CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>East Turkestan - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"29856c2b-a7a2-4d0e-bbdd-94198e511d88","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"East_Turkestan","wgTitle":"East Turkestan","wgCurRevisionId":1254706895,"wgRevisionId":1254706895,"wgArticleId":197785,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)","CS1 maint: untitled periodical","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from September 2024","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from March 2023","Articles containing Uyghur-language text","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Pages using template Zh with sup tags","Geography of Xinjiang", "East Turkestan independence movement","Geopolitical terminology","Islam in China","Political controversies in China","Regions of China","Separatism in China","Turkestan","Xinjiang conflict","1820s neologisms","Proposed countries","Turkic toponyms","Cultural regions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"East_Turkestan","wgRelevantArticleId":197785,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength": 50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q840601","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/East_Turkistan_Map_and_Location_per_ETGE.png/1200px-East_Turkistan_Map_and_Location_per_ETGE.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="706"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/East_Turkistan_Map_and_Location_per_ETGE.png/800px-East_Turkistan_Map_and_Location_per_ETGE.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="471"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/East_Turkistan_Map_and_Location_per_ETGE.png/640px-East_Turkistan_Map_and_Location_per_ETGE.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="377"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="East Turkestan - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-East_Turkestan rootpage-East_Turkestan skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=East+Turkestan" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=East+Turkestan" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=East+Turkestan" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=East+Turkestan" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Late 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">East Turkestan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تركستان الشرقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تركستان الشرقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99rqi_T%C3%BCrkistan" title="Şərqi Türkistan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şərqi Türkistan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دوغو تورکوستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دوغو تورکوستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পূর্ব তুর্কিস্তান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পূর্ব তুর্কিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Turkestan" title="Tang Turkestan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tang Turkestan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Көнсығыш Төркөстан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көнсығыш Төркөстан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Източен Туркестан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Източен Туркестан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquestan_Oriental" title="Turquestan Oriental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turquestan Oriental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_Turkest%C3%A1n" title="Východní Turkestán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Východní Turkestán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida-Turkestan" title="Ida-Turkestan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ida-Turkestan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Ανατολικό Τουρκεστάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανατολικό Τουρκεστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquest%C3%A1n_Oriental" title="Turquestán Oriental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turquestán Oriental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienta_Turkestano" title="Orienta Turkestano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orienta Turkestano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekialdeko_Turkestan" title="Ekialdeko Turkestan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekialdeko Turkestan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C" title="ترکستان شرقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترکستان شرقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan_oriental" title="Turkestan oriental – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turkestan oriental" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Turcast%C3%A1in_Thoir" title="An Turcastáin Thoir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Turcastáin Thoir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquest%C3%A1n_Oriental" title="Turquestán Oriental – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Turquestán Oriental" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84" title="동튀르키스탄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동튀르키스탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पूर्व तुर्किस्तान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पूर्व तुर्किस्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan_Timur_(wilayah)" title="Turkestan Timur (wilayah) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turkestan Timur (wilayah)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шығыс Түркістан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шығыс Түркістан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чыгыш Түркстан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чыгыш Түркстан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%81" title="ຕວກກີຕາເວັນອອກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຕວກກີຕາເວັນອອກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrumturkest%C4%81na" title="Austrumturkestāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Austrumturkestāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryt%C5%B3_Turkestanas" title="Rytų Turkestanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rytų Turkestanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan_Timur" title="Turkestan Timur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Turkestan Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Зүүн Туркестан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зүүн Туркестан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oost-Turkestan" title="Oost-Turkestan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oost-Turkestan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="東トルキスタン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東トルキスタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharqiy_Turkiston" title="Sharqiy Turkiston – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sharqiy Turkiston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%91%DA%BE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چڑھدا ترکستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چڑھدا ترکستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiestan_Chi%C5%84ski" title="Turkiestan Chiński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turkiestan Chiński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquest%C3%A3o_Oriental" title="Turquestão Oriental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turquestão Oriental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Earqiy_T%C3%BCrkistan" title="Şarqiy Türkistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Şarqiy Türkistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Восточный Туркестан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восточный Туркестан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="East Turkestan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%BD_Turkestan" title="Východný Turkestan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Východný Turkestan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تورکستانی ڕۆژھەڵات – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تورکستانی ڕۆژھەڵات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4-Turkestan" title="Itä-Turkestan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itä-Turkestan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stturkestan" title="Östturkestan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Östturkestan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கிழக்கு துருக்கிஸ்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிழக்கு துருக்கிஸ்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6n%C3%A7%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1%C5%9F_T%C3%B6rkistan" title="Könçığış Törkistan – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Könçığış Törkistan" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%9B%D3%A3" title="Туркистони Шарқӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Туркистони Шарқӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_T%C3%BCrkistan" title="Doğu Türkistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğu Türkistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCndogar_T%C3%BCrk%C3%BCstan" title="Gündogar Türküstan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gündogar Türküstan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Східний Туркестан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Східний Туркестан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مشرقی ترکستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مشرقی ترکستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%89%D9%8A_%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شەرقىي تۈركىستان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شەرقىي تۈركىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Turkestan" title="Đông Turkestan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đông Turkestan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="东突厥斯坦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="东突厥斯坦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="東突厥斯坦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="東突厥斯坦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uy%C4%9Fur%C4%B1stan" title="Uyğurıstan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Uyğurıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="东突厥斯坦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="东突厥斯坦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q840601#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:East_Turkestan" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/East_Turkestan" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/East_Turkestan" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&oldid=1254706895" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=East_Turkestan&id=1254706895&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEast_Turkestan"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEast_Turkestan"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=East_Turkestan&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:East_Turkestan" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q840601" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geographical region in Central Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a>, an older geographical term. For the government-in-exile that claims East Turkestan, see <a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Government_in_Exile" title="East Turkistan Government in Exile">East Turkistan Government in Exile</a>. For the Chinese province-level division that corresponds to the region, see <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">East Turkestan</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug" dir="rtl">شەرقىي تۈركىستان</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Turkistan_Map_and_Location_per_ETGE.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Extent of East Turkestan in Central Asia, per the East Turkistan Government in Exile"><img alt="Extent of East Turkestan in Central Asia, per the East Turkistan Government in Exile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/East_Turkistan_Map_and_Location_per_ETGE.png/250px-East_Turkistan_Map_and_Location_per_ETGE.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/East_Turkistan_Map_and_Location_per_ETGE.png/375px-East_Turkistan_Map_and_Location_per_ETGE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/East_Turkistan_Map_and_Location_per_ETGE.png/500px-East_Turkistan_Map_and_Location_per_ETGE.png 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="1002" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Extent of East Turkestan in Central Asia, per the <a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Government_in_Exile" title="East Turkistan Government in Exile">East Turkistan Government in Exile</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Chinese</a></li><li>and 42 other languages<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>45.84% <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a></li><li>40.48% <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a></li><li>6.50% <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a></li><li>4.51% <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a></li><li>2.67% <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Formation</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Yettishar" title="Yettishar">State of Yettishar</a> (Kashgaria) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">November 12, 1864</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">First East Turkestan Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">November 12, 1933</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">Second East Turkestan Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">November 12, 1944</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Government_in_Exile" title="East Turkistan Government in Exile">East Turkistan Government in Exile</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">September 14, 2004</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,828,418 km<sup>2</sup> (705,956 sq mi),<span class="nowrap"> </span>as claimed by the <a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Government_in_Exile" title="East Turkistan Government in Exile">East Turkistan Government in Exile</a><sup id="cite_ref-East_Turkistan_at_a_Glance_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East_Turkistan_at_a_Glance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">24,870,000<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>30–40 million (claimed by the <a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Government_in_Exile" title="East Turkistan Government in Exile">East Turkistan Government in Exile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Uyghur_Congress" title="World Uyghur Congress">World Uyghur Congress</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-East_Turkistan_at_a_Glance_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East_Turkistan_at_a_Glance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Time" title="Xinjiang Time">Ürümqi Time</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B06:00" title="UTC+06:00">UTC+06:00</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Uyghurs" title="Category:Uyghurs">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_timeline" title="Uyghur timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Uyghur_people" title="History of the Uyghur people">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_East_Turkestan" title="Flag of East Turkestan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_nationalism" title="Uyghur nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_literature" title="Uyghur literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uyghurs" title="List of Uyghurs">List of Uyghurs</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur language</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_alphabets" title="Uyghur alphabets">Alphabets</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_dialects" title="Uyghur dialects">Dialects</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_grammar" title="Uyghur grammar">Grammar</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_New_Script" title="Uyghur New Script">New Script</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_phonology" title="Uyghur phonology">Phonology</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs#Culture" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur culture</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dervishi" title="Dervishi">Dervishi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Doppa_Cultural_Festival" title="Uyghur Doppa Cultural Festival">Doppa Cultural Festival</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Etles_silk" title="Etles silk">Etles silk</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/The_Girl_from_Dabancheng" title="The Girl from Dabancheng">The Girl from Dabancheng</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lift_Your_Veil" title="Lift Your Veil">Lift Your Veil</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Meshrep" title="Meshrep">Meshrep</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Muqam" title="Muqam">Muqam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Qurtulush_Yolida" title="Qurtulush Yolida">Qurtulush Yolida</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tianshan_Snow_Lotus_Group" title="Tianshan Snow Lotus Group">Tianshan Snow Lotus Group</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurlar" title="Uyghurlar">Uyghurlar</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Uyghur cuisine</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Chorba" title="Chorba">Chorba</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Cut_cake" title="Cut cake">Cut cake</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dapanji" title="Dapanji">Dapanji</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Joshpara" title="Joshpara">Joshpara</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Laghman_(food)" title="Laghman (food)">Laghman</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Manti_(food)" title="Manti (food)">Manti</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Naan" title="Naan">Naan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Samsa_(food)" title="Samsa (food)">Samsa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sangza" title="Sangza">Sangza</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tandyr_nan" title="Tandyr nan">Tandyr