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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Classical period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Medieval period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribalism_and_nomadism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribalism_and_nomadism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tribalism and nomadism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribalism_and_nomadism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>British occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-colonial_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-colonial_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Post-colonial history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-colonial_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance_and_political_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance_and_political_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Governance and political disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance_and_political_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Balochistan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بلوشستان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلوشستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beluchist%C3%A1n" title="Beluchistán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Beluchistán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99lucistan_(tarixi_%C9%99razi)" title="Bəlucistan (tarixi ərazi) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bəlucistan (tarixi ərazi)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2)" title="বেলুচিস্তান (অঞ্চল) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেলুচিস্তান (অঞ্চল)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Белуджыстан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Белуджыстан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Белуджистан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Белуджистан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balu%C4%8Distan" title="Balučistan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Balučistan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloutchistan" title="Baloutchistan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Baloutchistan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balutxistan_(regi%C3%B3)" title="Balutxistan (regió) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Balutxistan (regió)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Белуджистан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Белуджистан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C3%BA%C4%8Dist%C3%A1n_(historick%C3%A9_%C3%BAzem%C3%AD)" title="Balúčistán (historické území) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Balúčistán (historické území)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(rhanbarth)" title="Balochistan (rhanbarth) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Balochistan (rhanbarth)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchistan" title="Baluchistan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Baluchistan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belutschistan" title="Belutschistan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Belutschistan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belut%C5%A1istan" title="Belutšistan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Belutšistan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Μπαλουχιστάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπαλουχιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%B3n_del_Baluchist%C3%A1n" title="Región del Baluchistán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Región del Baluchistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balu%C4%89io" title="Baluĉio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baluĉio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balutxistan_eskualdea" title="Balutxistan eskualdea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Balutxistan eskualdea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بلوچستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلوچستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloutchistan" title="Baloutchistan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baloutchistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchist%C3%A1n_(rexi%C3%B3n)" title="Baluchistán (rexión) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Baluchistán (rexión)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EB%A3%A8%EC%B9%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84" title="발루치스탄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발루치스탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belud%C5%BEistan" title="Beludžistan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Beludžistan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(wilayah)" title="Balochistan (wilayah) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Balochistan (wilayah)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Белуджистан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Белуджистан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C3%BAkistan" title="Balúkistan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Balúkistan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belucistan_(regione_geografica)" title="Belucistan (regione geografica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Belucistan (regione geografica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="בלוצ'יסטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלוצ'יסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬಲೂಚಿಸ್ಥಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಲೂಚಿಸ್ಥಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Balochistan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბელუჯისტანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბელუჯისტანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchistan" title="Baluchistan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Baluchistan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%BB%C3%A7istan" title="Belûçistan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Belûçistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Белужстан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Белужстан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belud%C5%BEist%C4%81na" title="Beludžistāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Beludžistāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belud%C5%BEistanas" title="Beludžistanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Beludžistanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beludzsiszt%C3%A1n_(r%C3%A9gi%C3%B3)" title="Beludzsisztán (régió) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Beludzsisztán (régió)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balotsist%C3%A0na" title="Balotsistàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Balotsistàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_(%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82)" title="ബലൂചിസ്ഥാൻ (ഭൂപ്രദേശം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബലൂചിസ്ഥാൻ (ഭൂപ്രദേശം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="बलुचिस्तान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बलुचिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბელუჯისტანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბელუჯისტანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloetsjistan_(landstreek)" title="Beloetsjistan (landstreek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beloetsjistan (landstreek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="बलुचिस्तान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बलुचिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="バルーチスターン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バルーチスターン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balutsjistan" title="Balutsjistan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Balutsjistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balujiston_(tarixiy_viloyat)" title="Balujiston (tarixiy viloyat) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Balujiston (tarixiy viloyat)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_(%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0)" title="ਬਲੋਚਿਸਤਾਨ (ਖੇਤਰ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਲੋਚਿਸਤਾਨ (ਖੇਤਰ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بلوچستان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بلوچستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belud%C5%BCystan_(kraina_historyczna)" title="Beludżystan (kraina historyczna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Beludżystan (kraina historyczna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchist%C3%A3o" title="Baluchistão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Baluchistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belu%C3%A7istan" title="Beluçistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Beluçistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belucistan" title="Belucistan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Belucistan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Белуджистан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белуджистан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Balochistan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(region)" title="Balochistan (region) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Balochistan (region)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بلوچستان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بلوچستان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%84%DB%86%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بەلۆچستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەلۆچستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Белуџистан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Белуџистан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belud%C5%BEistan" title="Beludžistan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Beludžistan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belut%C5%A1istan" title="Belutšistan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Belutšistan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Balochistan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பலுச்சிசுத்தானம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பலுச்சிசுத்தானம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D0%BB%D2%AF%D2%97%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бәлүҗистан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бәлүҗистан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Балучистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Балучистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belucistan" title="Belucistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Belucistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Белуджистан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Белуджистан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AE%D8%B7%DB%81)" title="بلوچستان (خطہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بلوچستان (خطہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Balochistan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Balochistan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%BE%E8%B7%AF%E6%94%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="俾路支斯坦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="俾路支斯坦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%BE%E8%B7%AF%E6%94%AF" title="俾路支 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="俾路支" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beluc%C4%B1stan" title="Belucıstan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Belucıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%BE%E8%B7%AF%E6%94%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="俾路支斯坦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俾路支斯坦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q181103#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region of southwestern Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the geographic region. For the province in Pakistan, see <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan, Pakistan</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Balochistan (disambiguation)">Balochistan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Balochistan</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="bal">بلۏچستان</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">Region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balochistan