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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-colonial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-colonial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-colonial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-colonial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Colonial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-colonial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-colonial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Post-colonial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-colonial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Wildlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_policy_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_policy_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>National policy framework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_policy_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_and_financial_investment_in_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_and_financial_investment_in_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Human and financial investment in research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_and_financial_investment_in_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_output" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_output"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Research output</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_output-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customary_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customary_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Customary names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Customary_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_authorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_authorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Traditional authorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_authorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Benin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 252 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-252" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">252 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенин – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Бенин" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A4%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%95" title="ቤኒን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቤኒን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बेनिन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बेनिन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенин – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Бенин" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بنين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%C3%ADn" title="Benín – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Benín" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8nin" title="Bènin – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bènin" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%C3%ADn" title="Benín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Benín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mben%C4%A9" title="Mbenĩ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbenĩ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binin" title="Binin – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Binin" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بنین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بنین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%C9%9Bn" title="Benɛn – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Benɛn" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="বেনিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেনিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бенин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Бенін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бенін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Бэнін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэнін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बेनिन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बेनिन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бенин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="བེ་ནིན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བེ་ནིན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенин – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бенин" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%C3%ADn" title="Benín – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Benín" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенин – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бенин" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%C3%ADn" title="Benín – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Benín" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhenini" title="Bhenini – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhenini" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بينين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بينين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ބެނީން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބެނީން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बेनिन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बेनिन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93" title="བཱེ་ནིན – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བཱེ་ནིན" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Μπενίν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπενίν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%C3%ADn" title="Benín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Benín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benino" title="Benino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Benino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%C3%ADn" title="Benín – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Benín" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%C9%9B%CC%83" title="Benɛ̃ – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Benɛ̃" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بنین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9nin" title="Bénin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bénin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benyn" title="Benyn – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Benyn" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benen" title="Benen – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Benen" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinin" title="Beinin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beinin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinin" title="Beinin – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beinin" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%C3%ADn" title="Benín – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Benín" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8" title="બેનિન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બેનિન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%E1%BA%B9" title="Benẹ – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Benẹ" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%83%89" title="베냉 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베냉" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Բենին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բենին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बेनिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेनिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="বেনিন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বেনিন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенин – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бенин" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBenini" title="IBenini – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IBenini" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%C3%ADn" title="Benín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Benín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9F" title="בנין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9nin" title="Bénin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bénin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peen%C9%9B%C9%9B" title="Peenɛɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Peenɛɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬೆನಿನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೆನಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბენინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბენინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бенин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bene" title="Bene – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Bene" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benina" title="Benina – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Benina" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benen" title="Benen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Benen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9nen" title="Bénen – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Bénen" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAn%C3%AEn" title="Bênîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bênîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бенин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенин – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Бенин" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9A%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87" title="ປະເທດເບແນັງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເບແນັງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beninum" title="Beninum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Beninum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benina" title="Benina – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Benina" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beninas" title="Beninas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Beninas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%9Bn%C9%9B%CC%81" title="Bɛnɛ́ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bɛnɛ́" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/benin" title="benin – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="benin" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बेनिन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बेनिन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бенин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%C3%AEno" title="Benîno – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Benîno" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ബെനിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെനിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93nina" title="Pēnina – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pēnina" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बेनिन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बेनिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბენინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბენინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بينين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بينين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بنین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بنین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бэнин – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Бэнин" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бенин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဘီနင်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘီနင်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बेनिन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बेनिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बेनिन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बेनिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3" title="ベナン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベナン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%93%DF%A3%DF%8D%DF%AB" title="ߓߣߍ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߓߣߍ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенин – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бенин" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beniin" title="Beniin – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Beniin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeniin" title="Beeniin – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Beeniin" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਬੇਨਿਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੇਨਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बेनिन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बेनिन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بینین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بینین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بېنين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بېنين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benim" title="Benim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Benim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinin" title="Pinin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pinin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Бенін – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бенін" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бенин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенин – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бенин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="बेनिन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बेनिन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%C3%ABen" title="Benëen – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Benëen" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱵᱮᱱᱤᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱮᱱᱤᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%C3%ACn" title="Benìn – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Benìn" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benini" title="Benini – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Benini" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="බෙනින් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බෙනින්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%86" title="بينن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بينن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhenini" title="IBhenini – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IBhenini" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bynin" title="Bynin – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bynin" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بێنین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بێنین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бенин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9nin" title="Bénin – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bénin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பெனின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெனின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binin" title="Binin – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Binin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бенин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%82%84%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းပႄႇၼိၼ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပႄႇၼိၼ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="బెనిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బెనిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศเบนิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเบนิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A4%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%95" title="ቤኒን – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቤኒን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бенин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%86%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%82" title="ᏆᏂᎢᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏆᏂᎢᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bini_(a%CC%B1byin)" title="Bini (a̱byin) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Bini (a̱byin)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенин – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Бенин" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Бенін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бенін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86" title="بینن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بینن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%86%D9%89%D9%86" title="بېنىن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بېنىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9nin" title="Bénin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bénin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin%C3%A4n" title="Beninän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Beninän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E5%AF%A7" title="貝寧 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="貝寧" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bene" title="Bene – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Bene" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%AE%81" title="贝宁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贝宁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9F" title="בענין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בענין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E5%AF%A7" title="貝寧 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="貝寧" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benins" title="Benins – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Benins" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%AE%81" title="贝宁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贝宁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8n%C3%A8" title="Bènè – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Bènè" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9nin" title="Bénin – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bénin" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagaare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%C9%9B%C9%9Bt%C3%B2" title="Benɛɛtò – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Benɛɛtò" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ABn%C3%ACn" title="Bënìn – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Bënìn" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Moore</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Benin" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F" title="ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q962#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Benin&params=6_28_N_2_36_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°28′N</span> <span class="longitude">2°36′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.467°N 2.600°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">6.467; 2.600</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in West Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country, the Republic of Benin. For the pre-colonial kingdom in Nigeria, see <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Kingdom of Benin</a>. For the city in Nigeria, see <a href="/wiki/Benin_City" title="Benin City">Benin City</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Benin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Benin (disambiguation)">Benin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Benin</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">République du Bénin</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span><br /><span title="Fon-language text"><i lang="fon">Tokpɔn Bɛnin tɔn</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Fon_language" title="Fon language">Fon</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Benin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Benin"><img alt="Flag of Benin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/125px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/188px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/250px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Benin" title="Flag of Benin">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Benin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Benin"><img alt="Coat of arms of Benin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Coat_of_arms_of_Benin.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Coat_of_arms_of_Benin.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Coat_of_arms_of_Benin.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="419" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Benin" title="Coat of arms of Benin"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"Fraternité, Justice, Travail"</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(French)</span></li></ul></div><div>Fraternity, Justice, Labour</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/L%27Aube_nouvelle" title="L'Aube nouvelle">L'Aube nouvelle</a></i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(French)</span><br />"The Dawn of a New Day"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="68" data-mwtitle="L'Aube_Nouvelle.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/L%27Aube_Nouvelle.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/L%27Aube_Nouvelle.ogg/L%27Aube_Nouvelle.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AL%27Aube_Nouvelle.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AL%27Aube_Nouvelle.ogg&lang=fon&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fon" label="fɔ̀ngbè ‪(fon)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AL%27Aube_Nouvelle.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AL%27Aube_Nouvelle.ogg&lang=yo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="yo" label="Yorùbá ‪(yo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Benin_(orthographic_projection_with_inset).