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In Study 1, CII as Mexican and intragroup contact between Indigenous predicted activist tendencies via increased group efficacy. In Study 2, CII as Chilean positively predicted normative activism both directly and via group efficacy. In both studies intragroup contact between indigenous people directly and positively predicted future intentions to engage in political action and past activism moderated these associations in both studies.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16601636" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1fd0e41b574727634d027af389771d6a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46357599,"asset_id":16601636,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46357599/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="18108" href="https://keele.academia.edu/HuseyinCakal">Huseyin Cakal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="18108" type="text/json">{"id":18108,"first_name":"Huseyin","last_name":"Cakal","domain_name":"keele","page_name":"HuseyinCakal","display_name":"Huseyin Cakal","profile_url":"https://keele.academia.edu/HuseyinCakal","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-16601636">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-16601636"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://unam.academia.edu/AnjaEller">Anja Eller</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uss.academia.edu/DavidSirlopu">David Sirlopu</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-16601636'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-16601636').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_16601636 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="16601636"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16601636; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16601636]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_16601636").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_16601636").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="16601636"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5604" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collective_Action">Collective Action</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5604" type="text/json">{"id":5604,"name":"Collective Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collective_Action","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13089" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intergroup_Contact">Intergroup Contact</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13089" type="text/json">{"id":13089,"name":"Intergroup Contact","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intergroup_Contact","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="148462" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Ingroup_Identity">Common Ingroup Identity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="148462" type="text/json">{"id":148462,"name":"Common Ingroup Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Ingroup_Identity","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16601636]'), work: {"id":16601636,"title":"Intergroup relations in Latin America: Intergroup contact, common ingroup identity and activism among Indigenous groups in Mexico and Chile","created_at":"2015-10-09T08:22:06.541-07:00","owner_id":18108,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/16601636/Intergroup_relations_in_Latin_America_Intergroup_contact_common_ingroup_identity_and_activism_among_Indigenous_groups_in_Mexico_and_Chile","slug":"Intergroup_relations_in_Latin_America_Intergroup_contact_common_ingroup_identity_and_activism_among_Indigenous_groups_in_Mexico_and_Chile","dom_id":"work_16601636","summary":"In two correlational studies in Mexico (Study 1: N = 152, Mexican Indigenous people) and Chile (Study 2: N =185, Chilean Indigenous people, Mapuche), we investigated how different layers of common ingroup identity (CII) and intergroup contact between indigenous people influence activist tendencies and how past participation moderates this influence. In Study 1, CII as Mexican and intragroup contact between Indigenous predicted activist tendencies via increased group efficacy. In Study 2, CII as Chilean positively predicted normative activism both directly and via group efficacy. In both studies intragroup contact between indigenous people directly and positively predicted future intentions to engage in political action and past activism moderated these associations in both studies. 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Thus far, no research has tested how the perceived degree of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17832978" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">When people are aware that an ingroup member has an outgroup friend, they tend to improve their<br />intergroup attitudes, which is known as the extended contact hypothesis. Thus far, no research has tested<br />how the perceived degree of normativity of the intergroup interaction affects the evaluation of the<br />ingroup member through which extended contact is experienced. Results of three studies showed<br />that when contact was normative (i.e., positive contact with a liked outgroup, or negative contact<br />with a disliked outgroup), the ingroup member was evaluated positively, while when the contact was<br />counternormative (i.e., negative contact with a liked outgroup or positive contact with a disliked<br />outgroup) the ingroup member was evaluated negatively. This effect was mediated by perceived threat<br />posed by the ingroup member who experiences the intergroup contact and perceived similarity of<br />the participant with the ingroup member (Experiments 2–3). In summary, the perceived normativity<br />of the extended contact affects the perception of the ingroup member who experiences the contact,<br />turning him/her into a “white” or a “black” sheep in the eyes of the ingroup.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17832978" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c287b37686d4425bad3b1e8a1eea64c8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39734226,"asset_id":17832978,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39734226/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="703809" href="https://unam.academia.edu/AnjaEller">Anja Eller</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="703809" type="text/json">{"id":703809,"first_name":"Anja","last_name":"Eller","domain_name":"unam","page_name":"AnjaEller","display_name":"Anja Eller","profile_url":"https://unam.academia.edu/AnjaEller","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/703809/237247/280475/s65_anja.eller.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17832978 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17832978"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17832978, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17832978", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17832978]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17832978").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17832978").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17832978"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="592606" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_sheep_effect">Black sheep effect</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="592606" type="text/json">{"id":592606,"name":"Black sheep effect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_sheep_effect","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="959654" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intergroup_Processes">Intergroup Processes</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="959654" type="text/json">{"id":959654,"name":"Intergroup Processes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intergroup_Processes","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1459071" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Extended_contact">Extended contact</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1459071" type="text/json">{"id":1459071,"name":"Extended contact","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Extended_contact","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2204870" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ingroup_Norms">Ingroup Norms</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2204870" type="text/json">{"id":2204870,"name":"Ingroup Norms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ingroup_Norms","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17832978]'), work: {"id":17832978,"title":"Collateral damage for ingroup members having outgroup friends: Effects of normative versus counternormative interactions with an outgroup","created_at":"2015-11-05T16:48:39.200-08:00","owner_id":703809,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/17832978/Collateral_damage_for_ingroup_members_having_outgroup_friends_Effects_of_normative_versus_counternormative_interactions_with_an_outgroup","slug":"Collateral_damage_for_ingroup_members_having_outgroup_friends_Effects_of_normative_versus_counternormative_interactions_with_an_outgroup","dom_id":"work_17832978","summary":"When people are aware that an ingroup member has an outgroup friend, they tend to improve their\nintergroup attitudes, which is known as the extended contact hypothesis. Thus far, no research has tested\nhow the perceived degree of normativity of the intergroup interaction affects the evaluation of the\ningroup member through which extended contact is experienced. Results of three studies showed\nthat when contact was normative (i.e., positive contact with a liked outgroup, or negative contact\nwith a disliked outgroup), the ingroup member was evaluated positively, while when the contact was\ncounternormative (i.e., negative contact with a liked outgroup or positive contact with a disliked\noutgroup) the ingroup member was evaluated negatively. This effect was mediated by perceived threat\nposed by the ingroup member who experiences the intergroup contact and perceived similarity of\nthe participant with the ingroup member (Experiments 2–3). In summary, the perceived normativity\nof the extended contact affects the perception of the ingroup member who experiences the contact,\nturning him/her into a “white” or a “black” sheep in the eyes of the ingroup.","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":"Group Processes \u0026 Intergroup Relations","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39734226,"asset_id":17832978,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39734226/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/39734226/Eller_et_al_GPIR_collateral_damage.full-libre.pdf?1446770576=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCollateral_damage_for_ingroup_members_ha.pdf\u0026Expires=1740434175\u0026Signature=Dt1wK6QfpMZjfz9ulv2Y7p6yAF~mo~By25ATk27uYMeSFto6LWjXKvaLX0e0nne3UDZ70XZzCEUZKdfl1F-yz6tn-y5kv1rZFKODniw-NgmCasfKYJIp4iLND0fHVvY7U5rMAwmSyPfiMsl3MWA8DC5GpcRRaSIEdXCGf06G9OUvZDdDFJ3h8~whaP~5Cx7ABgmzi5KtTiCjQWjQPMmbzlgrLOlbf4yL90-6rPoG22745pP28DqeO8Q3BIcYmeCXGfjZE4BIftg7Y~jyamqmbvLeJYDOiFBc5jx~KPsVwWonlmhI45Z0qju2AO7knlxZ0q9ZZqVn5vMRt9IUAEDePw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39734226/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/39734226/mini_magick20220701-21595-xqru27.png?1656725151"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":39734226,"asset_id":17832978,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39734226/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/39734226/Eller_et_al_GPIR_collateral_damage.full-libre.pdf?1446770576=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCollateral_damage_for_ingroup_members_ha.pdf\u0026Expires=1740434175\u0026Signature=Dt1wK6QfpMZjfz9ulv2Y7p6yAF~mo~By25ATk27uYMeSFto6LWjXKvaLX0e0nne3UDZ70XZzCEUZKdfl1F-yz6tn-y5kv1rZFKODniw-NgmCasfKYJIp4iLND0fHVvY7U5rMAwmSyPfiMsl3MWA8DC5GpcRRaSIEdXCGf06G9OUvZDdDFJ3h8~whaP~5Cx7ABgmzi5KtTiCjQWjQPMmbzlgrLOlbf4yL90-6rPoG22745pP28DqeO8Q3BIcYmeCXGfjZE4BIftg7Y~jyamqmbvLeJYDOiFBc5jx~KPsVwWonlmhI45Z0qju2AO7knlxZ0q9ZZqVn5vMRt9IUAEDePw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39734226/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/39734226/mini_magick20220701-21595-xqru27.png?1656725151"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":18,"ordered_authors":[{"id":703809,"first_name":"Anja","last_name":"Eller","domain_name":"unam","page_name":"AnjaEller","display_name":"Anja Eller","profile_url":"https://unam.academia.edu/AnjaEller","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/703809/237247/280475/s65_anja.eller.