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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Marquis, Princes, then Dukes of Massa and Carrara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marquis,_Princes,_then_Dukes_of_Massa_and_Carrara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy_and_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy_and_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Policy and economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy_and_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="دوقية ماسا وكرارا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوقية ماسا وكرارا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duc%C3%A1u_de_Massa_y_Carrara" title="Ducáu de Massa y Carrara – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ducáu de Massa y Carrara" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Херцогство Маса и Княжество Карара – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Херцогство Маса и Княжество Карара" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugelezh_Massa_ha_Carrara" title="Dugelezh Massa ha Carrara – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dugelezh Massa ha Carrara" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9vodstv%C3%AD_Massa_a_Carrara" title="Vévodství Massa a Carrara – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vévodství Massa a Carrara" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzogtum_Massa_und_Carrara" title="Herzogtum Massa und Carrara – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herzogtum Massa und Carrara" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_ja_Carrara_hertsogkond" title="Massa ja Carrara hertsogkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Massa ja Carrara hertsogkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Δουκάτο της Μάσσα και της Καρράρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δουκάτο της Μάσσα και της Καρράρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducado_de_Massa_y_Carrara" title="Ducado de Massa y Carrara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ducado de Massa y Carrara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duch%C3%A9_de_Massa_et_Carrare" title="Duché de Massa et Carrare – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Duché de Massa et Carrare" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadipaten_Massa_dan_Carrara" title="Kadipaten Massa dan Carrara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kadipaten Massa dan Carrara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducato_di_Massa_e_Principato_di_Carrara" title="Ducato di Massa e Principato di Carrara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ducato di Massa e Principato di Carrara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertogdom_Massa_en_Carrara" title="Hertogdom Massa en Carrara – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hertogdom Massa en Carrara" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertugd%C3%B8mmet_Massa_og_Carrara" title="Hertugdømmet Massa og Carrara – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hertugdømmet Massa og Carrara" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducado_de_Massa_e_Carrara" title="Ducado de Massa e Carrara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ducado de Massa e Carrara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Герцогство Масса и Каррара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Герцогство Масса и Каррара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Војводство Маса и Карара – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Војводство Маса и Карара" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertigd%C3%B6met_Massa_och_Carrara" title="Hertigdömet Massa och Carrara – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hertigdömet Massa och Carrara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Герцогство Масси і Каррари – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Герцогство Масси і Каррари" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Massa_v%C3%A0_Carrara" title="Công quốc Massa và Carrara – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công quốc Massa và Carrara" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%90%A8%E4%B8%8E%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E6%8B%89%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="马萨与卡拉拉公国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马萨与卡拉拉公国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q933592#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara&params=44_02_N_10_08_E_type:county"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°02′N</span> <span class="longitude">10°08′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.033°N 10.133°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.033; 10.133</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1473–1836 duchy in northwestern Tuscany, Italian Peninsula</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Duchy of Massa and Principality of Carrara</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Ducato di Massa e Principato di Carrara</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1664–1796<br />1814–1836<sup id="cite_ref-fine_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Massa_and_Carrara.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Massa and Carrara"><img alt="Flag of Massa and Carrara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Massa_and_Carrara.svg/125px-Flag_of_Massa_and_Carrara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Massa_and_Carrara.svg/188px-Flag_of_Massa_and_Carrara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Massa_and_Carrara.svg/250px-Flag_of_Massa_and_Carrara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1475" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tuscany#Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Flag of Tuscany">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Massa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Massa and Carrara"><img alt="Coat of arms of Massa and Carrara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Massa.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Massa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Massa.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Massa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Massa.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Massa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="311" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Libertas</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span><div>Freedom</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Italy,_1828_(Hall).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Northern Italy in 1815."><img alt="Northern Italy in 1815." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/North_Italy%2C_1828_%28Hall%29.jpg/250px-North_Italy%2C_1828_%28Hall%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/North_Italy%2C_1828_%28Hall%29.jpg/375px-North_Italy%2C_1828_%28Hall%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/North_Italy%2C_1828_%28Hall%29.jpg/500px-North_Italy%2C_1828_%28Hall%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6323" data-file-height="5110" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Northern Italy in 1815.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massa,_Tuscany" title="Massa, Tuscany">Massa</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1473–1481 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_I_Malaspina" class="extiw" title="it:Giacomo I Malaspina">Giacomo I Malaspina</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(first)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1790–1829 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_d%27Este,_Duchess_of_Massa" title="Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa">Maria Beatrice d'Este</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(last)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern era</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 February 1664</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• French rule </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 May 1796–30 May 1814</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Francis_IV,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis IV, Duke of Modena">Francis IV</a> annexes the Massa and Carrara territories to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 November 1836<sup