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Benin (dark green)"><img alt="Location of Benin (dark green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Benin_%28orthographic_projection_with_inset%29.svg/250px-Benin_%28orthographic_projection_with_inset%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Benin_%28orthographic_projection_with_inset%29.svg/375px-Benin_%28orthographic_projection_with_inset%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Benin_%28orthographic_projection_with_inset%29.svg/500px-Benin_%28orthographic_projection_with_inset%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Benin (dark green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cotonou" title="Cotonou">Cotonou</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">List:</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Aguna_language" title="Aguna language">Aguna</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Adja_language" title="Adja language">Aja</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Alada_language" title="Alada language">Alada</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fon_language" title="Fon language">Fon</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Gen_language" title="Gen language">Gen</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Gun_language" title="Gun language">Gun</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Pher%C3%A1_language" title="Pherá language">Pherá</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Phla_language" title="Phla language">Phla</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tofin_language" title="Tofin language">Tofin</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/T%C9%94li_language" title="Tɔli language">Tɔli</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Waci_language" title="Waci language">Waci</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Berba_language" title="Berba language">Berba</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Kabiye_language" title="Kabiye language">Kabye</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lama_language" title="Lama language">Lama</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lukpa_language" title="Lukpa language">Lukpa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mbelime_language" title="Mbelime language">Mbelime</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mossi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mossi language">Mossi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nateni_language" title="Nateni language">Nateni</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ngangam_language" title="Ngangam language">Ngangam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tammari_language" title="Tammari language">Tammari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tem_language" title="Tem language">Tem</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Waama_language" title="Waama language">Waama</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Yom_language" title="Yom language">Yom</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Chakosi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakosi language">Chakosi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Foodo_language" title="Foodo language">Foodo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ede_language" title="Ede language">Ede</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/If%C3%A8_language" title="Ifè language">Ifè</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mokole_language_(Benin)" title="Mokole language (Benin)">Mokole</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bariba_language" title="Bariba language">Bariba</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dendi_language" title="Dendi language">Dendi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2020<sup id="cite_ref-insae-bj.org_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insae-bj.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>38.4% <a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a></li><li>15.1% <a href="/wiki/Adja_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Adja people">Adja</a> & <a href="/wiki/Gen_language" title="Gen language">Mina</a></li><li>12% <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a></li><li>9.6% <a href="/wiki/Bariba_people" title="Bariba people">Bariba</a></li><li>8.6% <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li><li>6.1% Ottamari</li><li>4.3% Yoa-Lokpa</li><li>2.9% <a href="/wiki/Dendi_people" title="Dendi people">Dendi</a></li><li>2.8% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-PEW-GRF_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEW-GRF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">52.2% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Benin" title="Christianity in Benin">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">24.6% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">17.9% <a href="/wiki/African_Traditional_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African Traditional Religion">traditional faiths</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">5.2% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.1% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Beninese</li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Beninoise</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Benin" title="Politics of Benin">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Benin" title="President of Benin">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Talon" title="Patrice Talon">Patrice Talon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Benin" title="Vice President of Benin">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mariam_Chabi_Talata" title="Mariam Chabi Talata">Mariam Chabi Talata</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Benin)" title="National Assembly (Benin)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Dahomey" title="Republic of Dahomey">Republic of Dahomey</a> established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 December 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 August 1960</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Benin" title="Geography of Benin">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">114,763 km<sup>2</sup> (44,310 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-AS2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">100th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.4%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Benin" title="Demographics of Benin">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">13,754,688<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">77th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">94.8/km<sup>2</sup> (245.5/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $59.241 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.BJ_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BJ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">137th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $4,305<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.BJ_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BJ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">163rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $19.940 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.BJ_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BJ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">141st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $1,449<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.BJ_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BJ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">163rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2021)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 34.4<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#707070">medium inequality</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.504<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">low</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">173rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">XOF</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1</span> (<a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Time" title="West Africa Time">WAT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Benin" title="Telephone numbers in Benin">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B229" class="mw-redirect" title="+229">+229</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BJ" title="ISO 3166-2:BJ">BJ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.bj" title=".bj">.bj</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><a href="/wiki/Cotonou" title="Cotonou">Cotonou</a> is the seat of government.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Benin</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/18\/En-Benin-pronunciation.ogg\/En-Benin-pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-Benin-pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/En-Benin-pronunciation.ogg/En-Benin-pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Benin-pronunciation.ogg" title="File:En-Benin-pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ben-<span style="font-size:90%">EEN</span></i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">bin-<span style="font-size:90%">EEN</span></i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Bénin</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[benɛ̃]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2b\/Fr-B%C3%A9nin.ogg\/Fr-B%C3%A9nin.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-B\u00e9nin.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Fr-B%C3%A9nin.ogg/Fr-B%C3%A9nin.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-B%C3%A9nin.ogg" title="File:Fr-Bénin.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Fon_language" title="Fon language">Fon</a>: <i lang="fon">Benɛ</i>, <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>: <i lang="ff">Benen</i>), officially the <b>Republic of Benin</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">République du Bénin</i>), is a country in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. It was formerly known as <b>Dahomey</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> to the north-west, and <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> to the north-east. The majority of its population lives on the southern coastline of the <a href="/wiki/Bight_of_Benin" title="Bight of Benin">Bight of Benin</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> in the northernmost tropical portion of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HughesHughes1992_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HughesHughes1992-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital is <a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">seat of government</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Cotonou" title="Cotonou">Cotonou</a>, the most populous city and economic capital.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benin covers an area of 112,622 km<sup>2</sup> (43,484 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_Factbook_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Factbook-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its population in 2021 was estimated to be approximately 13 million.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> country with an economy heavily dependent on <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, and is an exporter of <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 17th to the 19th century, political entities in the area included the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dahomey" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Dahomey">Kingdom of Dahomey</a>, the city-state of Porto-Novo, and other states to the north. This region was referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast of West Africa</a> from the early 17th century due to the high number of people who were sold and trafficked during the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> to the New World. <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> took over the territory in 1894, incorporating it into <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> as <a href="/wiki/French_Dahomey" title="French Dahomey">French Dahomey</a>. In 1960, Dahomey gained full independence from France. As a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>, Benin has had <a href="/wiki/Democratic_governments" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic governments">democratic governments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">military coups</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_government" title="Military government">military governments</a>. A self-described <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist state">Marxist–Leninist state</a> called the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">People's Republic of Benin</a> existed between 1975 and 1990. In 1991, it was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party</a> Republic of Benin.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibp_Usa_p85_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibp_Usa_p85-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of Benin is French, with indigenous languages such as <a href="/wiki/Fon_language" title="Fon language">Fon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bariba_language" title="Bariba language">Bariba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dendi_language" title="Dendi language">Dendi</a> also spoken. The largest religious group in Benin is <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (52.2%), followed by <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (24.6%) and <a href="/wiki/African_Traditional_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African Traditional Religion">African Traditional Religions</a> (17.9%).<sup id="cite_ref-PEW-GRF_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEW-GRF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benin is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Francophonie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">Community of Sahel–Saharan States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Petroleum_Producers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="African Petroleum Producers Association">African Petroleum Producers Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Basin_Authority" title="Niger Basin Authority">Niger Basin Authority</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During French colonial rule and after independence on 1 August 1960, the country was <a href="/wiki/Geographical_renaming" title="Geographical renaming">named</a> Dahomey, after the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dahomey" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Dahomey">Kingdom of Dahomey</a>. On 30 November 1975, following a <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/1972_Dahomeyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1972 Dahomeyan coup d'état">military coup</a>, the country was renamed Benin, after the <a href="/wiki/Bight_of_Benin" title="Bight of Benin">Bight of Benin</a>, which borders the country, due to Dahomey only being associated with the <a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a> who inhabited the southern half of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bight takes its name from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Kingdom of Benin</a>, located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Benin" title="History of Benin">History of Benin</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonial">Pre-colonial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Dahomy-1793.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kingdom_of_Dahomy-1793.jpg/220px-Kingdom_of_Dahomy-1793.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kingdom_of_Dahomy-1793.jpg/330px-Kingdom_of_Dahomy-1793.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kingdom_of_Dahomy-1793.jpg/440px-Kingdom_of_Dahomy-1793.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dahomey" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Dahomey">Kingdom of Dahomey</a>, 1793</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to 1600, present-day Benin comprised a variety of areas with different political systems and ethnicities. These included <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> along the coast (primarily of the <a href="/wiki/Aja_people" title="Aja people">Aja</a> ethnic group, and also including <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a> peoples) and tribal regions inland (composed of <a href="/wiki/Bariba_people" title="Bariba people">Bariba</a>, Mahi, Gedevi, and Kabye peoples). The <a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a>, located primarily to the east of Benin, was a military force in the region, conducting raids and exacting tribute from the coastal kingdoms and tribal regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bay-1998_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bay-1998-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation changed in the 17th and 18th centuries as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dahomey" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Dahomey">Kingdom of Dahomey</a>, consisting mostly of <a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon people</a>, was founded on the <a href="/wiki/Abomey" title="Abomey">Abomey</a> plateau and began taking over areas along the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1727, King <a href="/wiki/Agaja" title="Agaja">Agaja</a> of the Kingdom of Dahomey had conquered the coastal cities of <a href="/wiki/Allada" title="Allada">Allada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ouidah" title="Ouidah">Whydah</a>. Dahomey had become a tributary of the Oyo Empire, and rivaled but did not directly attack the Oyo-allied city-state of <a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Law-1986_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law-1986-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise of Dahomey, its rivalry with Porto-Novo, and tribal politics in the northern region persisted into the colonial and post-colonial periods.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a>, some younger people were apprenticed to older soldiers and taught the kingdom's military customs until they were old enough to join the army.<sup id="cite_ref-Harms2002_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harms2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dahomey instituted an elite female soldier corps variously called <a href="/wiki/Ahosi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahosi">Ahosi</a> (the king's wives), Mino ("our mothers" in <a href="/wiki/Fongbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Fongbe">Fongbe</a>), or the "Dahomean <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a>". This emphasis on military preparation and achievement earned Dahomey the nickname of "Black <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>", from European observers and 19th-century explorers such as <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Burton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Richard Burton">Sir Richard Burton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alpern1998_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alpern1998-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1_1886_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1_1886_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1_1886_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1_1886_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1_1886_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1_1886_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1_1886_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> was the longest European presence in Benin, beginning in 1680 and ending in 1961 when the last forces left <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1" title="Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá">Ajudá</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The kings of Dahomey sold their war captives into <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">transatlantic slavery</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or killed them ritually in a ceremony known as the <a href="/wiki/Annual_Customs_of_Dahomey" title="Annual Customs of Dahomey">Annual Customs</a>. By about 1750, the King of Dahomey was earning an estimated £250,000 per year by selling African captives to European slave-traders.<sup id="cite_ref-BbcSlavery_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BbcSlavery-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area was named the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">"Slave Coast"</a> because of a flourishing slave trade. Court protocols which demanded that a portion of war captives from the kingdom's battles be decapitated, decreased the number of enslaved people exported from the area. The number went from 102,000 people per decade in the 1780s to 24,000 per decade by the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decline was partly due to the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807" title="Slave Trade Act 1807">Slave Trade Act 1807</a> banning the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Atlantic_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Atlantic slave trade">trans-Atlantic slave trade</a> by Britain in 1808, followed by other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-BbcSlavery_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BbcSlavery-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decline continued until 1885 when the last slave ship departed the modern Benin Republic for <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, which had yet to abolish slavery. The capital <a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a> ("New Port" in Portuguese) was originally developed as a port for the slave trade. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armed_women_with_the_King_at_their_head,_going_to_war-1793.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Armed_women_with_the_King_at_their_head%2C_going_to_war-1793.jpg/220px-Armed_women_with_the_King_at_their_head%2C_going_to_war-1793.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Armed_women_with_the_King_at_their_head%2C_going_to_war-1793.jpg/330px-Armed_women_with_the_King_at_their_head%2C_going_to_war-1793.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Armed_women_with_the_King_at_their_head%2C_going_to_war-1793.jpg/440px-Armed_women_with_the_King_at_their_head%2C_going_to_war-1793.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dahomey_Amazons" title="Dahomey Amazons">Dahomey Amazons</a> with the King at their head, going to war, 1793</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the goods the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> sought were carved items of ivory made by Benin's artisans in the form of carved saltcellars, spoons, and hunting horns - pieces of African art produced for sale abroad as exotic objects.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another major good sought by European settlers was palm oil. In 1856 approximately 2,500 tons of palm oil was exported by British companies which was valued at £112,500.