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":592606,"name":"Black sheep effect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_sheep_effect","nofollow":true},{"id":959654,"name":"Intergroup Processes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intergroup_Processes","nofollow":true},{"id":1459071,"name":"Extended contact","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Extended_contact","nofollow":true},{"id":2204870,"name":"Ingroup Norms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ingroup_Norms","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":2015,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":91,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30037492" data-work_id="30037492" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30037492/A_TEMPORALLY_INTEGRATED_MODEL_OF_INTERGROUP_CONTACT_AND_THREAT_TIMICAT">A TEMPORALLY INTEGRATED MODEL OF INTERGROUP CONTACT AND THREAT (TIMICAT</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This chapter focuses on the issue of how intergroup contact and intergroup threat may combine, temporally, to influence prejudice. We propose a conceptual framework for moving towards new research questions, and draw on illustrative... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30037492" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This chapter focuses on the issue of how intergroup contact and intergroup threat may combine, temporally, to influence prejudice. We propose a conceptual framework for moving towards new research questions, and draw on illustrative evidence from our own and other research in order to set the scene for the develop ment of future theory and research. Intergroup contact theory has long proposed that high-quality contact as friends can be sufficient to promote more positive intergroup relations (Allport, 1954; Pettigrew, 1998). From a different starting point, integrated threat theory (ITT; Stephan & Stephan, 2000) holds that higher levels of various types of threat can result in deteriorating intergroup relations or can prevent relations from becoming positive. Surprisingly, little research or theory has explicitly addressed the temporal roles of threat and contact in relation to prejudice. We propose that threat can play different roles at different stages of the contact–prejudice relationship and contact can play different roles at different stages of the threat–prejudice relationship. Our framework builds on a proposed taxonomy of contact and threat contexts. First, contact has a temporal component, which provides a context for prejudice</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30037492" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6a4b6c4a1d89e6c381fc5f78d62098ac" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50489624,"asset_id":30037492,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50489624/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="703809" href="https://unam.academia.edu/AnjaEller">Anja Eller</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="703809" type="text/json">{"id":703809,"first_name":"Anja","last_name":"Eller","domain_name":"unam","page_name":"AnjaEller","display_name":"Anja Eller","profile_url":"https://unam.academia.edu/AnjaEller","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/703809/237247/280475/s65_anja.eller.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30037492 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30037492"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30037492, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30037492", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_30037492 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30037492; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_30037492"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_30037492 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30037492"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30037492; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30037492]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30037492").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30037492").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32806181 coauthored" data-work_id="32806181" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32806181/Can_Stateways_Change_Folkways_Longitudinal_Tests_of_the_Interactive_Effects_of_Intergroup_Contact_and_Categorization_on_Prejudice">Can Stateways Change Folkways? Longitudinal Tests of the Interactive Effects of Intergroup Contact and Categorization on Prejudice</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This research examined how a predictable change in the social structure over time (from segregated to integrated) can affect the way intergroup contact and subjective categorization of ingroup and outgroup members (intergroup,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32806181" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This research examined how a predictable change in the social structure over time (from segregated to integrated) can affect the way intergroup contact and subjective categorization of ingroup and outgroup members (intergroup, superordinate, dual identity) impact on intergroup bias. A three-stage longitudinal study was conducted with six-month intervals (Ns = 708, 435, 418) involving high school students in Germany. Time 1 (T1) was characterized by structural segregation and Times 2 and 3 (T2, T3) by structural integration. Longitudinal analysis between T1 and T2 showed that intergroup categorization (but not superordinate categorization or dual identity) improved intergroup relations. Between T2 and T3, dual identity reduced intergroup bias and marginally increased interpersonal closeness whereas superordinate categorization increased bias and reduced interpersonal closeness. There were no effects of intergroup categorization between T2 and T3. Overall, positive effects of contact increased over time, reaching significance from T2 to T3, supporting a consolidation hypothesis and intergroup contact theory more widely. These findings are also consistent with a congruence hypothesis that the impact of intergroup contact is partly determined by the match between how people categorize ingroup and outgroup members and the social structure that frames intergroup relations.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32806181" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4178f05c604539eb3d056b20d43bff91" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52958411,"asset_id":32806181,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52958411/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="703809" href="https://unam.academia.edu/AnjaEller">Anja Eller</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="703809" type="text/json">{"id":703809,"first_name":"Anja","last_name":"Eller","domain_name":"unam","page_name":"AnjaEller","display_name":"Anja Eller","profile_url":"https://unam.academia.edu/AnjaEller","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/703809/237247/280475/s65_anja.eller.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-32806181">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-32806181"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://kent.academia.edu/DAbrams">Dominic Abrams</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://exeter.academia.edu/MiriamKoschateReis">Miriam Koschate-Reis</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-32806181'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-32806181').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32806181 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32806181"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32806181, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32806181", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_32806181 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32806181; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_32806181"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_32806181 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32806181"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32806181; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32806181]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32806181").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32806181").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35651902 coauthored" data-work_id="35651902" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35651902/Identity_Contact_and_Health_Among_Majority_and_Minority_Ethnic_Groups_in_Mexico_and_Chile">Identity, Contact, and Health Among Majority and Minority Ethnic Groups in Mexico and Chile</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This chapter explores the relationships between different levels and different categories of social identity, intergroup contact, and various health-related measures among a sample of mestizos (i.e. people of combined European and Native... