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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Music+of+Senegal%22">"Music of Senegal"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Music+of+Senegal%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Music+of+Senegal%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Music+of+Senegal%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Music+of+Senegal%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Music+of+Senegal%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serer_Royal_War_Drum_(Jung-Jung)._19th_Century._Jung-Jung_From_The_Kingdom_of_Sine_(in_modern_day_Senegal).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Serer_Royal_War_Drum_%28Jung-Jung%29._19th_Century._Jung-Jung_From_The_Kingdom_of_Sine_%28in_modern_day_Senegal%29.jpg/220px-Serer_Royal_War_Drum_%28Jung-Jung%29._19th_Century._Jung-Jung_From_The_Kingdom_of_Sine_%28in_modern_day_Senegal%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Serer_Royal_War_Drum_%28Jung-Jung%29._19th_Century._Jung-Jung_From_The_Kingdom_of_Sine_%28in_modern_day_Senegal%29.jpg/330px-Serer_Royal_War_Drum_%28Jung-Jung%29._19th_Century._Jung-Jung_From_The_Kingdom_of_Sine_%28in_modern_day_Senegal%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Serer_Royal_War_Drum_%28Jung-Jung%29._19th_Century._Jung-Jung_From_The_Kingdom_of_Sine_%28in_modern_day_Senegal%29.jpg/440px-Serer_Royal_War_Drum_%28Jung-Jung%29._19th_Century._Jung-Jung_From_The_Kingdom_of_Sine_%28in_modern_day_Senegal%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A 19th century <a href="/wiki/Junjung" title="Junjung">junjung</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Sine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> is best known abroad due to the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Mbalax" title="Mbalax">mbalax</a>, a development of conservative music from different ethnic groups and <i><a href="/wiki/Sabar" title="Sabar">sabar</a></i> drumming popularized internationally by <a href="/wiki/Youssou_N%27Dour" title="Youssou N'Dour">Youssou N'Dour</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Senegalese_Musical_Instruments"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegalese</a> Musical Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Senegal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Senegalese Musical Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List">List</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Senegal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: List"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bomvola</li> <li>Ilulam</li> <li>Tuga Carat</li> <li>ooga</li> <li>Gahtim</li> <li>Kghvawasi</li> <li>Ghata</li> <li>Sirom</li> <li>Xylophone (Around Senegal Brazil China Sudan Ecuador)</li> <li>Zazoli</li> <li>bolbia</li> <li>Tam Tam</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_music">National music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Senegal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: National music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the colonial ages Senegal was colonized by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and many, though not all, Senegalese identified as French instead of any African ethnicity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Post-independence, the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Negritude" class="mw-redirect" title="Negritude">negritude</a> arose, which espoused the idea that the <i><a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griot</a></i> traditions of Senegal were as valid, classical and meaningful as French <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical music</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Senegal" title="President of Senegal">President of Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a> (also a poet) was one of the primary exponents of this. The national anthem of Senegal, <i>"Pincez tous vos koras, frappez les balafons"</i> ("Pluck all your <a href="/wiki/Kora_(instrument)" title="Kora (instrument)">koras</a>, strike the <a href="/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon">balafons</a>"), was adopted in 1960. Its lyrics, by president Senghor, refer to Senegalese music tradition, while its music was composed by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Pepper" title="Herbert Pepper">Herbert Pepper</a> (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Pepper" class="extiw" title="fr:Herbert Pepper">fr</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_music">Traditional music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Senegal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Traditional music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ethnically the population of Senegal is 41.3% <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a>, 17.8% <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a>, 14.7% <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a>, 4.9% <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a>, 3.7% <a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola</a> and 2.1% <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninka</a>, with 1% European and Lebanese and 6.4% classed as "other"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senegalese music has been influenced by its different ethnic groups and griots. It tends to be fast and lively whereas the lyrics are in classical Wolof with rhythms used in <i><a href="/wiki/Sabar" title="Sabar">sabar</a></i> music of the <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Kingdom of Sine</a> and spread to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saloum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Saloum">Kingdom of Saloum</a> whence Wolof migrants brought it to the Wolof kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Nder</i> (lead drum), <i><a href="/wiki/Sabar" title="Sabar">Sabar</a></i> (rhythm drum), and <i><a href="/wiki/Tama_(percussion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tama (percussion)">Tama</a></i> (talking drum) percussion section traces some of its technique to the ritual music of <i><a href="/wiki/Njuup" title="Njuup">Njuup</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferlo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferlo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Serer people infuse their everyday language with complex overlapping cadences and their ritual with intense collaborative layerings of voice and rhythm."<sup id="cite_ref-Ali_Colleen_Neff_2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali_Colleen_Neff_2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Njuup</i> was also the progenitor of <i>Tassu</i>, used when chanting ancient religious verses. The griots of Senegambia still use it at marriages, naming ceremonies or when singing the praises of patrons. Most Senegalese and Gambian artists use it in their songs.