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial">Colonial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colonial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="Second Franco-Dahomean War">Second Franco-Dahomean War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%A9nin-_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/B%C3%A9nin-_1893.jpg/220px-B%C3%A9nin-_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/B%C3%A9nin-_1893.jpg/330px-B%C3%A9nin-_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/B%C3%A9nin-_1893.jpg/440px-B%C3%A9nin-_1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption>A French depiction of the conquest of Dahomey in 1893</figcaption></figure> <p>By the middle of the <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a>, Dahomey had "begun to weaken and lose its status as the <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a>". The <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> took over the area in 1892. In 1899, the French included the land called <a href="/wiki/French_Dahomey" title="French Dahomey">French Dahomey</a> within the larger <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> colonial region. </p><p><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> sought to benefit from <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a> and the region "appeared to lack the necessary <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mineral_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral resources">mineral resources</a> for large-scale <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist development">capitalist development</a>". As a result, France treated Dahomey as a sort of preserve in case future discoveries revealed resources worth developing.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_government" class="mw-redirect" title="French government">French government</a> outlawed the capture and sale of slaves. Previous <a href="/wiki/Slaveowners" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaveowners">slaveowners</a> sought to redefine their control over slaves as control over <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenants">tenants</a>, and lineage members. This provoked a struggle among Dahomeans, "concentrated in the period from 1895 to 1920, for the redistribution of control over land and labor. Villages sought to redefine boundaries of lands and fishing preserves. <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religious</a> disputes scarcely veiled the factional struggles over control of land and commerce which underlay them. Factions struggled for the leadership of great families".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, France granted <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Dahomey" title="Republic of Dahomey">Republic of Dahomey</a>, and full independence on 1 August 1960 which is celebrated each year as <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Day">Independence Day</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Benin" title="Public holidays in Benin">national holiday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president who led the country to independence was <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Maga" title="Hubert Maga">Hubert Maga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stokes2009_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokes2009-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Araujo2010_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Araujo2010-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-colonial">Post-colonial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-colonial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1960, there were coups and regime changes, with the figures of <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Maga" title="Hubert Maga">Hubert Maga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sourou_Migan_Apithy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sourou Migan Apithy">Sourou Apithy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Ahomad%C3%A9gb%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin Ahomadégbé">Justin Ahomadégbé</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Derlin_Zinsou" title="Émile Derlin Zinsou">Émile Derlin Zinsou</a> dominating; the first 3 each represented a different area and ethnicity of the country. These 3 agreed to form a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_(Benin)" title="Presidential Council (Benin)">Presidential Council</a> after violence marred the 1970 elections. </p><p>On 7 May 1972, Maga ceded power to Ahomadégbé. On 26 October 1972, Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Mathieu Kérékou</a> overthrew the ruling triumvirate, becoming president and stating that the country would not "burden itself by copying foreign <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>, and wants neither Capitalism, Communism, nor Socialism". On 30 November 1974, he announced that the country was officially <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a>, under control of the Military Council of the Revolution (CMR), which nationalized the petroleum industry and banks. On 30 November 1975, he renamed the country the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">People's Republic of Benin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickovick2012_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickovick2012-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HoungnikpoDecalo2012_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoungnikpoDecalo2012-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regime of the People's Republic of Benin underwent changes over the course of its existence: a <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> period (1972–1974); a <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> phase (1974–1982); and a phase involving an opening to Western countries and <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a> (1982–1990).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, under the influence of young revolutionaries – the "Ligmangers" - the government embarked on a socialist program: nationalization of strategic sectors of the economy, reform of the education system, establishment of agricultural cooperatives and new local government structures, and a campaign to eradicate "<a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> forces" including <a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">tribalism</a>. The regime banned opposition activities. Mathieu Kérékou was elected president by the National Revolutionary Assembly in 1980, re-elected in 1984. Establishing relations with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Socialist_People%27s_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libya</a>, he put "nearly all" businesses and economic activities under state control, causing foreign investment in Benin to dry up.<sup id="cite_ref-kneib_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kneib-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kérékou attempted to reorganize education, pushing his own aphorisms such as "Poverty is not a fatality".<sup id="cite_ref-kneib_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kneib-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regime financed itself by contracting to take nuclear waste, first from the Soviet Union and later from France.<sup id="cite_ref-kneib_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kneib-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, Benin experienced higher economic growth rates (15.6% in 1982, 4.6% in 1983 and 8.2% in 1984), until the closure of the Nigerian border with Benin led to a drop in customs and tax revenues. The government was no longer able to pay civil servants' salaries.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, riots broke out when the regime did not have enough money to pay its army. The banking system collapsed. Eventually, Kérékou renounced <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, and a convention forced Kérékou to release political prisoners and arrange elections.<sup id="cite_ref-kneib_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kneib-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> was abolished as the country's form of government.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The country's name was officially changed to the<i> Republic of Benin</i> on 1 March 1990, after the newly formed government's <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BoniYayi_inauguration2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BoniYayi_inauguration2006.jpg/220px-BoniYayi_inauguration2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BoniYayi_inauguration2006.jpg/330px-BoniYayi_inauguration2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BoniYayi_inauguration2006.jpg/440px-BoniYayi_inauguration2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boni_Yayi" title="Thomas Boni Yayi">Yayi Boni</a>'s 2006 presidential inauguration</figcaption></figure> <p>Kérékou lost to <a href="/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Soglo" title="Nicéphore Soglo">Nicéphore Soglo</a> in a 1991 election and became the first President on the African mainland to lose power through an election.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kérékou returned to power after winning the 1996 vote. In 2001, an election resulted in Kérékou winning another term, after which his opponents claimed election irregularities.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, Kérékou issued a national apology for the substantial role that Africans had played in the Atlantic slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kérékou and former president Soglo did not run in the 2006 elections, as both were barred by the constitution's restrictions on age and total terms of candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 March 2006, <a href="/wiki/Beninese_presidential_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Beninese presidential election, 2006">an election</a> resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff</a> between <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boni_Yayi" title="Thomas Boni Yayi">Yayi Boni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adrien_Houngb%C3%A9dji" title="Adrien Houngbédji">Adrien Houngbédji</a>. The runoff election was held on 19 March and was won by Boni,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who assumed office on 6 April.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boni was <a href="/wiki/Beninese_presidential_election,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Beninese presidential election, 2011">reelected in 2011</a>, taking 53.18% of the vote in the first round—enough to avoid a runoff election. He was the first president to win an election without a runoff since the restoration of democracy in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Beninese_presidential_election,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Beninese presidential election, 2016">March 2016 presidential elections</a> in which Boni Yayi was barred by the constitution from running for a third term, businessman <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Talon" title="Patrice Talon">Patrice Talon</a> won the second round with 65.37% of the vote, defeating investment banker and former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Zinsou" title="Lionel Zinsou">Lionel Zinsou</a>. Talon was sworn in on 6 April 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking on the same day that the Constitutional Court confirmed the results, Talon said that he would "first and foremost tackle constitutional reform", discussing his plan to limit presidents to a single term of 5 years in order to combat "complacency". He said that he planned to slash the size of the government from 28 to 16 members.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2021, President Patrice Talon was re-elected, with more than 86.3% of the votes cast, in Benin's presidential <a href="/wiki/2021_Beninese_presidential_election" title="2021 Beninese presidential election">election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change in election laws resulted in total control of parliament by president Talon's supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2022, <a href="/wiki/W_National_Park_massacre" title="W National Park massacre">Benin saw its largest terrorist attack in history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 February 2022, President <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Talon" title="Patrice Talon">Patrice Talon</a> inaugurated an exhibition with 26 pieces of sacred art returned to Benin by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, 129 years after they were looted by colonial forces.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Benin" title="Politics of Benin">Politics of Benin</a></div> <p>Its politics take place in a framework of a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Benin" title="President of Benin">President of Benin</a> is both <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, within a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is exercised by the government. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is vested in the government and the legislature. The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> is officially independent of the executive and the legislature, while in practice its independence has been gradually hollowed out by Talon, and the Constitutional Court is headed by his former personal lawyer.<sup id="cite_ref-economist2021_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist2021-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political system is derived from the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Benin" title="Constitution of Benin">Constitution of Benin</a> and the subsequent transition to <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> in 1991. </p><p>It was ranked 18th out of 52 African countries and scored best in the categories of Safety & Rule of Law and Participation & Human Rights.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAG_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAG-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its 2007 Worldwide Press Freedom Index, <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> ranked Benin 53rd out of 169 countries. That place had fallen to 78th by 2016, when <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Talon" title="Patrice Talon">Talon</a> took office, and has fallen further to 113th.<sup id="cite_ref-economist2021_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist2021-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benin has been rated equal-88th out of 159 countries in a 2005 analysis of police, business, and political corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its democratic system "has eroded" since President Talon took office.<sup id="cite_ref-economist2021_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist2021-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, his government introduced new rules for fielding candidates and raised the cost of registering. The electoral commission, packed with Talon's allies, barred all opposition parties from the parliamentary election in 2019, resulting in a parliament made up entirely of supporters of Talon. That parliament subsequently changed election laws such that presidential candidates need to have the approval of at least 10% of Benin's MPs and mayors. As parliament and most mayors' offices are controlled by Talon, he has control over who can run for president. These changes have drawn condemnation from international observers and led to the United States government partially terminating development assistance to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Benin" title="Departments of Benin">Departments of Benin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Benin" title="Communes of Benin">Communes of Benin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Benin_departments_named.png/220px-Benin_departments_named.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="438" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Benin_departments_named.png/330px-Benin_departments_named.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Benin_departments_named.png/440px-Benin_departments_named.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="995" usemap="#ImageMap_cbb32a5ffe0827e1" resource="/wiki/File:Benin_departments_named.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_cbb32a5ffe0827e1"><area href="/wiki/Alibori_Department" shape="poly" 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alt="Alibori" title="Alibori" /><area href="/wiki/Atakora_Department" shape="poly" coords="16,108,16,111,16,111,16,111,16,114,16,114,16,114,15,117,15,117,14,119,12,120,11,122,10,124,11,128,11,130,10,135,9,133,9,138,9,138,9,142,9,142,9,143,9,145,9,146,10,147,12,148,13,149,13,149,20,154,20,154,20,154,36,164,36,164,36,164,47,171,47,171,49,172,50,171,52,172,57,173,54,174,62,174,64,174,66,173,69,172,71,170,75,166,77,165,79,164,81,166,85,166,85,166,94,166,94,166,96,165,97,164,101,163,103,163,106,163,107,161,108,161,108,159,108,158,108,156,105,149,104,148,103,146,101,145,101,142,101,139,105,137,106,135,107,134,107,133,106,132,106,132,106,106,106,106,107,105,107,104,106,103,106,102,104,99,104,98,104,98,98,88,98,88,98,88,93,79,93,79,93,78,91,76,90,75,90,75,88,75,87,75,87,75,79,74,79,74,76,74,76,75,74,75,74,75,70,75,70,75,68,75,65,77,64,77,62,76,61,75,60,74,60,73,57,72,56,72,55,72,51,72,50,74,49,74,50,75,49,76,48,77,46,78,46,79,46,79,46,83,46,83,46,83,42,83,42,83,42,84,42,85,42,86,40,87,34,85,33,85,33,88,34,88,33,93,31,92,30,92,28,94,29,97,32,97,31,102,31,102,28,101,28,101,28,101,25,100,25,100,25,100,22,98,22,98,20,101,20,101,22,104,22,104,18,104,18,104,18,104,16,108,16,108" alt="Atakora" title="Atakora" /><area href="/wiki/Borgou_Department" shape="poly" coords="201,128,195,128,195,128,195,128,191,128,191,128,191,128,187,128,187,128,187,128,180,129,180,129,180,129,177,130,177,130,172,131,168,134,162,133,159,133,160,134,158,134,158,134,151,134,151,134,149,134,148,134,147,132,145,132,140,131,139,132,137,133,135,135,132,135,131,136,127,135,126,134,125,133,124,132,122,132,118,131,117,133,115,133,115,133,107,133,107,133,107,138,101,138,102,143,102,145,104,146,105,148,106,149,107,151,107,152,108,154,109,158,109,161,108,164,102,164,99,165,95,166,95,168,97,170,95,172,97,173,97,176,96,178,94,180,95,184,97,190,101,191,101,195,101,195,99,207,99,207,99,209,99,211,98,213,97,214,93,214,91,215,88,217,88,221,88,224,88,225,89,228,90,229,91,231,93,231,93,233,94,236,91,243,93,247,96,251,104,248,104,254,104,254,136,254,136,254,138,254,139,254,140,253,141,252,141,251,141,250,142,246,142,247,142,245,142,245,143,241,143,241,143,238,142,234,146,234,146,234,147,234,148,234,150,235,151,233,154,233,156,233,156,233,158,234,159,234,163,232,164,231,165,230,166,226,166,225,166,225,168,219,168,219,168,219,168,214,168,214,168,210,165,210,167,207,169,203,170,205,173,201,175,197,173,197,175,195,177,193,179,194,180,192,181,191,179,189,179,187,179,186,179,184,181,183,182,182,187,180,188,179,191,179,192,180,193,178,194,177,198,173,198,172,199,168,196,165,202,163,202,161,202,158,201,157,201,156,197,153,196,151,196,149,197,147,198,145,199,142,198,142,202,140,202,139,203,139,204,139,205,139,208,141,209,141,209,141,210,137,210,137,210,137,211,134,211,134,211,134,213,130,213,130,213,130,213,125,213,125,213,125,201,128,201,128" alt="Borgou" title="Borgou" /><area href="/wiki/Donga_Department" shape="poly" coords="90,166,87,167,87,167,86,167,84,166,82,166,81,166,79,165,78,166,74,166,70,172,66,174,64,174,58,175,56,174,52,173,53,172,48,172,48,172,48,180,48,180,48,180,48,187,48,187,48,187,48,195,48,195,48,200,47,200,47,202,46,203,47,204,48,206,50,206,50,209,50,211,50,213,50,214,50,216,51,217,57,224,58,225,59,226,61,227,61,228,61,228,64,232,64,232,65,234,65,240,65,242,65,242,66,268,66,268,67,268,72,267,73,267,75,266,76,265,78,265,80,266,81,267,83,268,84,269,85,268,87,269,89,270,91,273,94,274,97,275,100,274,104,273,104,273,104,264,104,264,104,264,103,258,103,258,103,258,103,256,103,256,102,255,103,253,103,252,102,251,100,251,99,250,97,250,94,250,93,247,89,243,93,238,92,233,92,231,89,231,88,228,86,224,87,218,90,215,92,214,95,213,98,213,98,213,99,200,99,200,99,198,100,194,100,193,99,190,95,187,94,182,94,179,95,178,96,176,96,175,95,174,95,173,95,171,96,171,95,169,95,168,95,168,95,166,92,167,92,166,90,166" alt="Donga" title="Donga" /><area href="/wiki/Collines_Department" shape="poly" 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alt="Collines" title="Collines" /><area href="/wiki/Plateau_Department" shape="poly" coords="129,331,126,331,125,332,124,333,124,334,124,336,124,341,119,341,120,346,120,346,120,348,120,348,121,353,121,355,123,360,125,362,126,362,127,364,127,364,127,367,128,368,129,372,129,373,129,377,129,377,126,377,126,377,126,378,127,383,127,384,128,385,130,385,131,386,132,387,132,388,132,389,132,389,132,402,132,402,132,402,139,401,139,401,139,404,139,408,141,410,141,410,142,407,142,407,142,404,141,399,145,397,145,397,144,393,144,393,140,392,142,390,142,387,142,387,142,384,142,384,142,381,141,382,140,380,140,377,142,375,144,374,143,373,142,371,142,370,142,368,143,367,143,365,143,365,142,358,142,358,142,358,142,350,142,350,142,348,142,347,145,346,145,346,144,342,144,342,144,342,141,337,141,337,141,337,140,331,140,331,140,331,130,331,130,331" alt="Plateau" title="Plateau" /><area href="/wiki/Zou_Department" shape="poly" coords="91,336,90,334,87,333,84,332,82,333,81,333,81,333,77,333,77,333,77,333,74,333,74,333,72,333,68,332,67,335,67,336,68,340,68,341,68,341,70,344,70,344,70,344,73,352,73,352,74,353,74,355,75,356,75,356,77,358,77,358,77,358,81,363,81,363,83,366,81,367,83,370,83,370,87,375,87,375,87,376,92,381,92,381,93,382,94,382,95,382,95,382,105,380,105,380,106,380,108,380,110,379,111,378,112,377,113,376,115,379,116,377,120,375,120,375,120,376,120,376,120,376,129,376,129,376,129,376,127,368,127,368,127,368,126,364,126,364,126,364,123,361,123,361,123,361,121,355,121,355,121,355,119,346,119,346,119,346,115,345,115,345,115,345,112,342,112,342,112,342,106,338,106,338,106,338,103,338,103,338,103,338,99,336,99,336,98,338,94,339,92,337" alt="Zou" title="Zou" /><area href="/wiki/Kouffo_Department" shape="poly" coords="67,354,67,378,67,378,67,378,61,378,61,378,62,383,64,383,65,385,65,385,65,392,65,392,65,392,74,390,74,390,76,389,79,387,82,388,85,389,85,390,86,392,88,394,90,395,93,395,93,390,94,392,95,389,95,389,96,386,96,386,96,384,97,384,97,383,97,383,94,383,94,383,91,382,87,376,85,374,84,372,83,372,82,369,81,367,81,365,80,364,80,364,74,356,74,356,74,356,71,347,71,347,71,347,68,342,68,342,67,345,67,351,67,354" alt="Couffo" title="Couffo" /><area href="/wiki/Atlantique_Department" shape="poly" coords="113,378,109,380,109,380,109,380,98,382,98,382,97,386,94,391,94,392,94,392,94,395,94,395,94,395,93,398,93,398,93,398,92,400,92,400,92,402,91,402,91,404,91,406,92,409,91,411,91,414,89,416,89,419,89,419,91,426,91,426,98,425,106,423,113,423,115,418,120,420,122,418,124,417,124,414,124,412,124,411,124,411,124,410,121,410,120,410,120,407,120,407,120,397,120,397,120,397,120,391,120,391,120,391,120,387,120,387,119,385,117,384,117,382,117,381,118,379,119,376,116,378,115,380,113,378" alt="Atlantique" title="Atlantique" /><area href="/wiki/Ou%C3%A9m%C3%A9_Department" shape="poly" coords="117,384,120,384,121,388,121,388,121,409,121,409,122,409,123,409,124,409,126,411,124,416,124,418,128,419,128,420,129,421,130,421,136,420,137,420,138,420,139,420,139,419,140,419,140,417,140,416,140,415,141,412,141,411,140,410,139,410,139,407,138,406,138,403,137,403,136,402,132,403,131,403,131,403,131,390,131,390,131,390,130,387,130,387,130,387,126,384,126,384,126,384,125,377,125,377,122,377,119,377,118,381" alt="Ouémé" title="Ouémé" /><area href="/wiki/Mono_Department" shape="poly" coords="84,391,84,390,83,389,79,388,76,391,73,392,71,392,70,392,69,392,69,392,66,393,66,393,66,393,63,399,63,399,66,401,64,402,66,404,66,405,68,405,69,406,71,408,71,409,71,412,76,414,77,422,78,427,78,427,71,429,71,429,69,429,68,429,67,430,67,430,90,426,90,426,90,426,88,419,88,419,88,419,91,411,91,411,91,411,90,404,90,404,90,404,92,396,92,396,90,396,87,394,85,392" alt="Mono" title="Mono" /><area href="/wiki/Littoral_Department" shape="poly" coords="122,419,117,420,115,421,115,422,114,422,114,423,114,423,121,423,121,423,121,423,121,421,121,421,121,421,121,423,121,423,121,423,128,421,128,421,128,421,128,420,128,420,127,420,125,419,124,419" alt="Littoral" title="Littoral" /></map><figcaption>Departments of Benin</figcaption></figure> <p>Benin is divided into twelve <a href="/wiki/Department_(subnational_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department (subnational entity)">departments</a> (French: <i>départements</i>) which are subdivided into 77 <a href="/wiki/Commune_(subnational_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commune (subnational entity)">communes</a>. In 1999, the previous six departments were each split into two halves, forming the later twelve.