nan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Youtazi" title="Youtazi">Youtazi</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/China_Cables" title="China Cables">China Cables</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Civil_Servant-Family_Pair_Up" title="Civil Servant-Family Pair Up">Civil Servant-Family Pair Up</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Strike_Hard_Campaign_Against_Violent_Terrorism" title="Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism">Strike Hard Campaign</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Tribunal" title="Uyghur Tribunal">Uyghur Tribunal</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Uyghurs outside of Xinjiang</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Beijing" title="Uyghurs in Beijing">Beijing</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Kazakhstan" title="Uyghurs in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Uyghurs in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Pakistan" title="Uyghurs in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghurs of Turkey">Turkey</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">United States</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Uyghur organizations</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Government_in_Exile" title="East Turkistan Government in Exile">East Turkistan Government in Exile</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_National_Awakening_Movement" title="East Turkistan National Awakening Movement">East Turkistan National Awakening Movement</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_American_Association" title="Uyghur American Association">Uyghur American Association</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Human_Rights_Project" title="Uyghur Human Rights Project">Uyghur Human Rights Project</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/World_Uyghur_Congress" title="World Uyghur Congress">World Uyghur Congress</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uyghur_people" title="Template:Uyghur people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uyghur_people" title="Template talk:Uyghur people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uyghur_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uyghur people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Category:History of Xinjiang">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">History of <span class="fn org label">Xinjiang</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/100px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/150px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/200px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="1774" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Han Protectorate</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Officials</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval and early modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang Protectorates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">West</a>; <a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Ming ruled Kara Del</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yettishar" title="Yettishar">Yettishar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Qing rule</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Xinjiang Province, Republic of China">Xinjiang Province, Republic of China</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_clique" title="Xinjiang clique">Xinjiang clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">1st East Turkestan Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">2nd East Turkestan Republic</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Production and Construction Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a> / <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Template:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Template talk:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>East Turkestan</b> or <b>East Turkistan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>: <span lang="ug" dir="rtl">شەرقىي تۈركىستان</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet">ULY</a></span>: <span title="Uyghur-language text"><i lang="ug-Latn">Sherqiy Türkistan</i></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet">UKY</a></span>: <span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug-Cyrl">Шәрқий Туркистан</span></span>), also called <b>Uyghuristan</b> (<span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug" dir="rtl">ئۇيغۇرىستان</span></span>, <span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug-Cyrl">Уйғуристан</span></span>), is a loosely-defined geographical region in the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">northwestern part</a> of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>, which varies in meaning by context and usage. The term was coined in the 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkology" title="Turkology">Turkologists</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(Bichurin)" title="Hyacinth (Bichurin)">Nikita Bichurin</a>, who intended the name to replace the common Western term for the region, "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a>", which referred to the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Xinjiang" title="Southern Xinjiang">Southern Xinjiang</a> or <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> as a whole during the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ORE-terminology_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORE-terminology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kamalov-2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamalov-2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Altishahr" title="Altishahr">Altishahr</a>, which means "Six Cities" in Uyghur, became the Uyghur name for the Tarim Basin. Uyghurs also called the Tarim Basin "<a href="/wiki/Yettishar" title="Yettishar">Yettishar</a>," which means "Seven Cities," and even "Sekkizshahr", which means "Eight Cities" in Uyghur. Chinese dynasties from the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> had called an overlapping area the "<a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a>". </p><p>Starting in the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> separatists and their supporters used East Turkestan as an appellation for the whole of Xinjiang (the Tarim Basin and <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a>) or for a <a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">future independent state</a> in present-day Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. They reject the name Xinjiang (meaning "New Frontier" in Chinese)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of the Chinese perspective reflected in the name, and prefer East Turkestan to emphasize the connection to other, western <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> groups. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">First East Turkestan Republic</a> existed from November 12, 1933, to April 16, 1934, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">Second East Turkestan Republic</a> existed between November 12, 1944, and June 27, 1946. East Turkestan is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a> (UNPO) formed in 1991, where it was represented initially by the East Turkistan National Congress and later by the <a href="/wiki/World_Uyghur_Congress" title="World Uyghur Congress">World Uyghur Congress</a> post 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-UNPO_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNPO-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2004, the <a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Government_in_Exile" title="East Turkistan Government in Exile">East Turkistan Government in Exile</a> was established in Washington, D.C. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turkestan#Etymology_and_terminology" title="Turkestan">Turkestan § Etymology and terminology</a></div> <p>The term "East Turkestan" was coined in the 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkology" title="Turkology">Turkologists</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(Bichurin)" title="Hyacinth (Bichurin)">Nikita Bichurin</a>, who intended the name to replace the common Western term for the region, "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a>", which referred to the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Xinjiang" title="Southern Xinjiang">southern Xinjiang</a> or sometimes Xinjiang as a whole during the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ORE-terminology_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORE-terminology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kamalov-2007_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamalov-2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Uyghuristan" means 'land of Uyghurs'.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter name was given to the region by medieval <a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Muslim geographers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">History of Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_settlement_of_the_Tarim_Basin" title="Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin">Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Xinjiang" title="Migration to Xinjiang">Migration to Xinjiang</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-20th_century">Pre-20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiyu_City-States_of_Tarim_basin_(BC1C).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Xiyu_City-States_of_Tarim_basin_%28BC1C%29.jpg/220px-Xiyu_City-States_of_Tarim_basin_%28BC1C%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Xiyu_City-States_of_Tarim_basin_%28BC1C%29.jpg/330px-Xiyu_City-States_of_Tarim_basin_%28BC1C%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Xiyu_City-States_of_Tarim_basin_%28BC1C%29.jpg/440px-Xiyu_City-States_of_Tarim_basin_%28BC1C%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Cities of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> region, 1 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>In China, the term <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">西域</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xīyù</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsi<sup>1</sup>-yü<sup>4</sup></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>: Qurighar, Қуриғар)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referred to the regions west of the <a href="/wiki/Yumen_Pass" title="Yumen Pass">Yumen Pass</a>. During the 2nd century BC, Chinese writers called the city states of the northern and southern rim of the <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a> the "Walled city-states of the Western Regions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200310_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200310-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 60 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> "in charge of all the oasis-states of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>" which they ruled in indirectly with small agricultural military colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200310_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200310-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Protector General was stationed at Wulei (west of <a href="/wiki/Karasahr" title="Karasahr">Karasahr</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city-states were able to conduct their own independent policies with each other. After the Western Han period that ended in 9 AD, China lost its authority over the Western Regions until it was restored in 94 AD and officially lasted until 107 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200310_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200310-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the crackdown of internal separatist forces, the Eastern Han dynasty set up another protectorate known as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official of the Western Regions</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Han, successive Chinese governments had to deal with secessionist movements and local rebellions from different peoples in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Rumer_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rumer-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even when Xinjiang was not under Chinese political control, Xinjiang has long had "close contacts with China" that distinguish it from the independent Turkic countries of Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Millward_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millward-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> sale contract of a female slave from the period of the Gaochang kingdom under the rule of Qu clan<i> from 639 CE mentioned the Sogdian word "twrkstn", which may have referred to the lands to the east and north of <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> in the realm of the <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14, 15">: 14, 15 </span></sup></i> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kturks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gökturks">Gökturks</a>, known in ancient Chinese with pronunciation as Tutkyud as well as modern Chinese pronunciation as Tujue (Tu-chueh; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">突厥</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Tūjué</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">T'u<sup>1</sup>-chüeh<sup>2</sup></span></i>), united the Turkic peoples and created a large empire, which broke into various <a href="/wiki/Khanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanates">Khanates</a> or Khaganates; the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> inherited Xinjiang, but West Tujue became part of China's <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> until the ninth century. However, the terms for West Tujue and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">East Tujue</a> do not have any relation with the terms West and East Turkestan.<sup id="cite_ref-Rumer_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rumer-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Turkestan", which means "region of the Turks", was defined by <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> geographers in the ninth and tenth centuries as the areas northeast of the <a href="/wiki/Sir_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir River">Sir River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rahman_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For those Arab writers, the Turks were <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a> and not the sedentary <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> dwellers.<sup id="cite_ref-Millward_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millward-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the various migrations and political upheavals following the collapse of the Gökturk confederation and the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Mongol invasions</a>, "Turkestan", according to the official Chinese position, gradually ceased to be a useful geographic descriptor and was not used.<sup id="cite_ref-wp_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_at_Kor-p%27ing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Battle_at_Kor-p%27ing.jpg/220px-Battle_at_Kor-p%27ing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Battle_at_Kor-p%27ing.jpg/330px-Battle_at_Kor-p%27ing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Battle_at_Kor-p%27ing.jpg/440px-Battle_at_Kor-p%27ing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Qing-era <a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting" title="Chinese painting">painting</a> depicting a Chinese campaign against <a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Khoja" title="Jahangir Khoja">Jahangir Khoja</a>'s forces in Xinjiang, 1828</figcaption></figure> <p>During the sixteenth century, the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> completed the <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> of western Xinjiang and the surrounding region, known then as <a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a>, while China's <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Ming_Turpan_Border_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Turpan Border Wars">held the Eastern Areas</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Ming_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Ming dynasty">Fall of the Ming dynasty</a>, a western Mongol group established a polity in "Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a>", as it was sometimes known, or in eastern Xinjiang, expanding southward into southern Xinjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-Ildiko_2008_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ildiko_2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1755, the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> defeated the Mongol <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> and captured two territories in Xinjiang. The northern territory, where the Dzungars lived, was called <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a>, while the southern areas, which the Dzungars controlled and mined, were called Huijiang (Hui-chiang; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">回疆</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Huíjiāng</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hui<sup>2</sup>-chiang<sup>1</sup></span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Muslim territory') or <a href="/wiki/Altishahr" title="Altishahr">Altishahr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Millward_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millward-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Xinjiang", which, up until that time, simply meant all territories new to the Qing, gradually shifted in meaning for the Qing court to exclusively mean Dzungaria and Altishahr taken together. In 1764, the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> made this use of Xinjiang as a <a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">proper name</a> official and issued an imperial order defining Xinjiang as a "provincial administrative area". After <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">General Tso</a> (Tso Ts'ung T'ang) suppressed the <a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan revolt</a> in 1882, Xinjiang was officially reorganized into a province and the name Xinjiang was popularized,<sup id="cite_ref-Rahman_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> superseding "Xiyu" in writing.