title="Graf">Graf</a> Bylandt-Rheydt (der Ältere)</li> <li>FZM Ferdinand <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Freiherr</a> Bauer</li> <li>FZM Rudolf <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Freiherr</a> Merkl</li> <li>GdK Edmund <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Freiherr</a> von Krieghammer</li> <li>FZM Heinrich <a href="/wiki/Ritter" title="Ritter">Ritter</a> von Pitreich</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Infantry_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="General of the Infantry (Austria)">General der Infanterie</a> (GdI) Franz <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Freiherr</a> Schönaich</li> <li>GdI <a href="/wiki/Moritz_von_Auffenberg" title="Moritz von Auffenberg">Moritz Ritter Auffenberg von Komarów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feldmarschall" class="mw-redirect" title="Feldmarschall">Feldmarschall</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Krobatin" title="Alexander von Krobatin">Alexander Freiherr von Krobatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generaloberst" title="Generaloberst">Generaloberst</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_St%C3%B6ger-Steiner_von_Steinst%C3%A4tten" title="Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten">Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Imperial_and_Royal_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Commander of the Imperial and Royal Armed Forces">Supreme Commander of the Imperial<br />and Royal Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Albrecht,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Friedrich,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_K%C3%B6vess_von_K%C3%B6vessh%C3%A1za" title="Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza">Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chiefs of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_General_Staff" title="Austro-Hungarian General Staff">General Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>FML Josef Wilhelm Freiher von Gallina</li> <li>FML <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_John" title="Franz von John">Franz Freiherr von John</a></li> <li>FML Anton Freiherr von Schönfeld</li> <li>FZM <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Beck-Rzikowsky" title="Friedrich von Beck-Rzikowsky">Friedrich Graf von Beck-Rzikowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Conrad_von_H%C3%B6tzendorf" title="Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf">Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalmajor" title="Generalmajor">Generalmajor</a> <a href="/wiki/Blasius_von_Schemua" title="Blasius von Schemua">Blasius von Schemua</a></li> <li>GdI <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Arz_von_Strau%C3%9Fenburg" title="Arthur Arz von Straußenburg">Arthur Arz von Straußenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commanders-in-Chief<br />of the Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Tegetthoff" title="Wilhelm von Tegetthoff">VAdm Wilhelm von Tegetthoff</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_P%C3%B6ck" title="Friedrich von Pöck">Friedrich Freiherr von Pöck</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Daublebsky_von_Sterneck" title="Maximilian Daublebsky von Sterneck">Maximilian Daublebsky Freiherr von Sterneck</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Spaun" title="Hermann von Spaun">Hermann Freiherr von Spaun</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Montecuccoli" title="Rudolf Montecuccoli">Rudolf Graf/Conte Montecuccoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Haus" title="Anton Haus">Grand Adm Anton Haus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Njegovan" title="Maximilian Njegovan">Adm Maximilian Njegovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Adm Miklós Horthy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heads of the<br />Naval Section</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Tegetthoff" title="Wilhelm von Tegetthoff">VAdm Wilhelm von Tegetthoff</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_P%C3%B6ck" title="Friedrich von Pöck">Friedrich Freiherr von Pöck</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Daublebsky_von_Sterneck" title="Maximilian Daublebsky von Sterneck">Maximilian Daublebsky Freiherr von Sterneck</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Spaun" title="Hermann von Spaun">Hermann Freiherr von Spaun</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Montecuccoli" title="Rudolf Montecuccoli">Rudolf Graf/Conte Montecuccoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Haus" title="Anton Haus">Grand Adm Anton Haus</a></li> <li>Adm Karl Kailer von Kaltenfels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Njegovan" title="Maximilian Njegovan">Adm Maximilian Njegovan</a></li> <li>RAdm Franz von Holub</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Eugen_of_Austria" title="Archduke Eugen of Austria">Archduke Eugen of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Rohr_von_Denta" title="Franz Rohr von Denta">Franz Rohr von Denta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_B%C3%B6hm-Ermolli" title="Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli">Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetozar_Boroevi%C4%87" title="Svetozar Boroević">Svetozar Boroević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_August_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph August of Austria">Archduke Joseph August of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_B%C3%B6hme" title="Franz Böhme">Franz Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Jela%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Josip Jelačić">Josip Jelačić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Burstyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Günther Burstyn">Günther Burstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Dragi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Georg Dragičević">Georg Dragičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Durski-Trzaska" title="Karol Durski-Trzaska">Karol Durski-Trzaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Flondor" title="Gheorghe Flondor">Gheorghe Flondor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Rozwadowski" title="Tadeusz Rozwadowski">Tadeusz Rozwadowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Maister" title="Rudolf Maister">Rudolf Maister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Phleps" title="Artur Phleps">Artur Phleps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Potiorek" title="Oskar Potiorek">Oskar Potiorek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Redl" title="Alfred Redl">Alfred Redl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Ronge" title="Maximilian Ronge">Maximilian Ronge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Dankl_von_Krasnik" title="Viktor Dankl von Krasnik">Viktor Dankl von Krasnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Graf_von_Scheuchenstuel" title="Viktor Graf von Scheuchenstuel">Viktor Graf von Scheuchenstuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Sarkoti%C4%87" title="Stjepan Sarkotić">Stjepan Sarkotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Freiherr_von_Banfield" title="Gottfried Freiherr von Banfield">Gottfried Freiherr von Banfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Stephen_of_Austria" title="Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria">Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Keil" title="Franz von Keil">Franz von Keil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Luppis" title="Giovanni Luppis">Giovanni Luppis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Trapp" title="Georg von Trapp">Georg von Trapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janko_Vukovi%C4%87" title="Janko Vuković">Janko Vuković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Template:Hungarian Revolution of 1848"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Template talk:Hungarian Revolution of 1848"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hungarian Revolution of 