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#ace1af;"> <th>Map key </th> <th>Department </th> <th>Capital<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th> <th>Population (2013) </th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><b>Population density</b> <p><b>(per km</b><sup>2</sup> <b>in 2013)</b> </p> </th> <th>Former<br />Department </th> <th>Region </th> <th>Sub-Region </th></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alibori_Department" title="Alibori Department">Alibori</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kandi,_Benin" title="Kandi, Benin">Kandi</a> </td> <td>868,046 </td> <td>26,242 </td> <td>33.1 </td> <td>Borgou </td> <td>North </td> <td>North East </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atakora_Department" title="Atakora Department">Atakora</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Natitingou" title="Natitingou">Natitingou</a> </td> <td>769,337 </td> <td>20,499 </td> <td>37.5 </td> <td>Atakora </td> <td>North </td> <td>North West </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantique_Department" title="Atlantique Department">Atlantique</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allada" title="Allada">Allada</a> </td> <td>1,396,548 </td> <td>3,233 </td> <td>432 </td> <td>Atlantique </td> <td>South </td> <td>South Centre </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borgou_Department" title="Borgou Department">Borgou</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parakou" title="Parakou">Parakou</a> </td> <td>1,202,095 </td> <td>25,856 </td> <td>46.5 </td> <td>Borgou </td> <td>North </td> <td>North East </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Collines_Department" title="Collines Department">Collines</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dassa-Zoum%C3%A9" title="Dassa-Zoumé">Dassa-Zoumé</a> </td> <td>716,558 </td> <td>13,931 </td> <td>51.4 </td> <td>Zou </td> <td>South </td> <td>South Centre </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kouffo_Department" title="Kouffo Department">Kouffo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aplahou%C3%A9" title="Aplahoué">Aplahoué</a> </td> <td>741,895 </td> <td>2,404 </td> <td>308.6 </td> <td>Mono </td> <td>South </td> <td>South West </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donga_Department" title="Donga Department">Donga</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Djougou" title="Djougou">Djougou</a> </td> <td>542,605 </td> <td>11,126 </td> <td>48.8 </td> <td>Atakora </td> <td>North </td> <td>North West </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Littoral_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral Department">Littoral</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cotonou" title="Cotonou">Cotonou</a> </td> <td>678,874 </td> <td>79 </td> <td>8,593.3 </td> <td>Atlantique </td> <td>South </td> <td>South Centre </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mono_Department" title="Mono Department">Mono</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lokossa" title="Lokossa">Lokossa</a> </td> <td>495,307 </td> <td>1,605 </td> <td>308.6 </td> <td>Mono </td> <td>South </td> <td>South West </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ou%C3%A9m%C3%A9_Department" title="Ouémé Department">Ouémé</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a> </td> <td>1,096,850 </td> <td>1,281 </td> <td>856.2 </td> <td>Ouémé </td> <td>South </td> <td>South East </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Department" title="Plateau Department">Plateau</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pob%C3%A8" title="Pobè">Pobè</a> </td> <td>624,146 </td> <td>3,264 </td> <td>191.2 </td> <td>Ouémé </td> <td>South </td> <td>South East </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zou_Department" title="Zou Department">Zou</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abomey" title="Abomey">Abomey</a> </td> <td>851,623 </td> <td>5,243 </td> <td>162.4 </td> <td>Zou </td> <td>South </td> <td>South Centre </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 7957.3282711643px; border-left-color:#65ECDF"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#65ECDF"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#65ECDF"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 524.21835811132px; border-left-color:#F0FF01"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#F0FF01"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#F0FF01"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 257.28249782392px; border-left-color:#64ECDF"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#64ECDF"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#64ECDF"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 134.06260318686px; border-left-color:#F0FF00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#F0FF00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#F0FF00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 60.848773868076px; border-left-color:#E17720"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E17720"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#E17720"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 0.62832679918897px; border-left-color:#1A9"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#1A9"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#1A9"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:82.708057427456px 56.208337785213px 0 0; border-top-color:#FF33AC"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF33AC"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:21.814324139654px 97.591676193875px 0 0; border-top-color:#36A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#36A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 112.00117924292px 100px 0; border-right-color:#6A5"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#6A5"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p><b>Ethnic Groups of Benin (2013 Census)</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6A5; color:black;"> </span> Goun & Fon (38.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#36A; color:white;"> </span> Adja & Mina (15.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF33AC; color:black;"> </span> Yoruba (12%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1A9; color:black;"> </span> Bariba (9.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E17720; color:black;"> </span> Fula (8.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F0FF00; color:black;"> </span> Ottamari (6.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#64ECDF; color:black;"> </span> Yoa-Lokpa (4.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F0FF01; color:black;"> </span> Dendi (2.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#65ECDF; color:black;"> </span> Other (2.8%)</div> </div> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Benin" title="Demographics of Benin">Demographics of Benin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Benin" title="Languages of Benin">Languages of Benin</a></div> <p>The majority of Benin's 11,485,000 inhabitants live in the south of the country. The <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> is 62 years.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 42 African ethnic groups live in this country, including the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> in the southeast (migrated from Nigeria in the 12th century); the <a href="/wiki/Dendi_people" title="Dendi people">Dendi</a> in the north-central area (who came from Mali in the 16th century); the <a href="/wiki/Bariba_people" title="Bariba people">Bariba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a> in the northeast; the <a href="/wiki/Betammaribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Betammaribe">Betammaribe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Somba_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Somba people">Somba</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atakora_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Atakora Mountains">Atakora Mountains</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a> in the area around <a href="/wiki/Abomey" title="Abomey">Abomey</a> in the South Central and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mina people (page does not exist)">Mina</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xueda_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xueda people (page does not exist)">Xueda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aja_people" title="Aja people">Aja</a> (who came from Togo) on the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-bn_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bn-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Migrations have brought other African nationals to Benin, including Nigerians, Togolese, and Malians.<sup id="cite_ref-worldpopulationreview.com_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldpopulationreview.com-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foreign community includes Lebanese and Indians involved in trade and commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-worldpopulationreview.com_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldpopulationreview.com-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The personnel of European embassies and foreign aid missions and of nongovernmental organisations and missionary groups account for a part of the 5,500 European population.<sup id="cite_ref-bn_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bn-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;border-spacing: 0;float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="padding:0.25em">Historical population</th></tr><tr><th>Year</th><td style="text-align:center">1950 </td><td style="text-align:center">2000 </td><td style="text-align:center">2021 </td></tr><tr><th>Population<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">2,200,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">6,800,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">13,000,000</td></tr><tr><th><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">—    </td><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">+209.1%</td><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">+91.2%</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Benin</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2013 Census<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Benin" title="List of cities in Benin">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Benin" title="Departments of Benin">Department</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_panoramique_quartier_cadj%C3%A9houn-Cotonou_au_B%C3%A9nin_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cotonou"><img alt="Cotonou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Vue_panoramique_quartier_cadj%C3%A9houn-Cotonou_au_B%C3%A9nin_1.jpg/120px-Vue_panoramique_quartier_cadj%C3%A9houn-Cotonou_au_B%C3%A9nin_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Vue_panoramique_quartier_cadj%C3%A9houn-Cotonou_au_B%C3%A9nin_1.jpg/180px-Vue_panoramique_quartier_cadj%C3%A9houn-Cotonou_au_B%C3%A9nin_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Vue_panoramique_quartier_cadj%C3%A9houn-Cotonou_au_B%C3%A9nin_1.jpg/240px-Vue_panoramique_quartier_cadj%C3%A9houn-Cotonou_au_B%C3%A9nin_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Cotonou" title="Cotonou">Cotonou</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Porto-Novo_vue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porto-Novo"><img alt="Porto-Novo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Porto-Novo_vue.jpg/120px-Porto-Novo_vue.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Porto-Novo_vue.jpg/180px-Porto-Novo_vue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Porto-Novo_vue.jpg/240px-Porto-Novo_vue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="567" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo"><span class="nowrap">Porto-Novo</span></a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cotonou" title="Cotonou">Cotonou</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Littoral_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral Department">Littoral</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">679,012 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo"><span class="nowrap">Porto-Novo</span></a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ou%C3%A9m%C3%A9_Department" title="Ouémé Department">Ouémé</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">264,320 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Parakou" title="Parakou">Parakou</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Borgou_Department" title="Borgou Department">Borgou</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">255,478 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Godomey" title="Godomey"><span class="nowrap">Godomey</span></a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Atlantique_Department" title="Atlantique Department">Atlantique</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">253,262 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Abomey-Calavi" title="Abomey-Calavi">Abomey-Calavi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Atlantique_Department" title="Atlantique Department">Atlantique</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">117,824 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Djougou" title="Djougou">Djougou</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Donga_Department" title="Donga Department">Donga</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">94,773 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bohicon" title="Bohicon">Bohicon</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zou_Department" title="Zou Department">Zou</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">93,744 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ekp%C3%A8" title="Ekpè">Ekpè</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ou%C3%A9m%C3%A9_Department" title="Ouémé Department">Ouémé</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">75,313 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Abomey" title="Abomey">Abomey</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zou_Department" title="Zou Department">Zou</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">67,885 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nikki,_Benin" title="Nikki, Benin">Nikki</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Borgou_Department" title="Borgou Department">Borgou</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">66,109 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 5304.5364363156px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 272.37868371332px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 11.358202516276px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:13.779029068464px 99.046142569665px 0 0; border-top-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Benin (2020 CIA World Factbook estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (52.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (24.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Animist" class="mw-redirect" title="Animist">Animist</a> (17.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> Others / None (5.3%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benin_-_batism_ceremony_in_Cotonou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Benin_-_batism_ceremony_in_Cotonou.jpg/220px-Benin_-_batism_ceremony_in_Cotonou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Benin_-_batism_ceremony_in_Cotonou.jpg/330px-Benin_-_batism_ceremony_in_Cotonou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Benin_-_batism_ceremony_in_Cotonou.jpg/440px-Benin_-_batism_ceremony_in_Cotonou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3135" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Celestial_Church_of_Christ" title="Celestial Church of Christ">Celestial Church of Christ</a> baptism in Cotonou. 5% of Benin's population belongs to this <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denomination</a>, an <a href="/wiki/African_Initiated_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="African Initiated Church">African Initiated Church</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Religion in Benin</a></div> <p>The two main religions in Benin are <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, followed mostly in the south and center, and Islam, brought by the <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> merchants and followed in <a href="/wiki/Alibori_Department" title="Alibori Department">Alibori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borgou_Department" title="Borgou Department">Borgou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donga_Department" title="Donga Department">Donga</a> provinces, as well as among the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a>, who also practice Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some continue to hold <a href="/wiki/West_African_Vodun" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Vodun">Vodun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Orisha</a> beliefs and have <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">incorporated</a> the pantheon of Vodun and Orisha into Christianity. <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a>, a sect of Islam originating in the 19th century, also has a presence in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2013 census, 48.5% of the population of Benin were <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> (25.5% <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, 6.7% <a href="/wiki/Celestial_Church_of_Christ" title="Celestial Church of Christ">Celestial Church of Christ</a>, 3.4% <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a>, and 12.9% other Christian denominations), 27.7% were <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, 11.6% practiced <a href="/wiki/Vodun" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodun">Vodun</a>, 2.6% practiced other local traditional religions, 2.6% practiced other religions, and 5.8% claimed no religious affiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-insae-bj.org_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insae-bj.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-report_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A government survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Demographic_and_Health_Surveys" title="Demographic and Health Surveys">Demographic and Health Surveys</a> Program in 2011-2012 indicated that followers of Christianity comprised 57.5% of the population (with Catholics making up 33.9%, Methodists 3.0%, Celestials 6.2% and other Christians 14.5%), while Muslims were 22.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-DHS_2011-12_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHS_2011-12-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the most recent (2020) estimate, the population of Benin was 52.2% Christian, 24.6% Muslim, 17.9% animist, and 5.3% followed other faiths or had no religion.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional religions include local animistic religions in the <a href="/wiki/Atakora_Department" title="Atakora Department">Atakora</a> region, and <a href="/wiki/Vodun" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodun">Vodun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orisha</a> veneration among the Yoruba and Tado peoples in the center and south of the nation. The town of <a href="/wiki/Ouidah" title="Ouidah">Ouidah</a> on the central coast is the spiritual center of Beninese Vodun or Voodoo.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BEN_2001-007-S20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/BEN_2001-007-S20.jpg/220px-BEN_2001-007-S20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/BEN_2001-007-S20.jpg/330px-BEN_2001-007-S20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/BEN_2001-007-S20.jpg/440px-BEN_2001-007-S20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption>Students</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Benin" title="Education in Benin">Education in Benin</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rate in 2015 it was estimated to be 38.4% (49.9% for males and 27.3% for females).