<sup id="cite_ref-Starr_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time as the Chinese consolidation of control in Xinjiang, explorers from the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empires</a> explored, mapped, and delineated Central Asia in a <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game">competition of colonial expansion</a>. Several influential Russians would propose new terms for the territories, as in 1805 when the Russian explorer Timovski revived the use of "Turkestan" to refer to <a href="/wiki/Middle_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Asia">Middle Asia</a> and "East Turkestan" to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> east of Middle Asia in southern Xinjiang or, in 1829, when the Russian <a href="/wiki/Sinologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinologist">sinologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Bichurin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikita Bichurin">Nikita Bichurin</a> proposed the use of "East Turkestan" to replace "Chinese Turkestan" for the Chinese territory east of <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ildiko_2007_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ildiko_2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian Empire mused expansion into Xinjiang,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which it informally called "Little Bukhara". Between 1851 and 1881, Russia occupied the <a href="/wiki/Ili_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili valley">Ili valley</a> in Xinjiang and continued to negotiate with the Qing for trading and settlement rights for Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the new Russian appellations, the original inhabitants of Central Asia generally continued not to use the word "Turkestan" to refer to their own territories.<sup id="cite_ref-car13_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-car13-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_23._Sect._II-_Chinese_Turkistan,_Kashmir_%26_Jamu_of_maps_of_Constables_1893_hand_atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Plate_23._Sect._II-_Chinese_Turkistan%2C_Kashmir_%26_Jamu_of_maps_of_Constables_1893_hand_atlas.jpg/220px-Plate_23._Sect._II-_Chinese_Turkistan%2C_Kashmir_%26_Jamu_of_maps_of_Constables_1893_hand_atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Plate_23._Sect._II-_Chinese_Turkistan%2C_Kashmir_%26_Jamu_of_maps_of_Constables_1893_hand_atlas.jpg/330px-Plate_23._Sect._II-_Chinese_Turkistan%2C_Kashmir_%26_Jamu_of_maps_of_Constables_1893_hand_atlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Plate_23._Sect._II-_Chinese_Turkistan%2C_Kashmir_%26_Jamu_of_maps_of_Constables_1893_hand_atlas.jpg/440px-Plate_23._Sect._II-_Chinese_Turkistan%2C_Kashmir_%26_Jamu_of_maps_of_Constables_1893_hand_atlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>Map including part of Chinese Turkistan (1893)</figcaption></figure> <p>After a spate of annexations in Middle Asia, Russia consolidated its holdings west of the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Turkestan Governorate</a> or "Russian Turkestan" in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is at this time that Western writers began to divide Turkestan into a Russian and a Chinese part.<sup id="cite_ref-wp_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although foreigners acknowledged that Xinjiang was a Chinese polity, and that there were Chinese names for the region, some travelers preferred to use "names that emphasized Turkic, Islamic, or Central Asian, i.e., non-Chinese characteristics".<sup id="cite_ref-Ildiko_2008_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ildiko_2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For contemporary British travelers and English-language material, there was no consensus on a designation for Xinjiang, with "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a>", "East Turkestan", "Chinese Central Asia", "<a href="/wiki/Serindia" title="Serindia">Serindia</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Sinkiang" being used interchangeably to describe the region of Xinjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-Ildiko_2007_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ildiko_2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the 20th century, locals used the names of cities or oases in their "territorial self-perception", which expanded or contracted as needed, such as Kashgaria out of <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> to refer to southwestern Xinjiang. <a href="/wiki/Altishahr" title="Altishahr">Altishahr</a>, or "six cities", collectively referred to six vaguely defined cities south of the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ildiko_2008_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ildiko_2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1912_China_map_from_National_Geographic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1912_China_map_from_National_Geographic.jpg/220px-1912_China_map_from_National_Geographic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1912_China_map_from_National_Geographic.jpg/330px-1912_China_map_from_National_Geographic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1912_China_map_from_National_Geographic.jpg/440px-1912_China_map_from_National_Geographic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6980" data-file-height="5326" /></a><figcaption>Map including "Sin-kiang" (also labelled "East Turkestan") and other territories of China (<a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">NGS</a>, 1912)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1912, the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> overthrew the Qing dynasty and created a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>. As Yuan Dahua, the last Qing governor, fled from Xinjiang, one of his subordinates, <a href="/wiki/Yang_Zengxin" title="Yang Zengxin">Yang Zengxin</a> (楊增新), took control of the province and acceded in name to the Republic of China in March of the same year. In 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> officially defined the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> as the sedentary <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> from Chinese Turkestan as part of their <a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">nation building policy in Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ildiko_2007_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ildiko_2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple insurgencies arose against Yang's successor <a href="/wiki/Jin_Shuren" title="Jin Shuren">Jin Shuren</a> (金树仁) in the early 1930s throughout Xinjiang, usually led by <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "East Turkestan" became a rallying cry for people who spoke <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Turki</a> and believed in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to rebel against Chinese authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-wp_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_ETR_in_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Location of the First East Turkestan Republic in China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/First_ETR_in_China.svg/150px-First_ETR_in_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/First_ETR_in_China.svg/225px-First_ETR_in_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/First_ETR_in_China.svg/300px-First_ETR_in_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kokbayraq_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of the First East Turkestan Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kokbayraq_flag.svg/150px-Kokbayraq_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kokbayraq_flag.svg/225px-Kokbayraq_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kokbayraq_flag.svg/300px-Kokbayraq_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Territorial extent (left) and flag (right) of the <a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">First East Turkestan Republic</a> (1933–1934)</div></div></div></div> <p>In the Kashgar region on November 12, 1933, Uyghur separatists declared the short-lived<sup id="cite_ref-Pan_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pan-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">East Turkestan Republic</a> (ETR), using the term "East Turkestan" to emphasize the state's break from China and new anti-China orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-car13_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-car13-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">pan-Turkism</a>, these separatists established a constitution which mandated <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law in the short-lived Islamic republic.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The First ETR gave political meaning to the erstwhile geographical term of East Turkestan.<sup id="cite_ref-Millward_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millward-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not recognized by any country, however.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">warlord</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a> (盛世才) quickly defeated the ETR and ruled Xinjiang for the decade after 1934 with close support from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_ETR_(within_China).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Location of the Second East Turkestan Republic in China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Second_ETR_%28within_China%29.png/150px-Second_ETR_%28within_China%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Second_ETR_%28within_China%29.png/225px-Second_ETR_%28within_China%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Second_ETR_%28within_China%29.png/300px-Second_ETR_%28within_China%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2409" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Second_East_Turkestan_Republic_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of the Second East Turkestan Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Second_East_Turkestan_Republic_%282%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Second_East_Turkestan_Republic_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Second_East_Turkestan_Republic_%282%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Second_East_Turkestan_Republic_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Second_East_Turkestan_Republic_%282%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Second_East_Turkestan_Republic_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Territorial extent (left) and flag (right) of the <a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">Second East Turkestan Republic</a> (1944–1946)</div></div></div></div> <p>Eventually, the Soviet Union exploited the change in power from Sheng to <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> officials to create the puppet <a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">Second East Turkestan Republic</a> (1944–1946) in present-day <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture</a> to exploit its minerals, later justifying it as a national liberation movement against the "reactionary" Kuomintang regime.<sup id="cite_ref-Ildiko_2007_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ildiko_2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amid the anti-Han programs and policies<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and exclusion of "<a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagans</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-wp_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">non-Muslims</a>, from the separatist government, Kuomintang leaders based in Dihua (Ürümqi) appealed to the long Chinese history in the region to justify its sovereignty over Xinjiang. In response, Soviet historians produced <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">revisionist histories</a> to help the ETR justify its own claims to sovereignty, with statements such as that the Uyghurs were the "most ancient Turkic people" that had contributed to world civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-Ildiko_2007_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ildiko_2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1946, the Soviet Union withdrew its support for the ETR.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, scholars had thought of Xinjiang as a "cultural backwater" compared to the other Central Asian states during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ildiko_2008_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ildiko_2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local British and US <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consuls</a>, also intrigued by the separatist government, published their own histories of the region. The Soviet Uyghur histories produced during its support of the ETR remain the basis of Uyghur nationalist publications today.<sup id="cite_ref-Ildiko_2007_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ildiko_2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_century">Late 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seidenstrasse_GMT_Ausschnitt_Zentralasien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map of Central Asia and the Silk Road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Seidenstrasse_GMT_Ausschnitt_Zentralasien.jpg/220px-Seidenstrasse_GMT_Ausschnitt_Zentralasien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Seidenstrasse_GMT_Ausschnitt_Zentralasien.jpg/330px-Seidenstrasse_GMT_Ausschnitt_Zentralasien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Seidenstrasse_GMT_Ausschnitt_Zentralasien.jpg/440px-Seidenstrasse_GMT_Ausschnitt_Zentralasien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>According to one definition of East Turkestan, the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> mountain system separates East Turkestan from <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a> in Xinjiang.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> in 1949, with Xinjiang divided between Kuomintang forces and ETR secessionists, the Communist leadership <a href="/wiki/Political_Accession_of_Xinjiang_to_Chinese_Communist_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Accession of Xinjiang to Chinese Communist Control">persuaded both governments</a> to surrender and accept the succession of the People's Republic of China government<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and negotiated the establishment of Communist provincial governments in <a href="/wiki/Yining" title="Yining">Yining</a> (Ghulja) and Dihua.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibb_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibb-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 1, 1955, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> Chairman <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> designated Xinjiang a "Uyghur Autonomous Region",<sup id="cite_ref-Starr_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creating a regionwide Uyghur identity which overtook Uyghurs' traditionally local and <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a>-based identities.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Soviet Union initially suppressed the publications of its past Uyghur studies programs, after the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> in the 1960s, it revived its Uyghur studies program as part of an "ideological war" against China.<sup id="cite_ref-Ildiko_2007_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ildiko_2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shulsky_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shulsky-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "East Turkestan" was popularized in academic works,<sup id="cite_ref-Rumer_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rumer-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but inconsistently: at times, the term East Turkestan only referred to as the area in Xinjiang south of the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> mountains, corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Rumer_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rumer-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the areas north of the Tian Shan mountains were called Dzungaria or Zungaria.<sup id="cite_ref-Rahman_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herbertson_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbertson-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tursun Rakhimov, a Uyghur historian for the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> during the Sino-Soviet split,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argued in his 1981 book "Fate of the Non-Han Peoples of the PRC" that "both" East Turkestan and Dzungaria were conquered by China and "renamed" Xinjiang. Occasionally, he used East Turkestan and Xinjiang interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-Ildiko_2007_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ildiko_2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concurrently, during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> and the Revolution's campaigns against "local nationalism", the government had come to associate the term East Turkestan with Uyghur separatism and "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_hostile_force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign hostile force (page does not exist)">foreign hostile forces</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%83%E5%A4%96%E6%95%B5%E5%B0%8D%E5%8B%A2%E5%8A%9B" class="extiw" title="zh:境外敵對勢力">zh</a>]</span>" and forbade its usage.<sup id="cite_ref-Rahman_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uyghur nationalist historian <a href="/wiki/Turghun_Almas" title="Turghun Almas">Turghun Almas</a> and his book <a href="/wiki/Uyghurlar" title="Uyghurlar">Uyghurlar</a> (The Uyghurs) and Uyghur nationalist accounts of history were galvanized by Soviet stances on history, "firmly grounded" in Soviet Turcological works, and both heavily influenced and partially created by Soviet historians and Soviet works on Turkic peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet historiography spawned the rendering of Uyghur history found in Uyghurlar.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almas claimed that Central Asia was "the motherland of the Uyghurs" and also the "ancient golden cradle of world culture".