1848"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belligerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Defence_Force#Habsburg_Hungarian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Defence Force">Hungarian Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pretext</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_Laws" title="April Laws">April Laws</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%C3%A1kozd" title="Battle of Pákozd">Pákozd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schwechat" title="Battle of Schwechat">Schwechat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%B3r" title="Battle of Mór">Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%A1polna" title="Battle of Kápolna">Kápolna</a></li> <li>Battles of Komárom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kom%C3%A1rom_(1849)" title="First Battle of Komárom (1849)">First battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kom%C3%A1rom_(1849)" title="Second Battle of Komárom (1849)">Second battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kom%C3%A1rom_(1849)" title="Third Battle of Komárom (1849)">Third battle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Isaszeg_(1849)" title="Battle of Isaszeg (1849)">Isaszeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_(1849)" title="Siege of Buda (1849)">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pered" title="Battle of Pered">Pered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Segesv%C3%A1r" title="Battle of Segesvár">Segesvár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sz%C5%91reg" title="Battle of Szőreg">Szőreg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Temesv%C3%A1r" title="Battle of Temesvár">Temesvár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kishegyes" title="Battle of Kishegyes">Kishegyes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1848%E2%80%931849_massacres_in_Transylvania" title="1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania">1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Uprising" title="Vienna Uprising">Vienna Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Hungarian Declaration of Independence">Hungarian Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_at_Vil%C3%A1gos" title="Surrender at Világos">Surrender at Világos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> Leaders for Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I of Austria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Clam-Gallas" title="Eduard Clam-Gallas">Eduard Clam-Gallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Jacob_von_Haynau" title="Julius Jacob von Haynau">Julius Jacob von Haynau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Jela%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Josip Jelačić">Josip Jelačić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Franz_de_Paula_of_Liechtenstein" title="Prince Franz de Paula of Liechtenstein">Prince Franz de Paula of Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schlik" title="Franz Schlik">Franz Schlik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_I,_Prince_of_Windisch-Gr%C3%A4tz" title="Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz">Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848.png/25px-Flag_of_Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848.png/38px-Flag_of_Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848.png/50px-Flag_of_Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="398" /></a></span> Leaders for Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Lajos Batthyány">Lajos Batthyány</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Bem" title="Józef Bem">Józef Bem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Damjanich" title="János Damjanich">János Damjanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Dembi%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Dembiński">Henryk Dembiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antal_Vetter" title="Antal Vetter">Antal Vetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arisztid_Dessewffy" title="Arisztid Dessewffy">Arisztid Dessewffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_G%C3%A1sp%C3%A1r_(general)" title="András Gáspár (general)">András Gáspár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art%C3%BAr_G%C3%B6rgei" title="Artúr Görgei">Artúr Görgey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Guyon" title="Richard Guyon">Richard Guyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Klapka" title="György Klapka">György Klapka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kmety" title="György Kmety">György Kmety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Lajos Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilmos_L%C3%A1z%C3%A1r" title="Vilmos Lázár">Vilmos Lázár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1z%C3%A1r_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros" title="Lázár Mészáros">Lázár Mészáros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1nos_M%C3%B3ga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="János Móga (page does not exist)">János Móga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Monti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alessandro Monti (page does not exist)">Alessandro Monti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Ottinger" title="Ferenc Ottinger">Ferenc Ottinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3r_Perczel" title="Mór Perczel">Mór Perczel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Sz%C3%A9chenyi" title="István Széchenyi">István Széchenyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertalan_Szemere" title="Bertalan Szemere">Bertalan Szemere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_(1858).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%29.svg/25px-Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%29.svg/38px-Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%29.svg/50px-Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Leaders for Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_L%C3%BCders" title="Alexander von Lüders">Alexander von Lüders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Panutin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Panutin">Fyodor Sergeevich Panyutin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Skariatin" title="Grigory Skariatin">Grigory Yakovlevich Skariatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Paskevich" title="Ivan Paskevich">Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zass" title="Grigory Zass">Grigory Khristoforovich Zass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Engelhardt" title="Nikolai Engelhardt">Nikolai Fyodorovich Engelhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maksim_Grotenhelm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maksim Grotenhelm (page does not exist)">Maksim Maksimovich Grotenhelm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unification_of_Italy_(Risorgimento)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Risorgimento" title="Template:Risorgimento"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Risorgimento" title="Template talk:Risorgimento"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Risorgimento" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Risorgimento"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unification_of_Italy_(Risorgimento)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy (<i>Risorgimento</i>)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Pre-unitary states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_(Baldassare_Verazzi).