<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benin has achieved universal primary education and half of the children (54%) were enrolled in secondary education in 2013, according to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Institute_for_Statistics" title="UNESCO Institute for Statistics">UNESCO Institute for Statistics</a>. </p><p>While at a time the education system was not free,<sup id="cite_ref-ilab_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilab-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benin has abolished school fees and is carrying out the recommendations of its 2007 Educational Forum.<sup id="cite_ref-UnescoBenin_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnescoBenin-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government has devoted more than 4% of GDP to education since 2009. In 2015, public expenditure on education (all levels) amounted to 4.4% of GDP, according to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Institute_for_Statistics" title="UNESCO Institute for Statistics">UNESCO Institute for Statistics</a>. Within this expenditure, Benin devoted a share to tertiary education: 0.97% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2009 and 2011, the share of people enrolled at university rose from 10% to 12% of the 18<i>–</i>25 year age cohort. Student enrollment in tertiary education more than doubled between 2006 and 2011 from 50,225 to 110,181. These statistics encompass not only bachelor's, master's and Ph.D. programmes but also students enrolled in nondegree post-secondary diplomas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Benin" title="Health in Benin">Health in Benin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Benin" title="HIV/AIDS in Benin">HIV/AIDS in Benin</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> rate in Benin was estimated in 2013 at 1.13% of adults aged 15–49 years.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA3_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA3-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a> is a problem in Benin, being a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children younger than 5 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Malaria_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaria-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1980s, less than 30% of the country's population had access to primary health care services. Benin's <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant mortality rate">infant mortality rate</a> stood at 203 deaths for every <span style="white-space:nowrap">1<span style="margin-left:0.25em">000</span></span> live births. One in three mothers had access to child health care services. The <a href="/wiki/Bamako_Initiative" title="Bamako Initiative">Bamako Initiative</a> changed that by introducing community-based healthcare reform, resulting in "more efficient and equitable" provision of services.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Benin had the 26th highest rate of <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality">maternal mortality</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA2_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2013 UNICEF report, 13% of women had undergone <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNICEF2013p27_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNICEF2013p27-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An approach strategy was extended to all areas of healthcare, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Demographic_and_Health_Surveys" title="Demographic and Health Surveys">Demographic and Health Surveys</a> has surveyed the issue in Benin since 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-Benin_Surveys_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benin_Surveys-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Just because the surveys published online are from 1996 doesn't mean that's when surveys started. DHS has run since 1984, and digitization is hard. Also, surely there's a better way to report DHS in the article than to merely say surveys exist. (August 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Benin" title="Geography of Benin">Geography of Benin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benin_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Benin_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/220px-Benin_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Benin_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/330px-Benin_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Benin_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/440px-Benin_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Map of Köppen climate classification</figcaption></figure> <p>The north–south strip of land in West Africa lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/6th_parallel_north" title="6th parallel north">6°</a> and <a href="/wiki/13th_parallel_north" title="13th parallel north">13°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">0°</a> and <a href="/wiki/4th_meridian_east" title="4th meridian east">4°E</a>. It is bounded by Togo to the west, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> to the east, and the <a href="/wiki/Bight_of_Benin" title="Bight of Benin">Bight of Benin</a> to the south. The distance from the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a> in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south is about 650 km (404 mi). Although the coastline measures 121 km (75 mi), the country measures about 325 km (202 mi) at its widest point. Four terrestrial ecoregions lie within Benin's borders: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Guinean_forests" title="Eastern Guinean forests">Eastern Guinean forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_lowland_forests" title="Nigerian lowland forests">Nigerian lowland forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinean forest-savanna mosaic">Guinean forest-savanna mosaic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna" title="West Sudanian savanna">West Sudanian savanna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 5.86/10, ranking it 93rd globally out of 172 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atakora_Benin_Batia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Atakora_Benin_Batia.jpg/220px-Atakora_Benin_Batia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Atakora_Benin_Batia.jpg/330px-Atakora_Benin_Batia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Atakora_Benin_Batia.jpg/440px-Atakora_Benin_Batia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atakora_Department" title="Atakora Department">Atakora</a>, 1 of Benin's 2 northernmost departments</figcaption></figure> <p>Benin shows some variation in elevation and can be divided into four areas from the south to the north, starting with the lower-lying, sandy, coastal plain (highest elevation 10 m (32.8 ft)) which is, at most, 10 km (6.2 mi) wide. It is marshy and dotted with lakes and lagoons communicating with the ocean. Behind the coast lies the <a href="/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinean forest-savanna mosaic">Guinean forest-savanna mosaic</a>-covered plateaus of southern Benin (altitude between 20 and 200 m (66 and 656 ft)), which are split by valleys running north to south along the <a href="/wiki/Couffo_River" title="Couffo River">Couffo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zou_River" title="Zou River">Zou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ou%C3%A9m%C3%A9_River" title="Ouémé River">Ouémé Rivers</a>. </p><p>This geography makes it <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">vulnerable to climate change</a>. With the majority of the country living near the coast in lower-lying areas sea level rise could have effects on the economy and population.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northern areas will see additional regions become deserts.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An area of flatter land dotted with rocky hills whose altitude reaches 400 m (1,312 ft) extends around Nikki and Save. </p><p>A range of mountains extends along the northwest border and into Togo; these are the <a href="/wiki/Togo_Mountains" title="Togo Mountains">Atacora</a>. The highest point, <a href="/wiki/Mont_Sokbaro" title="Mont Sokbaro">Mont Sokbaro</a>, is at 658 m (2,159 ft). Benin has fields, <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a>, and remnants of forests. In the rest of the country, the savanna is covered with thorny scrub and dotted with <a href="/wiki/Adansonia_digitata" title="Adansonia digitata">baobab</a> trees. Some forests line the banks of rivers. In the north and the northwest of Benin, the <a href="/wiki/W_National_Park" title="W National Park">Reserve du W du Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pendjari_National_Park" title="Pendjari National Park">Pendjari National Park</a> has <a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">African bush elephants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a>, antelopes, <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamus</a> and monkeys.<sup id="cite_ref-bn_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bn-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Page is updated significantly since 2008 when it was first used. Not sure if any PD material is still in article, but no way to verify, since original page date range is not on iArchive (archiving begins 2017). (August 2022)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Pendjari National Park together with the bordering Parks <a href="/wiki/Arli_National_Park" title="Arli National Park">Arli</a> and W National Park in <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> are among the strongholds of the lion in West Africa; with an estimated 246–466 lions, W-Arli-Pendjari harbors the largest remaining lion population in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically Benin has served as habitat for the endangered <a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog</a>, <i>Lycaon pictus</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this canid is thought to have been <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">locally extinct</a>. </p><p>Annual rainfall in the coastal area averages 1300 mm or about 51 inches. Benin has two rainy and two dry seasons per year. The principal rainy season is from April to late July, with a shorter less intense rainy period from September to November. The main dry season is from December to April, with a cooler dry season from July to September. Temperatures and humidity are higher along the tropical coast. In <a href="/wiki/Cotonou" title="Cotonou">Cotonou</a>, the average maximum temperature is 31 °C (87.8 °F); the minimum is 24 °C (75.2 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-bn_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bn-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Variations in temperature increase when moving north through <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> and plateau toward the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>. A dry wind from the Sahara called the <a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">Harmattan</a> blows from December to March, when grass dries up, other vegetation turns reddish brown, and a veil of fine dust hangs over the country, causing the skies to be "overcast". It is also the season when farmers burn brush in the fields.<sup id="cite_ref-bn_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bn-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Benin <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 28.% of the total land area, equivalent to 3,135,150 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 4,835,150 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 3,112,150 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 23,000 hectares (ha).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Benin" title="Wildlife of Benin">Wildlife of Benin</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Benin" title="Economy of Benin">Economy of Benin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benin_Product_Exports_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Benin_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/310px-Benin_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Benin_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/465px-Benin_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Benin_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/620px-Benin_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>A proportional representation of Benin exports, 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extensive_Landwirtschaft_im_Norden_Benins_bei_Djougou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Extensive_Landwirtschaft_im_Norden_Benins_bei_Djougou.jpg/220px-Extensive_Landwirtschaft_im_Norden_Benins_bei_Djougou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Extensive_Landwirtschaft_im_Norden_Benins_bei_Djougou.jpg/330px-Extensive_Landwirtschaft_im_Norden_Benins_bei_Djougou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Extensive_Landwirtschaft_im_Norden_Benins_bei_Djougou.jpg/440px-Extensive_Landwirtschaft_im_Norden_Benins_bei_Djougou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Extensive agriculture in the north of Benin, near Djougou</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Benin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Benin.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Benin.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Benin.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Real GDP per capita development of Benin since 1950</figcaption></figure> <p>The economy is dependent on <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> production, and regional trade. Cotton accounts for 40% of the <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> and roughly 80% of official <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">export</a> receipts.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Real GDP growth was estimated at 5.1% and 5.7% in 2008 and 2009, respectively. The main driver of growth is the agricultural sector, with cotton being the main export, while services continue to contribute the largest part of GDP mostly because of Benin's geographical location, enabling trade, transportation, transit and tourism activities with its neighboring states.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benin's overall macroeconomic conditions were "positive" in 2017, with a growth rate of around 5.6%. Economic growth was mostly driven by the cotton industry and other cash crops, the Port of Cotonou, and telecommunications. A source of revenue is the Port of Cotonou, and the government is seeking to expand its revenue base. In 2017, Benin imported about $2.8 billion in goods such as rice, meat and poultry, alcoholic beverages, fuel plastic materials, specialized mining and excavating machinery, telecommunications equipment, passenger vehicles, and toiletries and cosmetics. Principal exports are ginned cotton, cotton cake and cotton seeds, cashew, shea butter, cooking oil, and lumber.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Access to <a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">biocapacity</a> is lower than world average. In 2016, Benin had 0.9 global hectares<sup id="cite_ref-footprintdata_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of biocapacity per person within its territory, less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016 Benin used 1.4 global hectares of biocapacity per person - their <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> of consumption. This means they use "slightly under double" as much biocapacity as Benin contains. As a result, Benin is running a biocapacity deficit.<sup id="cite_ref-footprintdata_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gossypium_sp_MS4007.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gossypium_sp_MS4007.JPG/220px-Gossypium_sp_MS4007.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gossypium_sp_MS4007.JPG/330px-Gossypium_sp_MS4007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gossypium_sp_MS4007.JPG/440px-Gossypium_sp_MS4007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Cotton field in northern Benin</figcaption></figure> <p>In order to raise growth still further, Benin plans to attract more foreign investment, place more emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Benin" title="Tourism in Benin">tourism</a>, facilitate the development of new food processing systems and agricultural products, and encourage new information and communication technology. Projects to improve the business climate by reforms to the land tenure system, the commercial justice system, and the financial sector were included in Benin's US$307 million <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Challenge_Account" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Challenge Account">Millennium Challenge Account</a> grant signed in February 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-MCC_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCC-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Club" title="Paris Club">Paris Club</a> and bilateral creditors have eased the external debt situation, with Benin benefiting from a G8 debt reduction announced in July 2005, while pressing for more rapid structural reforms. An "insufficient" electrical supply continues to "adversely affect" Benin's economic growth and the government has taken steps to increase domestic power production.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Benin" title="Trade unions in Benin">trade unions in Benin</a> represent up to 75% of the formal workforce, the informal economy has been noted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a> (ITCU) to contain ongoing problems, including a lack of women's wage equality, the use of <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labor</a>, and the continuing issue of <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">forced labor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benin is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_the_Harmonization_of_Business_Law_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa">Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/OHADA" title="OHADA">OHADA</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cotonou has the country's only seaport and <a href="/wiki/Cadjehoun_Airport" title="Cadjehoun Airport">international airport</a>. Benin is connected by 2-lane asphalted roads to its neighboring countries (Togo, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Nigeria). Mobile telephone service is available across the country through <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Network_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Network Code">operators</a>. ADSL connections are available in some areas. Benin is connected to the Internet by way of satellite connections (since 1998) and a single submarine cable <a href="/wiki/SAT-3/WASC_(cable_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="SAT-3/WASC (cable system)">SAT-3/WASC</a> (since 2001). Relief of "high price" is expected with the initiation of the <a href="/wiki/ACE_(cable_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="ACE (cable system)">Africa Coast to Europe</a> cable in 2011. </p><p>With the GDP growth rate of 4%–5% remaining consistent over two decades, poverty has been increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Analysis in Benin, those living under the poverty line have increased from 36.2% in 2011 to 40.1% in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The growing <a href="/wiki/Blaxit" title="Blaxit">Blaxit</a> movement is starting to bring people of African heritage to Benin for cultural and economic growth reasons. With the Benin government currently working to grant citizenship to people of African descent.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_policy_framework">National policy framework</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: National policy framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research is responsible for implementing science policy. The National Directorate of Scientific and Technological Research handles planning and coordination, whereas the National Council for Scientific and Technical Research and National Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters each play an advisory role. Financial support comes from Benin's National Fund for Scientific Research and Technological Innovation. The Benin Agency for the Promotion of Research Results and Technological Innovation carries out technology transfer through the development and dissemination of research results.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benin was ranked 119th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regulatory framework has evolved since 2006 when the science policy was prepared. This has been updated and complemented by new texts on science and innovation (the year of adoption is between brackets):<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>a manual for monitoring and evaluating research structures and organizations (2013);</li> <li>a manual on how to select research programmes and projects and apply to the National Fund for Scientific Research and Technological Innovation (2013) for competitive grants;</li> <li>a draft act for funding scientific research and innovation and a draft code of ethics for scientific research and innovation were both submitted to the Supreme Court in 2014;</li> <li>a strategic plan for scientific research and innovation (under development in 2015).</li></ul> <p>Equally important are Benin's efforts to integrate science into existing policy documents: </p> <ul><li><i>Benin Development Strategies 2025</i>: <i>Benin 2025 Alafia</i> (2000);</li> <li>Growt<i>h Strategy for Poverty Reduction 2011–2016</i> (2011);</li> <li>Phase 3 of the <i>Ten-year Development Plan for the Education Sector</i>, covering 2013–2015;</li> <li><i>Development Plan for Higher Education and Scientific Research 2013–2017</i> (2014).