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The global trends set by the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in the 1990s and the rise of global <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Starr_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">pan-Turkism</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revived separatist sentiments in Xinjiang and led to a wave of political violence that killed 162 people between 1990 and 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-Rumer_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rumer-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2001, the government of China lifted its ban on state media's using the terms "Uyghurstan"<sup id="cite_ref-Starr_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "East Turkestan",<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of a general opening up after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> to the world about political violence in Xinjiang and a plea for international help to suppress East Turkestan terrorists.<sup id="cite_ref-APCSS_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APCSS-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rumer_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rumer-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Government_in_Exile" title="East Turkistan Government in Exile">East Turkistan Government in Exile</a> was established in Washington, D.C. under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Yusuf_Turani" title="Anwar Yusuf Turani">Anwar Yusuf Turani</a> to strive for East Turkistan's independence.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To justify the PRC's claim to East Turkestan, a white paper was published in 2019 which made a statement that 'East Turkestan' never existed and it was only called 'Xinjiang' and been part of China since early history.<sup id="cite_ref-jpolrisk_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpolrisk-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East Turkestan was historically not treated as an inseparable part of China, but rather colonized by Han Chinese who had little in common with the Uyghur population.<sup id="cite_ref-jpolrisk_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpolrisk-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 28, 2017, it was announced by the <a href="/wiki/Qira_County" title="Qira County">Qira County</a> government in <a href="/wiki/Hotan_Prefecture" title="Hotan Prefecture">Hotan Prefecture</a> that those who reported others for stitching the '<a href="/wiki/Star_and_crescent" title="Star and crescent">star and crescent moon</a>' insignia on their clothing or personal items or having the words 'East Turkestan' on their mobile phone case, purse, or other jewelry, would be eligible for cash payments.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a></div> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">history of Xinjiang</a> in particular is contested between the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">government of China</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">Uyghur separatists</a>, the official and common name of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> (with its <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> counterpart, <i>Shinjang</i>) is rejected by those seeking independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Starr_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "East Turkestan", a term of Russian origin, asserts a continuity with a "West Turkestan" or the now-independent states of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ildiko_2007_26-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ildiko_2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all of those states accept the designation of "Turkestan", however. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>-speaking population feels more closely aligned with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphrey_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphrey-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For separatists,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chung_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East Turkestan is coterminous with <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> or the independent state that <a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">they would like to lead</a> in Xinjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of the term "East Turkestan" argue that the name Xinjiang is arrogant, because if the individual Chinese characters are to be taken literally and not as a <a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">proper name</a>, then Xinjiang means "New Territory".<sup id="cite_ref-Rahman_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Chinese scholars have advocated a name change for the region or a reversion to the older term <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Xiyu</a> ("Western Regions"), arguing that "Xinjiang" might mislead people into thinking that Xinjiang is "new" to China. Other scholars defend the name, noting that Xinjiang was new to the late <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, which gave Xinjiang its current name.<sup id="cite_ref-Rahman_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uyghurprotest_DC_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Uyghur anti-China demonstration in Washington, D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Uyghurprotest_DC_2.jpg/220px-Uyghurprotest_DC_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Uyghurprotest_DC_2.jpg/330px-Uyghurprotest_DC_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Uyghurprotest_DC_2.jpg/440px-Uyghurprotest_DC_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption>The term "East Turkestan" is primarily used by, and is associated with, Uyghur separatists (<a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diasporic</a> protest in Washington, D.C. shown)</figcaption></figure> <p>In modern separatist usage,<sup id="cite_ref-Starr_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Uyghuristan", which means "land of the Uyghurs", is a synonym for Xinjiang or a potential state in Xinjiang,<sup id="cite_ref-APCSS_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APCSS-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like "East Turkestan".<sup id="cite_ref-bovingdon4_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bovingdon4-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shulsky_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shulsky-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no consensus among separatists about whether to use "East Turkestan" or "Uyghurstan".<sup id="cite_ref-Ildiko_2008_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ildiko_2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "East Turkestan" has the advantage of also being the name of two historic political entities in the region, while Uyghurstan appeals to modern ideas of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. East Turkistan was also used in the context of Yaqub Beg's Kashgaria in the mid-1800s. Uyghurstan is also a difference in emphasis in that it excludes more peoples in Xinjiang than just the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Priniotakis_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Priniotakis-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the "East Turkestan" movement<sup id="cite_ref-Pan_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pan-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is still a <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> phenomenon. <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> Muslims are largely alienated from the movement,<sup id="cite_ref-APCSS_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APCSS-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as are Uyghurs who live closer to the eastern provinces of China. Separatist sentiment is strongest among the Uyghur <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Starr_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who practice what has been called "cyber-separatism", encouraging the use of "East Turkestan" on their websites and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, "Uyghurstan" referred to the northeastern oasis region of "<a href="/wiki/Hami" title="Hami">Kumul</a>-<a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turfan</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Gladney_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gladney-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Chinese Turkestan", while synonymous with East Turkestan in historical terms,<sup id="cite_ref-Herbertson_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbertson-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is not used today, rejected by Uyghur separatists for the "Chinese" part of the name and by China for the "Turkestan" part.<sup id="cite_ref-Millward_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millward-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, the terms "East Turkestan", "Uyghurstan",<sup id="cite_ref-Priniotakis_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Priniotakis-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even "Turkestan" alone connote old Western imperialism and the past East Turkestan republics and modern militant groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_Islamic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="East Turkestan Islamic Movement">East Turkestan Islamic Movement</a> (ETIM). The government of China conflates the violence of differing separatist groups, such as the ETIM and the <a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_Liberation_Organization" title="East Turkestan Liberation Organization">East Turkestan Liberation Organization</a>, as coming simply from "East Turkestan forces".<sup id="cite_ref-Millward_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millward-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">diplomatic missions</a> have objected to foreigners' use of "East Turkestan". They argue that the term is political and no longer geographical or historical and that its use represents "a provocation" to the sovereignty of China.<sup id="cite_ref-Rahman_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical definitions for "East Turkestan" are multifarious and ambiguous, reflecting that, outside of Chinese administration,<sup id="cite_ref-Ildiko_2008_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ildiko_2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the area now called "Xinjiang" was not geographically or demographically a single region.<sup id="cite_ref-Starr_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The territorial definition, as claimed by the East Turkistan Government in Exile<sup id="cite_ref-East_Turkistan_at_a_Glance_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East_Turkistan_at_a_Glance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and International Support for Uyghurs,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> includes the bulk of Xinjiang (excluding the disputed territory of <a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a>), as well as parts of western <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Subei_Mongol_Autonomous_County" title="Subei Mongol Autonomous County">Subei Mongol Autonomous County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aksay_Kazakh_Autonomous_County" title="Aksay Kazakh Autonomous County">Aksay Kazakh Autonomous County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a> city, and <a href="/wiki/Guazhou_County" title="Guazhou County">Guazhou County</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lenghu" title="Lenghu">Lenghu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangnai" title="Mangnai">Mangnai</a>). The <a href="/wiki/World_Uyghur_Congress" title="World Uyghur Congress">World Uyghur Congress</a> considers East Turkestan to be the area of Xinjiang along with territory claimed to be annexed by a "neighboring Chinese province" in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkestan" title="Afghan Turkestan">Afghan Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Government_in_Exile" title="East Turkistan Government in Exile">East Turkistan Government in Exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Uyghur_people" title="History of the Uyghur people">History of the Uyghur people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurtulush_Yolida" title="Qurtulush Yolida">Qurtulush Yolida</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/20030526/6.htm">"VI. Progress in Education, Science and Technology, Culture and Health Work"</a>. <i>History and Development of Xinjiang</i>. <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a>. May 26, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110129173414/http://china.org.cn/e-white/20030526/6.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+and+Development+of+Xinjiang&rft.atitle=VI.+Progress+in+Education%2C+Science+and+Technology%2C+Culture+and+Health+Work&rft.date=2003-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fe-white%2F20030526%2F6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-East_Turkistan_at_a_Glance-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-East_Turkistan_at_a_Glance_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-East_Turkistan_at_a_Glance_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-East_Turkistan_at_a_Glance_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://east-turkistan.net/east-turkistan-at-a-glance/">"East Turkistan at a Glance"</a>. <i>East Turkistan Government in Exile</i>. March 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+Turkistan+Government+in+Exile&rft.atitle=East+Turkistan+at+a+Glance&rft.date=2021-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feast-turkistan.net%2Feast-turkistan-at-a-glance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexeh.htm">"National Data"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200415082955/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexeh.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjsj%2Fndsj%2F2019%2Findexeh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uyghurcongress.org/en/east-turkestan-2/">"East Turkistan"</a>. <i>World Uyghur Congress</i>. September 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Uyghur+Congress&rft.atitle=East+Turkistan&rft.date=2016-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uyghurcongress.org%2Fen%2Feast-turkestan-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelter2023" class="citation news cs1">Kelter, Frederik (August 9, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/9/conflict-over-the-clock-china-among-countries-where-time-is-political">"Conflict over clocks: China among countries where time is political"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2024</span>. <q>Xinjiang's provincial capital, Urumqi, is geographically two hours behind Beijing<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Conflict+over+clocks%3A+China+among+countries+where+time+is+political&rft.date=2023-08-09&rft.aulast=Kelter&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F8%2F9%2Fconflict-over-the-clock-china-among-countries-where-time-is-political&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORE-terminology-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ORE-terminology_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ORE-terminology_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamalov2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kamalov, Ablet (2021). "Uyghur Historiography". In Ludden, David (ed.). <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277727.013.637">10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.637</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027772-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027772-7"><bdi>978-0-19-027772-7</bdi></a>. <q>The split of Central Asia into Russian and Chinese domains did not terminate the intensive interactions between the peoples of the areas, which since the 19th century have been known as "Russian" (West) and "Chinese" (East) Turkestan (Greater Turkistan also included parts of other countries, such as Afghanistan).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uyghur+Historiography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Asian+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277727.013.637&rft.isbn=978-0-19-027772-7&rft.aulast=Kamalov&rft.aufirst=Ablet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamalov-2007-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kamalov-2007_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamalov-2007_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamalov2007" class="citation book cs1">Kamalov, Ablet (2007). "The Uyghurs as a Part of Central Asian Commonality: Soviet Historiography on the Uyghurs". In Beller-Hann, Ildiko; Cesàro, M. Cristina; Finley, Joanne Smith (eds.). <i>Situating the Uyghurs Between China and Central Asia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315243054" title="Special:BookSources/9781315243054"><bdi>9781315243054</bdi></a>. <q>It was Russian scholarship, for instance, that introduced for the first time the terms 'West Turkestan' and 'East Turkestan'. In 1829, the Russian sinologist N. Bichurin stated: 'it would be better here to call Bukhara's Turkestan the Western one, and Chinese Turkestan the Eastern [...]'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Uyghurs+as+a+Part+of+Central+Asian+Commonality%3A+Soviet+Historiography+on+the+Uyghurs&rft.btitle=Situating+the+Uyghurs+Between+China+and+Central+Asia&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781315243054&rft.aulast=Kamalov&rft.aufirst=Ablet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129124734/https://www.npm.gov.tw/exh98/frontier/en1.html">"Introduction"</a>. <i>The Lost Frontier Treaty Maps that Changed Qing's Northwestern Boundaries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npm.gov.tw/exh98/frontier/en1.html">the original</a> on January 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2020</span>. <q>The Qianlong emperor (1736–1796) named the region <i>Xinjiang</i>, for New Territory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lost+Frontier+Treaty+Maps+that+Changed+Qing%27s+Northwestern+Boundaries&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npm.gov.tw%2Fexh98%2Ffrontier%2Fen1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNPO-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNPO_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unpo.org/members/7872">"UNPO: East Turkestan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a>. December 16, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190907100620/https://unpo.org/members/7872">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNPO%3A+East+Turkestan&rft.pub=Unrepresented+Nations+and+Peoples+Organization&rft.date=2015-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funpo.org%2Fmembers%2F7872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/9780674970441-009/html">"6. From Party to Nation"</a>. <i>Uyghur Nation</i>. Harvard University Press. 