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35651902" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This chapter explores the relationships between different levels and different categories of social identity, intergroup contact, and various health-related measures among a sample of mestizos (i.e. people of combined European and Native American descent) and a different sample of indigenous people in Mexico as well as indigenous and non-indigenous samples in Chile. In theoretical terms, we build on two connected theories: social identity theory (SIT; Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and self-categorisation theory (SCT ; Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, & Wetherell, 1987). SIT posited a distinction between personal and social identity. People derive the latter primarily from group memberships (e.g. gender, ethnic group, nationality) and generally strive for a positive social identity, which can be achieved by means of favourable comparisons with relevant out-groups. In certain cases, this in-group bias can lead to prejudice, stereotyping, infrahumanisation, and discrimination against out-groups. Relatedly, SCT proposes categorisation of the self at different levels of abstraction (personal, group, humanity, etc.) and points out that the group and its norms become a frame of reference of how to behave for its members. In Mexico and Chile important identities are based on ethnicity (mestizo or non-indigenous Chilean vs. indigenous; subordinate level) and nationality (Mexican or Chilean; superordinate level). A more inclusive superordinate level of identifi cation</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35651902" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="35a2bcd5ba2a3b24600946e19cbebbfa" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55521608,"asset_id":35651902,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55521608/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="703809" href="https://unam.academia.edu/AnjaEller">Anja Eller</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="703809" type="text/json">{"id":703809,"first_name":"Anja","last_name":"Eller","domain_name":"unam","page_name":"AnjaEller","display_name":"Anja Eller","profile_url":"https://unam.academia.edu/AnjaEller","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/703809/237247/280475/s65_anja.eller.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-35651902">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-35651902"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uss.academia.edu/DavidSirlopu">David Sirlopu</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-35651902'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-35651902').html(); 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The present paper investigates the role of sexism in the proscriptive stance toward... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_998674" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Pregnant women are subjected to popular and official advice to restrict their behaviour in ways that may not always be warranted by medical evidence. The present paper investigates the role of sexism in the proscriptive stance toward pregnancy. Consistent with expectations, both hostile and benevolent sexism were associated with endorsement of proscriptive rules such as ''pregnant women should not take strenuous exercise'' (Study 1, n = 148). Also as predicted, hostile but not benevolent sexism was associated with punitive attitudes to pregnant women who flout proscriptions (Study 2, n = 124). In tandem with recent findings, the present results show that hostile as well as benevolent sexism is associated with proscriptive attitudes surrounding pregnancy.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/998674" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d3763d3e6a701a9fb54622732478d343" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":7066438,"asset_id":998674,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/7066438/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="832642" href="https://kent.academia.edu/AmyMurphy">Amy Murphy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="832642" type="text/json">{"id":832642,"first_name":"Amy","last_name":"Murphy","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"AmyMurphy","display_name":"Amy Murphy","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/AmyMurphy","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/832642/919564/1150831/s65_amy.murphy.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_998674 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="998674"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 998674, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_998674", }); 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…","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":5879455,"asset_id":786114,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/5879455/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/5879455/Brown_s_comments_to_Drasgow_et_al_2010-libre.pdf?1390843362=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIssues_that_should_not_be_overlooked_in.pdf\u0026Expires=1738397366\u0026Signature=Ce3P5qO5aqCAV9aSaHlgBHjCJV7OMGXaUF14tIUvw5WINd0ra5K1wmjdoMlsLaOeGj7gzyaij5zBnuq7WqXnjjRW6DTwsT3zwbPaTE6gBHNw1ebTyYa7KDR-FD3tkPnx9IKqBsIi56GMMApN-wrNpsINZFVgKFjcwucqAfywyJo2sawZys79dj5ujf4kWhWuU4-rLpwL5blmriJ5ihh7hHVgzGbGJX-xonorz81LPs61l8-N~eLS~QZ3EJXcCmHlEyzx9AS1sDeGCdPTiOcxJafXLGmT6ylmktn1Cnge0MiA3vi93CcJwvycWBQGzUVsq4AL04YwfJgsfLYDzMAQrA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5879455/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/5879455/mini_magick20190427-2579-1n03ly5.png?1556371732"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":5879455,"asset_id":786114,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/5879455/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/5879455/Brown_s_comments_to_Drasgow_et_al_2010-libre.pdf?1390843362=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIssues_that_should_not_be_overlooked_in.pdf\u0026Expires=1738397366\u0026Signature=Ce3P5qO5aqCAV9aSaHlgBHjCJV7OMGXaUF14tIUvw5WINd0ra5K1wmjdoMlsLaOeGj7gzyaij5zBnuq7WqXnjjRW6DTwsT3zwbPaTE6gBHNw1ebTyYa7KDR-FD3tkPnx9IKqBsIi56GMMApN-wrNpsINZFVgKFjcwucqAfywyJo2sawZys79dj5ujf4kWhWuU4-rLpwL5blmriJ5ihh7hHVgzGbGJX-xonorz81LPs61l8-N~eLS~QZ3EJXcCmHlEyzx9AS1sDeGCdPTiOcxJafXLGmT6ylmktn1Cnge0MiA3vi93CcJwvycWBQGzUVsq4AL04YwfJgsfLYDzMAQrA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5879455/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/5879455/mini_magick20190427-2579-1n03ly5.png?1556371732"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":5,"ordered_authors":[{"id":519455,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"AnnaBrown","display_name":"Anna Brown","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/519455/215552/19718253/s65_anna.brown.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4887,"name":"Item Response Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Item_Response_Theory","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2010,"publication_year_with_fallback":2010,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":108,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_786115 coauthored" data-work_id="786115" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/786115/Lack_of_consensus_among_competency_ratings_of_the_same_occupation_Noise_or_substance">Lack of consensus among competency ratings of the same occupation: Noise or substance?.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Although rating differences among incumbents of the same occupation have traditionally been viewed as error variance in the work analysis domain, such differences might often capture substantive discrepancies in how incumbents approach... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_786115" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Although rating differences among incumbents of the same occupation have traditionally been viewed as error variance in the work analysis domain, such differences might often capture substantive discrepancies in how incumbents approach their work. This study draws from job crafting, creativity, and role theories to uncover situational factors (i.e., occupational activities, context , and complexity) related to differences among competency ratings of the same occupation. The sample consisted of 192 incumbents from 64 occupations. Results showed that 25% of the variance associated with differences in competency ratings of the same occupation was related to the com plexity, the context, and, primarily the nature of the occupation's work activities. Consensus was highest for occupations involving equipment -related activities and direct contact with the public.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/786115" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3b146159eff7e727169a9f847e2fad38" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":14542082,"asset_id":786115,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/14542082/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="797985" href="https://kent.academia.edu/DaveBartram">Dave Bartram</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="797985" type="text/json">{"id":797985,"first_name":"Dave","last_name":"Bartram","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"DaveBartram","display_name":"Dave Bartram","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/DaveBartram","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/797985/20303213/30021127/s65_dave.bartram.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-786115">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-786115"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown">Anna Brown</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-786115'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-786115').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_786115 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="786115"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 786115, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_786115", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_786115 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 786115; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_786115"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_786115 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="786115"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 786115; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=786115]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_786115").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_786115").