</li></ul> <p>In 2015, Benin's priority areas for scientific research were: health, education, construction and building materials, transportation and trade, culture, tourism and handicrafts, cotton/textiles, food, energy and climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some so-called challenges facing research and development in Benin are:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the unfavorable organizational framework for research: weak governance, a lack of co-operation between research structures and the absence of an official document on the status of researchers;</li> <li>the inadequate use of human resources and the lack of any motivational policy for researchers; and</li> <li>the mismatch between research and development needs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Human_and_financial_investment_in_research">Human and financial investment in research</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Human and financial investment in research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, Benin counted 1,000 researchers (in headcounts). This corresponds to 115 researchers per million inhabitants. The "main research structures" are the Centre for Scientific and Technical Research, National Institute of Agricultural Research, National Institute for Training and Research in Education, Office of Geological and Mining Research and the Centre for Entomological Research.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The University of Abomey-Calavi was selected by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> in 2014 to participate in its Centres of Excellence project, owing to its expertise in applied mathematics. Within this project, the World Bank has loaned $8 million to Benin. The Association of African Universities has received funds to enable it to co-ordinate knowledge-sharing among the 19 universities in West Africa involved in the project.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are "no available data" on Benin's level of investment in research and development.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the government devoted 2.5% of GDP to public health. In December 2014, 150 volunteer health professionals travelled to Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone from Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria, as part of a joint initiative by the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a> (ECOWAS) and its specialized agency, the West African Health Organisation, to help combat the epidemic. The Ebola epidemic has been a reminder of the underinvestment in West African health systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Government of Benin devoted less than 5% of GDP to agricultural development in 2010, while the members of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> had agreed to commit at least 10% of GDP to this area in the <i>Maputo Declaration</i> of 2003. They reiterated this goal in the <i>Malabo Declaration</i> adopted in Equatorial Guinea in 2014. In the latter declaration, they reaffirmed their 'intention to devote 10% of their national budgets to agricultural development and agreed to targets such as doubling agricultural productivity, halving post-harvest loss and bringing stunting down to 10% across Africa'. African leaders meeting in Equatorial Guinea failed to resolve the debate on establishing a common standard of measurement for the 10% target.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Research_output">Research output</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Research output"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benin has the third-highest publication intensity for scientific journals in West Africa, according to Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded. There were 25.5 scientific articles per million inhabitants cataloged in this database in 2014. This compares with 65.0 for the Gambia, 49.6 for Cape Verde, 23.2 for Senegal and 21.9 for Ghana. The volume of publications in this database tripled in Benin between 2005 and 2014 from 86 to 270. Between 2008 and 2014, Benin's "main scientific collaborators" were based in France (529 articles), United States (261), United Kingdom (254), Belgium (198) and Germany (156).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Benin" title="Transport in Benin">Transport in Benin</a></div> <p>Transport in Benin includes road, rail, water and air transportation. Benin possesses a total of 6,787 km of <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highway</a>, of which 1,357 km are paved. Of the paved highways in the country, there are 10 <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">expressways</a>. This leaves 5,430 km of unpaved road. The <a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93West_African_Coastal_Highway" title="Trans–West African Coastal Highway">Trans-West African Coastal Highway</a> crosses Benin, connecting it to <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> to the east, and <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> to the west. When construction in <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> is finished, the highway will continue west to 7 other <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a> (ECOWAS) nations. A paved highway connects Benin northwards to <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, and through that country to <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> to the north-west. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Benin" title="Rail transport in Benin">Rail transport in Benin</a> consists of 578 km (359 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Single_track_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Single track (rail)">single track</a>, <span class="nowrap">1,000 mm</span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metre_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metre gauge">metre gauge</a></span> railway. Construction work has commenced on international lines connecting Benin with Niger and Nigeria, with outline plans announced for further connections to Togo and Burkina Faso. Benin will be a participant in the <a href="/wiki/AfricaRail" title="AfricaRail">AfricaRail</a> project. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cadjehoun_Airport" title="Cadjehoun Airport">Cadjehoun Airport</a>, located at Cotonou, has direct international jet service to <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, Niamey, <a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a>, and other cities in Africa. Direct services link Cotonou to Paris, Brussels, and Istanbul. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Who%27s_coming_%3F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Who%27s_coming_%3F.jpg/220px-Who%27s_coming_%3F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Who%27s_coming_%3F.jpg/330px-Who%27s_coming_%3F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Who%27s_coming_%3F.jpg/440px-Who%27s_coming_%3F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Music group</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_Des_Congres_De_Cotonou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Palais_Des_Congres_De_Cotonou.jpg/220px-Palais_Des_Congres_De_Cotonou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Palais_Des_Congres_De_Cotonou.jpg/330px-Palais_Des_Congres_De_Cotonou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Palais_Des_Congres_De_Cotonou.jpg/440px-Palais_Des_Congres_De_Cotonou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Palais des congrès in <a href="/wiki/Cotonou" title="Cotonou">Cotonou</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Benin_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin literature">Benin literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Music of Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Benin" title="Cinema of Benin">Cinema of Benin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Beninese_artists" title="List of Beninese artists">List of Beninese artists</a></div> <p>Beninese literature had an oral tradition before French became the dominant language.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Couchoro" title="Félix Couchoro">Félix Couchoro</a> wrote the first Beninese novel, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Esclave_(Beninese_novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Esclave (Beninese novel) (page does not exist)">L'Esclave</a></i> (The Slave), in 1929. </p><p>Post-independence, native folk music was combined with <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghanaian</a> <a href="/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife">highlife</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a>, American <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese</a> <a href="/wiki/African_Rumba" class="mw-redirect" title="African Rumba">rumba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biennale Benin, continuing the projects of some organizations and artists, started in the country in 2010 as a collaborative event called "Regard Benin". In 2012, the project became a biennial coordinated by a federation of local associations. The international exhibition and artistic program of the 2012 Biennale Benin were curated by Abdellah Karroum.<sup id="cite_ref-Frankel_2008_z499_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frankel_2008_z499-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frieze_2024_b754_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frieze_2024_b754-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Customary_names">Customary names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Customary names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Beninese in the south of the country have <a href="/wiki/Akan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Akan name">Akan-based names</a> indicating the day of the week on which they were born. This is due to influence of the <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan people</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Akwamu" title="Akwamu">Akwamu</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Benin" title="Languages of Benin">Languages of Benin</a></div> <p>Local languages are used as the many languages of instruction in elementary schools, with French introduced in later years. At the secondary school level, French is the sole language of instruction. Beninese languages are "generally transcribed" with a separate letter for each speech sound (<a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a>), rather than using <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> as in French or <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> as in English. This includes Beninese <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>, which in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> is written with both diacritics and digraphs. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">mid vowels</a> written <i>é, è, ô, o</i> in French are written <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ,<span class="wrap"> </span>o,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ</span></i> in Beninese languages, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> that are written <i>ng</i> and <i>sh</i> or <i>ch</i> in English are written <i>ŋ</i> and <i>c.</i> Digraphs are used for <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Labial-velar_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial-velar consonant">labial-velar consonants</a> <i>kp</i> and <i>gb,</i> as in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Fon_language" title="Fon language">Fon language</a> <i>Fon gbe</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fõ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ͡be/</span>, and diacritics are used as <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone marks</a>. In French-language publications, a mixture of French and Beninese orthographies may be seen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahia_acaraje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bahia_acaraje.jpg/220px-Bahia_acaraje.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bahia_acaraje.jpg/330px-Bahia_acaraje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bahia_acaraje.jpg/440px-Bahia_acaraje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1291" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Acaraj%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Acarajé">Acarajé</a> is peeled <a href="/wiki/Black-eyed_pea" title="Black-eyed pea">black-eyed peas</a> formed into a ball and then deep-fried.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Benin cuisine</a></div> <p>The cuisine involves fresh meals served with a variety of key sauces. In southern Benin cuisine, an ingredient is <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> which has been used to prepare <a href="/wiki/Dough" title="Dough">dough</a> which has been served with <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanut</a>- or <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Sauce" title="Sauce">sauces</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chicken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aethomys" title="Aethomys">bush rat</a> are consumed. A staple in northern Benin is <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a> which has been served with sauces mentioned above. The population in the northern provinces use beef and <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> meat which is fried in palm or peanut oil or cooked in sauces. <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">Cheese</a> is used in some dishes. <a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a>, rice, and <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a> are eaten, along with fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mangoes</a>, oranges, avocados, bananas, kiwi fruit, and pineapples. </p><p>Meals are said to be generally light on meat and generous on <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable fat">vegetable fat</a>. Frying in palm or peanut oil is a meat preparation, and <a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">smoked fish</a> is prepared in Benin. Grinders are used to prepare <a href="/wiki/Cornmeal" title="Cornmeal">corn flour</a>, which is made into a dough and served with sauces. "<a href="/wiki/Rotisserie_chicken" title="Rotisserie chicken">Chicken on the spit</a>" is a recipe in which chicken is roasted over a fire on wooden sticks. <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm</a> roots are sometimes soaked in a jar with salt water and sliced garlic to tenderize them, then used in dishes. Some people have outdoor mud stoves for cooking.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major sports in Benin are <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">softball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 21st century, baseball and <a href="/wiki/Teqball" title="Teqball">teqball</a> were introduced to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_authorities">Traditional authorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Traditional authorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benin has numerous <a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">non-sovereign monarchies</a> within the country, many of them derivative of pre-colonial kingdoms (such as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ardra" title="Kingdom of Ardra">Arda</a>). Non-sovereign monarchs do not have an official, constitutional role, and are largely ceremonial and subservient to political and civil authorities. Despite this, they play an influential role in local political matters within their particular realms and are often courted by Beninese politicians for electoral support. Advocacy groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_Kings_of_Benin" title="High Council of Kings of Benin">High Council of Kings of Benin</a>, represent the monarchs nationally.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Benin-related_articles" title="Index of Benin-related articles">Index of Benin-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Benin" title="Outline of Benin">Outline of Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Benin" title="Telephone numbers in Benin">Telephone numbers in Benin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/benin/#people-and-society">"Benin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231229152613/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/benin/#people-and-society">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbenin%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-insae-bj.org-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-insae-bj.org_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insae-bj.org_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insae-bj.org/images/docs/insae-statistiques/enquetes-recensements/RGPH/1.RGPH_4/Indicateurs-et-Projetcions/Principaux%20Indicateurs%20projections%20Preface%20RGPH4.pdf">"PRINCIPAUX INDICATEURS SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIQUES ET ECONOMIQUES"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.insae-bj.org</i> (in French). INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA STATISTIQUE ET DE L'ANALYSE ECONOMIQUE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918231011/https://www.insae-bj.org/images/docs/insae-statistiques/enquetes-recensements/RGPH/1.RGPH_4/Indicateurs-et-Projetcions/Principaux%20Indicateurs%20projections%20Preface%20RGPH4.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.insae-bj.org&rft.atitle=PRINCIPAUX+INDICATEURS+SOCIO+DEMOGRAPHIQUES+ET+ECONOMIQUES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insae-bj.org%2Fimages%2Fdocs%2Finsae-statistiques%2Fenquetes-recensements%2FRGPH%2F1.RGPH_4%2FIndicateurs-et-Projetcions%2FPrincipaux%2520Indicateurs%2520projections%2520Preface%2520RGPH4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PEW-GRF-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PEW-GRF_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEW-GRF_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/benin/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020">"Religions in Benin | PEW-GRF"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017154104/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/benin/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Benin+%26%23124%3B+PEW-GRF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Fbenin%2Freligious_demography%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D0%26affiliations_year%3D2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AS2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AS2010_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insae-bj.org/annuare-statistique.html?file=files/publications/annuel/Annuaire%20statistique%20%20INSAE%202010.pdf">Annuaire statistique 2010</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report) (in French). <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_de_l%27analyse_%C3%A9conomique" title="Institut national de la statistique et de l'analyse économique">INSAE</a>. 2012. p. 49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091201/http://www.insae-bj.org/annuare-statistique.html?file=files%2Fpublications%2Fannuel%2FAnnuaire%20statistique%20%20INSAE%202010.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Annuaire+statistique+2010&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=INSAE&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insae-bj.org%2Fannuare-statistique.html%3Ffile%3Dfiles%2Fpublications%2Fannuel%2FAnnuaire%2520statistique%2520%2520INSAE%25202010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/benin">"Benin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Benin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbenin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2022.zip">(Archived 2022 edition.)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.BJ-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.BJ_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.BJ_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.BJ_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.BJ_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=638,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Benin)"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031214031/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=638,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28Benin%29&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D638%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?name_desc=false">https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?name_desc=false</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/2024"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F2024&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a></i> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/01/archives/dahomey-announces-its-name-will-be-benin.html">"Dahomey Announces Its Name Will Be Benin"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200916200353/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/01/archives/dahomey-announces-its-name-will-be-benin.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dahomey+Announces+Its+Name+Will+Be+Benin&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1975%2F12%2F01%2Farchives%2Fdahomey-announces-its-name-will-be-benin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HughesHughes1992-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HughesHughes1992_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesHughes1992" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC"><i>A Directory of African Wetlands</i></a>. IUCN. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88032-949-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88032-949-5"><bdi>978-2-88032-949-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508163425/https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Directory+of+African+Wetlands&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=IUCN&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-2-88032-949-5&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rft.au=Hughes%2C+J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVLjafeXa3gMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDossouGléhouenou-Dossou2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dossou, Krystel M.R.; Gléhouenou-Dossou, Bernadette (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956247807077149">"The vulnerability to climate change of Cotonou (Benin): the rise in sea level"</a>. <i>Environment and Urbanization</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 65–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956247807077149">10.1177/0956247807077149</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Urbanization&rft.atitle=The+vulnerability+to+climate+change+of+Cotonou+%28Benin%29%3A+the+rise+in+sea+level&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-79&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0956247807077149&rft.aulast=Dossou&rft.aufirst=Krystel+M.R.