id="cite_ref-fine_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Fiorito%29_%282%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Fiorito%29_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Fiorito%29_%282%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Fiorito%29_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Fiorito%29_%282%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Fiorito%29_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="205" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Massa,_Tuscany" title="Massa, Tuscany">Principality of Massa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Fiorito%29_%282%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Fiorito%29_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Fiorito%29_%282%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Fiorito%29_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Fiorito%29_%282%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Fiorito%29_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="205" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Marquisate of Carrara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_the_Cispadane_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Cispadane_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_the_Cispadane_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Cispadane_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_the_Cispadane_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Cispadane_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadane Republic</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadane Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_the_Cispadane_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Cispadane_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_the_Cispadane_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Cispadane_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_the_Cispadane_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Cispadane_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Principality of Lucca and Piombino</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Lucca_%281805-1809%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Lucca_%281805-1809%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Lucca_%281805-1809%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Lucca_%281805-1809%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Lucca_%281805-1809%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Lucca_%281805-1809%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Modena.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Modena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Modena.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Modena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Modena.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Modena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Duchy of Massa and Principality of Carrara</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Ducato di Massa e Principato di Carrara</i>) was a small state that controlled the towns of <a href="/wiki/Massa,_Tuscany" title="Massa, Tuscany">Massa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara</a> from 1473 until 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-fine_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duchy_of_Massa-Carrara_and_Marquisate_of_Fosdinovo,_1715_to_1730.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Duchy_of_Massa-Carrara_and_Marquisate_of_Fosdinovo%2C_1715_to_1730.png/220px-Duchy_of_Massa-Carrara_and_Marquisate_of_Fosdinovo%2C_1715_to_1730.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Duchy_of_Massa-Carrara_and_Marquisate_of_Fosdinovo%2C_1715_to_1730.png/330px-Duchy_of_Massa-Carrara_and_Marquisate_of_Fosdinovo%2C_1715_to_1730.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Duchy_of_Massa-Carrara_and_Marquisate_of_Fosdinovo%2C_1715_to_1730.png/440px-Duchy_of_Massa-Carrara_and_Marquisate_of_Fosdinovo%2C_1715_to_1730.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Early 18th century map showing the Duchy of Massa and Carrara</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the city of Massa had already known its maximum medieval splendor in the <a href="/wiki/11th_century" title="11th century">11th century</a> with the Marquisate of Massa and Corsica ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Obertenghi" title="Obertenghi">Obertenghi family</a>, the original nucleus of the state was officially born on 22 February 1473 with the purchase of the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Carrara" title="Lordship of Carrara">Lordship of Carrara</a> by the Lordship of Massa in the time headed by the Marquis Jacopo Malaspina, who obtained it from Count Antoniotto Fileremo of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, progenitor of the <a href="/wiki/Fregoso" title="Fregoso">Fregoso</a> line. The noble title of the <a href="/wiki/Malaspina_family" title="Malaspina family">Malaspina family</a> therefore became that of Marquises of Massa and lords of Carrara. </p><p>From the purchase of the Carrara territory onwards, the seat of Jacopo Malaspina, one of the sons of Antonio Alberico I Malaspina, member of the branch of the family located in <a href="/wiki/Fosdinovo" title="Fosdinovo">Fosdinovo</a>, was located in the city of Carrara, but due to the frequent clashes with the French invaders who occurred often, he and his successors moved to Massa.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within two generations the Malaspina family died out in male descent and <a href="/wiki/Ricciarda_Malaspina" title="Ricciarda Malaspina">Ricciarda</a>, Iacopo's eldest surviving granddaughter, married in 1520 with <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Cybo" title="Lorenzo Cybo">Lorenzo Cybo</a>, a member of an <a href="/wiki/Cybo" title="Cybo">influential family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese aristocrats</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Pope Innocent VIII</a> (Lorenzo's grandfather) belonged to it and they were related to the <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a>, Lorenzo's uncle, had himself arranged the Malaspina marriage, together with Lorenzo's elder brother, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Cybo" title="Innocenzo Cybo">Innocenzo Cybo</a>) . From the marriage the new Cybo-Malaspina family originated, which was to rule the states of Massa and Carrara until 1829. The marriage, however, was rather stormy: the two spouses disputed for a long time the governance of the marquisate and in 1529 Ricciarda managed to obtain from <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">emperor Charles V</a> the investiture of the marquisate, in derogation of the <a href="/wiki/Salic_law" title="Salic law">Salic law</a>, for herself, for her male descendants in order of primogeniture or, in their absence, also for females. </p><p>The son of Ricciarda and Lorenzo, <a href="/wiki/Alberico_I_Cybo-Malaspina" title="Alberico I Cybo-Malaspina">Alberico I Cybo-Malaspina</a> succeeded his mother as Marquis of Massa and Carrara in 1553. Under his 70-year rule the fiefdom experienced a very favorable period of development, thanks also to the advantageous economic situation in the marble market, which was in great demand by the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> courts of the time. Alberico I, aware that his statelet was surrounded by more powerful and influential neighbors, continued his mother's policy of alignment with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> of Charles V of Habsburg, who officially confirmed his investiture of the fiefdom in 1554. Thanks to its cultural and economic successes, the city of Carrara obtained the rank of marquisate in 1558<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In 1568 Massa was elevated to principality by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Maximilian_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Maximilian II">Emperor Maximilian II</a>. In 1664, during the rule of Alberico II, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopold I of Habsburg">Leopold I of Habsburg</a> raised the Principality of Massa to the rank of duchy and the Marquisate of Carrara to a principality.