region in pink"><img alt="Balochistan region in pink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg/250px-Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg/375px-Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg/500px-Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="928" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Balochistan region in pink</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Countries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2013)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">c. 18–19 million<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_Profile,_Library_of_Congress_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran_Profile,_Library_of_Congress-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CIA_Afghanistan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Afghanistan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EthnicGroups_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EthnicGroups-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a><br /><small><i>Minor:</i> <a href="/wiki/Brahui_people" title="Brahui people">Brahui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jadgal_people" title="Jadgal people">Jadgals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khetrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Khetrans">Khetrans</a></small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a><br /><small><i>Minor:</i> <a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></small></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kharan,_Pakistan" title="Kharan, Pakistan">Kharan</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turbat" title="Turbat">Turbat</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zahedan" title="Zahedan">Zahedan</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Khuzdar" title="Khuzdar">Khuzdar</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan"><img alt="Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zaranj" title="Zaranj">Zaranj</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uthal" title="Uthal">Uthal</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iranshahr,_Iran" title="Iranshahr, Iran">Iranshahr</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dera_Allah_Yar" title="Dera Allah Yar">Dera Allah Yar</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sibi" title="Sibi">Sibi</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kalat,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalat, Pakistan">Kalat</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dera_Murad_Jamali" title="Dera Murad Jamali">D.M. Jamali</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dera_Bugti" class="mw-redirect" title="Dera Bugti">Dera Bugti</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gwadar" title="Gwadar">Gwadar</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chabahar" title="Chabahar">Chabahar</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nushki" title="Nushki">Nushki</a> <br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Balochistan</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">bə-<span style="font-size:90%">LOHTCH</span>-ist-a(h)n, -⁠<span style="font-size:90%">A(H)N</span></i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a>: <span lang="bal" dir="rtl">بلۏچستان</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Balochi-language romanization"><i lang="bal-Latn">Balòcestàn</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[baˈloːt͡ʃest̪ɑːn]</a></span>), also spelled as <b>Baluchistan</b> or <b>Baluchestan</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">historical region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a>'s far southeast and bordering the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> coastline. This <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> and mountains is primarily populated by ethnic <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Balochistan region is split among three countries: <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Administratively it comprises the Pakistani province of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a>, the Iranian province of <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan">Sistan and Baluchestan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Afghanistan" title="Balochistan, Afghanistan">southern areas</a> of Afghanistan, which include <a href="/wiki/Nimruz_Province" title="Nimruz Province">Nimruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helmand_Province" title="Helmand Province">Helmand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Province" title="Kandahar Province">Kandahar</a> provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Balochistan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Balochistan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Human_Rights_in_Balochistan:_A_Case_Study_in_Failure_and_Invisibility_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_in_Balochistan:_A_Case_Study_in_Failure_and_Invisibility-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It borders the <a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a> region to the north, <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> to the east, and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Persian regions</a> to the west. Its southern coastline, including the <a href="/wiki/Makran_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Makran Coast">Makran Coast</a>, is washed by the Arabian Sea, in particular by its western part, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balochistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balochi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Balochi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/350px-Balochi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Balochi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/525px-Balochi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Balochi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/700px-Balochi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption> <div style="text-align: center">The proportion of people with <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> as their <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a> in each Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">District</a> as of the <a href="/wiki/2017_Pakistan_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Pakistan Census">2017 Pakistan Census</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brahui-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Brahui-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/350px-Brahui-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Brahui-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/525px-Brahui-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Brahui-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/700px-Brahui-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption> <div style="text-align: center">The proportion of people with <a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a> as their <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a> in each Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">District</a> as of the <a href="/wiki/2017_Pakistan_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Pakistan Census">2017 Pakistan Census</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The name "Balochistan" is generally believed to derive from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Balochistan_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Balochistan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Baloch people are not mentioned in pre-Islamic sources, it is likely that the Baloch were known by some other name in their place of origin and that they acquired the name "Baloch" only after arriving in Balochistan sometime in the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Elfenbein_Iranica_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elfenbein_Iranica-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johan Hansman relates the term "Baloch" to <i><a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluḫḫa</a></i>, the name by which the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a> is believed to have been known to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Sumerians</a> (2900–2350 BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian civilization">Akkadians</a> (2334–2154 BCE) in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Meluḫḫa</i> disappears from the Mesopotamian records at the beginning of the second millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1973564_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansman1973564-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Hansman states that a trace of it in a modified form, as <i>Baluḫḫu</i>, was retained in the names of products imported by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (911–605 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1973565_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansman1973565-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqdisi" title="Al-Maqdisi">Al-Muqaddasī</a>, who visited the capital of Makran, <a href="/wiki/Bannajbur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannajbur">Bannajbur</a>, wrote <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 985 CE that it was populated by people called <i>Balūṣī</i> (Baluchi), leading Hansman to postulate "Baluch" as a modification of <i>Meluḫḫa</i> and <i>Baluḫḫu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1973568–569_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansman1973568–569-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Asko Parpola</a> relates the name <i>Meluḫḫa</i> to Indo-Aryan words <i><a href="/wiki/Mleccha" title="Mleccha">mleccha</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>) and <i>milakkha/milakkhu</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>) etc., which do not have an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> etymology even though they were used to refer to non-Aryan people. Taking them to be <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">proto-Dravidian</a> in origin, he interprets the term as meaning either a proper name <i>milu-akam</i> (from which <i>tamilakam</i> was derived when the Indus people migrated south) or <i>melu-akam</i>, meaning "high country", a possible reference to Balochistani high lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpolaParpola1975217–220_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpolaParpola1975217–220-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Romila Thapar</a> also interprets <i>Meluḫḫa</i> as a proto-Dravidian term, possibly <i>mēlukku</i>, and suggests the meaning "western extremity" (of the Dravidian-speaking regions in the Indian subcontinent). A literal translation into <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>, <i>aparānta</i>, was later used to describe the region by the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar197510_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar197510-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (356–323 BCE), the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Greeks</a> called the land <i><a href="/wiki/Gedrosia" title="Gedrosia">Gedrosia</a></i> and its people <i>Gedrosoi</i>, terms of unknown origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Bevan2015_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevan2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using etymological reasoning, H. W. Bailey reconstructs a possible <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> name, <i>uadravati</i>, meaning "the land of underground channels", which could have been transformed to <i>badlaut</i> in the 9th century and further to <i>balōč</i> in later times. This reasoning remains speculative.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balochistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Balochistan" title="History of Balochistan">History of Balochistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baluch_mid_19th_C..jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Baluch_mid_19th_C..jpeg/220px-Baluch_mid_19th_C..jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Baluch_mid_19th_C..jpeg/330px-Baluch_mid_19th_C..jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Baluch_mid_19th_C..jpeg/440px-Baluch_mid_19th_C..jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Large Baluch carpet, from the mid 19th century. Alternating rows depict cypress trees and <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmen</a> Gül motifs in offset coloration. The somber background colors are characteristic of Baluch weavings. This likely was a commission for a tribal Khan or chieftain for ceremonial use.