&rft.au=Gl%C3%A9houenou-Dossou%2C+Bernadette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0956247807077149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoplinLozivit2019" class="citation journal cs1">Choplin, Armelle; Lozivit, Martin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fcybergeo.32949">"Mapping a slum: learning from participatory mapping and digital innovation in Cotonou (Benin)"</a> [Mettre un quartier sur la carte: Cartographie participative et innovation numérique à Cotonou (Bénin)]. <i>Cybergeo</i> 894. Translated by Alvin Harberts. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fcybergeo.32949">10.4000/cybergeo.32949</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cybergeo&rft.atitle=Mapping+a+slum%3A+learning+from+participatory+mapping+and+digital+innovation+in+Cotonou+%28Benin%29&rft.artnum=894&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fcybergeo.32949&rft.aulast=Choplin&rft.aufirst=Armelle&rft.au=Lozivit%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fcybergeo.32949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_Factbook-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Factbook_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>CIA Factbook</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024021730/http://www.fao.org/isfp/country-information/benin/en/">"FAO Initiative on Soaring Food Prices"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/isfp/country-information/benin/en/">the original</a> on 24 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.atitle=FAO+Initiative+on+Soaring+Food+Prices&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fisfp%2Fcountry-information%2Fbenin%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ariseiip.com/homepage/major-industries-in-benin/">"Major Industries in Benin"</a>. <i>Arise IIP</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arise+IIP&rft.atitle=Major+Industries+in+Benin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ariseiip.com%2Fhomepage%2Fmajor-industries-in-benin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibp_Usa_p85-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ibp_Usa_p85_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><i>Global Logistics Assessments Reports Handbook</i>. Vol. 1: Strategic Transportation and Customs Information for Selected Countries. International Business Publications USA. 2008 [2015]. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739766033" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739766033"><bdi>978-0739766033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Logistics+Assessments+Reports+Handbook&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=International+Business+Publications+USA&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0739766033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/01/archives/dahomey-announces-its-name-will-be-benin.html">"Dahomey Announces Its Name Will Be Benin"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1 December 1975. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200916200353/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/01/archives/dahomey-announces-its-name-will-be-benin.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dahomey+Announces+Its+Name+Will+Be+Benin&rft.date=1975-12-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1975%2F12%2F01%2Farchives%2Fdahomey-announces-its-name-will-be-benin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bay-1998-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bay-1998_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBay1998" class="citation book cs1">Bay, Edna (1998). <i>Wives of the Leopard: Gender, Politics, and Culture in the Kingdom of Dahomey</i>. University of Virginia Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wives+of+the+Leopard%3A+Gender%2C+Politics%2C+and+Culture+in+the+Kingdom+of+Dahomey&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bay&rft.aufirst=Edna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkinjogbin1967" class="citation book cs1">Akinjogbin, I.A. (1967). <i>Dahomey and Its Neighbors: 1708–1818</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/469476592">469476592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dahomey+and+Its+Neighbors%3A+1708%E2%80%931818&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F469476592&rft.aulast=Akinjogbin&rft.aufirst=I.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Law-1986-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Law-1986_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw1986" class="citation journal cs1">Law, Robin (1986). "Dahomey and the Slave Trade: Reflections on the Historiography of the Rise of Dahomey". <i>The Journal of African History</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 237–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700036665">10.1017/s0021853700036665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165754199">165754199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Dahomey+and+the+Slave+Trade%3A+Reflections+on+the+Historiography+of+the+Rise+of+Dahomey&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237-267&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853700036665&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165754199%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreeveyNgomoVengroff2005" class="citation journal cs1">Creevey, Lucy; Ngomo, Paul; Vengroff, Richard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/897004">"Party Politics and Different Paths to Democratic Transitions: A Comparison of Benin and Senegal"</a>. <i>Party Politics</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 471–493. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354068805053213">10.1177/1354068805053213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145169455">145169455</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202224421/https://zenodo.org/record/897004">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Party+Politics&rft.atitle=Party+Politics+and+Different+Paths+to+Democratic+Transitions%3A+A+Comparison+of+Benin+and+Senegal&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=471-493&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1354068805053213&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145169455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Creevey&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft.au=Ngomo%2C+Paul&rft.au=Vengroff%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F897004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harms2002-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harms2002_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarms2002" class="citation book cs1">Harms, Robert W. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0YILMba_EnoC"><i>The Diligent: A Voyage Through the Worlds of the Slave Trade</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02872-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02872-6"><bdi>978-0-465-02872-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509061636/https://books.google.com/books?id=0YILMba_EnoC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diligent%3A+A+Voyage+Through+the+Worlds+of+the+Slave+Trade&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02872-6&rft.aulast=Harms&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0YILMba_EnoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alpern1998-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alpern1998_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpern1998" class="citation book cs1">Alpern, Stanley B. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fdtg4e5_WoIC"><i>Amazons of Black Sparta: The Women Warriors of Dahomey</i></a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-362-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-362-2"><bdi>978-1-85065-362-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506013639/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fdtg4e5_WoIC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amazons+of+Black+Sparta%3A+The+Women+Warriors+of+Dahomey&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-362-2&rft.aulast=Alpern&rft.aufirst=Stanley+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFdtg4e5_WoIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2003" class="citation news cs1">Miller, David Lee (10 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/african-ambassador-apologizes-for-slavery-role">"African Ambassador Apologizes for Slavery Role"</a>. <i>Fox News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522233737/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,91575,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=African+Ambassador+Apologizes+for+Slavery+Role&rft.date=2003-07-10&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=David+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fafrican-ambassador-apologizes-for-slavery-role&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BbcSlavery-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BbcSlavery_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BbcSlavery_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130308014748/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter2.shtml">"African Slave Owners"</a>. <i>The story of South Africa: Slavery</i>. BBC World Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter2.shtml">the original</a> on 8 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+story+of+South+Africa%3A+Slavery&rft.atitle=African+Slave+Owners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Fafrica%2Ffeatures%2Fstoryofafrica%2F9chapter2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning1982" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Patrick (1982). <i>Slavery, Colonialism and Economic Growth in Dahomey, 1640–1960</i>. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery%2C+Colonialism+and+Economic+Growth+in+Dahomey%2C+1640%E2%80%931960&rft.place=London&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209201911/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2021/01-02/ivory-saltcellar-reveals-colonial-power-dynamic-benin-portugal/">"This ivory relic reveals the colonial power dynamic between Benin and Portugal History Magazine, National Geographic, 09.02.2021"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2021/01-02/ivory-saltcellar-reveals-colonial-power-dynamic-benin-portugal/">the original</a> on 9 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=This+ivory+relic+reveals+the+colonial+power+dynamic+between+Benin+and+Portugal+History+Magazine%2C+National+Geographic%2C+09.02.2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Fmagazine%2F2021%2F01-02%2Fivory-saltcellar-reveals-colonial-power-dynamic-benin-portugal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyder1969" class="citation book cs1">Ryder, Alan (1969). <i>Benin and the Europeans 1485-1897</i>. New York, NY: Humanities Press. p. 239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benin+and+the+Europeans+1485-1897&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Humanities+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Ryder&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning1982" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Patrick (1982). <i>Slavery, Colonialism and Economic Growth in Dahomey, 1640-1960</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511563072" title="Special:BookSources/9780511563072"><bdi>9780511563072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery%2C+Colonialism+and+Economic+Growth+in+Dahomey%2C+1640-1960&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780511563072&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apanews.net/en/news/president-sirleaf-congratulates-benin-on-57th-independence-anniversary">"President Sirleaf congratulates Benin on 57th Independence Anniversary"</a>. <i>Agence de Presse Africane</i>. 31 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180730234816/http://apanews.net/en/news/president-sirleaf-congratulates-benin-on-57th-independence-anniversary">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agence+de+Presse+Africane&rft.atitle=President+Sirleaf+congratulates+Benin+on+57th+Independence+Anniversary&rft.date=2017-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapanews.net%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpresident-sirleaf-congratulates-benin-on-57th-independence-anniversary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stokes2009-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stokes2009_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2009" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Jamie, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gaFvrgEACAAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East: L to Z</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7158-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7158-6"><bdi>978-0-8160-7158-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503171808/https://books.google.com/books?id=gaFvrgEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East%3A+L+to+Z&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7158-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgaFvrgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Araujo2010-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Araujo2010_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAraujo2010" class="citation book cs1">Araujo, Ana Lucia (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kymzngEACAAJ"><i>Public Memory of Slavery: Victims and Perpetrators in the South Atlantic</i></a>. Cambria Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-714-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-714-1"><bdi>978-1-60497-714-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617084013/https://books.google.com/books?id=kymzngEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Memory+of+Slavery%3A+Victims+and+Perpetrators+in+the+South+Atlantic&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60497-714-1&rft.aulast=Araujo&rft.aufirst=Ana+Lucia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkymzngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickovick2012-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dickovick2012_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickovick2012" class="citation book cs1">Dickovick, J. Tyler (9 August 2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africa20120000dick"><i>Africa 2012</i></a></span>. Stryker Post. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africa20120000dick/page/69">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61048-882-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61048-882-2"><bdi>978-1-61048-882-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+2012&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Stryker+Post&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft.isbn=978-1-61048-882-2&rft.aulast=Dickovick&rft.aufirst=J.+Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafrica20120000dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoungnikpoDecalo2012-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HoungnikpoDecalo2012_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoungnikpoDecalo2012" class="citation book cs1">Houngnikpo, Mathurin C.; Decalo, Samuel (14 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0yGPTsRubWEC&pg=PR33"><i>Historical Dictionary of Benin</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7171-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-7171-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140423214217/http://books.google.com/books?id=0yGPTsRubWEC&pg=PR33">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Benin&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2012-12-14&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7171-7&rft.aulast=Houngnikpo&rft.aufirst=Mathurin+C.&rft.au=Decalo%2C+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0yGPTsRubWEC%26pg%3DPR33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304083636/http://afriquepluriel.ruwenzori.net/benin1.htm">"Bénin, analyse du pays de 1982 a 1997"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B%C3%A9nin%2C+analyse+du+pays+de+1982+a+1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafriquepluriel.ruwenzori.net%2Fbenin1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kneib-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kneib_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kneib_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kneib_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kneib_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKneib2007" class="citation book cs1">Kneib, Martha (7 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/benin0000knei/page/22"><i>Benin</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/benin0000knei/page/22">22–25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2328-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2328-7"><bdi>978-0-7614-2328-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benin&rft.pages=22-25&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Benchmark&rft.date=2007-01-07&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-2328-7&rft.aulast=Kneib&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbenin0000knei%2Fpage%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialist.net/history-people-s-republic-of-benin.htm">"A Short History of the People's Republic of Benin (1974–1990)"</a>. Socialist.net. 27 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100423134048/http://www.socialist.net/history-people-s-republic-of-benin.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+Benin+%281974%E2%80%931990%29&rft.pub=Socialist.net&rft.date=2008-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialist.net%2Fhistory-people-s-republic-of-benin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612012647/http://flagspot.net/flags/bj.html">"Benin"</a>. Flagspot.net. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Official+Result+in+Benin+Vote+Shows+Big+Loss+for+Kerekou&rft.date=1991-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F03%2F26%2Fworld%2Fofficial-result-in-benin-vote-shows-big-loss-for-kerekou.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrol.com/News2001/ben007_kerekou_wins.htm">"ben007 President Kerekou re-elected in Benin"</a>. <i>www.afrol.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601223719/http://www.afrol.com/News2001/ben007_kerekou_wins.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.afrol.com&rft.atitle=ben007+President+Kerekou+re-elected+in+Benin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afrol.com%2FNews2001%2Fben007_kerekou_wins.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Louis Gates">Gates, Henry Louis</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/opinion/23gates.html?pagewanted=all">Ending the Slavery Blame-Game</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307174002/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/opinion/23gates.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> 7 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>The New York Times</i>, 22 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/fr/node/225956">"President Mathieu Kerekou leaves after 29 years"</a>. <i>The New Humanitarian</i> (in French). 7 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601222447/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/fr/node/225956">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Humanitarian&rft.atitle=President+Mathieu+Kerekou+leaves+after+29+years&rft.date=2006-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewhumanitarian.org%2Ffr%2Fnode%2F225956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-03-23/boni-wins-benin-presidential-election-official/825650">"Boni wins Benin presidential election: official"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 22 March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601221645/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-03-23/boni-wins-benin-presidential-election-official/825650">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Boni+wins+Benin+presidential+election%3A+official&rft.date=2006-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2006-03-23%2Fboni-wins-benin-presidential-election-official%2F825650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allafrica.com/stories/200604070127.html">"Celebration As Boni Takes Over"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060418003819/http://allafrica.com/stories/200604070127.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Celebration+As+Boni+Takes+Over&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200604070127.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/benin-election-idAFLDE72K0KE20110321">"Benin's Boni Yayi wins second term - court"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 21 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601221256/https://www.reuters.com/article/benin-election-idAFLDE72K0KE20110321">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Businessman+sworn+in+as+Benin%27s+president&rft.date=2016-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-benin-election-idUSKCN0X31QO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-benin-election-idUSKCN0WS08X">"Newly-elected Benin president aims to reduce presidential terms"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 26 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503063033/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-benin-election-idUSKCN0WS08X">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Newly-elected+Benin+president+aims+to+reduce+presidential+terms&rft.date=2016-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-benin-election-idUSKCN0WS08X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/benins-president-wins-election-preliminary-results-77053903">"Benin's president wins re-election in preliminary results"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414075040/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/benins-president-wins-election-preliminary-results-77053903">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Benin%27s+president+wins+re-election+in+preliminary+results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Fbenins-president-wins-election-preliminary-results-77053903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/11/vote-counting-in-benin-after-election-marked-by-violent-protests">"Benin vote count begins after opposition groups boycott election"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419074916/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/11/vote-counting-in-benin-after-election-marked-by-violent-protests">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Benin+vote+count+begins+after+opposition+groups+boycott+election&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F4%2F11%2Fvote-counting-in-benin-after-election-marked-by-violent-protests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/five-rangers-soldier-killed-attack-203717334.html">"Five rangers, soldier killed in attack in Benin, park management says"</a>. <i>Yahoo News</i>. 