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massa-panorama_rocca_Malaspina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Massa-panorama_rocca_Malaspina.jpg/220px-Massa-panorama_rocca_Malaspina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Massa-panorama_rocca_Malaspina.jpg/330px-Massa-panorama_rocca_Malaspina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Massa-panorama_rocca_Malaspina.jpg/440px-Massa-panorama_rocca_Malaspina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malaspina_Castle" title="Malaspina Castle">Malaspina Castle</a>, the main seat of the rulers of the Massa and Carrara state before 1563</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Cybo-Malaspina,_Massa_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Palazzo_Cybo-Malaspina%2C_Massa_%281%29.jpg/220px-Palazzo_Cybo-Malaspina%2C_Massa_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Palazzo_Cybo-Malaspina%2C_Massa_%281%29.jpg/330px-Palazzo_Cybo-Malaspina%2C_Massa_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Palazzo_Cybo-Malaspina%2C_Massa_%281%29.jpg/440px-Palazzo_Cybo-Malaspina%2C_Massa_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption>The Ducal Palace in Massa, the principal residence thereafter</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1741 <a href="/wiki/Maria_Teresa_Cybo-Malaspina,_Duchess_of_Massa" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina, Duchess of Massa">Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina</a>, the last scion of the family, married <a href="/wiki/Ercole_III_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ercole III d'Este, Duke of Modena">Ercole III d'Este</a>, the only male heir of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a>. Their only surviving child, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_d%27Este,_Duchess_of_Massa" title="Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa">Maria Beatrice d'Este</a>, was thus the last descendant of both families,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, as a woman, she was not entitled to succeed under Salic law and was only permitted to take over the Duchy of Massa and Carrara thanks to the exemption wrested almost three centuries earlier by her indomitable and often reviled ancestor, Ricciarda Malaspina. </p><p>In 1796 the Este were deprived of their possessions by the troops of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>. The latter incorporated the territory into the <a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadane Republic</a>, which later became the <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpine Republic</a>. During this period the region was briefly disputed against Napoleon by the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austrians</a> of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">anti-French coalition</a> (1799) and experienced a rapid succession of different administrative systems, more or less provisional. As a last administrative change, in 1806, the French emperor assigned the Duchy of Massa and Carrara to the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Principality of Lucca and Piombino</a>, governed by his older sister <a href="/wiki/Elisa_Bonaparte_Baciocchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi">Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi</a>. In 1809 the honorary title of Duke of Massa di Carrara was granted by Napoleon to the former Minister of Police, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Ambroise_R%C3%A9gnier" title="Claude Ambroise Régnier">Claude Ambroise Régnier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Napoleonic domination Maria Beatrice d'Este (who had succeeded her mother in 1790) was forced to take refuge in Vienna with the family of her husband, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Karl,_Archduke_of_Austria-Este" title="Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este">Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este</a>, uncle of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Francis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Francis II">Emperor Francis II</a>, and pretender to the ducal throne of Modena and Reggio. With the fall of the Napoleonic regime, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> again assigned to Maria Beatrice the ancestral duchy of which she had been dispossessed. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_fiefs_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial fiefs in Italy">imperial fiefs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lunigiana" title="Lunigiana">Lunigiana</a> (starting with the <a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Fosdinovo" title="Marquisate of Fosdinovo">Marquisate of Fosdinovo</a>), which were not re-established, were also bestowed upon her, but she handed them over almost immediately to her son and heir <a href="/wiki/Francis_IV,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis IV, Duke of Modena">Francis IV, Duke of Modena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1829, on the death of Maria Beatrice, the Duchy of Massa and the Principality of Carrara were annexed to the Duchy of Modena and Reggio, led by her son Francis IV of Austria-Este. In 1860, with the deposition, the previous year, of <a href="/wiki/Francis_V,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis V, Duke of Modena">Francis V</a>, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio (also including the territories of Massa and Carrara) was annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, of which it constituted the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massa-Carrara" title="Province of Massa-Carrara">Province of Massa-Carrara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marquis,_Princes,_then_Dukes_of_Massa_and_Carrara"><span id="Marquis.2C_Princes.2C_then_Dukes_of_Massa_and_Carrara"></span>Marquis, Princes, then Dukes of Massa and Carrara</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marquis, Princes, then Dukes of Massa and Carrara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_I_Malaspina" class="extiw" title="it:Giacomo I Malaspina">Giacomo I Malaspina</a> (1445–1481) Marquis of Massa and Lord of Carrara since 1473</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberico_II_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberico II Malaspina (page does not exist)">Alberico II Malaspina</a> (1481–1519)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricciarda_Malaspina" title="Ricciarda Malaspina">Ricciarda Malaspina</a> (1519–1546 and 1547–1553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cybo" title="Giulio Cybo">Giulio Cybo</a> (1546–1547)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberico_I_Cybo-Malaspina" title="Alberico I Cybo-Malaspina">Alberico I Cybo-Malaspina</a> (1554–1623) Marquis of Massa and Carrara from 1558, then Prince of Massa and Marquis of Carrara from 1568</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_I_Cybo-Malaspina" title="Carlo I Cybo-Malaspina">Carlo I Cybo-Malaspina</a> (1623–1662)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberico_II_Cybo-Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberico II Cybo-Malaspina (page does not exist)">Alberico II Cybo-Malaspina</a> (1662–1690) Duke of Massa and Prince of Carrara from 1664</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_II_Cybo-Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo II Cybo-Malaspina (page does not exist)">Carlo II Cybo-Malaspina</a> (1690–1710)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberico_III_Cybo-Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberico III Cybo-Malaspina (page does not exist)">Alberico III Cybo-Malaspina</a> (1710–1715)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alderamo_Cybo-Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alderamo Cybo-Malaspina (page does not exist)">Alderamo Cybo-Malaspina</a> (1715–1731)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Teresa_Cybo-Malaspina" title="Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina">Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina</a> (1731–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_d%27Este,_Duchess_of_Massa" title="Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa">Maria Beatrice</a> (1790–1796) Duchess of Massa and Princess of Carrara</li> <li>Annexation by the <a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadane Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpine Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italian Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Principality of Lucca and Piombino</a> following the invasion of Napoleon (1796–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_d%27Este,_Duchess_of_Massa" title="Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa">Maria Beatrice</a> (1815–1829) Duchess of Massa and Princess of Carrara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_IV,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis IV, Duke of Modena">Francis IV, Duke of Modena</a> (1829–1846): in 1836 the duchy became a simple province of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Este States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_V,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis V, Duke of Modena">Francis V, Duke of Modena</a> (1846–1859)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy_and_economy">Policy and economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Policy and economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The merge of the Malaspina family with the Cybo family brought the territory to a rather lavish court life. In the conduct of foreign policy the Cybo-Malaspina maintained a role as an intermediary between the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>. </p><p>Alberico I brought large urban restructurations in the cities of Carrara and Massa, mainly for prestige reasons. Both cities were equipped with new city walls - with representative functions, rather than military, since the policy of the territory was not expansionist - and new ducal palaces. In Carrara was established the Office of Marble (1564), to regulate the marble mining industry. </p><p>The city of Massa, in particular, saw much of its plan redesigned (new roads, plazas, intersections, pavings) in order to make it worthy of an Italian country's capital. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/War_of_Spanish_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Spanish Succession">War of Spanish Succession</a> (1701–1714) was the beginning of the period of deep economic crisis for the duchy. The Empire punished with heavy fines the Cybo-Malspina, who had given hospitality to French troops on its territory. Already Alberich III, but especially Alderamo, found themselves forced to sell many city goods. Alderamo arrived to force people to buy food at a premium, and also because of the luxurious and extravagant lifestyle of the nobleman, the economics of the Duchy was brought to its knees. The financial situation recovered only by dynastic union between the families of the Malaspina and the Este, achieved with the marriage of Maria Teresa and Ercole d'Este in 1741. </p><p>From that date, the Duchy of Massa and Carrara gradually lost its political autonomy, going to gravitate more and more closely into the city of Modena sphere of influence. Under the domination of the Este, the Duchy of Massa Carrara rose to occupy a strategic position, in that it provided a sea outlet to the hinterland domains and promised an easier trade route. Already under Maria Teresa road links between the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> to Massa & Carrara were significantly improved. These road reform attempts include the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Vandelli" title="Via Vandelli">Via Vandelli</a>, starting as early as 1738. </p><p>In 1751, was made a first attempt for the excavation of a dock and the construction of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Carrara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port of Carrara (page does not exist)">port</a> in the city of Carrara. The port would have been functional to the trade and military activities of the Este, would have housed in a safe place the small fleet of the Duchy of Modena and, finally, would have been essential to free the marble exports from dependence of other nearby ports. The coast, however, had a tendency to silt up and after a few years the construction work had to be suspended. </p><p>In 1807 Napoleon's engineers built the important mail road to the Foce, to link the cities of Massa and Carrara through the inland hills. During the Napoleonic rule were also initiated other public works such as the bonification of the plains, the plantation of coastal pine trees to combat malaria and arrangement of river banks. These works were continued by Maria Beatrice and successors in subsequent decades. In 1821 the Este Land Registry was established, with the task of regulating and listing the properties of the inhabitants of the duchy. </p><p>The years following the annexation to the Duchy of Modena were particularly complex, both for the insurrectional riots that characterized the historical period, and for the economic crisis, which have long gripped the region. The rulers tried several times to exit the stagnation in promoting the construction of infrastructure to increase the volume of trade, but the lack of money often proves an insurmountable obstacle. </p><p>A second attempt to build the port of Carrara was entrusted by Duke Francis IV to the engineer Aschenden in 1830, but the project was never made for lack of funds. A dock loader, which came to be the first authentic port core of Carrara was built successfully only in 1851, thanks to the English engineer and tycoon William Walton. In 1846 the Count <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_del_Medico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco del Medico (page does not exist)">Francesco del Medico</a> proposed to the Duke Francis V the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Carrara_Private_Marble_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrara Private Marble Railway">Marble Railway</a> of Carrara, to link the marble quarries to the sea and thereby facilitating the transport of blocks to the areas for sorting, loading, and shipping. This project was also suspended for lack of funds. The Marble Railway was finally built after the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> (1871–1890). </p><p>In the last years of the duchy, an increasing number of clashes was seen between the liberals and the ducal government, especially in Carrara. The territory was chosen by <a href="/wiki/Count_Camillo_Benso_di_Cavour" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Camillo Benso di Cavour">Count Camillo Benso di Cavour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> to organize popular anti-Austrian riots and give France an opportunity to intervene on the side of Piedmont in Italy, giving way to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a>. </p><p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara&params=44_02_N_10_08_E_type:county"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°02′N</span> <span class="longitude">10°08′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.033°N 10.133°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.033; 10.133</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Ambroise_R%C3%A9gnier" title="Claude Ambroise Régnier">Claude Ambroise Régnier</a> (1746–1814), made <i>duc de Massa</i> on 15 August 1809</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fine-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fine_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fine_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fine_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Many authors argue that the final year of the states of Massa and Carrara was 1829, when the throne was assumed by the holder of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_IV,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis IV, Duke of Modena">Francis IV of Austria-Este</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://massacarrara.guidatoscana.it/massa/default.asp">"Cenni Storici di Massa"</a>. <i>Massa Carrara</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Massa+Carrara&rft.atitle=Cenni+Storici+di+Massa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmassacarrara.guidatoscana.it%2Fmassa%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Massa+and+Carrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/massa-e-carrara-ducato-di_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)">"MASSA e CARRARA, Ducato di in "Enciclopedia Italiana"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.treccani.it</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.treccani.it&rft.atitle=MASSA+e+CARRARA%2C+Ducato+di+in+%22Enciclopedia+Italiana%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fmassa-e-carrara-ducato-di_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Massa+and+Carrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/massa-e-carrara-ducato-di_(Dizionario-di-Storia)">"Massa e Carrara, ducato di in "Dizionario di Storia"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.treccani.it</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.treccani.it&rft.atitle=Massa+e+Carrara%2C+ducato+di+in+%22Dizionario+di+Storia%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fmassa-e-carrara-ducato-di_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Massa+and+Carrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertBourlotonCougny1891" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Robert, Adolphe; Bourloton, Edgar; Cougny, Gaston (1891). "Regnier (Claude-Ambroise)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k83709c/f109.item"><i>Dictionnaire des parlementaires français de 1789 à 1889</i></a> (in French). Vol. V. Parigi: Bourloton. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Regnier+%28Claude-Ambroise%29&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+parlementaires+fran%C3%A7ais+de+1789+%C3%A0+1889&rft.place=Parigi&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Bourloton&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Robert&rft.aufirst=Adolphe&rft.au=Bourloton%2C+Edgar&rft.au=Cougny%2C+Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k83709c%2Ff109.