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest evidence of human occupation in what is now Balochistan is dated to the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> era. Evidence includes hunting camps, <a href="/wiki/Lithic_scatter" title="Lithic scatter">lithic scatter</a>, and chipped and flaked stone tools. The earliest settled villages in the region date to the ceramic Neolithic (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 7000</span>–6000 BCE) and included the site of <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bolan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolan District">Kachi Plain</a>. These villages expanded in size during the subsequent Chalcolithic when interaction was amplified. This involved the movement of finished goods and raw materials, including <a href="/wiki/Turbinella" title="Turbinella">chank shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a>, and ceramics. By 2500 BCE (the Bronze Age), the region now known as <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Pakistani Balochistan</a> had become part of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilization</a> cultural orbit,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing key resources to the expansive settlements of the Indus river basin to the east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_period">Classical period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balochistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classical period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 1st century to the 3rd century CE, the region was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Paratarajas" title="Paratarajas">Pāratarājas</a> (lit. "Pārata Kings"), a dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian">Indo-Parthian</a> kings. The dynasty of the Pāratas is thought to be identical with the <a href="/wiki/Paradas" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradas">Pāradas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> and other Vedic and Iranian sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETandon2006183_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETandon2006183-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parata kings are primarily known through their coins, which typically exhibit the bust of the ruler (with long hair in a headband) on the obverse, and a <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> within a circular legend on the reverse, written in <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brahmi</a> (usually silver coins) or <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshthi">Kharoshthi</a> (copper coins). These coins are mainly found in <a href="/wiki/Loralai" title="Loralai">Loralai</a> in today's western Pakistan. </p><p>During the wars between <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (356-323 BCE) and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> (336-330 BCE), the Baloch were allied with the last <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> emperor. According to Shustheri (1925), Darius III, after much hesitation, assembled an army at Arbela to counter the army of invading Greeks. His cousin Besius was the commander, leading the horsemen from Balkh. Berzanthis was the commander of the Baloch forces, Okeshthra was the commander of the forces from <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_province" title="Khuzestan province">Khuzistan</a>, Maseus was the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a> contingent, Ozbed was the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, and Phirthaphirna was leading the Sakas and forces from <a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a>, Gurgan, and Khurasan. Obviously, as part of a losing side, the Baloch certainly got their share of punishment from the victorious Macedonian forces.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> in 450 BCE described the <i>Paraitakenoi</i> as a tribe ruled by <a href="/wiki/Deiokes" class="mw-redirect" title="Deiokes">Deiokes</a>, a Persian king, in northwestern Persia (History I.101). <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a> describes how <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> encountered the <i>Pareitakai</i> in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdiana</a>, and had them conquered by <a href="/wiki/Craterus" title="Craterus">Craterus</a> (Anabasis Alexandrou IV). The <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a> (1st century CE) describes the territory of the <i>Paradon</i> beyond the Ommanitic region, on the coast of modern Balochistan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETandon2006201–202_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETandon2006201–202-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balochistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the reign of Arab dynasties, medieval Iran suffered the onslaught of <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurids</a>, and the incursions of <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Guzz Turks</a>. The relationship between the Baloch and nearly all these powers were hostile, and the Baloch suffered enormously during this long period. The Baloch encounters with these powers and the subsequent Baloch miseries forced the Baloch tribes to move from the areas of conflicts and to settle in the farflung and inaccessible regions. The bloody conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuqs</a> were instrumental in waves of migration by the Baloch tribes from <a href="/wiki/Kerman_province" title="Kerman province">Kerman</a> to further east.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Sewa_Dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindu Sewa Dynasty (page does not exist)">Hindu Sewa Dynasty</a> ruled parts of Balochistan, chiefly <a href="/wiki/Kalat,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalat, Pakistan">Kalat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FowleRai1923_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FowleRai1923-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nisa1979_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nisa1979-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sibi_Division" title="Sibi Division">Sibi Division</a>, which was carved out of <a href="/wiki/Quetta_Division" title="Quetta Division">Quetta Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalat_Division" title="Kalat Division">Kalat Division</a> in 1974, derives its name from Rani Sewi, the queen of the Sewa dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Quddus1990_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quddus1990-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1730_Ottens_Map_of_Persia_(Iran,_Iraq,_Turkey)_-_Geographicus_-_RegnumPersicum-ottens-1730_(Mecran).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1730_Ottens_Map_of_Persia_%28Iran%2C_Iraq%2C_Turkey%29_-_Geographicus_-_RegnumPersicum-ottens-1730_%28Mecran%29.jpg/220px-1730_Ottens_Map_of_Persia_%28Iran%2C_Iraq%2C_Turkey%29_-_Geographicus_-_RegnumPersicum-ottens-1730_%28Mecran%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1730_Ottens_Map_of_Persia_%28Iran%2C_Iraq%2C_Turkey%29_-_Geographicus_-_RegnumPersicum-ottens-1730_%28Mecran%29.jpg/330px-1730_Ottens_Map_of_Persia_%28Iran%2C_Iraq%2C_Turkey%29_-_Geographicus_-_RegnumPersicum-ottens-1730_%28Mecran%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1730_Ottens_Map_of_Persia_%28Iran%2C_Iraq%2C_Turkey%29_-_Geographicus_-_RegnumPersicum-ottens-1730_%28Mecran%29.jpg/440px-1730_Ottens_Map_of_Persia_%28Iran%2C_Iraq%2C_Turkey%29_-_Geographicus_-_RegnumPersicum-ottens-1730_%28Mecran%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption>Map of independent Balochistan under the Brahui <a href="/wiki/Kalat_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalat Khanate">Kalat Khanate</a> in 1730.</figcaption></figure> <p>The region was fully Islamized by the 9th century and became part of the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zaranj" title="Zaranj">Zaranj</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Ghorids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghorids">Ghorids</a>. The relation between the Ghaznavids and the Baloch had never been peaceful. Turan and Makuran came under the Ghaznavids founder <a href="/wiki/Sabuktigin" title="Sabuktigin">Sebuktegin</a>'s suzerainty as early as 976-977 CE (Bosworth, 1963). The Baloch tribes fought against Sebuktegin when he attacked Khuzdar in 994. The Baloch were in the army of Saffarids <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khalaf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amir Khalaf (page does not exist)">Amir Khalaf</a> and fought against Mahmud when the Ghaznavids forces invaded Sistan in 1013 (Muir, 1924). Many other occasions were mentioned by the historians of the Ghaznavids era in which the Baloch came into confrontation with the Ghaznavids forces (Nizam al-Mulk, 1960).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are only passing references of Baloch encounters with the Mongol hordes. In one of the classical Balochi ballads, there is mention of a Baloch chieftain, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shah_Baloch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shah Baloch (page does not exist)">Shah Baloch</a>, who, no doubt, heroically resisted a Mongol advance somewhere in Sistan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the long period of en masse migrations, the Baloch were traveling through settled territories, and it could not have been possible to survive simply as wandering nomads. Perpetual migrations, hostile attitudes of other tribes and rulers, and adverse climactic conditions ruined much of their cattle breeding. Settled agriculture became a necessity for the survival of herds and an increased population. They began to combine settled agriculture with animal husbandry. The Baloch tribes now consisted of sedentary and nomadic population, a composition that remained an established feature of the Baloch tribes until recently.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Khanate of Kalat was the first unified polity to emerge in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Balochistan" title="History of Balochistan">history of Balochistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took birth from the confederacy of nomadic <a href="/wiki/Brahui_people" title="Brahui people">Brahui tribes</a> native to the central Balochistan in 1666<sup id="cite_ref-q_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-q-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which under <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_Ahmad_Khan_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir Ahmad Khan I (page does not exist)">Mir Ahmad Khan I</a></i> declared independence from the Mughal suzeraignty<sup id="cite_ref-s_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and slowly absorbed the <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a> principalities in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-q_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-q-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was ruled over by the Brahui Ahmadzai dynasty till 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> made it vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan Durrani Empire</a> in 1749. In 1758 the Khan of Kalat, <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khan_I_Ahmadzai" title="Nasir Khan I Ahmadzai">Nasir Khan I Ahmadzai</a>, revolted against <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shah_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Shah Durrani">Ahmed Shah Durrani</a>, defeated him, and made his Khanate independent from the Durrani Empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribalism_and_nomadism">Tribalism and nomadism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balochistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tribalism and nomadism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baloch tribalism in medieval times was synonymous with pastoral nomadism. Nomadic people, as observed by Heape (1931), regard themselves as the superior of sedentary or agriculturist. It is, perhaps, because the occupation of nomads made them strong, active, and inured to hardship and the dangers which beset a mobile life.