2016. pp. 173–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2F9780674970441-009">10.4159/9780674970441-009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674970441" title="Special:BookSources/9780674970441"><bdi>9780674970441</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+From+Party+to+Nation&rft.btitle=Uyghur+Nation&rft.pages=173-203&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2F9780674970441-009&rft.isbn=9780674970441&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.4159%2F9780674970441-009%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladney2000" class="citation journal cs1">Gladney, Dru C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/inas/2/2/article-p119_1.xml">"New Perspectives on the 'New Region' of China: Reconsidering Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region"</a>. <i>Inner Asia</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 119–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F146481700793647841">10.1163/146481700793647841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inner+Asia&rft.atitle=New+Perspectives+on+the+%27New+Region%27+of+China%3A+Reconsidering+Xinjiang+Uyghur+Autonomous+Region&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-120&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F146481700793647841&rft.aulast=Gladney&rft.aufirst=Dru+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Finas%2F2%2F2%2Farticle-p119_1.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrophy2018" class="citation book cs1">Brophy, David (2018). "The Uyghurs: Making a Nation". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-318"><i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277727.013.318">10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.318</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027772-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027772-7"><bdi>978-0-19-027772-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Uyghurs%3A+Making+a+Nation&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Asian+History&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277727.013.318&rft.isbn=978-0-19-027772-7&rft.aulast=Brophy&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277727.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277727-e-318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTikhvinskiĭ1981" class="citation book cs1">Tikhvinskiĭ, Sergeĭ Leonidovich and Leonard Sergeevich Perelomov (1981). <i>China and her neighbours, from ancient times to the Middle Ages: a collection of essays</i>. Progress Publishers. p. 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+her+neighbours%2C+from+ancient+times+to+the+Middle+Ages%3A+a+collection+of+essays&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Tikhvinski%C4%AD&rft.aufirst=Serge%C4%AD+Leonidovich+and+Leonard+Sergeevich+Perelomov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHan2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Han, Enze (August 31, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8852779"><i>External Kin, Ethnic Identity and the Politics of Ethnic Mobilization in the People's Republic of China</i></a> (Doctor of Philosophy). The Faculty of Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University. pp. 113–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=External+Kin%2C+Ethnic+Identity+and+the+Politics+of+Ethnic+Mobilization+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.inst=The+Faculty+of+Columbian+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences+of+The+George+Washington+University&rft.date=2010-08-31&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Enze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8852779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200310-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200310_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200310_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200310_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBregel2003">Bregel 2003</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulsewâeIdemaZèurcher1990" class="citation book cs1">Hulsewâe, A.F.P.; Idema, W.L.; Zèurcher, E. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google/books?id=YZo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA176"><i>Thought and Law in Qin and Han China: Studies Dedicated to Anthony Hulsewâe on the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday</i></a>. Vol. 24. E.J. Brill. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09269-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09269-3"><bdi>978-90-04-09269-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thought+and+Law+in+Qin+and+Han+China%3A+Studies+Dedicated+to+Anthony+Hulsew%C3%A2e+on+the+Occasion+of+His+Eightieth+Birthday&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09269-3&rft.aulast=Hulsew%C3%A2e&rft.aufirst=A.F.P.&rft.au=Idema%2C+W.L.&rft.au=Z%C3%A8urcher%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYZo3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuChenWang2022" class="citation book cs1">Liu, J.; Chen, M.; Wang, M. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd9mEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14"><i>The General Theory of Dunhuang Studies</i></a>. Springer Nature Singapore. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-16-9073-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-16-9073-0"><bdi>978-981-16-9073-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+General+Theory+of+Dunhuang+Studies&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Singapore&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-981-16-9073-0&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Chen%2C+M.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKd9mEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGe2018" class="citation book cs1">Ge, Jianxiong (2018). <i>China's Belt and Road Initiatives - Economic Geography Reformation</i>. Springer Nature Singapore. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiatives+-+Economic+Geography+Reformation&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Singapore&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Ge&rft.aufirst=Jianxiong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rumer-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rumer_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rumer_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rumer_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rumer_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rumer_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rumer_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumer,_Eugene_B.Trenin,_DmitriiHuasheng_Zhao2007" class="citation book cs1">Rumer, Eugene B.; Trenin, Dmitrii; Huasheng Zhao (2007). <i>Central Asia: Views from Washington, Moscow, and Beijing</i>. <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. pp. 141–143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Asia%3A+Views+from+Washington%2C+Moscow%2C+and+Beijing&rft.pages=141-143&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Rumer%2C+Eugene+B.&rft.au=Trenin%2C+Dmitrii&rft.au=Huasheng+Zhao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millward-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Millward_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millward_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millward_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millward_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millward_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millward_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward,_James_A.2007" class="citation book cs1">Millward, James A. (2007). <i>Eurasian Crossroads:A History of Xinjiang</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. ix–x, 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Crossroads%3AA+History+of+Xinjiang&rft.pages=ix-x%2C+95&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Millward%2C+James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF豊孝夫新疆ウィグル自治区博物館1988" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">豊, 吉田; 孝夫, 森安; 新疆ウィグル自治区博物館 (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I2952542-00"><bdi lang="ja">麹氏高昌国時代ソグド文女奴隷売買文書</bdi></a>. <i>神戸市外国語大学外国学研究</i> <bdi lang="ja">神戸市外国語大学外国学研究</bdi>: 1–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%A5%9E%E6%88%B8%E5%B8%82%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.atitle=%E9%BA%B9%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%89%E6%96%87%E5%A5%B3%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B7%E5%A3%B2%E8%B2%B7%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8&rft.pages=1-50&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=%E8%B1%8A&rft.aufirst=%E5%90%89%E7%94%B0&rft.au=%E5%AD%9D%E5%A4%AB%2C+%E6%A3%AE%E5%AE%89&rft.au=%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiss.ndl.go.jp%2Fbooks%2FR000000004-I2952542-00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rahman-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rahman_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rahman_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rahman_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rahman_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rahman_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rahman_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rahman_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2005" class="citation book cs1">Rahman, Anwar (2005). <i>Sinicization Beyond the Great Wall: China's Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region</i>. Troubador Publishing Ltd. pp. 20–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinicization+Beyond+the+Great+Wall%3A+China%27s+Xinjiang+Uighur+Autonomous+Region&rft.pages=20-26&rft.pub=Troubador+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Anwar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wp-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wp_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/20030526/4.htm">"Origin of the "East Turkistan" Issue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a>. May 1, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190308025900/http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/20030526/4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin+of+the+%22East+Turkistan%22+Issue&rft.pub=State+Council+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.date=2003-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fe-white%2F20030526%2F4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ildiko_2008-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ildiko_2008_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ildiko_2008_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ildiko_2008_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ildiko_2008_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ildiko_2008_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ildiko_2008_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellér-Hann,_Ildikó2008" class="citation book cs1">Bellér-Hann, Ildikó (2008). "Place and People". <i>Community Matters in Xinjiang, 1880–1949: Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 35–38, 44–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Place+and+People&rft.btitle=Community+Matters+in+Xinjiang%2C+1880%E2%80%931949%3A+Towards+a+Historical+Anthropology+of+the+Uyghur&rft.pages=35-38%2C+44-45&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Bell%C3%A9r-Hann%2C+Ildik%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Starr-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Starr_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starr_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starr_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starr_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starr_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starr_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starr_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starr_25-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2004" class="citation book cs1">Starr, S. Frederick (2004). <i>Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland</i>. <a href="/wiki/M.E._Sharpe" class="mw-redirect" title="M.E. Sharpe">M.E. Sharpe</a>. pp. 6–7, 11, 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+Muslim+Borderland&rft.pages=6-7%2C+11%2C+14&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=S.+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ildiko_2007-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ildiko_2007_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ildiko_2007_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ildiko_2007_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ildiko_2007_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ildiko_2007_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ildiko_2007_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ildiko_2007_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ildiko_2007_26-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ildiko_2007_26-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellér-Hann,_Ildikó2007" class="citation book cs1">Bellér-Hann, Ildikó (2007). <i>Situating the Uyghurs between China and Central Asia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. pp. 4–5, 32–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Situating+the+Uyghurs+between+China+and+Central+Asia&rft.pages=4-5%2C+32-40&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Bell%C3%A9r-Hann%2C+Ildik%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTayler2008" class="citation book cs1">Tayler, Jeffrey (2008). <i>Murderers in Mausoleums: Riding the Back Roads of Empire Between Moscow and Beijing</i>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. p. 244. <q>Russia, whether or not it had designs on India, was expanding throughout Central Asia and saw no reason that Xinjiang should not belong to the tsar as did other Central Asian lands to the west.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murderers+in+Mausoleums%3A+Riding+the+Back+Roads+of+Empire+Between+Moscow+and+Beijing&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Tayler&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahul1997" class="citation book cs1">Rahul, Ram (1997). <i>Central Asia: An Outline History</i>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Asia%3A+An+Outline+History&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Rahul&rft.aufirst=Ram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-car13-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-car13_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-car13_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Review" title="Central Asian Review">Central Asian Review</a></i>. <b>13</b> (1). London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>: 5. 1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asian+Review&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_untitled_periodical" title="Category:CS1 maint: untitled periodical">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBregel1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bregel" title="Yuri Bregel">Bregel, Yuri</a> (1996). <i>Notes on the Study of Central Asia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Central_Eurasian_Studies_(Indiana_University)" title="Department of Central Eurasian Studies (Indiana University)">Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies</a>. <q>Strictly speaking, 'Russian Turkestan' as a political term was limited only to the territory of the governorate-general of Turkestan and did not include... the khanates of Bukhara and Khiva</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+the+Study+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Research+Institute+for+Inner+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Bregel&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerBrysac,_Shareen_Blair2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_E._Meyer" title="Karl E. Meyer">Meyer, Karl Ernest</a>; Brysac, Shareen Blair (2006). <i>Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. p. 347. <q>Stein repeatedly crossed 18,000-foot passes, settling down to work in the deserts of Chinese Turkestan. It took 182 packing cases to hold the finds of his third expedition (1913–16) to the region he preferred calling Serindia, from the Greek word for China, <i>Seres</i>, meaning silkworm.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tournament+of+Shadows%3A+The+Great+Game+and+the+Race+for+Empire+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Karl+Ernest&rft.au=Brysac%2C+Shareen+Blair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Sinkiang: Land at the Back of Nowhere". <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">LIFE</a></i>. Vol. 15, no. 24. December 1943. pp. 95–103. <q>The Chinese rule Sinkiang. Every now and then (1970, 1932) they have to contend with a rebellion of the Moslem masses, usually led by Chinese-speaking Moslems.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LIFE&rft.atitle=Sinkiang%3A+Land+at+the+Back+of+Nowhere&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=95-103&rft.date=1943-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pan-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pan_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pan_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPan2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pan_Guang" title="Pan Guang">Pan, Guang</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110106141633/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/May_2006/Guang.pdf">"East Turkestan Terrorism and the Terrorist Arc: China's Post-9/11 Anti-Terror Strategy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly</i>. <b>4</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia-Caucasus_Institute" title="Central Asia-Caucasus Institute">Central Asia-Caucasus Institute</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silk_Road_Studies_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silk Road Studies Program (page does not exist)">Silk Road Studies Program</a>: 19–24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/May_2006/Guang.