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="786115"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="417174" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inter-rater_reliability">Inter-rater reliability</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="417174" type="text/json">{"id":417174,"name":"Inter-rater reliability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inter-rater_reliability","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=786115]'), work: {"id":786115,"title":"Lack of consensus among competency ratings of the same occupation: Noise or substance?.","created_at":"2011-07-28T22:14:19.345-07:00","owner_id":519455,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/786115/Lack_of_consensus_among_competency_ratings_of_the_same_occupation_Noise_or_substance","slug":"Lack_of_consensus_among_competency_ratings_of_the_same_occupation_Noise_or_substance","dom_id":"work_786115","summary":"Although rating differences among incumbents of the same occupation have traditionally been viewed as error variance in the work analysis domain, such differences might often capture substantive discrepancies in how incumbents approach their work. This study draws from job crafting, creativity, and role theories to uncover situational factors (i.e., occupational activities, context , and complexity) related to differences among competency ratings of the same occupation. The sample consisted of 192 incumbents from 64 occupations. Results showed that 25% of the variance associated with differences in competency ratings of the same occupation was related to the com plexity, the context, and, primarily the nature of the occupation's work activities. Consensus was highest for occupations involving equipment -related activities and direct contact with the public.","publication":"Journal of Applied …","publication_with_fallback":"Journal of Applied …","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":14542082,"asset_id":786115,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/14542082/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/14542082/Lievens_Sanchez_Bartram_Brown_2010_JAP-libre.pdf?1390863424=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLack_of_consensus_among_competency_ratin.pdf\u0026Expires=1740434176\u0026Signature=ff3nEAHnqh8yNDZ-BxcBPjlKyakrC79NU4CtCAN4NqSyKsU0GigUBYAL01C0p3XnZec4fns3coTHMsQqa92m3IdY4WvXKLsbcngymy5teQkAHMKfa6FUrqSCFnW9bAK7ZvKURJ4HgUogZ0Y3ljP97-lZLKql7ipMdKKcGNBZvf-A0YyC6Qb2ATp084rfjSI0jC1xGLqWpZDr~O9i6conTyCZSK0q-X7vQkKrZpZTlidjQ3FPxTcGqHIt-rGxXx2C2Fj7BMrT~b1oKNj5xz~mZ~9PJ98j4-vTeheSfQ3qXX22xzToC8JiZHPp~DnRjjZ0RxZaKo0YhHQIpkL8I1dFhw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/14542082/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/14542082/mini_magick20190427-26219-hi65xk.png?1556353861"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":14542082,"asset_id":786115,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/14542082/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/14542082/Lievens_Sanchez_Bartram_Brown_2010_JAP-libre.pdf?1390863424=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLack_of_consensus_among_competency_ratin.pdf\u0026Expires=1740434177\u0026Signature=CJjhrnTHJQKQTZAwe~ciaW9VP7aIkxlbjYZEfpR4OKTectNehwRy0dD7uHZZgpB32UT460By3KVRRvCdqTExla0sRCY9KnMlQbBuSvei8HA3m47YA6LKhdc9pV0l6qB6CQJFGK-dim0YH9aRUXzH~7TeKpEJ6tO42sukqQq-CfSSm5eRMCh9ZUv7mArwDSd3Ns~3-7~dI6jKC206uy4pJHH1KdwzsaUyAFQmtJuYZBhoLY5OOLwn0K6fKij4SE8xLbffYjxBJej9lOVSIKT9ht75zW4FMalPFbeLkPRP4DZwKDRSJ6gB48Ubp8csA-BuNXAE70l2UplesbJfpj9N4A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/14542082/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/14542082/mini_magick20190427-26219-hi65xk.png?1556353861"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":32,"ordered_authors":[{"id":797985,"first_name":"Dave","last_name":"Bartram","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"DaveBartram","display_name":"Dave Bartram","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/DaveBartram","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/797985/20303213/30021127/s65_dave.bartram.jpg"},{"id":519455,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"AnnaBrown","display_name":"Anna Brown","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/519455/215552/19718253/s65_anna.brown.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":417174,"name":"Inter-rater reliability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inter-rater_reliability","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2010,"publication_year_with_fallback":2010,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":78,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_786116" data-work_id="786116" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/786116/Item_response_modeling_of_forced_choice_questionnaires">Item response modeling of forced-choice questionnaires</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Multidimensional forced-choice formats can significantly reduce the impact of numerous response biases typically associated with rating scales. However, if scored with classical methodology, these questionnaires produce ipsative data,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_786116" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Multidimensional forced-choice formats can significantly reduce the impact of numerous response biases typically associated with rating scales. However, if scored with classical methodology, these questionnaires produce ipsative data, which lead to distorted scale relationships and make comparisons between individuals problematic. This research demonstrates how item response theory (IRT) modeling may be applied to overcome these problems. A multidimensional IRT model based on Thurstone's framework for comparative data is introduced, which is suitable for use with any forced-choice questionnaire composed of items fitting the dominance response model, with any number of measured traits, and any block sizes (i.e., pairs, triplets, quads, etc.). Thurstonian IRT models are normal ogive models with structured factor loadings, structured uniquenesses, and structured local dependencies. These models can be straightforwardly estimated using structural equation modeling (SEM) software Mplus. A number of simulation studies are performed to investigate how latent traits are recovered under various forced-choice designs and provide guidelines for optimal questionnaire design. An empirical application is given to illustrate how the model may be applied in practice. It is concluded that when the recommended design guidelines are met, scores estimated from forced-choice questionnaires with the proposed methodology reproduce the latent traits well.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/786116" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="464adfb3677f040dcb28fc2720c1dad6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":5877871,"asset_id":786116,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5877871/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="519455" href="https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown">Anna Brown</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="519455" type="text/json">{"id":519455,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"AnnaBrown","display_name":"Anna Brown","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/519455/215552/19718253/s65_anna.brown.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_786116 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="786116"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 786116, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_786116", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=786116]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_786116").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_786116").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="786116"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2599" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2599" type="text/json">{"id":2599,"name":"Psychometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4887" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Item_Response_Theory">Item Response Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4887" type="text/json">{"id":4887,"name":"Item Response Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Item_Response_Theory","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="286025" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics_and_Test_Development">Psychometrics and Test Development</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="286025" type="text/json">{"id":286025,"name":"Psychometrics and Test Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics_and_Test_Development","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=786116]'), work: {"id":786116,"title":"Item response modeling of forced-choice questionnaires","created_at":"2011-07-28T22:14:19.403-07:00","owner_id":519455,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/786116/Item_response_modeling_of_forced_choice_questionnaires","slug":"Item_response_modeling_of_forced_choice_questionnaires","dom_id":"work_786116","summary":"Multidimensional forced-choice formats can significantly reduce the impact of numerous response biases typically associated with rating scales. However, if scored with classical methodology, these questionnaires produce ipsative data, which lead to distorted scale relationships and make comparisons between individuals problematic. This research demonstrates how item response theory (IRT) modeling may be applied to overcome these problems. A multidimensional IRT model based on Thurstone's framework for comparative data is introduced, which is suitable for use with any forced-choice questionnaire composed of items fitting the dominance response model, with any number of measured traits, and any block sizes (i.e., pairs, triplets, quads, etc.). Thurstonian IRT models are normal ogive models with structured factor loadings, structured uniquenesses, and structured local dependencies. These models can be straightforwardly estimated using structural equation modeling (SEM) software Mplus. A number of simulation studies are performed to investigate how latent traits are recovered under various forced-choice designs and provide guidelines for optimal questionnaire design. An empirical application is given to illustrate how the model may be applied in practice. It is concluded that when the recommended design guidelines are met, scores estimated from forced-choice questionnaires with the proposed methodology reproduce the latent traits well.","publication":"Educational and Psychological …","publication_with_fallback":"Educational and Psychological …","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":5877871,"asset_id":786116,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/5877871/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/5877871/irt_of_forced_choice_questionnaires_epm11-libre.pdf?1390843394=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DItem_response_modeling_of_forced_choice.pdf\u0026Expires=1740434177\u0026Signature=IWFpEal0fU10mjJOLEiOLh-6e-2s~FqPrjYHZQBs8CWfsCntWxSS-Rh1Nab3mgG1bBPi3IcLDmfXKSUNidtZVmkRimboZl8pwJ4Z31HABX3Ad44Kqj~Abo34eyQRFaUIJr2DBiK9QIVuC1TVYdm6nPLyQQ0W668ulVAxeFKOxg7VMKUSxAOEb4pOdj3busPMt8TQR7CaPsMVZ662PcaYz2Dip-JM0R4pBonVYeY3dOw1fdne07if-PZQUfhEEU64M-X38TwrgdImJacy64nsPIAOJ-uVYJNekwEAVW6vH4Z0sHUhggZvKQ8HqdvN2~GqAgJOSsRcMmS3rYB3R0JSGg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5877871/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/5877871/mini_magick20190427-2009-rbm52x.png?1556371748"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":5877871,"asset_id":786116,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/5877871/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/5877871/irt_of_forced_choice_questionnaires_epm11-libre.pdf?1390843394=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DItem_response_modeling_of_forced_choice.pdf\u0026Expires=1740434177\u0026Signature=IWFpEal0fU10mjJOLEiOLh-6e-2s~FqPrjYHZQBs8CWfsCntWxSS-Rh1Nab3mgG1bBPi3IcLDmfXKSUNidtZVmkRimboZl8pwJ4Z31HABX3Ad44Kqj~Abo34eyQRFaUIJr2DBiK9QIVuC1TVYdm6nPLyQQ0W668ulVAxeFKOxg7VMKUSxAOEb4pOdj3busPMt8TQR7CaPsMVZ662PcaYz2Dip-JM0R4pBonVYeY3dOw1fdne07if-PZQUfhEEU64M-X38TwrgdImJacy64nsPIAOJ-uVYJNekwEAVW6vH4Z0sHUhggZvKQ8HqdvN2~GqAgJOSsRcMmS3rYB3R0JSGg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5877871/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/5877871/mini_magick20190427-2009-rbm52x.png?1556371748"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":43,"ordered_authors":[{"id":519455,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"AnnaBrown","display_name":"Anna Brown","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/519455/215552/19718253/s65_anna.brown.