<sup id="cite_ref-Gale_-_Institution_Finder_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale_-_Institution_Finder-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The areas of Balochistan where the Baloch tribes moved in had a sedentary population, and the Baloch tribes were compelled to deal with their sedentary neighbors. Being in a weaker position, the Baloch tribes were in need of constant vigils for their survival in new lands. To deal with this problem, they began to make alliances and organized themselves into a more structured way. The structural solution to this problem was to create tribal confederacies or unions. Thus, in conditions of insecurity and disorder or when threatened by a predatory regional authority or a hostile central government, several tribal communities would form a cluster around a chief who had demonstrated his ability to offer protection and security.<sup id="cite_ref-Gale_-_Institution_Finder_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale_-_Institution_Finder-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_occupation">British occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balochistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: British occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British took over the non-Persian section of Balochistan in 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-balochistan.gov.pk_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balochistan.gov.pk-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1870s, <a href="/wiki/Baluchistan_Agency" title="Baluchistan Agency">Baluchistan</a> came under control of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British Indian Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">colonial India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Henige1970_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henige1970-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fundamental objective of the British to enter into a treaty agreement with the Khanate of Kalat was to provide a passage and supplies to the "Army of Indus" on its way to Kandahar through Shikarpur, Jacobabad (Khangadh), Dhadar, Bolan Pass, Quetta, and Khojak Pass. It is interesting to note that the British imperialist interests in Balochistan were not primarily economic as was the case with other regions of India. Rather, it was of a military and geopolitical nature. Their basic objective in their advent in Balochistan was to station garrisons so as to defend the frontiers of British India from any threat coming from Iran and Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-balochistan.gov.pk_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balochistan.gov.pk-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning from 1840, there began a general insurrection against the British rule throughout Balochistan. The Baloch were not ready to accept their country as part of an occupied Afghanistan and to be ruled under a puppet Khan. The Mari tribe rose in revolt and the British retaliated in force. A British contingent under the command of Major Brown on May 11, 1840, attacked the Mari headquarter of Kahan and occupied Kahan Fort and the surrounding areas (Masson, 1974). The Mari forces withdrew from the area, regrouped, and in an ambush wiped out a whole convoy of British troops near Filiji, killing more than one hundred British troops.<sup id="cite_ref-balochistan.gov.pk_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balochistan.gov.pk-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the time of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>, "three pro-Congress parties were still active in Balochistan's politics", such as the <a href="/wiki/Anjuman-i-Watan_Baluchistan" title="Anjuman-i-Watan Baluchistan">Anjuman-i-Watan Baluchistan</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the partition of India">favoured a united India and opposed its partition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-colonial_history">Post-colonial history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balochistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-colonial history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balochistan&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Insurgencies took place in Pakistani Balochistan during 1948, 1958–59, 1962–63 and from 1973–1977. </p><p> In 2021, there was an earthquake that killed dozens of people. This came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/2021_Balochistan_earthquake" title="2021 Balochistan earthquake">2021 Balochistan earthquake</a>. There were other major earthquakes in 2013 (<a href="/wiki/2013_Balochistan_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Balochistan earthquake">2013 Balochistan earthquake</a> and <a href="/wiki/2013_Saravan_earthquake" title="2013 Saravan earthquake">2013 Saravan earthquake</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baloch_people_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Baloch_people_%284%29.jpg/220px-Baloch_people_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Baloch_people_%284%29.jpg/330px-Baloch_people_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Baloch_people_%284%29.jpg/440px-Baloch_people_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Baloch children photographed in <a href="/wiki/Ashkutu" title="Ashkutu">Ashkutu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, in March 2017</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balochistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Balochistan" title="Culture of Balochistan">Culture of Balochistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Balochi_clothing" title="Balochi clothing">Balochi clothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baloch_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Baloch cuisine">Baloch cuisine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balochi_rug" title="Balochi rug">Balochi rug</a></div> <p>The cultural values which are the pillars of the Baloch individual and national identity were firmly established during the twelfth and sixteenth centuries, a period which not only brought sufferings for the Baloch and forced them into en masse migrations but also brought fundamental sociocultural transformation of the Baloch society. An overlapping of pastoral ecology and tribal structure had shaped contemporary Baloch social values. The <a href="/wiki/Pastoralists_and_Graziers_Association_of_Western_Australia" title="Pastoralists and Graziers Association of Western Australia">pastoralist</a> <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> way of life and the inclination to resist the assimilation attempts of various powerful ethnic identities shaped the peculiar Baloch ethnic identity. It was the persecution by strong and organized religions for the last two thousand years that has shaped their secular attitude about religion in social or community affairs. Their independent and stubborn behavior as the distinctive feature of the Baloch identity is consistent with their nomadic or agro-pastoral past.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Med_people" title="Med people">Med</a> o Maraka, for resolution of disputes among the Baloch, is a much-honored tradition. In a broader context, it is, in a way, accepting the guilt by the accused or offender and asking for forgiveness from the affected party. Usually, the offender himself does this by going to the home of the affected person and asking for forgiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Balochi_clothing" title="Balochi clothing">Dress</a> code and personal upkeeping are among the cultural values, which distinguish a Baloch from others. The Baloch dress and personal upkeeping very much resemble the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> ways. Surprisingly, no significant changes can be observed in the Balochi dress since the ancient times. A typical Balochi outfit consisted of loose-fitting and many-folded trousers held by garters, bobbed hair, shirt (<i>qamis</i>), and a head turban. Generally, both hair and beard were carefully curled, but, sometimes, they depended on long straight locks. A typical dress of a Baloch woman consists of a long frock and trouser (<i><a href="/wiki/Salwar" title="Salwar">shalwaar</a></i>) with a headscarf.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balochistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balochistan&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Balochi_music" title="Balochi music">Balochi music</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zahirok" title="Zahirok">Zahirok</a> is one of the most important and well-known balochi song genres, often described as the “Balochi classical music” by the Baloch themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instruments in traditional <a href="/wiki/Balochi_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochi Music">Balochi music</a> include <a href="/wiki/Suroz" title="Suroz">suroz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donali" title="Donali">donali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghaychak" title="Ghaychak">ghaychak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dohol" title="Dohol">dohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorna" title="Sorna">sorna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubab_(instrument)" title="Rubab (instrument)">rubab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemenche" title="Kemenche">kemenche</a>, tamburag and <a href="/wiki/Benju" title="Benju">benju</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balochistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, there is no documented evidence of religious practices of the Baloch in ancient times. Many among the Baloch writers observed that the persecutions of the Baloch by the Sassanid emperors <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> had a strong religious or sectarian element. They believed that there are strong indications that the Baloch were the followers of Mazdakian and <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichean</a> sects of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> religion at the time of their fatal encounters with Sassanid forces. No elaborate structure of religious institutions has been discerned in the Baloch society during the Middle Ages. The Baloch <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Islam" title="Conversion to Islam">converted to Islam</a> (nearly all Baloch belong to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> sect of Islam) after the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Arab conquest</a> of Balochistan during the seventh century.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance_and_political_disputes">Governance and political disputes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balochistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Governance and political disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency</a></div> <p>The Balochistan region is administratively divided among three countries, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. The largest portion in area and population is in Pakistan, whose largest province (in land area) is <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a>. An estimated 6.9 million of Pakistan's population is Baloch. In Iran there are about two million ethnic Baloch<sup id="cite_ref-g_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a majority of the population of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan Province">Sistan and Baluchestan Province</a> is of Baloch ethnicity. The Afghan portion of Balochistan includes the <a href="/wiki/Chahar_Burjak_District" title="Chahar Burjak District">Chahar Burjak District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nimruz_Province" title="Nimruz Province">Nimruz Province</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Registan_Desert" title="Registan Desert">Registan Desert</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Helmand_Province" title="Helmand Province">Helmand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Province" title="Kandahar Province">Kandahar</a> provinces. The governors of Nimruz province in Afghanistan belong to the Baloch ethnic group. President <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> and the military are responsible for the worsening of the conflict in Balochistan.