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Five Days of Milan"><img alt="Five Days of Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/150px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/225px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/300px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2583" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Italian unification">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimini_Proclamation" title="Rimini Proclamation">Rimini Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_during_the_1820s" title="Revolutions during the 1820s">Revolutions during the 1820s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">Revolutions of 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Italy_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Italy (historical)">Young Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Guelphism" title="Neo-Guelphism">Neo-Guelphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilatero" title="Quadrilatero">Quadrilatero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Five Days of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mestre" title="Battle of Mestre">Sortie on Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_1848" title="Sicilian revolution of 1848">Sicilian revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Brescia" title="Ten Days of Brescia">Ten Days of Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfiore_martyrs" title="Belfiore martyrs">Belfiore martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War#Piedmontese_involvement" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res_Agreement" title="Plombières Agreement">Plombières Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Garibaldi">Dictatorship of Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861">Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Guarantees" title="Law of Guarantees">Law of Guarantees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italian entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">Impresa di Fiume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_Italy" title="Cockade of Italy">Cockade of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag of Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_d%27Azeglio" title="Massimo d'Azeglio">Massimo d'Azeglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Bertani" title="Agostino Bertani">Agostino Bertani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celso_Ceretti" title="Celso Ceretti">Celso Ceretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Confalonieri" title="Federico Confalonieri">Federico Confalonieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Manin" title="Daniele Manin">Daniele Manin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Ricasoli" title="Bettino Ricasoli">Bettino Ricasoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Saffi" title="Aurelio Saffi">Aurelio Saffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annibale_Santorre_di_Rossi_de_Pomarolo,_Count_of_Santarosa" title="Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa">Annibale Santore di Santarosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Settimo" title="Ruggero Settimo">Ruggero Settimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature and philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrivabene" title="Giovanni Arrivabene">Giovanni Arrivabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Balbo" title="Cesare Balbo">Cesare Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Carlo Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Cavallotti" title="Felice Cavallotti">Felice Cavallotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Cuoco" title="Vincenzo Cuoco">Vincenzo Cuoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ferrari_(philosopher)" title="Giuseppe Ferrari (philosopher)">Giuseppe Ferrari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gioberti" title="Vincenzo Gioberti">Vincenzo Gioberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Domenico_Guerrazzi" title="Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi">Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Lomonaco" title="Francesco Lomonaco">Francesco Lomonaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goffredo_Mameli" title="Goffredo Mameli">Goffredo Mameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Nievo" title="Ippolito Nievo">Ippolito Nievo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Pellico" title="Silvio Pellico">Silvio Pellico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Pisacane" title="Carlo Pisacane">Carlo Pisacane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Domenico_Romagnosi" title="Gian Domenico Romagnosi">Gian Domenico Romagnosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Salfi" title="Francesco Saverio Salfi">Francesco Saverio Salfi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Francis II of the Two Sicilies">Francis II of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz" title="Joseph Radetzky von Radetz">Joseph Radetzky von Radetz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento,_Bologna" title="Museum of the Risorgimento, Bologna">Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Milan)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Turin)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flag_Museum" title="Tricolour Flag Museum">Tricolour Flag Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_Unification_of_Italy" title="Anniversary of the Unification of Italy">Anniversary of the Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_and_Armed_Forces_Day" title="National Unity and Armed Forces Day">National Unity and Armed Forces Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altare_della_Patria" class="mw-redirect" title="Altare della Patria">Altare della Patria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">Redshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento" title="Revisionism of Risorgimento">Revisionism of Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Rome">Third Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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[\"CITEREFMurad1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNemes2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOhm-Hieronymussen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwens2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Lendvai2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedlich1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Young1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSergey_Semenovich_Levin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaat_Hannover1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnterreiner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV._M._Shabanov2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_Kiste2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinkelhofer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYashnev2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYonge1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF刑部芳則2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Ahnentafel\"] = 1,\n [\"Austrian archdukes\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BLKO\"] = 4,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 13,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Croatian kings\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div end\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"German Confederations 1806–1871\"] = 1,\n [\"German monarchs\"] = 1,\n [\"Heads of State of Hungary\"] = 1,\n [\"Hungarian Revolution of 1848\"] = 1,\n [\"Hungarian kings\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-hu\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 1,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox hrhstyles\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox manner of address\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox officeholder/office\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 19,\n [\"Legend\"] = 2,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 1,\n [\"Military of Austria-Hungary\"] = 1,\n [\"Monarchs of Bohemia\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Risorgimento\"] = 1,\n [\"Rulers of Austria\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 2,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 3,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-non\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 30,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wikisource portal\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-55db797859-fv4s5","timestamp":"20241218030854","ttl":1198276,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Franz Joseph I of 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