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Massa+and+Carrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aptmassacarrara.it/massa/">"Massa"</a>. <i>Turismo Massa-Carrara</i> (in Italian). 2017-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turismo+Massa-Carrara&rft.atitle=Massa&rft.date=2017-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aptmassacarrara.it%2Fmassa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Massa+and+Carrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/massa_res-f9b4da93-e032-11df-9ef0-d5ce3506d72e">"Massa nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"</a>. <i>www.treccani.it</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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<li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (27 BC–395 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476 AD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval<br />and<br />Early Modern<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Barbarian kingdoms<br />(476–774)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(476%E2%80%93493)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (476–493)">Odoacer's rule</a> (476–493)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic rule</a> (493–553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal rule</a> (435–534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard rule</a> (568–774) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli" title="Duchy of Friuli">Duchy of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tridentum" title="Duchy of Tridentum">Duchy of Tridentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tuscia" title="Duchy of Tuscia">Duchy of Tuscia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (584–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a> (584–751) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a> (533–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Perugia" title="Duchy of Perugia">Duchy of Perugia</a> (554–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolis" title="Duchy of the Pentapolis">Duchy of the Pentapolis</a> (554–752)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> (585–698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a><br />(754–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campagna_e_Marittima_Province" title="Campagna e Marittima Province">Campagna e Marittima Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Castro" title="Duchy of Castro">Duchy of Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Duchy of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino" title="Duchy of Urbino">Duchy of Urbino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br />and other<br />independent<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen" title="Prince-Bishopric of Brixen">Bishopric of Bressanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">Corsican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Fiume)" title="Corpus separatum (Fiume)">City of Fiume and its District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia" title="County of Gorizia">County of Gorizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca" title="Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca">Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Guastalla" title="County of Guastalla">County of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Santa_Fiora" title="County of Santa Fiora">County of Santa Fiora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Duchy of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ancona" title="March of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Ceva" title="Marquisate of Ceva">Ceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Finale" title="Marquisate of Finale">Finale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Friuli" title="March of Friuli">March of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patria_del_Friuli" title="Patria del Friuli">Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ivrea" title="March of Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Milan" title="Lordship of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Montferrat" title="March of Montferrat">March of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Montferrat" title="Duchy of Montferrat">Duchy of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City_of_Trieste" title="Imperial Free City of Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Turin" title="March of Turin">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Tuscany" title="March of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Verona" title="March of Verona">Verona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Duchy of Mantua</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Merania" title="Duchy of Merania">Duchy of Merania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mirandola" title="Duchy of Mirandola">Duchy of Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piombino" title="Principality of Piombino">Principality of Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Reggio" title="Duchy of Reggio">Duchy of Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Saluzzo" title="Marquisate of Saluzzo">Marquisate of Saluzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Tarentaise" title="Ancient Diocese of Tarentaise">Bishopric of Tarantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent" title="Prince-Bishopric of Trent">Prince-Bishopric of Trento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Savoy" title="County of Savoy">County of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Piedmont" title="Prince of Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aosta" title="Duchy of Aosta">Duchy of Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">County of Tenda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a><br />(697–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogado" title="Dogado">Dogado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domini_di_Terraferma" title="Domini di Terraferma">Domini di Terraferma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other Republics<br />(c. 1000–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cospaia" title="Republic of Cospaia">Republic of Cospaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Republic of Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Massa" title="Republic of Massa">Republic of Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Republic of Noli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Republic of Ancona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_south_Italian_principalities" title="List of south Italian principalities">Southern Italy</a><br />(774–1139)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Duchy of Amalfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Duchy of Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catepanate_of_Italy" title="Catepanate of Italy">Catepanate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longobardia" title="Longobardia">Longobardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_(theme)" title="Lucania (theme)">Theme of Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Theme of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Byzantine Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Duchy of Sorrento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari" title="Emirate of Bari">Emirate of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lombard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Principality of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Principality of Capua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">County of Apulia and Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Aversa" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Aversa">County of Aversa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> <br />(from the 9th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agugliastra" title="Agugliastra">Agugliastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Arborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Cagliari" title="Judicate of Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Gallura" title="Judicate of Gallura">Gallura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Logudoro" title="Judicate of Logudoro">Logudoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Oristano" title="Marquisate of Oristano">Oristano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sassari" title="Republic of Sassari">Republic of Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1324–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a><br />(1130–1816) and<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a><br />(1282–1816)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Presidi" title="State of the Presidi">State of the Presidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_San_Donato" title="Duke of San Donato">Duke of San Donato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sora" title="Duchy of Sora">Duchy of Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bari" title="Duchy of Bari">Duchy of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sancti_Benedicti" title="Terra Sancti Benedicti">Terra Sancti Benedicti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647%E2%80%931648)" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)">Neapolitan Republic</a> (1647–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Hospitaller Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Gozo (1798–1800)">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Crown Colony of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Revolutionary</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic</a> eras<br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Republics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Republic" title="Piedmontese Republic">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1798%E2%80%931799)" title="Roman Republic (1798–1799)">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subalpine_Republic" title="Subalpine Republic">Subalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpadane_Republic" title="Transpadane Republic">Transpadania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Monarchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Lucca and Piombino</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pontecorvo" title="Principality of Pontecorvo">Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento" title="Principality of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Post-Napoleonic<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Genoa" title="Duchy of Genoa">Duchy of Genoa</a> (1815–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Duchy of Lucca">Duchy of Lucca</a> (1815–1847)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a> (1814–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> (1815–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_United_Provinces" title="Italian United Provinces">Italian United Provinces</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Provisional Government of Milan</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a> (1848–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1849%E2%80%931850)" title="Roman Republic (1849–1850)">Roman Republic</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a> (1859–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1814–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> (1816–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> (1815–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States#Italian_unification" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (1814–1870)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Post-unification" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> (1861–1946) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> (1920–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> (1947–1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malaspina" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#87ceeb"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malaspina" title="Template:Malaspina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Malaspina (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malaspina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Malaspina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malaspina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Malaspina_family" title="Malaspina family">Malaspina</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynastic<br />lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Main_branch" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.2em;text-align:left;">Main branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obertenghi" title="Obertenghi">Obertenghi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adalberto_the_Margrave" title="Adalberto the Margrave">Adalberto the Margrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberto_I" title="Oberto I">Oberto I</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otbert_II,_Margrave_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Otbert II, Margrave of Milan">Oberto II (Margrave of Milan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Malaspina" title="Albert Malaspina">Albert Malaspina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.2em;text-align:left;">Sub-branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaspina_family#The_Spino_Fiorito_branch_of_the_family" title="Malaspina family">Malaspina dello Spino Fiorito</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opizzo_Malaspina" title="Opizzo Malaspina">Opizzo Malaspina</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaspina_family#Spino_Secco_branch" title="Malaspina family">Malaspina dello Spino Secco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Malaspina_(The_Old)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrad Malaspina (The Old)">Conrad Malaspina (The Old)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybo-Malaspina" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybo-Malaspina">Cybo-Malaspina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_(Spino_Secco)_(1).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Secco%29_%281%29.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Secco%29_%281%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Secco%29_%281%29.svg/165px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Secco%29_%281%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Secco%29_%281%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Secco%29_%281%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="205" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_(Spino_Fiorito)_(1).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Fiorito%29_%281%29.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Fiorito%29_%281%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Fiorito%29_%281%29.svg/165px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Fiorito%29_%281%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Fiorito%29_%281%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Malaspina_%28Spino_Fiorito%29_%281%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="205" /></a></span> <br /><small><i>Sum Mala Spina Malis Sum Bona Spina Bonis</i></small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.2em;text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marquise_of_Fosdinovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marquise of Fosdinovo (page does not exist)">Marquise of Fosdinovo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinetta_Malaspina" title="Spinetta Malaspina">Spinetta Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeotto_I_Malaspina" title="Galeotto I Malaspina">Galeotto I Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_I_Malaspina" title="Gabriele I Malaspina">Gabriele I Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinetta_II_Malaspina" title="Spinetta II Malaspina">Spinetta II Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Alberico_I_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Alberico I Malaspina (page does not exist)">Antonio Alberico I Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giacomo_I_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giacomo I Malaspina (page does not exist)">Giacomo I Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriele_II_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriele II Malaspina (page does not exist)">Gabriele II Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenzo_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenzo Malaspina (page does not exist)">Lorenzo Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galeotto_II_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galeotto II Malaspina (page does not exist)">Galeotto II Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Malaspina_(nobile)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Malaspina (nobile) (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Malaspina (nobile)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea Malaspina (page does not exist)">Andrea Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giacomo_II_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giacomo II Malaspina (page does not exist)">Giacomo II Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasquale_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasquale Malaspina (page does not exist)">Pasquale Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ippolito_Malaspina_(Marchese_di_Fosdinovo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ippolito Malaspina (Marchese di Fosdinovo) (page does not exist)">Ippolito Malaspina (Marchese di Fosdinovo)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Francesco_Agostino_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Francesco Agostino Malaspina (page does not exist)">Carlo Francesco Agostino Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriele_III_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriele III Malaspina (page does not exist)">Gabriele III Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Emanuele_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Emanuele Malaspina (page does not exist)">Carlo Emanuele Malaspina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.2em;text-align:left;">Lords of Massa and Carrara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Alberico_I_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Alberico I Malaspina (page does not exist)">Antonio Alberico I Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giacomo_I_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giacomo I Malaspina (page does not exist)">Giacomo I Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Alberico_II_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Alberico II Malaspina (page does not exist)">Antonio Alberico II Malaspina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.2em;text-align:left;">Marquises of Massa and lords of Carrara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Alberico_II_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Alberico II Malaspina (page does not exist)">Antonio Alberico II Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricciarda_Malaspina" title="Ricciarda Malaspina">Ricciarda Malaspina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.2em;text-align:left;">Sovereigns of Massa and Carrara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Alberico_II_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Alberico II Malaspina (page does not exist)">Antonio Alberico II Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricciarda_Malaspina" title="Ricciarda Malaspina">Ricciarda Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cybo" title="Giulio Cybo">Giulio Cybo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberico_I_Cybo-Malaspina" title="Alberico I Cybo-Malaspina">Alberico I Cybo-Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_I_Cybo-Malaspina" title="Carlo I Cybo-Malaspina">Carlo I Cybo-Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberico_II_Cybo-Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberico II Cybo-Malaspina (page does not exist)">Alberico II Cybo-Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_II_Cybo-Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo II Cybo-Malaspina (page does not exist)">Carlo II Cybo-Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberico_III_Cybo-Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberico III Cybo-Malaspina (page does not exist)">Alberico III Cybo-Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alderano_I_Cybo-Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alderano I Cybo-Malaspina (page does not exist)">Alderano I Cybo-Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Teresa_Cybo-Malaspina" title="Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina">Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_d%27Este,_Duchess_of_Massa" title="Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa">Maria Beatrice d'Este (1750-1829)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.2em;text-align:left;">Consorts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanna_Novella_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanna Novella Malaspina (page does not exist)">Giovanna Novella Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcella_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcella Malaspina (page does not exist)">Marcella Malaspina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.2em;text-align:left;">Saints</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.2em;text-align:left;">Cardinlas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.2em;text-align:left;">Bishops and Archbishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernab%C3%B2_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernabò Malaspina (page does not exist)">Bernabò Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aragonio_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aragonio Malaspina (page does not exist)">Aragonio Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barnaba_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barnaba Malaspina (page does not exist)">Barnaba Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriele_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriele Malaspina (page does not exist)">Gabriele Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gherardino_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gherardino Malaspina (page does not exist)">Gherardino Malaspina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.2em;text-align:left;">Military-men and Warlords</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Malaspina" title="Albert Malaspina">Albert Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Malaspina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessandro Malaspina">Alessandro Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernab%C3%B2_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernabò Malaspina (page does not exist)">Bernabò Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ippolito_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ippolito Malaspina (page does not exist)">Ippolito Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obizzo_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obizzo Malaspina (page does not exist)">Obizzo Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moroello_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moroello Malaspina (page does not exist)">Moroello Malaspina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.2em;text-align:left;">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Boldieri-Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Boldieri-Malaspina (page does not exist)">Palazzo Boldieri-Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Cybo_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Cybo Malaspina (page does not exist)">Palazzo Cybo Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Dessilani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Dessilani (page does not exist)">Palazzo Dessilani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Ducale_(Massa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Ducale (Massa) (page does not exist)">Palazzo Ducale (Massa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Malaspina" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo Malaspina">Palazzo Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Venerosi_Pesciolini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Venerosi Pesciolini (page does not exist)">Palazzo Venerosi Pesciolini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.2em;text-align:left;">Castles and Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_del_Dego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello del Dego (page does not exist)">Castello del Dego</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Agnino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Agnino (page does not exist)">Castello di Agnino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Ameglia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Ameglia (page does not exist)">Castello di Ameglia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Arcola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Arcola (page does not exist)">Castello di Arcola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Bastia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Bastia (page does not exist)">Castello di Bastia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Calice_al_Cornoviglio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Calice al Cornoviglio (page does not exist)">Castello di Calice al Cornoviglio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Casarasco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Casarasco (page does not exist)">Castello di Casarasco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Castel_del_Piano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Castel del Piano (page does not exist)">Castello