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Balochistan region has also experienced a number of insurgencies with separatist militants demanding independence of Baloch regions in the three countries to form "Greater Balochistan".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Pakistan, insurgencies by separatist militants in Balochistan province have been fought in 1948, 1958–59, 1962–63 and 1973–1977, with a new ongoing low-intensity insurgency<sup id="cite_ref-global_terror_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global_terror-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beginning in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-Hussain-4-25-13_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussain-4-25-13-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, drivers of the conflict are reported to include "tribal divisions", the Baloch-Pashtun ethnic divisions, "marginalization by Punjabi interests", and "economic oppression".<sup id="cite_ref-kupecz-106_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kupecz-106-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, over the years, insurgency waged by separatist militants declined as result of crackdown by Pakistani security forces, infighting among the separatist militants and assassinations of Baloch politicians willing to take part in Pakistan's democratic process by the separatist militants.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Separatist militants in Pakistan demand more autonomy and a greater share in the region's natural resources. The Baloch population in Pakistan has endured grave violations of human rights, which include extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, and torture. These actions are purportedly perpetrated by state security forces and their associates.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, United States declared <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_Liberation_Army" title="Balochistan Liberation Army">Baloch Liberation Army</a>, one of the separatist militants fighting the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">government of Pakistan</a>, a global terrorist group.<sup id="cite_ref-global_terror_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global_terror-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Iran, separatist fighting has reportedly not gained as much ground as the conflict in Pakistan,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has grown and become more sectarian since 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-g_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the majority-Sunni Baloch showing a greater degree of <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">anti-Shia</a> ideology in their fight against the Shia-Islamist <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iran" title="Government of Iran">Iranian government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sistan-Baluchistan, one of Iran's poorest regions has long been plagued by unrest involving drug-smuggling gangs, rebels from the Baluchi minority and Sunni extremists<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balochistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolan_Pass" title="Bolan Pass">Bolan Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seistan_Force" title="Seistan Force">Seistan Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch nationalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balochistan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Iran_Profile,_Library_of_Congress-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iran_Profile,_Library_of_Congress_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf">Iran</a>, <i>Library of Congress, Country Profile</i> . Retrieved December 5, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_Afghanistan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Afghanistan_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a>, <i>The World Factbook</i> . Retrieved December 5, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EthnicGroups-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EthnicGroups_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency2013" class="citation web cs1">Central Intelligence Agency (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003008/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html">"The World Factbook: Ethnic Groups"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html">the original</a> on June 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook%3A+Ethnic+Groups&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2075.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other variations of the spelling, especially on French maps, include <i>Beloutchistan</i> and <i>Baloutchistan</i> also <i>Baloch Land</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDashti2012" class="citation book cs1">Dashti, Naseer (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xIjyLNpusbAC&q=baloch+live+in+balochistan"><i>The Baloch and Balochistan: A Historical Account from the Beginning to the Fall of the Baloch State</i></a>. Trafford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4669-5896-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4669-5896-8"><bdi>978-1-4669-5896-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baloch+and+Balochistan%3A+A+Historical+Account+from+the+Beginning+to+the+Fall+of+the+Baloch+State&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2012-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4669-5896-8&rft.aulast=Dashti&rft.aufirst=Naseer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxIjyLNpusbAC%26q%3Dbaloch%2Blive%2Bin%2Bbalochistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmedKhan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmed, Manzoor; Khan, Gulawar (22 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.pu.edu.pk/journals/index.php/IJSAS/article/view/3087">"The History of Baloch and Balochistan: A Critical Appraisal"</a>. <i>South Asian Studies</i>. <b>32</b> (1 (2017)) – via University of the Punjab.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Baloch+and+Balochistan%3A+A+Critical+Appraisal&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1+%282017%29&rft.date=2020-09-22&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Manzoor&rft.au=Khan%2C+Gulawar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.pu.edu.pk%2Fjournals%2Findex.php%2FIJSAS%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDames1904" class="citation book cs1">Dames, Mansel Longworth (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b4RCAAAAIAAJ&q=baloch+are+living+in+Balochistan"><i>The Baloch Race: A Historical and Ethnological Sketch</i></a>. Royal Asiatic Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baloch+Race%3A+A+Historical+and+Ethnological+Sketch&rft.pub=Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Dames&rft.aufirst=Mansel+Longworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db4RCAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbaloch%2Bare%2Bliving%2Bin%2BBalochistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Balochistan-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Balochistan_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Balochistan_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillalamarri2016" class="citation web cs1">Pillalamarri, Akhilesh (12 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/a-brief-history-of-balochistan/">"A Brief History of Balochistan"</a>. <i>thediplomat.com</i>. THE DIPLOMAT<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Balochistan&rft.date=2016-02-12&rft.aulast=Pillalamarri&rft.aufirst=Akhilesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2016%2F02%2Fa-brief-history-of-balochistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Human_Rights_in_Balochistan:_A_Case_Study_in_Failure_and_Invisibility-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Human_Rights_in_Balochistan:_A_Case_Study_in_Failure_and_Invisibility_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/9541436.html">"Human Rights in Balochistan: A Case Study in Failure and Invisibility"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. 25 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+in+Balochistan%3A+A+Case+Study+in+Failure+and+Invisibility&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.huffpost.com%2Fus%2Fentry%2F9541436.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elfenbein_Iranica-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elfenbein_Iranica_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElfenbein1988" class="citation cs2">Elfenbein, J. (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-iii">"Baluchistan iii. Baluchi Language and Literature"</a>, <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baluchistan+iii.+Baluchi+Language+and+Literature&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Elfenbein&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbaluchistan-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParpola2015">Parpola 2015</a>, Ch. 17: "The identification of Meluhha with the Greater Indus Valley is now almost universally accepted."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansman1973564-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1973564_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansman1973">Hansman 1973</a>, p. 564.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansman1973565-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1973565_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansman1973">Hansman 1973</a>, p. 565.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansman1973568–569-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1973568–569_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansman1973">Hansman 1973</a>, pp. 568–569.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpolaParpola1975217–220-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpolaParpola1975217–220_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParpolaParpola1975">Parpola & Parpola 1975</a>, pp. 217–220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar197510-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar197510_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar1975">Thapar 1975</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bevan2015-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bevan2015_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevan2015" class="citation cs2">Bevan, Edwyn Robert (12 November 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EWdSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA272"><i>The House of Seleucus</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 272, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-08275-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-08275-4"><bdi>978-1-108-08275-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Seleucus&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-11-12&rft.isbn=978-1-108-08275-4&rft.aulast=Bevan&rft.aufirst=Edwyn+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEWdSCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansman1973">Hansman 1973</a>, Appendix C. Gadrōsia, by H. W. Bailey</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoshi2015" class="citation web cs1">Doshi, Riddhi (17 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150517092306/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-did-harappans-eat-how-did-they-look-rakhigarhi-has-the-answers/article1-1348101.aspx">"What did Harappans eat, how did they look? Haryana has the answers"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-did-harappans-eat-how-did-they-look-rakhigarhi-has-the-answers/article1-1348101.aspx">the original</a> on May 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=What+did+Harappans+eat%2C+how+did+they+look%3F+Haryana+has+the+answers&rft.date=2015-05-17&rft.aulast=Doshi&rft.aufirst=Riddhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fwhat-did-harappans-eat-how-did-they-look-rakhigarhi-has-the-answers%2Farticle1-1348101.