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali_Colleen_Neff_2010_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali_Colleen_Neff_2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each <a href="/wiki/Musical_motif" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical motif">motif</a> has a purpose and is used for different occasions. Individual motifs may represent the <a href="/wiki/Family_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Family history">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a> of a particular family and are used during weddings, naming ceremonies, funerals etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_music_after_independence">Popular music after independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Senegal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Popular music after independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s_and_1960s">1950s and 1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Senegal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1950s and 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to independence, Senegalese popular music consisted of nightclub dance bands (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchestre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orchestre (page does not exist)">orchestres</a></i>) that played European music, namely American and French songs. As independence approached and the country sought to move away from its colonial past, the popular music of Senegal began to be influenced by the Cuban music that was becoming popular throughout Africa. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibra_Kasse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibra Kasse (page does not exist)">Ibra Kasse</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Star_Band" title="Star Band">Star Band</a> was the most famous orchestra of the 1960s and 1970s and was a leader in the modernization of Senegalese music. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_Star_de_Dakar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Super Star de Dakar (page does not exist)">Super Star de Dakar</a>, led by Nigerian saxophonist, Dexter Johnson, spun off from the Star Band and was the other leading band in Dakar in the 1960s. Both played a style that was heavily influenced by Cuban music but had elements of traditional African music.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The south of Senegal, called <a href="/wiki/Casamance" title="Casamance">Casamance</a>, has a strong Mandinka minority, and began producing masters of the <a href="/wiki/Kora_(instrument)" title="Kora (instrument)">kora</a> in the late 1950s. The band <a href="/wiki/Tour%C3%A9_Kunda" title="Touré Kunda">Touré Kunda</a> was the most popular group to arise from this scene, and they soon began playing large concerts across the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s_and_1980s">1970s and 1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Senegal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1970s and 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1970s saw the increased influence of traditional Senegalese music. Traditional drums like the <a href="/wiki/Saber" class="mw-redirect" title="Saber">saber</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tama_(percussion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tama (percussion)">tama</a> were introduced by leading orchestras and the music progressed over the decade from predominately Latin-influenced to the Senegalese style known as <a href="/wiki/Mbalax" title="Mbalax">Mbalax</a>. The Star Band and three of its off-shoots from the 1970s were important in the evolution of the music. In 1970, <a href="/wiki/Orchestra_Baobab" title="Orchestra Baobab">Orchestra Baobab</a> broke away from the Star Band followed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=No._One_de_Dakar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. One de Dakar (page does not exist)">No. One de Dakar</a> in 1976. All three bands were notable for their integration of traditional musical styles into the common Latin dance styles of the Senegalese nightclub bands of the time. In the town of <a href="/wiki/Thi%C3%A8s" title="Thiès">Thiès</a>, Royal Band de Thiès and Dieuf Dieul de Thiès are also considered influential in the evolution of Senegalese popular music.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, the entire rhythm section and many other performers in the Star Band left to form <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_de_Dakar" title="Étoile de Dakar">Étoile de Dakar</a>, who are often considered the first band to play Mbalax. They quickly eclipsed their compatriots, launching the careers of <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Hadji_Faye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Hadji Faye (page does not exist)">El Hadji Faye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Youssou_N%27Dour" title="Youssou N'Dour">Youssou N'Dour</a>. Faye and N'Dour were Senegal's first pop stars, but the stress of fame soon drove the band apart. Faye and guitarist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Badou_N%27diaye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badou N'diaye (page does not exist)">Badou N'diaye</a> formed <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89toile_2000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Étoile 2000 (page does not exist)">Étoile 2000</a>, releasing a hit with "Boubou N'Gary", but soon disappearing after three similar-sounding albums. </p><p>N'Dour and other members of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_de_Dakar" title="Étoile de Dakar">Étoile de Dakar</a> became known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_%C3%89toile_de_Dakar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Super Étoile de Dakar (page does not exist)">Super Étoile de Dakar</a> and released four albums within a few months. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_%C3%89toile_de_Dakar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Super Étoile de Dakar (page does not exist)">Super Étoile de Dakar</a> evolved into N'Dour's backing band. He was soon by far the most popular performer in the country, and perhaps in all of West Africa. He introduced more traditional elements to his Senegalized Cuban music, including traditional <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">rapping</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tassu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tassu (page does not exist)">tassou</a>), <a href="/wiki/Njuup" title="Njuup">njuup</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakou_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakou music (page does not exist)">bakou music</a> (a kind of trilling that accompanies <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> <a href="/wiki/Senegalese_wrestling" title="Senegalese wrestling">wrestling</a>) and instruments like the <a href="/wiki/Sabar" title="Sabar">sabar</a>. </p><p>While N'Dour and others Africanized Cuban music, another influential band, <a href="/wiki/Xalam_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xalam (band)">Xalam</a>, was doing the same with American <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>. They formed in 1970, led then by drummer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosper_Niang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prosper Niang (page does not exist)">Prosper Niang</a>, but their controversial lyrics and unfamiliar jazz sound led to a lack of popularity, and the group moved to Paris in 1973. There, they added <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rykiel" title="Jean-Philippe Rykiel">Jean-Philippe Rykiel</a> on keyboards. Xalam toured with groups such as <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crosby,_Stills,_Nash_%26_Young" title="Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young">Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young</a>, finally achieving success in Senegal with 1988's <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xarit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xarit (page does not exist)">Xarit</a></i>. </p><p>In the latter part of the 1970s, the band <a href="/wiki/Super_Diamono" title="Super Diamono">Super Diamono</a> formed, fusing mbalax rhythms and militant populism with jazz and <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> influences. Their 1982 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigenu_Ndakaru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jigenu Ndakaru (page does not exist)">Jigenu Ndakaru</a></i> was especially popular. By the middle of the 1980s, Super Diamono was one of the top bands in Senegal, in close and fierce competition with Super Étoile de Dakar. The band's popularity declined, however, slowed somewhat by <a href="/wiki/Omar_Pene" title="Omar Pene">Omar Pene</a>'s reformation in 1991. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s_to_the_present">1990s to the present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Senegal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1990s to the present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Into the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Thione_Seck" title="Thione Seck">Thione Seck</a>, a griot descended from those of <a href="/wiki/Lat_Dior" class="mw-redirect" title="Lat Dior">Lat Dior</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Kayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayor">Kayor</a>, arose to solo stardome from <a href="/wiki/Orchestra_Baobab" title="Orchestra Baobab">Orchestra Baobab</a>, eventually forming his own band called <a href="/wiki/Raam_Daan" title="Raam Daan">Raam Daan</a> (<i>crawl slowly towards your goal</i>). He used electric instruments on many popular releases, especially <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diongoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diongoma (page does not exist)">Diongoma</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demb_(album)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demb (album) (page does not exist)">Demb</a></i>. The same period saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Ismael_L%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismael Lô">Ismael Lô</a>, a member of Super Diamono, who had major hits, including "Attaya", "Ceddo" and "Jele bi". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Baaba_Maal" title="Baaba Maal">Baaba Maal</a> is another popular Senegalese singer. He is from <a href="/wiki/Podor" title="Podor">Podor</a> and won a scholarship to study music in Paris. After returning, he studied traditional music with his blind guitarist and family griot, <a href="/wiki/Mansour_Seck" title="Mansour Seck">Mansour Seck</a>, and began performing with the band <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daande_Lenol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daande Lenol (page does not exist)">Daande Lenol</a>. His <i><a href="/wiki/Djam_Leelii" title="Djam Leelii">Djam Leelii</a></i>, recorded in 1984, became a critical sensation in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> after it was released there in 1989. Maal's fusions continued into the next decade, with his <i><a href="/wiki/Firin%27_in_Fouta" title="Firin' in Fouta">Firin' in Fouta</a></i> (1994) album, which used <a href="/wiki/Ragga" title="Ragga">ragga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Breton_harp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breton harp (page does not exist)">Breton harp</a> music to create a popular sound that launched the careers of <a href="/wiki/Positive_Black_Soul" title="Positive Black Soul">Positive Black Soul</a>, a group of rappers, and also led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Afro-Celt_Sound_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Celt Sound System">Afro-Celt Sound System</a>. His fusion tendencies continued on 1998's <i><a href="/wiki/Nomad_Soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomad Soul">Nomad Soul</a></i>, which featured <a href="/wiki/Brian_Eno" title="Brian Eno">Brian Eno</a> as one of seven <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">producers</a>. </p><p>Though female performers were achieving popular breakthroughs elsewhere in West Africa, Senegalese women had few opportunities before the 1990s. The first international release by a woman was "Cheikh Anta Mbacke" (1989) by Kiné Lam. The song's success led to a string of female performers, including Fatou Guewel, Madiodio Gning, Daro Mbaye and Khar Mbaye Madiaga. Lam, however, remained perhaps the most influential female musician of the 1990s, creating a modernized version of sabar ak xalam ensembles by adding bass guitar and synthesizer with 1993's <i>Sunu Thiossane</i>. The release of Fatou Guewel's CD entitled 'Fatou' in 1998 was significantly influential for Mbalax; this is also the case with her band 'Groupe Sope Noreyni'. </p><p>The new century has seen the rise of Viviane Ndour, who got her first break as a backing vocalist to Youssou Ndour with Super Etoile. She is well known in Senegal and the diaspora, collaborating with French rap star Mokobe and Zouk artist Philip Montiero and incorporating RnB, Hip-Hop and other elements into her own style of Mbalax. </p><p>Acoustic folk music has also left its mark on Senegal's music culture. Artists that have contributed to this genre include TAMA from Rufisque, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pape_Armand_Boye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pape Armand Boye (page does not exist)">Pape Armand Boye</a>, les Freres Guisse, Pape et Cheikh, and Cheikh Lo. </p><p>The biggest trend in 1990s Senegal, however, was <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>. Traditional