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2599,"name":"Psychometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics","nofollow":true},{"id":4887,"name":"Item Response Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Item_Response_Theory","nofollow":true},{"id":286025,"name":"Psychometrics and Test Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics_and_Test_Development","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2011,"publication_year_with_fallback":2011,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":141,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_786117 coauthored" data-work_id="786117" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/786117/Big_Five_validity_Aggregation_method_matters">Big Five validity: Aggregation method matters</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Correlations between Big Five personality factors and other variables have been examined in three different ways: direct scoring of items within a factor, application of a composite score formula, and taking the average of single-scale... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_786117" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Correlations between Big Five personality factors and other variables have been examined in three different ways: direct scoring of items within a factor, application of a composite score formula, and taking the average of single-scale correlations. Those methods were shown to yield consistently different outcomes in four sets of data from sales-people and managers. Factor correlations with job performance were greatest for direct scoring, and were reduced by half when scale correlations were averaged. The insertion of previously suggested estimates into the composite score formula yielded intermediate correlations with performance. It is necessary to interpret summary accounts of correlations with a compound construct in the light of the aggregation method employed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/786117" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="be720f702834a0e4f6a03b36baf5a2b9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":5878518,"asset_id":786117,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5878518/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="519455" href="https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown">Anna Brown</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="519455" type="text/json">{"id":519455,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"AnnaBrown","display_name":"Anna Brown","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/519455/215552/19718253/s65_anna.brown.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-786117">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-786117"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://kent.academia.edu/DaveBartram">Dave Bartram</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-786117'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-786117').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_786117 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="786117"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 786117; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=786117]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_786117").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_786117").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="786117"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="242" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Psychology">Personality Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="242" type="text/json">{"id":242,"name":"Personality Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Psychology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1230" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Research_Methods_and_Methodology">Social Research Methods and Methodology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1230" type="text/json">{"id":1230,"name":"Social Research Methods and Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Research_Methods_and_Methodology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2065" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology">Research Methodology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2065" type="text/json">{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=786117]'), work: {"id":786117,"title":"Big Five validity: Aggregation method matters","created_at":"2011-07-28T22:14:19.464-07:00","owner_id":519455,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/786117/Big_Five_validity_Aggregation_method_matters","slug":"Big_Five_validity_Aggregation_method_matters","dom_id":"work_786117","summary":"Correlations between Big Five personality factors and other variables have been examined in three different ways: direct scoring of items within a factor, application of a composite score formula, and taking the average of single-scale correlations. Those methods were shown to yield consistently different outcomes in four sets of data from sales-people and managers. Factor correlations with job performance were greatest for direct scoring, and were reduced by half when scale correlations were averaged. The insertion of previously suggested estimates into the composite score formula yielded intermediate correlations with performance. It is necessary to interpret summary accounts of correlations with a compound construct in the light of the aggregation method employed.","publication":"Journal of occupational and …","publication_with_fallback":"Journal of occupational and …","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":5878518,"asset_id":786117,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/5878518/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/5878518/Big_Five_JOOP-libre.pdf?1390843361=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBig_Five_validity_Aggregation_method_mat.pdf\u0026Expires=1740434177\u0026Signature=fOwS0p4zfH535Xz3JD6UdMZRTeOjLiRiVzlanZGOtxuaeW8J-cHDmOPeEKjQ~2JsUE2eJ~Q~oFj5ek-3nfUsExTb7i~VpxRQ-Fa4dIPjbkq1qZ6qmewaB7bLO1CchJrEEC3jTShEWkdy1sHVFcgpS~Fjek7F5oqcMjBV3iGJnCSnREE~e7WGYvRvKxSHrgvPiyTsGxuMxPx415Mt6YJaGMty1p9N0X1uQ70jh9-PisMDwEYeugFaIQxoMQvfExDHWGjqPNb9BTgdSvGH-VfyP9fyLuUw1eVHn2R4F239Yl5QaXh-KU1ud56kH0Fmmbu6lwFcMgX6ybQwXRcT1xR-SA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5878518/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/5878518/mini_magick20220708-31826-x4uoye.png?1657318459"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":5878518,"asset_id":786117,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/5878518/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/5878518/Big_Five_JOOP-libre.pdf?1390843361=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBig_Five_validity_Aggregation_method_mat.pdf\u0026Expires=1740434177\u0026Signature=fOwS0p4zfH535Xz3JD6UdMZRTeOjLiRiVzlanZGOtxuaeW8J-cHDmOPeEKjQ~2JsUE2eJ~Q~oFj5ek-3nfUsExTb7i~VpxRQ-Fa4dIPjbkq1qZ6qmewaB7bLO1CchJrEEC3jTShEWkdy1sHVFcgpS~Fjek7F5oqcMjBV3iGJnCSnREE~e7WGYvRvKxSHrgvPiyTsGxuMxPx415Mt6YJaGMty1p9N0X1uQ70jh9-PisMDwEYeugFaIQxoMQvfExDHWGjqPNb9BTgdSvGH-VfyP9fyLuUw1eVHn2R4F239Yl5QaXh-KU1ud56kH0Fmmbu6lwFcMgX6ybQwXRcT1xR-SA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5878518/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/5878518/mini_magick20220708-31826-x4uoye.png?1657318459"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":10,"ordered_authors":[{"id":519455,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"AnnaBrown","display_name":"Anna 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data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The comparative format used in ranking and paired comparisons tasks can significantly reduce the impact of uniform response biases typically associated with rating scales. model provides a powerful framework for modeling comparative data such as paired comparisons and rankings. Although Thurstonian models are generally presented as scaling models, that is, stimulicentered models, they can also be used as person-centered models. In this article, we discuss how Thurstone's model for comparative data can be formulated as item response theory models so that respondents' scores on underlying dimensions can be estimated. Item parameters and latent trait scores can be readily estimated using a widely used statistical modeling program. Simulation studies show that item characteristic curves can be accurately estimated with as few as 200 observations and that latent trait scores can be recovered to a high precision. Empirical examples are given to illustrate how the model may be applied in practice and to recommend guidelines for designing ranking and paired comparisons tasks in the future.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/786119" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7a9f45dfa4d52988911adaa948c780c5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":5879887,"asset_id":786119,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5879887/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="519455" href="https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown">Anna Brown</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="519455" type="text/json">{"id":519455,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"AnnaBrown","display_name":"Anna Brown","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/519455/215552/19718253/s65_anna.brown.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_786119 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="786119"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 786119, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_786119", }); 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u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1751792/How_Item_Response_Theory_can_solve_problems_of_ipsative_data">How Item Response Theory can solve problems of ipsative data</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Multidimensional forced-choice questionnaires can reduce the impact of numerous response biases typically associated with Likert scales. However, if scored with traditional methodology these instruments produce ipsative data, which has... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1751792" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Multidimensional forced-choice questionnaires can reduce the impact of numerous response biases typically associated with Likert scales. However, if scored with traditional methodology these instruments produce ipsative data, which has psychometric problems, such as constrained total test score and negative average scale inter-correlation. Ipsative scores distort scale relationships and reliability estimates, and make interpretation of scores problematic. This research demonstrates how Item Response Theory (IRT) modeling may be applied to overcome these problems. A multidimensional IRT model for forced-choice questionnaires is introduced, which is suitable for use with any forced-choice instrument composed of items fitting the dominance response model, with any number of measured traits, and any block sizes (i.e. pairs, triplets, quads etc.). The proposed model is based on Thurstone's framework for comparative data. Thurstonian IRT models are normal ogive models with structured factor loadings, structured uniquenesses, and structured local dependencies. These models can be straightforwardly estimated using structural equation modeling (SEM) software Mplus. Simulation studies show how the latent traits are recovered from the comparative binary data under different conditions. The Thurstonian IRT model is also tested with real participants in both research and occupational assessment settings. It is concluded that when the recommended design guidelines are met, scores estimated from forced-choice questionnaires with the proposed methodology reproduce the latent traits well.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1751792" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d520c36ab49ba0326dc17a3c14994dcb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":21442674,"asset_id":1751792,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/21442674/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="519455" href="https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown">Anna Brown</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="519455" type="text/json">{"id":519455,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"AnnaBrown","display_name":"Anna Brown","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/519455/215552/19718253/s65_anna.brown.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1751792 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1751792"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1751792, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1751792", }); 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However, if scored with traditional methodology these instruments produce ipsative data, which has psychometric problems, such as constrained total test score and negative average scale inter-correlation. Ipsative scores distort scale relationships and reliability estimates, and make interpretation of scores problematic. This research demonstrates how Item Response Theory (IRT) modeling may be applied to overcome these problems. A multidimensional IRT model for forced-choice questionnaires is introduced, which is suitable for use with any forced-choice instrument composed of items fitting the dominance response model, with any number of measured traits, and any block sizes (i.e. pairs, triplets, quads etc.). The proposed model is based on Thurstone's framework for comparative data. Thurstonian IRT models are normal ogive models with structured factor loadings, structured uniquenesses, and structured local dependencies. These models can be straightforwardly estimated using structural equation modeling (SEM) software Mplus. Simulation studies show how the latent traits are recovered from the comparative binary data under different conditions. The Thurstonian IRT model is also tested with real participants in both research and occupational assessment settings. It is concluded that when the recommended design guidelines are met, scores estimated from forced-choice questionnaires with the proposed methodology reproduce the latent traits well.","publication":"Doctoral dissertation at University of Barcelona","publication_with_fallback":"Doctoral dissertation at University of Barcelona","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":21442674,"asset_id":1751792,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/21442674/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/21442674/anna_brown_phd_thesis-libre.pdf?1390866972=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHow_Item_Response_Theory_can_solve_probl.pdf\u0026Expires=1740434178\u0026Signature=J7lZfb6yXQpqoozf5G~h~A96eJ5fV59gOgPphahnrvzZP4~igSmfG15w1qKOLVCt499eWK3vaw9IAqaDtnPe0FsezRcUwrQe-3djUV8aYgZuZlFIDdnVhpbv2uqnbDG8X0kibWc0k4uKoQokL5pZPUfA9FPyCGLITVTTGh1EG68D12G~-lZcvzT1G5veRkMRzOZqtHrdQiZPEMeDxZ5-P56MQKD9PETWMwjompU4fOBTY1BCuB1XU5BLwQiOIZZDCun0IFa97NhiCO3CG7DwVDjpbWMJnd8Y-AVSEHH9pagTBSRkOtJDKOwBP5Z2Z0Cjgo4dQf~n14ZK4gW43PlP-Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/21442674/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":null}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":null,"ordered_authors":[{"id":519455,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"AnnaBrown","display_name":"Anna Brown","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/519455/215552/19718253/s65_anna.brown.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1750,"name":"Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assessment","nofollow":true},{"id":2599,"name":"Psychometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics","nofollow":true},{"id":4887,"name":"Item Response Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Item_Response_Theory","nofollow":true},{"id":286025,"name":"Psychometrics and Test Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics_and_Test_Development","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2010,"publication_year_with_fallback":2010,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":62,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1751812" data-work_id="1751812" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1751812/Fitting_a_Thurstonian_IRT_model_to_forced_choice_data_using_Mplus">Fitting a Thurstonian IRT model to forced-choice data using Mplus</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">To counter response distortions associated with the use of rating scales (a.k.a. Likert scales), items can be presented in a comparative fashion, so that respondents are asked to rank the items within blocks (forced-choice format).... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1751812" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">To counter response distortions associated with the use of rating scales (a.k.a. Likert scales), items can be presented in a comparative fashion, so that respondents are asked to rank the items within blocks (forced-choice format). However, classical scoring procedures for these forced-choice designs lead to ipsative data, which presents psychometric challenges that are well described in the literature. Recently, Brown and Maydeu-Olivares (Educational and Psychological Measurement 71: 460–502, 2011a) introduced a model based on Thurstone’s law of comparative judgment, which overcomes the problems of ipsative data. Here, we provide a step-by-step tutorial for coding forcedchoice responses, specifying a Thurstonian item response theory model that is appropriate for the design used, assessing the model’s fit, and scoring individuals on psychological attributes. Estimation and scoring is performed using Mplus, and a very straightforward Excel macro is provided that writes full Mplus input files for any forced-choice design. Armed with these tools, using a forced-choice design is now as easy as using ratings.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1751812" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dcab79051ef9fe55684aa3f601afe545" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":21443977,"asset_id":1751812,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/21443977/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="519455" href="https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown">Anna Brown</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="519455" type="text/json">{"id":519455,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"AnnaBrown","display_name":"Anna Brown","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/519455/215552/19718253/s65_anna.brown.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1751812 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1751812"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1751812, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1751812", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1751812]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1751812").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1751812").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1751812"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2599" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2599" type="text/json">{"id":2599,"name":"Psychometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4887" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Item_Response_Theory">Item Response Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4887" type="text/json">{"id":4887,"name":"Item Response Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Item_Response_Theory","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="286025" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics_and_Test_Development">Psychometrics and Test Development</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="286025" type="text/json">{"id":286025,"name":"Psychometrics and Test Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics_and_Test_Development","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1751812]'), work: {"id":1751812,"title":"Fitting a Thurstonian IRT model to forced-choice data using Mplus","created_at":"2012-06-28T18:56:12.816-07:00","owner_id":519455,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/1751812/Fitting_a_Thurstonian_IRT_model_to_forced_choice_data_using_Mplus","slug":"Fitting_a_Thurstonian_IRT_model_to_forced_choice_data_using_Mplus","dom_id":"work_1751812","summary":"To counter response distortions associated with the use of rating scales (a.k.a. Likert scales), items can be presented in a comparative fashion, so that respondents are asked to rank the items within blocks (forced-choice format). However, classical scoring procedures for these forced-choice designs lead to ipsative data, which presents psychometric challenges that are well described in the literature. Recently, Brown and Maydeu-Olivares (Educational and Psychological Measurement 71: 460–502, 2011a) introduced a model based on Thurstone’s law of comparative judgment, which overcomes the problems of ipsative data. Here, we provide a step-by-step tutorial for coding forcedchoice responses, specifying a Thurstonian item response theory model that is appropriate for the design used, assessing the model’s fit, and scoring individuals on psychological attributes. Estimation and scoring is performed using Mplus, and a very straightforward Excel macro is provided that writes full Mplus input files for any forced-choice design. Armed with these tools, using a forced-choice design is now as easy as using