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETandon2006183-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETandon2006183_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTandon2006">Tandon 2006</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/">"Encyclopedia Britannica | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETandon2006201–202-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETandon2006201–202_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTandon2006">Tandon 2006</a>, pp. 201–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillalamarri" class="citation web cs1">Pillalamarri, Akhilesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/a-brief-history-of-balochistan/">"A Brief History of Balochistan"</a>. <i>thediplomat.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Balochistan&rft.aulast=Pillalamarri&rft.aufirst=Akhilesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2016%2F02%2Fa-brief-history-of-balochistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FowleRai1923-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FowleRai1923_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowleRai1923" class="citation book cs1">Fowle, T. C.; Rai, Diwan Jamiat (1923). <i>Baluchistan</i>. Directorate of Archives, Government of Balochistan. p. 100. <q>The Hindus of Kalat town may indeed be far more indigenous since they claim descent from the ancient Sewa dynasty that ruled Kalat long before the Brahui came to Baluchistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baluchistan&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Archives%2C+Government+of+Balochistan&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Fowle&rft.aufirst=T.+C.&rft.au=Rai%2C+Diwan+Jamiat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nisa1979-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nisa1979_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Balochistan Through the Ages: Geography and history</i>. Nisa Traders. 1979. p. 316. <q>The country up to and including Multan was conquered by the Arabs and the Hindu dynasty of Sind and probably also the Sewa dynasty of Kalat came to an end.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balochistan+Through+the+Ages%3A+Geography+and+history&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Nisa+Traders&rft.date=1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quddus1990-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quddus1990_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuddus1990" class="citation book cs1">Quddus, Syed Abdul (1990). <i>The Tribal Baluchistan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ferozsons" title="Ferozsons">Ferozsons</a>. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-0-10047-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-0-10047-4"><bdi>978-969-0-10047-4</bdi></a>. <q>The Sibi division was carved out of the Quetta and Kalat Divisions in April, 1974, and comprises districts of Sibi, Kachhi, Nasirabad, Kohlu and Dera Bugti. The Division derives its name from the town of Sibi or Sewi. The local tradition attributes the origin of this name to Rani Sewi of the Sewa dynasty which ruled this part of the country in ancient times.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tribal+Baluchistan&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Ferozsons&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-969-0-10047-4&rft.aulast=Quddus&rft.aufirst=Syed+Abdul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.unesco.org/silkroad/node/591">"The Regions of Sind, Baluchistan, Multan and Kashmir: the Historical, Social and Economic Setting | Programme des Routes de la Soie"</a>. <i>fr.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fr.unesco.org&rft.atitle=The+Regions+of+Sind%2C+Baluchistan%2C+Multan+and+Kashmir%3A+the+Historical%2C+Social+and+Economic+Setting+%7C+Programme+des+Routes+de+la+Soie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.unesco.org%2Fsilkroad%2Fnode%2F591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nakedpunch.com/">"Engaged review of contemporary art and thought"</a>. <i>www.nakedpunch.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nakedpunch.com&rft.atitle=Engaged+review+of+contemporary+art+and+thought&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nakedpunch.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/brahui">"Brahui"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Irannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Irannica&rft.atitle=Brahui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbrahui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-q-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-q_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-q_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2012" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA48"><i>Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-659-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+South+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-659-1&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DabNDLZQ6quYC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bhc.gov.pk/district-judiciary/mastung/introduction/history">"Mastung > History of district"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>The Brahui Khans of Qalat were dominant from the 17th century onwards until the arrival of the British in the 19th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mastung+%3E+History+of+district&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbhc.gov.pk%2Fdistrict-judiciary%2Fmastung%2Fintroduction%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqi2012" class="citation book cs1">Siddiqi, Farhan Hanif (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tDb6i9x1FKgC&dq=brahui+khanate+of+kalat+sits+at+the+apex+of&pg=PA53"><i>The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements</i></a>. Routledge. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68614-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68614-3"><bdi>978-0-415-68614-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Brahui Khanate of Kalat sits at the apex of...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Ethnicity+in+Pakistan%3A+The+Baloch%2C+Sindhi+and+Mohajir+Ethnic+Movements&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-68614-3&rft.aulast=Siddiqi&rft.aufirst=Farhan+Hanif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtDb6i9x1FKgC%26dq%3Dbrahui%2Bkhanate%2Bof%2Bkalat%2Bsits%2Bat%2Bthe%2Bapex%2Bof%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gale_-_Institution_Finder-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gale_-_Institution_Finder_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gale_-_Institution_Finder_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?userGroupName=&origURL=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do&prodId=GVRL">"Gale - Institution Finder"</a>. <i>galeapps.gale.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=galeapps.gale.com&rft.atitle=Gale+-+Institution+Finder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgaleapps.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fauth%3FuserGroupName%3D%26origURL%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fgo.gale.com%252Fps%252Fi.do%26prodId%3DGVRL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-balochistan.gov.pk-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-balochistan.gov.pk_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-balochistan.gov.pk_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-balochistan.gov.pk_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balochistan.gov.pk/explore-balochistan/history/">"History – Government of Balochistan"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+Government+of+Balochistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalochistan.gov.pk%2Fexplore-balochistan%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henige1970-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Henige1970_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenige1970" class="citation book cs1">Henige, David P. (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialgovernor0000heni"><i>Colonial Governors from the Fifteenth Century to the Present: A Comprehensive List</i></a></span>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialgovernor0000heni/page/89">89</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299054403" title="Special:BookSources/9780299054403"><bdi>9780299054403</bdi></a>. <q>The British began to assume control over the rough desert region in extreme western India known as Baluchistan in the 1870s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Governors+from+the+Fifteenth+Century+to+the+Present%3A+A+Comprehensive+List&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780299054403&rft.aulast=Henige&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolonialgovernor0000heni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfzal2001" class="citation book cs1">Afzal, M. Rafique (2001). <i>Pakistan: History and Politics 1947-1971</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579634-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579634-6"><bdi>978-0-19-579634-6</bdi></a>. <q>Besides the Balochistan Muslim League, three pro-Congress parties were still active in Balochistan's politics: the Anjuman-i Watan, the Jamiatul Ulama u Hind, and the Qalat State National Party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+History+and+Politics+1947-1971&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-579634-6&rft.aulast=Afzal&rft.aufirst=M.+Rafique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanjan2018" class="citation book cs1">Ranjan, Amit (2018). <i>Partition of India: Postcolonial Legacies</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429750526" title="Special:BookSources/9780429750526"><bdi>9780429750526</bdi></a>. <q>Furthermore, Congress leadership of Balochistan was united and there was no disagreement over its president, Samad Khan Achakzai. On the other hand, Qazi Isa was the president of the League in Balochistan. Surprisingly, he was neither a Balochi nor a Sardar. Consequently, all Sardars except Jaffar Khan Jamali, were against Qazi Isa for contesting this seat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partition+of+India%3A+Postcolonial+Legacies&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780429750526&rft.aulast=Ranjan&rft.aufirst=Amit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adrc.asia/view_disaster_en.php?NationCode=&Lang=en&Key=2491">"Asian Disaster Reduction Center（ADRC）"</a>. <i>www.adrc.asia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-05</span></span>. <q>A 5.9 magnitude quake struck Balochistan province, Pakistan at 03:01 am on 7 October 2021 local time at a depth of 20km. 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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 18 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Balochistan%27s+Separatist+Insurgency+On+The+Wane+Despite+Recent+Attack&rft.date=2019-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgandhara.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fpakistan-balochistan-separatist-insurgency-on-the-wane-despite-recent-attack%2F29889887.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-the-untold-story-of-human-rights-violations-in-balochistan-unveiling-the-historical-context-3044953">"The untold story of human rights violations in Balochistan: Unveiling the historical context"</a>. <i>DNA India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DNA+India&rft.atitle=The+untold+story+of+human+rights+violations+in+Balochistan%3A+Unveiling+the+historical+context&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fworld%2Freport-the-untold-story-of-human-rights-violations-in-balochistan-unveiling-the-historical-context-3044953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhargava, G. S. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiantribune.com/node/5285">How Serious Is the Baluch Insurgency?</a>" <i>Asian Tribune</i> (April 12, 2007). Retrieved December 2, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/three-policemen-killed-in-attacks-in-southeastern-iran-/7805278.html">"3 police officers killed in attacks in southeastern Iran"</a>. <i>Voice of America</i>. 2024-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=3+police+officers+killed+in+attacks+in+southeastern+Iran&rft.date=2024-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fthree-policemen-killed-in-attacks-in-southeastern-iran-%2F7805278.