9 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220216145841/https://news.yahoo.com/five-rangers-soldier-killed-attack-203717334.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=Five+rangers%2C+soldier+killed+in+attack+in+Benin%2C+park+management+says&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Ffive-rangers-soldier-killed-attack-203717334.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/02/21/regardez-la-puissance-de-ces-objets-le-benin-expose-les-vingt-six-uvres-restituees-par-la-france_6114618_3212.html">"Le Bénin expose les vingt-six œuvres restituées par la France : " Regardez la puissance de ces objets ! "<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Le Monde.fr</i>. 21 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230721071122/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/02/21/regardez-la-puissance-de-ces-objets-le-benin-expose-les-vingt-six-uvres-restituees-par-la-france_6114618_3212.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Le+B%C3%A9nin+expose+les+vingt-six+%C5%93uvres+restitu%C3%A9es+par+la+France+%3A+%22+Regardez+la+puissance+de+ces+objets+%21+%22&rft.date=2022-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2022%2F02%2F21%2Fregardez-la-puissance-de-ces-objets-le-benin-expose-les-vingt-six-uvres-restituees-par-la-france_6114618_3212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist2021-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-economist2021_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist2021_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist2021_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2021/04/10/benins-democratic-beacon-dims">"Benin's democratic beacon dims"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412022220/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2021/04/10/benins-democratic-beacon-dims">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Benin%27s+democratic+beacon+dims&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2021%2F04%2F10%2Fbenins-democratic-beacon-dims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IIAG-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IIAG_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530015728/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/interact/">"2014 Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mo_Ibrahim_Foundation" title="Mo Ibrahim Foundation">Mo Ibrahim Foundation</a>. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/interact/">the original</a> on 30 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2014+Ibrahim+Index+of+African+Governance+%28IIAG%29&rft.pub=Mo+Ibrahim+Foundation&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moibrahimfoundation.org%2Finteract%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/gov_cor-government-corruption">"Countries Compared by Government, Government corruption rating. International Statistics at NationMaster.com"</a>. <i>nationmaster.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110208015202/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/gov_cor-government-corruption">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationmaster.com&rft.atitle=Countries+Compared+by+Government%2C+Government+corruption+rating.+International+Statistics+at+NationMaster.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmaster.com%2Fgraph%2Fgov_cor-government-corruption&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/benin/freedom-world/2021">"Benin: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report"</a>. <i>Freedom House</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216181132/https://freedomhouse.org/country/benin/freedom-world/2021">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Benin%3A+Freedom+in+the+World+2021+Country+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fbenin%2Ffreedom-world%2F2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcc.gov/news-and-events/release/press-release-121521-board-selects-belize-zambia">"Press Release: MCC's Board Selects Belize, Zambia for Grant Assistance"</a>. <i>Millennium Challenge Corporation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215202326/https://www.mcc.gov/news-and-events/release/press-release-121521-board-selects-belize-zambia">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>However, due to Benin's overall multi-year decline in its commitment to MCC's eligibility criteria and the principles of democratic governance, the Board discussed and endorsed MCC's determination to significantly reduce the portion of the planned regional investment that would be made in Benin through a concurrent compact.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Millennium+Challenge+Corporation&rft.atitle=Press+Release%3A+MCC%27s+Board+Selects+Belize%2C+Zambia+for+Grant+Assistance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcc.gov%2Fnews-and-events%2Frelease%2Fpress-release-121521-board-selects-belize-zambia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lanouvelletribune.info/2021/12/recul-de-la-democratie-les-etats-unis-sanctionnent-le-benin-a-travers-le-mcc/">"Recul de la démocratie: les Etats-Unis sanctionnent le Bénin à travers le MCC"</a>. <i>La Nouvelle Tribune</i> (in French). 16 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216181132/https://lanouvelletribune.info/2021/12/recul-de-la-democratie-les-etats-unis-sanctionnent-le-benin-a-travers-le-mcc/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Nouvelle+Tribune&rft.atitle=Recul+de+la+d%C3%A9mocratie%3A+les+Etats-Unis+sanctionnent+le+B%C3%A9nin+%C3%A0+travers+le+MCC&rft.date=2021-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flanouvelletribune.info%2F2021%2F12%2Frecul-de-la-democratie-les-etats-unis-sanctionnent-le-benin-a-travers-le-mcc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschel-Burns2021" class="citation web cs1">Hirschel-Burns, Tim (8 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/08/benin-election-democracy-sham-patrice-talon/">"Benin's King of Cotton Makes Its Democracy a Sham"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216181132/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/08/benin-election-democracy-sham-patrice-talon/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Benin%27s+King+of+Cotton+Makes+Its+Democracy+a+Sham&rft.date=2021-04-08&rft.aulast=Hirschel-Burns&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2021%2F04%2F08%2Fbenin-election-democracy-sham-patrice-talon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statoids.org/en/bj/admin-levels/l1/map/benin/departements"><i>Statoids - Benin</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statoids+-+Benin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statoids.org%2Fen%2Fbj%2Fadmin-levels%2Fl1%2Fmap%2Fbenin%2Fdepartements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gouv.bj/communique-du-conseil-des-ministres-du-22-juin-2016/">Communiqué du Conseil des Ministres du 22 Juin 2016 | Portail Officiel du Gouvernement Béninois</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073621/http://gouv.bj/communique-du-conseil-des-ministres-du-22-juin-2016/">Archived</a> 2019-01-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved on 2017-01-02.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/benin">"Benin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anmwe+News&rft.atitle=Monde%3A+Ha%C3%AFti+veut+punir+les+crimes+vaudous+comme+au+Benin&rft.date=2017-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.anmwe.com%2Fmonde-haiti-veut-punir-les-crimes-vaudous-comme-au-benin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf"><i>UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030</i></a>, 471–497, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing. </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Butler, S., <i>Benin (Bradt Travel Guides)</i> (Bradt Travel Guides, 2019)</li> <li>Caulfield, Annie, <i>Show Me the Magic: Travels Round Benin by Taxi</i> (Penguin Books Ltd, 2003)</li> <li>Kraus, Erika and Reid, Felice, <i>Benin (Other Places Travel Guide)</i> (Other Places Publishing, 2010)</li> <li>Seely, Jennifer, <i>The Legacies of Transition Governments in Africa: The Cases of Benin and Togo</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Benin</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Benin" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Benin">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9nin" class="extiw" title="c:Bénin">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Benin" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Benin">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Benin" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Benin">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Benin" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Benin">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Benin" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Benin">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Benin" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Benin">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Benin" class="extiw" title="voy:Benin">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064527.stm">Country Profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/benin/">Benin</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090507211758/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/benin.htm">Benin</a> from <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rp8flCwvoAU"><span class="plainlinks">Civilisations - BBC Two: "Western reactions to Benin bronzes"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, 10 April 2018.</li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Benin" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Benin">commons:Atlas of Benin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121214215241/http://atlas.media.mit.edu/app/treemap/export/ben/2009/">Benin Exports</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=BJ">Forecasts for Benin Development</a></li></ul> <p><b>Government</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gouv.bj/">Government of Benin</a> (official website) <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080813074351/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-b/benin.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://report.globalintegrity.org/benin">Global Integrity Report: Benin</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <p><b>News media</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/benin/benin-newspapers-news.html">Directory of Benin news sources</a> from Stanford University</li></ul> <p><b>Trade</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/BEN/Year/2010/Summary">World Bank Benin 2010 Summary Trade Statistics</a></li></ul> <p><b>Sports</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://post.mnsun.com/2016/06/22/duo-develops-nonprofit-organization-baseball-in-benin/">Baseball</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805192808/http://post.mnsun.com/2016/06/22/duo-develops-nonprofit-organization-baseball-in-benin/">Archived</a> 5 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Benin_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Benin_topics" title="Template:Benin topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Benin_topics" title="Template talk:Benin topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Benin_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Benin topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Benin_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benin</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Benin-related_articles" title="Index of Benin-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Benin" title="History of Benin">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ketu_(Benin)" title="Ketu (Benin)">Ketu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Dahomey" title="French Dahomey">French Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="First Franco-Dahomean War">First Franco-Dahomean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="Second Franco-Dahomean War">Second Franco-Dahomean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Dahomey" title="Republic of Dahomey">Republic of Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Dahomeyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Dahomeyan coup d'état">Soglo coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_(Benin)" title="Presidential Council (Benin)">Presidential Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Dahomeyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1972 Dahomeyan coup d'état">Kérékou coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">People's Republic of Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Benin_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Benin coup d'état attempt">Mercenary coup attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Benin" title="Geography of Benin">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Benin" title="Template:Borders of Benin">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Benin" title="List of cities in Benin">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Benin">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Benin" title="Communes of Benin">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Benin" title="Departments of Benin">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Benin#Extreme_points_of_Benin" title="Geography of Benin">Extreme points</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Benin" title="Politics of Benin">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Benin" title="Constitution of Benin">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Benin" title="Elections in Benin">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Benin" title="Foreign relations of Benin">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Benin">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Benin" title="Human rights in Benin">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Benin" title="Abortion in Benin">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Benin">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Benin" title="Law enforcement in Benin">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Armed_Forces" title="Benin Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Air_Force" title="Benin Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Benin" title="List of political parties in Benin">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Benin" title="President of Benin">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Benin" title="List of presidents of Benin">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Benin" title="List of prime ministers of Benin">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Benin" title="Economy of Benin">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Benin" title="Agriculture in Benin">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Benin">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Benin" title="Energy in Benin">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFA_franc" title="CFA franc">CFA franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fishing_in_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fishing in Benin (page does not exist)">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Benin" title="Tourism in Benin">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Benin" title="Trade unions in Benin">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Benin" title="Transport in Benin">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Benin" title="Water supply and sanitation in Benin">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Benin" title="Cinema of Benin">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_priest" title="Fetish priest">Fetish priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Benin" title="Flag of Benin">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Benin">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Benin" title="Public holidays in Benin">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Benin">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin_at_the_Olympics" title="Benin at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_at_the_Paralympics" title="Benin at the Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Benin" title="Football in Benin">Football</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Benin" title="Demographics of Benin">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Benin" title="Crime in Benin">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Benin" title="Education in Benin">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Benin">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Benin" title="Health in Benin">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Benin" title="Languages of Benin">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Beninese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Benin" title="Prostitution in Benin">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Benin" title="Outline of Benin">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Benin-related_articles" title="Index of Benin-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Benin" title="Category:Benin">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Precolonial_history_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Precolonial_history_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Precolonial history of Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Algeria (page does not exist)">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precolonial_history_of_Angola" title="Precolonial history of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precolonial_history_of_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Precolonial history of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Botswana (page does not exist)">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Burkina Faso (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Burundi (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Cape Verde (page does not exist)">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Chad (page does not exist)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Eritrea (page does not exist)">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Ethiopia (page does not exist)">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of the Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Ghana (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Kenya (page does not exist)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Lesotho (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Liberia (page does not exist)">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Libya (page does not exist)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Mali (page does not exist)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precolonial_history_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Precolonial history of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Mauritius (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Namibia (page does not exist)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Niger (page does not exist)">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Nigeria (page does not exist)">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Senegal (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Somalia (page does not exist)">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of South Africa (page does not exist)">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Sudan (page does not exist)">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Tanzania (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Tunisia (page does not exist)">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Uganda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Uganda (page does not exist)">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Zimbabwe (page does not exist)">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Precolonial_history_of_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precolonial history of Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories<br />fully part of<br />non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries<br />and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim<br />communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q962#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q962#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q962#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123423987">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133637392">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206464/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRjQ4CktY46v9qCKHKqp">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4005503-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79110959">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15289964r">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118830095">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15289964r">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118830095">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561189">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35739411">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Benin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128744&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX456079">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000730110&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552622805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/1f72ee74-2d3f-3a40-846b-e3d780b73dd2">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/b9c458e8-2a7f-42e4-ba59-cca79bfa4198">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/dZb0YW6G">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026617102">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003436">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035689">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=39108">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Benin&params=6_28_N_2_36_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°28′N</span> <span class="longitude">2°36′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.467°N 2.600°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">6.467; 2.600</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benin&oldid=1258403444">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benin&oldid=1258403444</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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