di Castel del Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Codiponte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Codiponte (page does not exist)">Castello di Codiponte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Comano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Comano (page does not exist)">Castello di Comano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_di_Compiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Castello di Compiano">Castello di Compiano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Grondola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Grondola (page does not exist)">Castello di Grondola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Groppo_San_Pietro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Groppo San Pietro (page does not exist)">Castello di Groppo San Pietro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Isola_del_Cantone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Isola del Cantone (page does not exist)">Castello di Isola del Cantone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Levanto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Levanto (page does not exist)">Castello di Levanto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Lusuolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Lusuolo (page does not exist)">Castello di Lusuolo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Madrignano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Madrignano (page does not exist)">Castello di Madrignano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Malgrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Malgrate (page does not exist)">Castello di Malgrate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Moneta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Moneta (page does not exist)">Castello di Moneta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Montechiaro_(Fivizzano)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Montechiaro (Fivizzano) (page does not exist)">Castello di Montechiaro (Fivizzano)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Montechiaro_(Rivergaro)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Montechiaro (Rivergaro) (page does not exist)">Castello di Montechiaro (Rivergaro)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Montemassi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Montemassi (page does not exist)">Castello di Montemassi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Oramala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Oramala (page does not exist)">Castello di Oramala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Regnano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Regnano (page does not exist)">Castello di Regnano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Rivalta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Rivalta (page does not exist)">Castello di Rivalta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Santo_Stefano_d%27Aveto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Santo Stefano d'Aveto (page does not exist)">Castello di Santo Stefano d'Aveto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Sassalbo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Sassalbo (page does not exist)">Castello di Sassalbo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Scaldasole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Scaldasole (page does not exist)">Castello di Scaldasole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Serravalle" title="Castle of Serravalle">Castle of Serravalle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Suvero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Suvero (page does not exist)">Castello di Suvero</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Torriglia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Torriglia (page does not exist)">Castello di Torriglia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Varsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Varsi (page does not exist)">Castello di Varsi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Viano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello di Viano (page does not exist)">Castello di Viano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_Malaspina_(Fosdinovo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello Malaspina (Fosdinovo) (page does not exist)">Castello Malaspina (Fosdinovo)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castello_Malaspina_di_Varzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castello Malaspina di Varzi (page does not exist)">Castello Malaspina di Varzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_Malaspiniano_(Bobbio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Castello Malaspiniano (Bobbio)">Castello Malaspiniano (Bobbio)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortezza_della_Brunella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortezza della Brunella (page does not exist)">Fortezza della Brunella</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortezza_della_Verrucola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortezza della Verrucola (page does not exist)">Fortezza della Verrucola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortezza_delle_Verrucole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortezza delle Verrucole (page does not exist)">Fortezza delle Verrucole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocca_Malaspina_(Massa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rocca Malaspina (Massa) (page does not exist)">Rocca Malaspina (Massa)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torre_di_Castruccio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torre di Castruccio (page does not exist)">Torre di Castruccio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.2em;text-align:left;">Villas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_di_Agnano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa di Agnano (page does not exist)">Villa di Agnano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_la_Rinchiostra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa la Rinchiostra (page does not exist)">Villa la Rinchiostra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Malaspina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa Malaspina (page does not exist)">Villa Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Massoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa Massoni (page does not exist)">Villa Massoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.2em;text-align:left;">Altro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patrons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.2em;text-align:left;">Painters, Scolptures and Architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.2em;text-align:left;">Poets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_de_Vaqueiras" title="Raimbaut de Vaqueiras">Raimbaut de Vaqueiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilhem_de_la_Tor" title="Guilhem de la Tor">Guilhem de la Tor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.2em;text-align:left;">Philosofers and Humanists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.2em;text-align:left;">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.2em;text-align:left;">Musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resting places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiesa_di_San_Remigio_(Fosdinovo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiesa di San Remigio (Fosdinovo) (page does not exist)">Chiesa di San Remigio (Fosdinovo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massa_Cathedral" title="Massa Cathedral">Massa Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heraldy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marchesato_di_Fosdinovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marchesato di Fosdinovo (page does not exist)">Marchesato di Fosdinovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marchesato_di_Tresana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marchesato di Tresana (page does not exist)">Marchesato di Tresana</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunigiana" title="Lunigiana">Lunigiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castelli_lunigianesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castelli lunigianesi (page does not exist)">Castelli lunigianesi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pace_di_Castelnuovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pace di Castelnuovo (page does not exist)">Pace di Castelnuovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q933592#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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