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balochistan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansman1973" class="citation cs2">Hansman, John (1973), "A Periplus of Magan and Meluhha", <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>, <b>36</b> (3): 553–587, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00119858">10.1017/S0041977X00119858</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/613582">613582</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140709175">140709175</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Periplus+of+Magan+and+Meluhha&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=553-587&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140709175%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F613582%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00119858&rft.aulast=Hansman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansman1975" class="citation cs2">Hansman, John (1975), "A further note on Magan and Meluhha (Notes and Communications)", <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>, <b>38</b> (3): 609–610, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0041977x00048126">10.1017/s0041977x00048126</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/613711">613711</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:178684667">178684667</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=A+further+note+on+Magan+and+Meluhha+%28Notes+and+Communications%29&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=609-610&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A178684667%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F613711%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0041977x00048126&rft.aulast=Hansman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpolaParpola1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Parpola, Asko</a>; Parpola, Simo (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ojs.tsv.fi/index.php/StOrE/article/view/49874/14912">"On the relationship of the Sumerian toponym Meluhha and Sanskrit mleccha"</a>, <i>Studia Orientalia</i>, <b>46</b>: 205–238</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Orientalia&rft.atitle=On+the+relationship+of+the+Sumerian+toponym+Meluhha+and+Sanskrit+mleccha&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=205-238&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Asko&rft.au=Parpola%2C+Simo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fojs.tsv.fi%2Findex.php%2FStOrE%2Farticle%2Fview%2F49874%2F14912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Parpola, Asko</a> (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_eykCQAAQBAJ"><i>The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022692-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022692-3"><bdi>978-0-19-022692-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Hinduism%3A+The+Early+Aryans+and+the+Indus+Civilization&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-022692-3&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Asko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_eykCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTandon2006" class="citation cs2">Tandon, Pankaj (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.bu.edu/ptandon/Paratarajas.pdf">"New light on the Pāratarājas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Numismatic Chronicle</i>, <b>166</b>: 173–209, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42666407">42666407</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numismatic+Chronicle&rft.atitle=New+light+on+the+P%C4%81ratar%C4%81jas&rft.volume=166&rft.pages=173-209&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42666407%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tandon&rft.aufirst=Pankaj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.bu.edu%2Fptandon%2FParatarajas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Thapar, Romila</a> (January 1975), "A Possible Identification of Meluḫḫa, Dilmun and Makan", <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i>, <b>18</b> (1): 1–42, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852075x00010">10.1163/156852075x00010</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632219">3632219</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=A+Possible+Identification+of+Melu%E1%B8%AB%E1%B8%ABa%2C+Dilmun+and+Makan&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-42&rft.date=1975-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852075x00010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3632219%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balochistan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxmann2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Axmann, Martin (2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/baluchistan-and-the-baluch-people-COM_25188?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=baluch">"Baluchistan and the Baluch people"</a></span>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baluchistan+and+the+Baluch+people&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Axmann&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fbaluchistan-and-the-baluch-people-COM_25188%3Fs.num%3D0%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3%26s.q%3Dbaluch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalochistan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Fabry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippe Fabry (page does not exist)">Fabry, Philippe</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Fabry" class="extiw" title="fr:Philippe Fabry">fr</a>]</span> (1991) <i>Balouchistan, le désert insoumis</i>, Paris, Nathan Image, 136 p., ISBN 2-09-240036-3</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balochistan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Balochistan" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Balochistan">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Balochistan" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Balochistan">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Balochistan" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Balochistan">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Balochistan" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Balochistan">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Balochistan" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Balochistan">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11749/#q=Balochistan">Baluchistan</a> is a map published by <a href="/wiki/The_Century_Company" title="The Century Company">The Century Company</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2676">Afghanistan, Beloochistan, etc.</a> is a map from 1893 published by the American Methodist Church</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614012814/http://balochistanarchives.gob.pk/">Balochistan Archives- Preserving our Past</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_Balochistan,_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Template:Districts of Balochistan, Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Districts of Balochistan, Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Balochistan, Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_Balochistan,_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Balochistan" title="List of districts in Balochistan">Districts of Balochistan, Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Provincial capital: <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalat_Division" title="Kalat Division">Kalat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaran_District" title="Awaran District">Awaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalat_District" title="Kalat District">Kalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdar_District" title="Khuzdar District">Khuzdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hub_District" title="Hub District">Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasbela_District" title="Lasbela District">Lasbela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastung_District" title="Mastung District">Mastung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surab_District" title="Surab District">Surab</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balochistan_Districts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Balochistan_Districts.svg/100px-Balochistan_Districts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Balochistan_Districts.svg/150px-Balochistan_Districts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Balochistan_Districts.svg/200px-Balochistan_Districts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="887" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Makran_Division" title="Makran Division">Makran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwadar_District" title="Gwadar District">Gwadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kech_District" title="Kech District">Kech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjgur_District" title="Panjgur District">Panjgur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nasirabad_Division" title="Nasirabad Division">Nasirabad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jafarabad_District" title="Jafarabad District">Jafarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhal_Magsi_District" title="Jhal Magsi District">Jhal Magsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachhi_District" title="Kachhi District">Kachhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasirabad_District" title="Nasirabad District">Nasirabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohbatpur_District" title="Sohbatpur District">Sohbatpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta_Muhammad_District" title="Usta Muhammad District">Usta Muhammad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quetta_Division" title="Quetta Division">Quetta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaman_District" title="Chaman District">Chaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Abdullah_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Qila Abdullah District">Killa Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pishin_District" title="Pishin District">Pishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karezat_District" title="Karezat District">Karezat</a><sup>d</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetta_District" title="Quetta District">Quetta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sibi_Division" title="Sibi Division">Sibi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dera_Bugti_District" title="Dera Bugti District">Dera Bugti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnai_District" title="Harnai District">Harnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlu_District" title="Kohlu District">Kohlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibi_District" title="Sibi District">Sibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziarat_District" title="Ziarat District">Ziarat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhob_Division" title="Zhob Division">Zhob</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Saifullah_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Qila Saifullah District">Killa Saifullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherani_District" title="Sherani District">Sherani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhob_District" title="Zhob District">Zhob</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rakhshan_Division" title="Rakhshan Division">Rakhshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagai_District" title="Chagai District">Chagai</a><sup>a</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharan_District" title="Kharan District">Kharan</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nushki_District" title="Nushki District">Nushki</a><sup>a</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washuk_District" title="Washuk District">Washuk</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaman_District" title="Chaman District">Chaman</a><sup>a</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loralai_Division" title="Loralai Division">Loralai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkhan_District" title="Barkhan District">Barkhan</a><sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loralai_District" title="Loralai District">Loralai</a><sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musakhail_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Musakhail District">Musakhail</a><sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duki_District,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Duki