culture includes rapping traditions, such as the formal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tassou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tassou (page does not exist)">tassou</a>, performed by women of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laobe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laobe (page does not exist)">Laobe</a> woodworking class the morning after marriages. Modern Senegalese hip hop is mostly in Wolof, alongside some English and French. <a href="/wiki/Positive_Black_Soul" title="Positive Black Soul">Positive Black Soul</a> is the best-known group in the country, <a href="/wiki/Daara_j" class="mw-redirect" title="Daara j">Daara j</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gokh-Bi_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gokh-Bi System (page does not exist)">Gokh-Bi System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wageble" class="mw-redirect" title="Wageble">Wageble</a> too. Senegalese-French rapper <a href="/wiki/MC_Solaar" title="MC Solaar">MC Solaar</a> is a very well known musician. Senegalese born <a href="/wiki/Akon" title="Akon">Akon</a> has risen to world fame. </p><p>In 2008 English musician <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Goose" title="Ramon Goose">Ramon Goose</a> travelled to Dakar and collaborated with Senegalese <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griot</a> Diabel Cissokho to record the album Mansana Blues which explores <a href="/wiki/African_blues" title="African blues">African blues</a> & traditional West African styles, this led on to the formation of The West African Blues Project with <a href="/wiki/Tour%C3%A9_Kunda" title="Touré Kunda">Touré Kunda</a> singer Modou Toure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Senegal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://USA">https://USA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130718100015/http://usa/">Archived</a> 2013-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CIA World Fact Book [www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.html]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patricia Tang. Masters of the Sabar: Wolof griot percussionists of Senegal, p-p32, 34. Temple University Press, 2007. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59213-420-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-59213-420-3">1-59213-420-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferlo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferlo_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102181330/http://www.ferloo.com/spip.php?article423">Ferloo</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mangin, Timothy R. "Notes on Jazz in Senegal." Uptown Conversation: The New Jazz Studies. Eds. O'Meally, Robert G., Brent Hayes Edwards and Farah Jasmine Griffin. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. 224-49. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the <i>Njuup</i> tradition, see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710161455/http://explore.theculturetrip.com/africa/africa-discussions/youssou-n-dour-an-unlikely-politician/">The Culture Trip</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ali_Colleen_Neff_2010-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ali_Colleen_Neff_2010_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ali_Colleen_Neff_2010_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ali Colleen Neff. Tassou: the Ancient Spoken Word of African Women. 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShain2018" class="citation book cs1">Shain, Richard M. (Oct 23, 2018). <i>Roots in Reverse: Senegalese Afro-Cuban Music and Tropical Cosmopolitanism</i>. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819577092" title="Special:BookSources/9780819577092"><bdi>9780819577092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+in+Reverse%3A+Senegalese+Afro-Cuban+Music+and+Tropical+Cosmopolitanism.&rft.place=Middletown%2C+CT&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2018-10-23&rft.isbn=9780819577092&rft.aulast=Shain&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Senegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShain2018" class="citation book cs1">Shain, Richard M. (Oct 23, 2018). <i>Roots in Reverse: Senegalese Afro-Cuban Music and Tropical Cosmopolitanism</i>. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819577092" title="Special:BookSources/9780819577092"><bdi>9780819577092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+in+Reverse%3A+Senegalese+Afro-Cuban+Music+and+Tropical+Cosmopolitanism.&rft.place=Middletown%2C+CT&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2018-10-23&rft.isbn=9780819577092&rft.aulast=Shain&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Senegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Senegal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hudson, Mark, Jenny Cathcart and Lucy Duran. "Senegambian Stars Are Here to Stay". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), <i>World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East</i>, pp 617–633. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0">1-85828-636-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Senegal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-ge.ch/meg/musinfo_ph.php?what=pays=S%E9n%E9gal&debut=0&bool=AND">Audio clips: Traditional music of Senegal.</a> <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27ethnographie_de_Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Musée d'ethnographie de Genève">Musée d'ethnographie de Genève</a>. Accessed November 25, 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.griotmovie.com">The Griot</a> Music Documentary about a griot musician <a href="/wiki/Ablaye_Cissoko" title="Ablaye Cissoko">Ablaye Cissoko</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061114033229/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/country/content.country/senegal_8">nationalgeographic.com - NGC's Senegal Music Page</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Senegal_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Senegal_topics" title="Template:Senegal topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Senegal_topics" title="Template talk:Senegal topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Senegal_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Senegal topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Senegal_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Senegal-related_articles" title="Index of Senegal-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Senegal" title="History of Senegal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Africa" title="History of West Africa">Regional history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdoms_of_Senegal" title="Category:Kingdoms of Senegal">Precolonial kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Senegal" title="French conquest