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+and+Eurasia+Forum+Quarterly&rft.atitle=East+Turkestan+Terrorism+and+the+Terrorist+Arc%3A+China%27s+Post-9%2F11+Anti-Terror+Strategy&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=19-24&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pan&rft.aufirst=Guang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silkroadstudies.org%2Fnew%2Fdocs%2FCEF%2FQuarterly%2FMay_2006%2FGuang.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2016" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Huasheng (2016). "Central Asia in Chinese Strategic Thinking". <i>The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform</i>. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9764-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9764-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-9764-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/939553543">939553543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Central+Asia+in+Chinese+Strategic+Thinking&rft.btitle=The+new+great+game+%3A+China+and+South+and+Central+Asia+in+the+era+of+reform&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F939553543&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Huasheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dillon-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dillon_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dillon_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dillon_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2004" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Michael (2004). <i>Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest</i>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. pp. 32–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+Muslim+Far+Northwest&rft.pages=32-35&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibb-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibb_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.A.R._Gibb1954" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Alexander_Rosskeen_Gibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb">H.A.R. Gibb</a> (1954). "Kuldja". <i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (new ed.). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. p. 364.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kuldja&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=364&rft.edition=new&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1954&rft.au=H.A.R.+Gibb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaçinerÖzcanBal2001" class="citation book cs1">Laçiner, Sedat; Özcan, Mehmet; Bal, İhsan (2001). <i>USAK Yearbook of International Politics and Law</i>. Vol. 3. p. 408.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=USAK+Yearbook+of+International+Politics+and+Law&rft.pages=408&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=La%C3%A7iner&rft.aufirst=Sedat&rft.au=%C3%96zcan%2C+Mehmet&rft.au=Bal%2C+%C4%B0hsan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shulsky-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shulsky_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shulsky_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShulsky,_Abram_N.2000" class="citation book cs1">Shulsky, Abram N. (2000). <i>Deterrence Theory and Chinese Behavior</i>. <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deterrence+Theory+and+Chinese+Behavior&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Shulsky%2C+Abram+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbertson-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herbertson_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herbertson_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbertson,_Fanny_Dorothea1903" class="citation book cs1">Herbertson, Fanny Dorothea (1903). <i>Asia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Adam_%26_Charles_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam & Charles Black">Adam & Charles Black</a>. p. xxxv. <q>Sin-tsiang is made up of the Tarim basin or Chinese (Eastern) Turkestan and Zungaria. The former is a desert with marginal oases where rivers descend from the mountains. The chief centres are Yarkand and Kashgar. Zungaria is a relatively low and fertile steppe land, leading from the low-lands of Southern Siberia to the Mongolian plateau.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia&rft.pages=xxxv&rft.pub=Adam+%26+Charles+Black&rft.date=1903&rft.au=Herbertson%2C+Fanny+Dorothea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1892" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, William (1892). <i>A Class-Book of Modern Geography</i>. G. Philip & son. p. 238. <q>Zungaria includes the wild and desolate region between the Thian-Shan and the Altai Mountains, and is bounded by Eastern Turkestan on the <i>south</i>, and by Russian Central Asia on the <i>west</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Class-Book+of+Modern+Geography&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=G.+Philip+%26+son&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><i>Canadian Slavonic Papers</i>. <b>17</b>. Canadian Association of Slavists: 352. 1975. <q>[Tursun Rakhimov] is not only the author and editor of a number of Uighur linguistic studies, but also an expert on articles about the persecution of the national minorities in the PRC. One may say that this 'personal union' of the Uighur scholar and the Soviet propagandist once more illustrates the intense interdependence of the status of the Soviet Uighurs and their role in Soviet Policy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Slavonic+Papers&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=352&rft.date=1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_untitled_periodical" title="Category:CS1 maint: untitled periodical">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NKCU3BdeBbEC&pg=PA41">Bellér-Hann 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822011225/https://books.google.com/books?id=NKCU3BdeBbEC&pg=PA41">Archived</a> August 22, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NKCU3BdeBbEC&pg=PA33">Bellér-Hann 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822000313/https://books.google.com/books?id=NKCU3BdeBbEC&pg=PA33">Archived</a> August 22, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NKCU3BdeBbEC&pg=PA4">Bellér-Hann 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822075718/https://books.google.com/books?id=NKCU3BdeBbEC&pg=PA4">Archived</a> August 22, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCovarrubiasLansford2007" class="citation book cs1">Covarrubias, Jack; Lansford, Tom (2007). <i>Strategic Interests in the Middle East: Opposition and Support for US Foreign Policy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. p. 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategic+Interests+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Opposition+and+Support+for+US+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Covarrubias&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Lansford%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Roy, Olivier</a> (2005). <i>Turkey Today: A European Country?</i>. Anthem Press. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+Today%3A+A+European+Country%3F&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladney2002" class="citation web cs1">Gladney, Dru (July 20, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.incore.ulst.ac.uk/publications/pdf/xuar.pdf">"Ethnic Conflict Prevention in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: New Models for China's New Region"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928065437/http://www.incore.ulst.ac.uk/publications/pdf/xuar.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Conflict+Prevention+in+the+Xinjiang+Uyghur+Autonomous+Region%3A+New+Models+for+China%27s+New+Region&rft.date=2002-07-20&rft.aulast=Gladney&rft.aufirst=Dru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.incore.ulst.ac.uk%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2Fxuar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-APCSS-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APCSS_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APCSS_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APCSS_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Wie_Davis,_Elizabeth2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Van_Wie_Davis" title="Elizabeth Van Wie Davis">Van Wie Davis, Elizabeth</a> (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apcss.org/Publications/APCSS--%20Uyghur%20Muslim%20Separatism%20in%20Xinjiang.doc">"Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism in Xinjiang, China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Center_for_Security_Studies" title="Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies">Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011101305/http://apcss.org/Publications/APCSS--%20Uyghur%20Muslim%20Separatism%20in%20Xinjiang.doc">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2011</span>. <q>The desired outcome by groups that use violence is, broadly speaking, a separate Uyghur state, called either Uyghuristan or Eastern Turkistan, which lays claim to a large part of China.... The largest [Muslim] group, the Hui who have blended fairly well into Chinese society, regard some Uyghurs as unpatriotic separatists who give other Chinese Muslims a bad name.... China's official statement on "East Turkestan terrorists" published in January 2002 listed several groups allegedly responsible for violence</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uyghur+Muslim+Ethnic+Separatism+in+Xinjiang%2C+China&rft.pub=Asia-Pacific+Center+for+Security+Studies&rft.date=2008-01&rft.au=Van+Wie+Davis%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apcss.org%2FPublications%2FAPCSS--%2520Uyghur%2520Muslim%2520Separatism%2520in%2520Xinjiang.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Voice_of_America_Report_on_Chinese_Opposition_of_ETGIE.ogg">"Voice of America Report on Chinese Opposition of ETGIE"</a>. Voice of America News. September 14, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Voice+of+America+Report+on+Chinese+Opposition+of+ETGIE&rft.date=2004-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AVoice_of_America_Report_on_Chinese_Opposition_of_ETGIE.ogg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpolrisk-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpolrisk_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpolrisk_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRukiye_Turdush,_Uyhgur_Research_Institute2019" class="citation web cs1">Rukiye Turdush, Uyhgur Research Institute (August 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpolrisk.com/genocide-as-nation-building-chinas-historically-evolving-policy-in-east-turkistan/">"Genocide as Nation Building: China's Historically Evolving Policy in East Turkistan"</a>. <i>The Journal of Political Risk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20211220095216/https://www.jpolrisk.com/genocide-as-nation-building-chinas-historically-evolving-policy-in-east-turkistan/">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Political+Risk&rft.atitle=Genocide+as+Nation+Building%3A+China%27s+Historically+Evolving+Policy+in+East+Turkistan&rft.date=2019-08-08&rft.au=Rukiye+Turdush%2C+Uyhgur+Research+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpolrisk.com%2Fgenocide-as-nation-building-chinas-historically-evolving-policy-in-east-turkistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_LipesJilil_Kashgary2017" class="citation web cs1">Joshua Lipes; Jilil Kashgary (April 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/searches-04042017172301.html">"Xinjiang Police Search Uyghur Homes For 'Illegal Items'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a></i>. Translated by Mamatjan Juma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216090012/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/searches-04042017172301.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2019</span>. <q>A second announcement, issued February 28 by the Chira (Cele) county government, said those who report individuals for having "stitched the 'star and crescent moon' insignia on their clothing or personal items" or the words "East Turkestan"—referring to the name of a short-lived Uyghur republic—on their mobile phone case, purse or other jewelry, were also eligible for cash payments.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Asia&rft.atitle=Xinjiang+Police+Search+Uyghur+Homes+For+%27Illegal+Items%27&rft.date=2017-04-04&rft.au=Joshua+Lipes&rft.au=Jilil+Kashgary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fuyghur%2Fsearches-04042017172301.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphrey-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Humphrey_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreySneath1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Humphrey" title="Caroline Humphrey">Humphrey, Caroline</a>; Sneath, David (1999). <i>The End of Nomadism? Society, State, and the Environment in Inner Asia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. pp. v–vi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Nomadism%3F+Society%2C+State%2C+and+the+Environment+in+Inner+Asia&rft.pages=v-vi&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=Sneath%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridan2008" class="citation news cs1">Sheridan, Michael (July 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/olympics/article4406836.ece">"Islamist bombers target Olympics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2011</span>. <q>The group may be allied with the East Turkestan Islamic Movement – designated a terrorist organisation by the US, China and several other countries – which seeks independence for the Muslim Uighur people of China's far west province of Xinjiang, which Uighur separatists call East Turkestan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Islamist+bombers+target+Olympics&rft.date=2008-07-27&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fsport%2Folympics%2Farticle4406836.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chung-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chung_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChung2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chung_Chien-peng" title="Chung Chien-peng">Chung, Chien-peng</a> (July–August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/58030/chien-peng-chung/chinas-war-on-terror-september-11-and-uighur-separatism">"China's "War on Terror": September 11 and Uighur Separatism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>. <b>81</b> (4): 8–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20033235">10.2307/20033235</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20033235">20033235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141211020042/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/58030/chien-peng-chung/chinas-war-on-terror-september-11-and-uighur-separatism">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Beijing now labels as terrorists those who are fighting for an independent state in the northwestern province of Xinjiang, which the separatists call "Eastern Turkestan."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=China%27s+%22War+on+Terror%22%3A+September+11+and+Uighur+Separatism&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=8-12&rft.date=2002-07%2F2002-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20033235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20033235%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Chien-peng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F58030%2Fchien-peng-chung%2Fchinas-war-on-terror-september-11-and-uighur-separatism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wong" title="Edward Wong">Wong, Edward</a> (July 9, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/10/world/asia/10uighur.html">"Chinese Separatists Tied to Norway Bomb Plot"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Beijing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827030334/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/10/world/asia/10uighur.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Many Uighurs call Xinjiang their homeland, and some want an independent state there called East Turkestan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chinese+Separatists+Tied+to+Norway+Bomb+Plot&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F07%2F10%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F10uighur.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bovingdon4-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bovingdon4_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBovingdon2005" class="citation book cs1">Bovingdon, Gardner (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS011.pdf"><i>Autonomy in Xinjiang: Han nationalist imperatives and Uyghur discontent</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Political Studies 15. Washington: East-West Center. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932728-20-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-932728-20-1"><bdi>1-932728-20-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180912055725/https://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS011.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autonomy+in+Xinjiang%3A+Han+nationalist+imperatives+and+Uyghur+discontent&rft.place=Washington&rft.series=Political+Studies+15&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=East-West+Center&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-932728-20-1&rft.aulast=Bovingdon&rft.aufirst=Gardner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastwestcenter.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fstored%2Fpdfs%2FPS011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Priniotakis-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Priniotakis_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Priniotakis_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriniotakis2001" class="citation journal cs1">Priniotakis, Manolis (October 26, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011101543/http://prospect.org/article/chinas-secret-separatists">"China's Secret Separatists: Uyghuristan's Ever-Lengthening Path to Independence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Prospect" title="The American Prospect">The American Prospect</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=chinas_secret_separatists">the original</a> on October 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Prospect&rft.atitle=China%27s+Secret+Separatists%3A+Uyghuristan%27s+Ever-Lengthening+Path+to+Independence&rft.date=2001-10-26&rft.aulast=Priniotakis&rft.aufirst=Manolis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospect.org%2Fcs%2Farticles%3Farticle%3Dchinas_secret_separatists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoneyhon2003" class="citation journal cs1">Moneyhon, Matthew D. (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110103022244/http://www.peacestudiesjournal.org.uk/dl/TamingChina%27sWildWest.PDF">"Taming China's 'Wild West': Ethnic Conflict in Xinjiang"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Peace, Conflict, and Development</i> (5): 9, 17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peacestudiesjournal.org.uk/dl/TamingChina%27sWildWest.