District, Pakistan">Duki</a><sup>c</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>a</sup> - formerly part of Quetta Division; <sup>b</sup> - formerly part of Kalat Division; <sup>c</sup> - formerly part of Zhob Division ; <sup>d</sup> - abolished</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Baloch_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Baloch_nationalism" title="Template:Baloch nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Baloch_nationalism" title="Template talk:Baloch nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baloch_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baloch nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Baloch_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan, Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan Province">Sistan and Baluchestan Province</a> (Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Afghanistan" title="Balochistan, Afghanistan">Balochistan, Afghanistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Parties and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Awami_Party_(Wali)" title="National Awami Party (Wali)">National Awami Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Pakistan)" title="National Party (Pakistan)">National Party</a></li> <li>Balochistan National Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan_National_Party_(Awami)" title="Balochistan National Party (Awami)">Balochistan National Party (Awami)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan_National_Party_(Mengal)" title="Balochistan National Party (Mengal)">Balochistan National Party (Mengal)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_National_Movement" title="Baloch National Movement">Baloch National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamhoori_Wattan_Party" title="Jamhoori Wattan Party">Jamhoori Wattan Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Republican_Party" title="Baloch Republican Party">Baloch Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_National_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Baloch National Front">Baloch National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalat_State_National_Party" title="Kalat State National Party">Kalat State National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Council_of_North_America" title="Baloch Council of North America">Baloch Council of North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Student groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Students_Organization" title="Baloch Students Organization">Baloch Students Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Students_Organization_%E2%80%93_Awami" title="Baloch Students Organization – Awami">Baloch Students Organization – Awami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Students_Federation" title="National Students Federation">National Student Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Militant groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan_Liberation_Army" title="Balochistan Liberation Army">Balochistan Liberation Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Majeed_Brigade" title="Majeed Brigade">Majeed Brigade</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Nationalist_Army" title="Baloch Nationalist Army">Baloch Nationalist Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Republican_Army" title="Baloch Republican Army">Baloch Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baloch_Army" title="United Baloch Army">United Baloch Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluch_Liberation_Front" title="Baluch Liberation Front">Baluch Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrari" title="Parrari">Parrari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_ul-Adl" title="Jaish ul-Adl">Jaish ul-Adl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jundallah_(Iran)" title="Jundallah (Iran)">Jundallah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluch_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Baluch People's Liberation Front">Baluch People's Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan_Liberation_United_Front" title="Balochistan Liberation United Front">Balochistan Liberation United Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_Armed_Resistance" title="Popular Front for Armed Resistance">Popular Front for Armed Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluchi_Autonomist_Movement" title="Baluchi Autonomist Movement">Baluchi Autonomist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisans_of_National_Liberation_of_Afghanistan" title="Partisans of National Liberation of Afghanistan">Partisans of National Liberation of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Balochistan" title="Lashkar-e-Balochistan">Lashkar-e-Balochistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gul_Khan_Nasir" title="Gul Khan Nasir">Gul Khan Nasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hai_Baloch" title="Abdul Hai Baloch">Abdul Hai Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Jalib_Baloch" title="Habib Jalib Baloch">Habib Jalib Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hameed_Baloch" title="Hameed Baloch">Hameed Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mohammed_Baloch" title="Ghulam Mohammed Baloch">Ghulam Mohammed Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Nooruddin_Mengal" title="Mir Nooruddin Mengal">Mir Nooruddin Mengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah_Nazar_Baloch" title="Allah Nazar Baloch">Allah Nazar Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaus_Bakhsh_Bizenjo" title="Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo">Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasil_Bizenjo" title="Hasil Bizenjo">Hasil Bizenjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Bugti" title="Akbar Bugti">Akbar Bugti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahamdagh_Khan_Bugti" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahamdagh Khan Bugti">Brahamdagh Khan Bugti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Karim_Khan" title="Prince Karim Khan">Prince Karim Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Nowroz_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab Nowroz Khan">Nawab Nowroz Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_Kurd" title="Abdul Aziz Kurd">Abdul Aziz Kurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousaf_Aziz_Magsi" title="Yousaf Aziz Magsi">Yousaf Aziz Magsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balach_Marri" title="Balach Marri">Balach Marri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Bakhsh_Marri" title="Khair Bakhsh Marri">Khair Bakhsh Marri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumma_Khan_Marri" title="Jumma Khan Marri">Jumma Khan Marri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Mohammad_Marri" title="Sher Mohammad Marri">Sher Mohammad Marri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mengal" title="Akhtar Mengal">Akhtar Mengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataullah_Mengal" title="Ataullah Mengal">Ataullah Mengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolmalek_Rigi" title="Abdolmalek Rigi">Abdolmalek Rigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dad_Shah" title="Dad Shah">Dad Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Hazar_Khan_Khoso" title="Mir Hazar Khan Khoso">Mir Hazar Khan Khoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Malik_Baloch" title="Abdul Malik Baloch">Abdul Malik Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrbyair_Marri" title="Hyrbyair Marri">Hyrbyair Marri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kalat" title="Khanate of Kalat">Khanate of Kalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_operation_in_Balochistan" title="1970s operation in Balochistan">1970s operation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_discovery_in_Iraqi_Embassy_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms discovery in Iraqi Embassy (Pakistan)">Arms discovery in Iraqi Embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbat_killings" title="Turbat killings">Turbat killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_persons_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missing persons (Pakistan)">Missing persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Balochistan" title="Human rights abuses in Balochistan">Human rights abuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_since_2001" title="List of terrorist incidents in Pakistan since 2001">Terrorist incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Quaid-e-Azam_Residency_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Quaid-e-Azam Residency attack">Quaid-e-Azam Residency attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Gwadar_labors_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Gwadar labors shooting">Gwadar labors shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kech_District_attack" title="2022 Kech District attack">Kech District attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Panjgur_and_Naushki_raids" title="2022 Panjgur and Naushki raids">Panjgur and Naushki raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Karachi_bombing" title="University of Karachi bombing">University of Karachi bombing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">National<br />myths/epics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Chakar_Rind" title="Mir Chakar Rind">Mir Chakar Rind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_and_Sheh_Mureed" title="Hani and Sheh Mureed">Hani and Sheh Mureed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Anthem</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ma Chuke Balochani</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181103#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181103#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181103#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4005457-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85011394">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987011383048005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/belucistan">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Balochistan&params=27_25_N_64_30_E_type:landmark_dim:1000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°25′N</span> <span class="longitude">64°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.417°N 64.500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.417; 64.500</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balochistan&oldid=1257352756">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balochistan&oldid=1257352756</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Balochistan" 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[\"CITEREFKupecz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassoudieh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParpola2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParpolaParpola1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPillalamarri\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPillalamarri2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuddus1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanjan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShukla2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiqi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTandon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar1975\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Baloch nationalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 25,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Districts of Balochistan (Pakistan)\"] = 1,\n [\"EI3\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 15,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA-xx\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 7,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Source-attribution\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qvkwc","timestamp":"20241124053612","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Balochistan","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balochistan","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q181103","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q181103","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-28T23:43:05Z","dateModified":"2024-11-14T13:48:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/00\/Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg","headline":"region on the Iranian plateau in south-western Asia"}</script> </body> </html>