of Senegal">French conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="African slave trade">African slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Senegal">British invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambia_Confederation" title="Senegambia Confederation">Senegambia Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Senegal_Border_War" title="Mauritania–Senegal Border War">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bissau-Guinean Civil War">Bissau-Guinean Civil War involvement</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal" title="Coat of arms of Senegal"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="1085" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Senegal" title="Geography of Senegal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Africa#Senegal" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Africa">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Senegal" title="Template:Borders of Senegal">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance" title="Casamance">Casamance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Senegal" title="Climate change in Senegal">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Senegal" title="Environmental issues in Senegal">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Senegal" title="List of cities in Senegal">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Senegal" title="List of islands of Senegal">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national parks of Senegal">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Senegal" title="List of rivers of Senegal">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Senegal" title="Wildlife of Senegal">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Africa">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Senegal" title="Politics of Senegal">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Senegal">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Senegal" title="Constitution of Senegal">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Senegal)" title="Court of Cassation (Senegal)">Court of Cassation <span style="font-size:85%;">(judiciary)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Senegal" title="Elections in Senegal">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Senegal" title="Foreign relations of Senegal">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Senegal" title="Human rights in Senegal">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Senegal">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Senegal" title="Armed Forces of Senegal">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Senegal)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Senegal)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Senegal">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Senegal" title="List of political parties in Senegal">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Senegal" title="President of Senegal">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Senegal" title="Prime Minister of Senegal">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Senegal" title="Economy of Senegal">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Senegal" title="Agriculture in Senegal">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Senegal" title="Energy in Senegal">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Senegal" title="Housing in Senegal">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Senegal" title="Telecommunications in Senegal">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Senegal" title="Tourism in Senegal">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Senegal" title="Transport in Senegal">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Senegal" title="Trade unions in Senegal">Unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Senegal" title="Category:Society of Senegal">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal" title="Abortion in Senegal">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Senegal (page does not exist)">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Senegal" title="Demographics of Senegal">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Senegal" title="Education in Senegal">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Senegal" title="Ethnic groups in Senegal">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Senegal" title="Health in Senegal">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Senegal" title="Human trafficking in Senegal">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Senegal" title="Languages of Senegal">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Senegal">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Senegal" title="Prostitution in Senegal">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Senegal" title="Water supply and sanitation in Senegal">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Senegal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_Lion_rouge" title="Le Lion rouge">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Senegal" title="Cinema of Senegal">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal" title="Coat of arms of Senegal">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Senegal" title="Flag of Senegal">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_literature" title="Senegalese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Senegal">Media</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Senegal" title="Public holidays in Senegal">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Senegal" title="Category:Sport in Senegal">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Senegal" title="Outline of Senegal">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Senegal-related_articles" title="Index of Senegal-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Senegal" title="Category:Senegal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Senegal" title="Portal:Senegal">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Africa" title="Template:Music of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Music of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">Music of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Comoros" title="Music of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Music of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Seychelles" title="Music of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Music of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madeira" title="Music of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mayotte" title="Music of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Music of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Senegal&oldid=1231906098">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Senegal&oldid=1231906098</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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