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peace%2C+Conflict%2C+and+Development&rft.atitle=Taming+China%27s+%27Wild+West%27%3A+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Xinjiang&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=9%2C+17&rft.date=2003-10&rft.aulast=Moneyhon&rft.aufirst=Matthew+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peacestudiesjournal.org.uk%2Fdl%2FTamingChina%2527sWildWest.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gladney-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gladney_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladney,_Dru_C1990" class="citation journal cs1">Gladney, Dru C (1990). "The Ethnogenesis of the Uighur". <i>Central Asian Survey</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 1–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02634939008400687">10.1080/02634939008400687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Ethnogenesis+of+the+Uighur&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-28&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02634939008400687&rft.au=Gladney%2C+Dru+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isupportuyghurs.org/en/east-turkistan/where-is-east-turkestan">"East Turkistan"</a>. <i>International Support For Uyghurs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Support+For+Uyghurs&rft.atitle=East+Turkistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isupportuyghurs.org%2Fen%2Feast-turkistan%2Fwhere-is-east-turkestan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uyghurcongress.org/en/east-turkestan-2/">"East Turkistan"</a>. <i>World Uyghur Congress</i>. September 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Uyghur+Congress&rft.atitle=East+Turkistan&rft.date=2016-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uyghurcongress.org%2Fen%2Feast-turkestan-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/East_Turkestan" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/East_Turkistan" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:East Turkistan">East Turkistan</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBregel2003" class="citation cs2">Bregel, Yuri (2003), <i>An Historical Atlas of Central Asia</i>, Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Atlas+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bregel&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Turkestan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>East Turkistan to the Twelfth Century</i> (by William Samolin, 1964)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Xinjiang_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Xinjiang_topics" title="Template:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Xinjiang_topics" title="Template talk:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xinjiang_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Xinjiang_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official of the Western Regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>: <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_settlement_of_the_Tarim_Basin" title="Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin">Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Kara Del</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_conquest_of_Altishahr" title="Dzungar conquest of Altishahr">Dzungar conquest of Altishahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_War_of_the_Seven_Khojas" title="Holy War of the Seven Khojas">Holy War of the Seven Khojas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Wars" title="Xinjiang Wars">Xinjiang Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">First East Turkestan Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">Second East Turkestan Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">PRC incorporation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Xinjiang" title="Category:Geography of Xinjiang">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China#Xinjiang" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junggar_Basin" title="Junggar Basin">Junggar Basin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Xinjiang" title="Southern Xinjiang">Southern Xinjiang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbant%C3%BCngg%C3%BCt_Desert" title="Gurbantünggüt Desert">Gurbantünggüt Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtag_Desert" title="Kumtag Desert">Kumtag Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Depression" title="Turpan Depression">Turpan Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou%E2%80%93Xinjiang_railway" title="Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway">Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Xinjiang" title="List of universities and colleges in Xinjiang">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_University" title="Xinjiang University">Xinjiang University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Agricultural_University" title="Xinjiang Agricultural University">Xinjiang Agricultural University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Medical_University" title="Xinjiang Medical University">Xinjiang Medical University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang#Culture" title="Xinjiang">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Doppa_Cultural_Festival" title="Uyghur Doppa Cultural Festival">Doppa Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Xinjiang" title="Music of Xinjiang">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshrep" title="Meshrep">Meshrep gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqam" title="Muqam">Muqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_clothing" title="Tocharian clothing">Tocharian clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dapanji" title="Dapanji">Dapanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandyr_nan" title="Tandyr nan">Nan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangza" title="Sangza">Sangza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">Samsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youtazi" title="Youtazi">Youtazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamirdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamirdin">Pamirdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorba" title="Chorba">Xurpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doner_kebab" title="Doner kebab">Tunurkawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese Islamic cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_cotton_industry" title="Xinjiang cotton industry">Cotton industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaq_Khoja_Mausoleum" title="Afaq Khoja Mausoleum">Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_Mountains" title="Flaming Mountains">Flaming Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaohe_ruins" title="Jiaohe ruins">Jiaohe ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bazaar_(%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi)" title="Grand Bazaar (Ürümqi)">Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Id_Kah_Mosque" title="Id Kah Mosque">Id Kah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakul_(Xinjiang)" title="Karakul (Xinjiang)">Karakul Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya ruins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_unrest" title="1989 Ürümqi unrest">1989 Ürümqi unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barin_uprising" title="Barin uprising">Barin uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_bombings" title="1992 Ürümqi bombings">1992 Ürümqi bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulja_incident" title="Ghulja incident">Ghulja incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_bus_bombings" title="1997 Ürümqi bus bombings">1997 Ürümqi bus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Xinjiang_raid" title="2007 Xinjiang raid">2007 Xinjiang raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Uyghur_unrest" title="2008 Uyghur unrest">2008 Uyghur unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kashgar_attack" title="2008 Kashgar attack">2008 Kashgar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoguan_incident" title="Shaoguan incident">Shaoguan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots" title="July 2009 Ürümqi riots">July 2009 Ürümqi riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2009_Xinjiang_unrest" title="September 2009 Xinjiang unrest">September 2009 Xinjiang unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Aksu_bombing" title="2010 Aksu bombing">2010 Aksu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Hotan_attack" title="2011 Hotan attack">2011 Hotan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kashgar_attacks" title="2011 Kashgar attacks">2011 Kashgar attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pishan_hostage_crisis" title="Pishan hostage crisis">Pishan hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Yecheng_attack" title="2012 Yecheng attack">2012 Yecheng attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Airlines_Flight_7554" title="Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554">Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2013_Bachu_unrest" title="April 2013 Bachu unrest">April 2013 Bachu unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2013_Shanshan_riots" title="June 2013 Shanshan riots">June 2013 Shanshan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Tiananmen_Square_attack" title="2013 Tiananmen Square attack">2013 Tiananmen Square attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kunming_attack" title="2014 Kunming attack">2014 Kunming attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_China%E2%80%93Vietnam_border_shootout" title="2014 China–Vietnam border shootout">2014 China–Vietnam border shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="April 2014 Ürümqi attack">April 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="May 2014 Ürümqi attack">May 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Juma_Tayir" title="Assassination of Juma Tayir">Assassination of Juma Tayir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amursana" title="Amursana">Amursana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrui" title="Mingrui">Mingrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Khoja" title="Jahangir Khoja">Jahangir Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakub_Beg_of_Yettishar" title="Yakub Beg of Yettishar">Yaqub Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">Zuo Zongtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zengxin" title="Yang Zengxin">Yang Zengxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Shuren" title="Jin Shuren">Jin Shuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabit_Damolla" title="Sabit Damolla">Sabit Damolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehmetjan_Qasim" title="Ehmetjan Qasim">Ehmetjan Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebiya_Kadeer" title="Rebiya Kadeer">Rebiya Kadeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Bekri" title="Nur Bekri">Nur Bekri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhi_(politician)" title="Li Zhi (politician)">Li Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Lequan" title="Wang Lequan">Wang Lequan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunxian" title="Zhang Chunxian">Zhang Chunxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Tohti" title="Ilham Tohti">Ilham Tohti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Hudayar" title="Salih Hudayar">Salih Hudayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattar_Sawut" title="Sattar Sawut">Sattar Sawut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirzat_Bawudun" title="Shirzat Bawudun">Shirzat Bawudun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Osman_Yaghma" title="Ghulam Osman Yaghma">Ghulam Osman Yaghma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahile_Dawut" title="Rahile Dawut">Rahile Dawut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Xinjiang" title="Migration to Xinjiang">Migration to Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altishahr" title="Altishahr">Altishahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Government_in_Exile" title="East Turkistan Government in Exile">East Turkistan Government in Exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_National_Awakening_Movement" title="East Turkistan National Awakening Movement">East Turkistan National Awakening Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Uyghur_Congress" title="World Uyghur Congress">World Uyghur Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="China–Kazakhstan relations">China–Kazakhstan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="China–Kyrgyzstan relations">China–Kyrgyzstan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">China–Pakistan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">China–Turkey relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Xinjiang" title="Category:Xinjiang">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xinjiang" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Xinjiang">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="East_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_Asian_topics" title="Template:East Asian topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:East_Asian_topics" title="Template talk:East Asian topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:East_Asian_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:East Asian topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="East_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_countries" title="Category:East Asian countries">Countries and regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_Province" title="Jeju Province">Jeju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/80px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/160px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Han Chinese subgroups">subgroups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Koreans" title="Sakhalin Koreans">in Sakhalin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha in Mongolia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_people" title="Qiang people">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_people" title="Ryukyuan people">Ryukyuans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_people" title="Tujia people">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">other ethnic groups in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Unrecognized ethnic groups in China">unrecognized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">historical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of East Asia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_age_reckoning" title="East Asian age reckoning">Age reckoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_architecture" title="Category:East Asian architecture">Architecture‎</a></li> <li>Art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Taiwanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_blepharoplasty" title="East Asian blepharoplasty">Blepharoplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_calligraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Dance in East Asia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_knotting" title="Chinese knotting">Chinese knotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_festivals_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Cultural festivals in East Asia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design#East_Asian_gardens" title="Garden design">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_hip-and-gable_roof" title="East Asian hip-and-gable roof">Hip-and-gable roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_literature" title="East Asian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">Mādhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_mythology" title="Category:East Asian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts" title="Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Xenic_pronunciations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Xenic pronunciations">Sino-Xenic pronunciations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_East_Asian_surnames" title="Lists of East Asian surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Television in East Asia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_typography" title="East Asian typography">Typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">Yogācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Environment of East Asia">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Climate_Partnership" title="East Asia Climate Partnership">East Asia Climate Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian Monsoon">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_rainy_season" title="East Asian rainy season">Rainy season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Asiatic_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Asiatic Region">Flora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_East_Asia" title="Economy of East Asia">Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Politics of East Asia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trilateral_summit" title="China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit">China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_for_East_Asia" title="Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia">Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_model" title="East Asian model">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="East Asian Bureau of Economic Research">East Asian Bureau of Economic Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Community" title="East Asian Community">East Asian Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_East_Asia" title="Human rights in East Asia">Human rights in