ratings.","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":21443977,"asset_id":1751812,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/21443977/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/21443977/Brown___Maydeu-Olivares_2012_BRM_Fitting_TIRT_model_using_Mplus_Pre-copyright-libre.pdf?1390866950=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFitting_a_Thurstonian_IRT_model_to_force.pdf\u0026Expires=1740434178\u0026Signature=b9xabPnNml5Uf66LrTuvOXwv11mFDssydy~PrrNSYXujD41bePC8mziv6T8hbArbFDXlQjXTCW2f13HOgUg2LEjkvW4Z~N8kt0J1DZDlGXufW68FnM7KgjFjgIGCR5Et8J7FURCBf30VWU19q6iwLWAtzjQCeWtZj2Pwzzh15vmCGHHagQ9P~CC4ZyOUbQzvt9aBvmftmqXFzqiabHPLYU0wscmwuz-RTqQelcP1bVTRttDIhT-tYsekhFRtaOcWLVnYh~fx~wtxIoOcXS2yiQHdqi2MqChJz3kCwRvqO0pQVO0kCeiDoYoPuGgUynXY2XLQbrD-Hphtg5bTkpbAmA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/21443977/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/21443977/mini_magick20190427-10206-1sr7lte.png?1556351211"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":21443977,"asset_id":1751812,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/21443977/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/21443977/Brown___Maydeu-Olivares_2012_BRM_Fitting_TIRT_model_using_Mplus_Pre-copyright-libre.pdf?1390866950=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFitting_a_Thurstonian_IRT_model_to_force.pdf\u0026Expires=1740434178\u0026Signature=b9xabPnNml5Uf66LrTuvOXwv11mFDssydy~PrrNSYXujD41bePC8mziv6T8hbArbFDXlQjXTCW2f13HOgUg2LEjkvW4Z~N8kt0J1DZDlGXufW68FnM7KgjFjgIGCR5Et8J7FURCBf30VWU19q6iwLWAtzjQCeWtZj2Pwzzh15vmCGHHagQ9P~CC4ZyOUbQzvt9aBvmftmqXFzqiabHPLYU0wscmwuz-RTqQelcP1bVTRttDIhT-tYsekhFRtaOcWLVnYh~fx~wtxIoOcXS2yiQHdqi2MqChJz3kCwRvqO0pQVO0kCeiDoYoPuGgUynXY2XLQbrD-Hphtg5bTkpbAmA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/21443977/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/21443977/mini_magick20190427-10206-1sr7lte.png?1556351211"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":40,"ordered_authors":[{"id":519455,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"AnnaBrown","display_name":"Anna Brown","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/519455/215552/19718253/s65_anna.brown.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2599,"name":"Psychometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics","nofollow":true},{"id":4887,"name":"Item Response Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Item_Response_Theory","nofollow":true},{"id":286025,"name":"Psychometrics and Test Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics_and_Test_Development","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":288,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1852931" data-work_id="1852931" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1852931/Satisfaction_in_Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health_Services_Translating_Users_Feedback_into_Measurement">Satisfaction in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: Translating Users' Feedback into Measurement</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The present research addressed gaps in our current understanding of validity and quality of measurement provided by patient reported experience measures. We established the psychometric properties of a freely available experience of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1852931" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The present research addressed gaps in our current understanding of validity and quality of measurement provided by patient reported experience measures. We established the psychometric properties of a freely available experience of service questionnaire (ESQ), based on responses from 7,067 families of patients across 41 UK providers of child and adolescent mental health services, using the two-level latent trait modeling. Responses to the ESQ were subject to strong ‘halo’ effects, which were thought to represent the overall positive or negative affect towards one’s treatment. Two strongly related constructs measured by the ESQ were interpreted as specific aspects of global satisfaction, namely satisfaction with care, and with environment. The Care construct was sensitive to differences between less satisfied patients, facilitating individual and service-level problem evaluation. The effects of nesting within service providers were strong, with parental reports being the most reliable source of data for the between-provider comparisons. We provide a scoring protocol for converting the hand-scored ESQ to the model-based population-referenced scores with supplied standard errors, which can be used for benchmarking services as well as individual evaluations.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1852931" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="14c2250ba54c8b235319a1402c8342e5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30464800,"asset_id":1852931,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30464800/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="519455" href="https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown">Anna Brown</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="519455" type="text/json">{"id":519455,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"AnnaBrown","display_name":"Anna Brown","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/519455/215552/19718253/s65_anna.brown.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1852931 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1852931"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1852931, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1852931", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1852931]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1852931").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1852931").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1852931"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4887" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Item_Response_Theory">Item Response Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4887" type="text/json">{"id":4887,"name":"Item Response Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Item_Response_Theory","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12815" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Customer_Satisfaction">Customer Satisfaction</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12815" type="text/json">{"id":12815,"name":"Customer Satisfaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Customer_Satisfaction","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="86107" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multilevel_modelling">Multilevel modelling</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="86107" type="text/json">{"id":86107,"name":"Multilevel modelling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multilevel_modelling","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1852931]'), work: {"id":1852931,"title":"Satisfaction in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: Translating Users' Feedback into Measurement","created_at":"2012-08-12T20:45:00.271-07:00","owner_id":519455,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/1852931/Satisfaction_in_Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health_Services_Translating_Users_Feedback_into_Measurement","slug":"Satisfaction_in_Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health_Services_Translating_Users_Feedback_into_Measurement","dom_id":"work_1852931","summary":"The present research addressed gaps in our current understanding of validity and quality of measurement provided by patient reported experience measures. We established the psychometric properties of a freely available experience of service questionnaire (ESQ), based on responses from 7,067 families of patients across 41 UK providers of child and adolescent mental health services, using the two-level latent trait modeling. Responses to the ESQ were subject to strong ‘halo’ effects, which were thought to represent the overall positive or negative affect towards one’s treatment. Two strongly related constructs measured by the ESQ were interpreted as specific aspects of global satisfaction, namely satisfaction with care, and with environment. The Care construct was sensitive to differences between less satisfied patients, facilitating individual and service-level problem evaluation. The effects of nesting within service providers were strong, with parental reports being the most reliable source of data for the between-provider comparisons. We provide a scoring protocol for converting the hand-scored ESQ to the model-based population-referenced scores with supplied standard errors, which can be used for benchmarking services as well as individual evaluations.","publication":"… and Mental Health Services …","publication_with_fallback":"… and Mental Health Services …","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30464800,"asset_id":1852931,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/30464800/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30464800/ESQ_revision_2_proofread-libre.pdf?1391762465=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSatisfaction_in_Child_and_Adolescent_Men.pdf\u0026Expires=1740434178\u0026Signature=gHK8Ri6AEGYlbqmJ2xQPQu2xnJ2XSkYwrMi4-PNZD-iFh9SklkC9q7vtvFGACbH1HNP8~Qe1UM1BF9vVkdsrjbgueInx7Y4DEXlf66Gt1Emu9YW7yv6ZTBDaAlbvtN-p6rhOvEfM1xd09qghiTrOUUaIlWUMGK1F3ecvzU2rgMdb8C334V0X4r83IecJyi17GFPuLyI0hkze4qg8vfXz6iU8oCP23v-0PNt5LPPkCqZXULIkTqmlJdIEG5-tYG-XtD3SmI8F5CSoLKrzu~G9TjXN7zWzunrFEBQVJQiQCiOv82mSJk~bmfGiwj~Sc3H0t7XIwNQERUWTyIXscgMy8A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30464800/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30464800/mini_magick20190426-2623-1k71w2d.png?1556334333"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":30464800,"asset_id":1852931,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/30464800/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30464800/ESQ_revision_2_proofread-libre.pdf?1391762465=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSatisfaction_in_Child_and_Adolescent_Men.pdf\u0026Expires=1740434178\u0026Signature=gHK8Ri6AEGYlbqmJ2xQPQu2xnJ2XSkYwrMi4-PNZD-iFh9SklkC9q7vtvFGACbH1HNP8~Qe1UM1BF9vVkdsrjbgueInx7Y4DEXlf66Gt1Emu9YW7yv6ZTBDaAlbvtN-p6rhOvEfM1xd09qghiTrOUUaIlWUMGK1F3ecvzU2rgMdb8C334V0X4r83IecJyi17GFPuLyI0hkze4qg8vfXz6iU8oCP23v-0PNt5LPPkCqZXULIkTqmlJdIEG5-tYG-XtD3SmI8F5CSoLKrzu~G9TjXN7zWzunrFEBQVJQiQCiOv82mSJk~bmfGiwj~Sc3H0t7XIwNQERUWTyIXscgMy8A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30464800/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30464800/mini_magick20190426-2623-1k71w2d.png?1556334333"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":37,"ordered_authors":[{"id":519455,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"AnnaBrown","display_name":"Anna Brown","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/519455/215552/19718253/s65_anna.brown.