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</li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%82" title="حرب العصابات في دول البلطيق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب العصابات في دول البلطيق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metsavendlus_Baltimaades" title="Metsavendlus Baltimaades – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metsavendlus Baltimaades" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_guerrillas_en_las_rep%C3%BAblicas_b%C3%A1lticas" title="Guerra de guerrillas en las repúblicas bálticas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de guerrillas en las repúblicas bálticas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%ED%8A%B8_3%EA%B5%AD_%EC%9C%A0%EA%B2%A9%EC%A0%84" title="발트 3국 유격전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발트 3국 유격전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Gerilya_di_Negara_Baltik" title="Perang Gerilya di Negara Baltik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Gerilya di Negara Baltik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BC%C3%A6%D0%BB%C3%A6%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6%D0%B9%D1%8B" title="Партизанон ныхмæлæуддзинад Балтикæйы – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Партизанон ныхмæлæуддзинад Балтикæйы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerriglia_nei_paesi_baltici" title="Guerriglia nei paesi baltici – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerriglia nei paesi baltici" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_guerrilha_nos_Estados_B%C3%A1lticos" title="Guerra de guerrilha nos Estados Bálticos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra de guerrilha nos Estados Bálticos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_de_gheril%C4%83_%C3%AEn_statele_baltice" title="Războiul de gherilă în statele baltice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul de gherilă în statele baltice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="สงครามกองโจรในรัฐบอลติก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามกองโจรในรัฐบอลติก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Партизанська війна в балтійських країнах – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Партизанська війна в балтійських країнах" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E9%81%8A%E6%93%8A%E6%88%B0" title="波羅的海三國遊擊戰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波羅的海三國遊擊戰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5614871#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Forest Brothers" redirects here. For the Georgian guerrilla group, see <a href="/wiki/Forest_Brothers_(Georgia)" title="Forest Brothers (Georgia)">Forest Brothers (Georgia)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">occupation of the Baltic states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe">anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuanian_partisans_from_the_district_of_Dainava_(Southern_Lithuania).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lithuanian_partisans_from_the_district_of_Dainava_%28Southern_Lithuania%29.jpg/300px-Lithuanian_partisans_from_the_district_of_Dainava_%28Southern_Lithuania%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lithuanian_partisans_from_the_district_of_Dainava_%28Southern_Lithuania%29.jpg/450px-Lithuanian_partisans_from_the_district_of_Dainava_%28Southern_Lithuania%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lithuanian_partisans_from_the_district_of_Dainava_%28Southern_Lithuania%29.jpg/600px-Lithuanian_partisans_from_the_district_of_Dainava_%28Southern_Lithuania%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3069" data-file-height="2181" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuanian partisans</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Dainava_military_district" title="Dainava military district">Dainava military district</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1944–1956</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Soviet victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span data-sort-value="Soviet Union"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> </p> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Lithuanian SSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian SSR</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Latvian SSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian SSR</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Estonian SSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian SSR</a></span></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuanian partisans</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvian partisans</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonian partisans</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> ~50,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p>~13,000 Soviet fatalities:<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter,_p._538_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter,_p._538-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <ul><li>In Latvia: 1,562 killed <br /> 560 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Lithuania: ~12.921</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> ~20,000 Forest Brothers killed<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter,_p._538_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter,_p._538-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> ~20,000 arrested in Lithuania<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter,_p._538_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter,_p._538-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> In Lithuania: at least 4,000 civilians who collaborated with the Soviets were killed by partisans; More than ~300,000 Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians were exiled to Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter,_p._538_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter,_p._538-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:0; font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc"><span style="color:white;">Eastern Bloc</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/120px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/180px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/240px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="860" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union"><span style="color:white;">Republics</span></a> of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR"><span style="color:white;">USSR</span></a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Allied and satellite states</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> (until 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (until 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Revolutionary Government">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> (until 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a> (until 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">PRG</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (until 1948)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Related organizations</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe"><span style="color:white;">Opposition</span></a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_partisans" title="Anti-Soviet partisans">Anti-Soviet partisans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusaders_(guerrilla)" title="Crusaders (guerrilla)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_resistance_by_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Anti-Soviet resistance by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukraine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Protests and uprisings</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931989)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1989)">Poland 1944–1989</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">Poznań 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">1980–89</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">Plzeň 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East Germany 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">Georgia 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungary 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novocherkassk_massacre" title="Novocherkassk massacre">Novocherkassk 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Red_Square_demonstration" title="1968 Red Square demonstration">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Czechoslovakia 1976–1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiu_Valley_miners%27_strike_of_1977" title="Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977">Romania 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Kazakhstan 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_rebellion" title="Brașov rebellion">Brașov 1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">Tbilisi 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">Ukraine 1989–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Baku 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">Lithuania 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">Riga 1991</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Dissent</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_movement_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" title="Dissident movement in the People's Republic of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_attempts_and_victims_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Escape attempts and victims of the inner German border">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_wave_from_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_to_British_Hong_Kong" title="Refugee wave from the People's Republic of China to British Hong Kong">to Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_defectors" title="North Korean defectors">North Korea</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Cold