East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbors_of_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#East_Asian" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Asia" title="History of East Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of East Asia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of East Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age#East_Asia" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in East Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Sport in East Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Friendship_Athletic_Meeting" title="China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting">China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Football_Federation" title="East Asian Football Federation">East Asian Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Games" title="East Asian Games">East Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Judo_Championships" title="East Asian Judo Championships">East Asian Judo Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_martial_arts" title="Category:East Asian martial arts">East Asian martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Youth_Games" title="East Asian Youth Games">East Asian Youth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EAFF_E-1_Football_Championship" title="EAFF E-1 Football Championship">EAFF E-1 Football Championship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Education in East Asia">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_East_Asian_Research_Universities" title="Association of East Asian Research Universities">Association of East Asian Research Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrossAsia" title="CrossAsia">CrossAsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Economic_Review" title="East Asian Economic Review">East Asian Economic Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Image_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asia Image Collection">East Asia Image Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asia Law Review">East Asia Law Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_studies" title="East Asian studies">East Asian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_East_Asian_Studies" title="Journal of East Asian Studies">Journal of East Asian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Institute_(Ludwigshafen)" title="East Asia Institute (Ludwigshafen)">Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Military in East Asia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">Horses in East Asian warfare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bansensh%C5%ABkai" title="Bansenshūkai">Bansenshūkai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyamoto_Musashi" title="Miyamoto Musashi">Miyamoto Musashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Five_Rings" title="The Book of Five Rings">The Book of Five Rings</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin" title="Yi Sun-sin">Yi Sun-sin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Science and technology in East Asia">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Needham_Research_Institute" title="Needham Research Institute">Needham Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing_in_East_Asia" title="History of printing in East Asia">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_swords" title="Category:East Asian swords">Swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_traditional_medicine" title="Category:East Asian traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNPO" title="Template:UNPO"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UNPO" title="Template talk:UNPO"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UNPO" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UNPO"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikelan" title="Ikelan">Bellah people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haratin" title="Haratin">Haratin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabylia" title="Kabylia">Kabylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_people" title="Ogoni people">Ogoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia" title="Oromia">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Rehoboth Basters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Togoland" title="Western Togoland">Western Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambesia" title="Zambesia">Zambesia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNPO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UNPO.svg/100px-UNPO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UNPO.svg/150px-UNPO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UNPO.svg/200px-UNPO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom" title="Khmer Krom">Khmer Krom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabs" title="Khuzestani Arabs">Khuzestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madheshi_people" title="Madheshi people">Madhesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagalim">Nagalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Southern Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Maluku" title="Republic of South Maluku">South Moluccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Southern Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">West Balochistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezghin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_West_Papua" title="Republic of West Papua">West Papuans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template talk:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalisms<br />in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_nationalism" title="Acholi nationalism">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_nationalism" title="Amhara nationalism">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_nationalism" title="Tigrayan nationalism">Tigrayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_nationalism" title="Igbo nationalism">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_nationalism" title="Ogoni nationalism">Ogoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_nationalism" title="Chicano nationalism">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Québécois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noirism" title="Noirism">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationalism" title="Argentine nationalism">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_nationalism" title="Creole nationalism">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Peruvian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_nationalism" title="Zaza nationalism">Zaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hongkonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawan nationalism">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">in Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_nationalism" title="Hazara nationalism">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_nationalism" title="Meitei nationalism">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon nationalism">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan nationalism">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationalism" title="Thai nationalism">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern & Middle Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">South Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_nationalism" title="Uyghur nationalism">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_nationalism" title="Yakut nationalism">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationalism" title="Azerbaijani nationalism">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationalism" title="Georgian nationalism">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_nationalism" title="Laz nationalism">Laz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Albania" title="Albanian nationalism in Albania">in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Kosovo" title="Albanian nationalism in Kosovo">in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia">in North Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_nationalism" title="Aromanian nationalism">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani nationalism">Romani (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationalism" title="Hungarian nationalism">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_independence" title="Silesian independence">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationalism" title="Slovak nationalism">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_nationalism" title="Belarusian nationalism">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_nationalism" title="Ossetian nationalism">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volga Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpitania" title="Arpitania">Arpitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationalism" title="Estonian nationalism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationalism" title="Finnish nationalism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationalism" title="Icelandic nationalism">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indigenous_sovereignty" title="Australian Indigenous sovereignty">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationalism_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationalism" title="Nigerian nationalism">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan nationalism">Ugandan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsace independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assam separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_independence_movement" title="Champa independence movement">Champa independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Free Papua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Future of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_independence_movement" title="Galician independence movement">Galician independence movement (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Guangdong Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Inner Mongolian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Association" title="Kashubian Association">Kashubian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapu" title="Wallmapu">Mapuche separatist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Independence_Movement" title="Muslim Independence Movement">Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica" title="National Liberation Front of Corsica">National Liberation Front of Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_United_Liberation_Organisation" title="Patani United Liberation Organisation">Patani United Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely autonomy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina Autonomist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country (greater region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarism" title="Katarism">Katarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgistan" title="Lezgistan">Lezgistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Abhimaangeet" title="Marathi Abhimaangeet">Marathi Abhimaangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Saraikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh_movement" title="Sindhudesh movement">Sindhudesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">American Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="wrap"><i><b>Note</b>: Forms of nationalism based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a></i>.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&oldid=1254706895">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&oldid=1254706895</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Xinjiang" title="Category:Geography of Xinjiang">Geography of Xinjiang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="Category:East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geopolitical_terminology" title="Category:Geopolitical terminology">Geopolitical terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_in_China" title="Category:Islam in China">Islam in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_controversies_in_China" title="Category:Political controversies in China">Political controversies in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_China" title="Category:Regions of China">Regions of China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Separatism_in_China" title="Category:Separatism in China">Separatism in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkestan" title="Category:Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Xinjiang_conflict" title="Category:Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1820s_neologisms" title="Category:1820s neologisms">1820s neologisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proposed_countries" title="Category:Proposed countries">Proposed countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkic_toponyms" title="Category:Turkic toponyms">Turkic toponyms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_regions" title="Category:Cultural regions">Cultural regions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Japanese-language_script_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)">CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_untitled_periodical" title="Category:CS1 maint: untitled periodical">CS1 maint: untitled periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2024">Articles with dead external links from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_March_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from March 2023">Use mdy dates from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Uyghur-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Uyghur-language text">Articles containing Uyghur-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_template_Zh_with_sup_tags" title="Category:Pages using template Zh with sup tags">Pages using template Zh with sup tags</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 November 2024, at 08:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Turkestan&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-trxbb","wgBackendResponseTime":178,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.563","walltime":"1.857","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8305,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":281901,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":12435,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":281321,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1552.012 1 -total"," 32.30% 501.363 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.21% 375.787 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 10.66% 165.411 1 Template:Native_name"," 8.68% 134.783 27 Template:Cite_book"," 8.56% 132.791 13 Template:Cite_web"," 7.36% 114.182 1 Template:Uyghur_people"," 7.31% 113.389 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.20% 111.777 1 Template:Ethnic_group_sidebar"," 5.09% 79.063 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.937","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19742702,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBellér-Hann,_Ildikó2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellér-Hann,_Ildikó2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBovingdon2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBregel1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBregel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrophy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChung2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCovarrubiasLansford2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGe2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGladney,_Dru_C1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGladney2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGladney2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH.A.R._Gibb1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbertson,_Fanny_Dorothea1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHulsewâeIdemaZèurcher1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphreySneath1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshua_LipesJilil_Kashgary2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamalov2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamalov2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelter2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaçinerÖzcanBal2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuChenWang2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyerBrysac,_Shareen_Blair2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillward,_James_A.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoneyhon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriniotakis2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahul1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRukiye_Turdush,_Uyhgur_Research_Institute2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRumer,_Eugene_B.Trenin,_DmitriiHuasheng_Zhao2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheridan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShulsky,_Abram_N.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTayler2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTikhvinskiĭ1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Wie_Davis,_Elizabeth2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhao2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF豊孝夫新疆ウィグル自治区博物館1988\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 13,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cslist\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"East Asian topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic nationalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Xinjiang\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"UNPO\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Uyghur people\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Xinjiang topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-x4q2f","timestamp":"20241124053739","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"East Turkestan","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Turkestan","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q840601","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q840601","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-03-17T19:45:51Z","dateModified":"2024-11-01T08:02:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/79\/East_Turkistan_Map_and_Location_per_ETGE.png","headline":"loosely defined region in Central Asia"}</script> </body> </html>