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4887,"name":"Item Response Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Item_Response_Theory","nofollow":true},{"id":12815,"name":"Customer Satisfaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Customer_Satisfaction","nofollow":true},{"id":86107,"name":"Multilevel modelling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multilevel_modelling","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2012,"publication_year_with_fallback":2012,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":133,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2182847" data-work_id="2182847" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2182847/How_IRT_can_solve_problems_of_ipsative_data_in_forced_choice_questionnaires">How IRT can solve problems of ipsative data in forced-choice questionnaires</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">"In multidimensional forced-choice (MFC) questionnaires, items measuring different attributes are presented in blocks, and participants have to rank-order the items within each block (fully or partially). Such comparative formats can... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2182847" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">"In multidimensional forced-choice (MFC) questionnaires, items measuring different attributes are presented in blocks, and participants have to rank-order the items within each block (fully or partially). Such comparative formats can reduce the impact of numerous response biases often affecting single-stimulus items (aka, rating or Likert scales). However, if scored with traditional methodology, MFC instruments produce ipsative data, whereby all individuals have a common total test score. Ipsative scoring distorts individual profiles (it is impossible to achieve all high or all low scale scores), construct validity (covariances between scales must sum to zero), criterion related validity (validity coefficients must sum to zero), and reliability estimates. <br />We argue that these problems are caused by inadequate scoring of forced-choice items, and advocate the use of item response theory (IRT) models based on an appropriate response process for comparative data, such as Thurstone’s Law of Comparative Judgment. We show that by applying Thurstonian IRT modeling (Brown & Maydeu-Olivares, 2011), even existing forced-choice questionnaires with challenging features can be scored adequately and that the IRT-estimated scores are free from the problems of ipsative data. <br />"</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2182847" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d36e8fadc3aae8ff2c13b376264ac349" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30464864,"asset_id":2182847,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30464864/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="519455" href="https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown">Anna Brown</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="519455" type="text/json">{"id":519455,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"AnnaBrown","display_name":"Anna Brown","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/519455/215552/19718253/s65_anna.brown.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2182847 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2182847"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2182847, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2182847", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2182847]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2182847").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2182847").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2182847"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1750" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assessment">Assessment</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1750" type="text/json">{"id":1750,"name":"Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assessment","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2599" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2599" type="text/json">{"id":2599,"name":"Psychometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4887" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Item_Response_Theory">Item Response Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4887" type="text/json">{"id":4887,"name":"Item Response Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Item_Response_Theory","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="286025" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics_and_Test_Development">Psychometrics and Test Development</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="286025" type="text/json">{"id":286025,"name":"Psychometrics and Test Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics_and_Test_Development","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2182847]'), work: {"id":2182847,"title":"How IRT can solve problems of ipsative data in forced-choice questionnaires","created_at":"2012-11-22T17:03:18.448-08:00","owner_id":519455,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/2182847/How_IRT_can_solve_problems_of_ipsative_data_in_forced_choice_questionnaires","slug":"How_IRT_can_solve_problems_of_ipsative_data_in_forced_choice_questionnaires","dom_id":"work_2182847","summary":"\"In multidimensional forced-choice (MFC) questionnaires, items measuring different attributes are presented in blocks, and participants have to rank-order the items within each block (fully or partially). Such comparative formats can reduce the impact of numerous response biases often affecting single-stimulus items (aka, rating or Likert scales). However, if scored with traditional methodology, MFC instruments produce ipsative data, whereby all individuals have a common total test score. Ipsative scoring distorts individual profiles (it is impossible to achieve all high or all low scale scores), construct validity (covariances between scales must sum to zero), criterion related validity (validity coefficients must sum to zero), and reliability estimates. \r\nWe argue that these problems are caused by inadequate scoring of forced-choice items, and advocate the use of item response theory (IRT) models based on an appropriate response process for comparative data, such as Thurstone’s Law of Comparative Judgment. We show that by applying Thurstonian IRT modeling (Brown \u0026 Maydeu-Olivares, 2011), even existing forced-choice questionnaires with challenging features can be scored adequately and that the IRT-estimated scores are free from the problems of ipsative data.\r\n\"","publication":"Psychological Methods","publication_with_fallback":"Psychological Methods","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30464864,"asset_id":2182847,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/30464864/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30464864/Brown___Maydeu-Olivares_2012_PsychMethods_Post-print_self-archive-libre.pdf?1391812900=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHow_IRT_can_solve_problems_of_ipsative_d.pdf\u0026Expires=1740310564\u0026Signature=EL8sTyLiw216q-Z~poeFDaxcuAlTJs67X195pJllcsxsWpV6PWP7JCyxPWYTFyx1ZG2VezFB-PctchXvaDCEfN3M1-uR-7QHJbWBrH4od17jdAp6TEnTpK55564GcHuuTtEkLpHtmFblYZTMZGIZteeROqako-HyckbPUO0DX7nnm~~Jxixvj-uuxiyfXHc64oz8lRlwfuMp4dOviTw4dXfC~EG3gKCM5xe7gO5LHqJPsQyi0aJdrk4nIsCQ6l9XMD~AAKdrHYd7MJnT3p8yBq-rhNTYTNJrlcQihxw~tHDArbxZgPio1tITc8sEuyg0ciTNm-UZmzoY3tLqPRQhMw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30464864/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30464864/mini_magick20190426-2623-10n97p6.png?1556334417"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":30464864,"asset_id":2182847,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/30464864/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30464864/Brown___Maydeu-Olivares_2012_PsychMethods_Post-print_self-archive-libre.pdf?1391812900=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHow_IRT_can_solve_problems_of_ipsative_d.pdf\u0026Expires=1740310564\u0026Signature=EL8sTyLiw216q-Z~poeFDaxcuAlTJs67X195pJllcsxsWpV6PWP7JCyxPWYTFyx1ZG2VezFB-PctchXvaDCEfN3M1-uR-7QHJbWBrH4od17jdAp6TEnTpK55564GcHuuTtEkLpHtmFblYZTMZGIZteeROqako-HyckbPUO0DX7nnm~~Jxixvj-uuxiyfXHc64oz8lRlwfuMp4dOviTw4dXfC~EG3gKCM5xe7gO5LHqJPsQyi0aJdrk4nIsCQ6l9XMD~AAKdrHYd7MJnT3p8yBq-rhNTYTNJrlcQihxw~tHDArbxZgPio1tITc8sEuyg0ciTNm-UZmzoY3tLqPRQhMw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30464864/download_file?st=MTc0MDQzOTEwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30464864/mini_magick20190426-2623-10n97p6.png?1556334417"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":57,"ordered_authors":[{"id":519455,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"AnnaBrown","display_name":"Anna Brown","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/AnnaBrown","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/519455/215552/19718253/s65_anna.brown.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1750,"name":"Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assessment","nofollow":true},{"id":2599,"name":"Psychometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics","nofollow":true},{"id":4887,"name":"Item Response Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Item_Response_Theory","nofollow":true},{"id":286025,"name":"Psychometrics and Test Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics_and_Test_Development","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2013,"publication_year_with_fallback":2013,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":1003,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2441576 coauthored" data-work_id="2441576" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2441576/Comparing_Growth_Trajectories_of_Risk_Behaviors_From_Late_Adolescence_Through_Young_Adulthood_An_Accelerated_Design">Comparing Growth Trajectories of Risk Behaviors From Late Adolescence Through Young Adulthood: An Accelerated Design</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Risk behaviors such as substance use or deviance are often limited to the early stages of the life course. Whereas the onset of risk behavior is well studied, less is currently known about the decline and timing of cessation of risk... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2441576" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Risk behaviors such as substance use or deviance are often limited to the early stages of the life course. Whereas the onset of risk behavior is well studied, less is currently known about the decline and timing of cessation of risk behaviors of different domains during young adulthood. Prevalence and longitudinal developmental patterning of alcohol use, drinking to the point of drunkenness, smoking, cannabis use, deviance, and HIV-related sexual risk behavior were compared in a Swiss community sample (N ϭ 2,843). Using a longitudinal cohort-sequential approach to link multiple assessments with 3 waves of data for each individual, the studied period spanned the ages of 16 to 29 years. Although smoking had a higher prevalence, both smoking and drinking up to the point of drunkenness followed an inverted U-shaped curve. Alcohol consumption was also best described by a quadratic model, though largely stable at a high level through the late 20s. Sexual risk behavior increased slowly from age 16 to age 22 and then remained largely stable. In contrast, cannabis use and deviance linearly declined from age 16 to age 29. Young men were at higher risk for all behaviors than were young women, but apart from deviance, patterning over time was similar for both sexes. 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