War events</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Czechoslovak coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Secret Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania">De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Cuban intervention in Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Moscow Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Los Angeles Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Fall</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">Barricades in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">End of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Template:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>guerrilla war in the Baltic states</b> was an <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a> waged by <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonian</a>) partisans against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> from 1944 to 1956. Known alternatively as the "<b>Forest Brothers</b>", the "Brothers of the Wood" and the "Forest Friars" (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">metsavennad</i>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">mežabrāļi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">žaliukai</i>), these partisans fought against invading Soviet forces during their <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">occupation of the Baltic states</a> during and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe">insurgent groups</a> resisted Soviet occupations in <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a>. </p><p>Soviet forces, consisting primarily of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, occupied the Baltic states in 1940, completing their occupation by 1941. After a period of <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of the Baltic states during World War II">German occupation</a> during World War II, the Soviets reoccupied Lithuania from 1944 to 1945. As <a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Soviet political repression</a> intensified over the following years, tens of thousands of partisans from the Baltics began to use the countryside as a base for an anti-Soviet insurgency. </p><p>According to some estimates, at least 50,000 partisans (10,000 in Estonia, 10,000 in Latvia and 30,000 in Lithuania) in addition to their supporters were involved in the insurgency. The partisans continued to carry out an armed struggle until 1956, when the superiority of the Soviet security forces, largely in the form of secret agents which infiltrated the partisan groups, caused the Baltic population to change tactics and use other forms of resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Ziemele_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziemele-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victims_of_Soviet_NKVD_in_Tartu,_Estonia,_1941_-_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Victims_of_Soviet_NKVD_in_Tartu%2C_Estonia%2C_1941_-_001.jpg/220px-Victims_of_Soviet_NKVD_in_Tartu%2C_Estonia%2C_1941_-_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Victims_of_Soviet_NKVD_in_Tartu%2C_Estonia%2C_1941_-_001.jpg/330px-Victims_of_Soviet_NKVD_in_Tartu%2C_Estonia%2C_1941_-_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Victims_of_Soviet_NKVD_in_Tartu%2C_Estonia%2C_1941_-_001.jpg/440px-Victims_of_Soviet_NKVD_in_Tartu%2C_Estonia%2C_1941_-_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>Exhumed victims of the 1941 <a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Tartu" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Tartu">NKVD prisoner massacre in Tartu</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Priboi_planas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Priboi_planas.jpg/220px-Priboi_planas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Priboi_planas.jpg/330px-Priboi_planas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Priboi_planas.jpg/440px-Priboi_planas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2689" data-file-height="2456" /></a><figcaption>The plan for deportations of Lithuanian civilians during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term Forest Brothers first came into use in the Baltic region in the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a>. Varying sources refer to the forest brothers of this era either as peasants revolting<sup id="cite_ref-Woods,_Alan_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods,_Alan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as schoolteachers seeking refuge in the forest.<sup id="cite_ref-Skultans_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skultans-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term Forest Brothers was used and known only in occupied Estonia and Latvia. In Lithuania partisans were called <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">žaliukai</i></span> (Green People), <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">miškiniai</i></span> (Forest People) or just <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">partizanai</i></span> (partisans). </p><p>Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania gained their independence in 1918 after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ideals of nationalism and <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> had taken hold with many people as a result of the independence of Estonia and Latvia for the first time since the 13th century. Lithuanians re-established a sovereign state with a rich former history, the largest country in Europe during the 14th century,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occupied by the Russian Empire <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">since 1795</a>. </p><p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, all three Baltic states were occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1940, a move that the <a href="/wiki/Western_Allies" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Allies">Western Allies</a> deemed illegitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> broke the pact and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invaded the Soviet Union</a>, the Soviet Red Army was driven out of the Baltics and the area <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of the Baltic states during World War II">came under German military occupation</a>. After the departure of Soviet troops from the region, formal independence to the Baltic states was not restored by Germany. Meanwhile, Allied declarations such as the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> offered promise of a post-war world in which the three Baltic states could re-establish themselves. Having already experienced occupation by the Soviet regime then the Nazi regime, many people were unwilling to accept another occupation at the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Laar_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike Estonia and Latvia, where the Germans <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscripted</a> the local population into military formations <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts">within</a> the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lithuania never had a Waffen-SS division. In 1944, the German authorities created an ill-equipped but 20,000-man strong <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Territorial_Defense_Force" title="Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force">Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force</a> under General <a href="/wiki/Povilas_Plechavi%C4%8Dius" title="Povilas Plechavičius">Povilas Plechavičius</a> to combat <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans#Estonia,_Latvia_and_Lithuania" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Antanas_Snie%C4%8Dkus" title="Antanas Sniečkus">Antanas Sniečkus</a>. The Germans came to see this force as a nationalist threat to their occupation. Its senior staff were arrested on May 15, 1944, and Plechavičius was deported to a concentration camp in <a href="/wiki/Salaspils" title="Salaspils">Salaspils</a>, Latvia. Approximately half the remaining forces formed guerrilla units and dissolved into the countryside to prepare for partisan operations against the Red Army as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> approached.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaszeta_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaszeta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mackevičius_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackevičius-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guerrilla operations in Estonia and Latvia had some basis in <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s authorization to withdraw from Estonia in mid-September 1944 – he allowed soldiers of his Estonian forces, primarily the <a href="/wiki/20th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Estonian)" title="20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)">20th Waffen-SS Division (1st Estonian)</a> who wished to stay and defend their homes to do so<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> – and in the fate of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Courland" title="Army Group Courland">Army Group Courland</a>, among the last of Hitler's forces to surrender after it became trapped in the <a href="/wiki/Courland_Pocket" title="Courland Pocket">Courland Pocket</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Courland_Peninsula" title="Courland Peninsula">Courland Peninsula</a> in 1945. Many Estonian and Latvian soldiers, and a few Germans, evaded capture and fought as Forest Brothers for years after the war. Others such as <a href="/wiki/Alfons_Rebane" title="Alfons Rebane">Alfons Rebane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfr%C4%93ds_Rieksti%C5%86%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfrēds Riekstiņš">Alfrēds Riekstiņš</a> escaped to the United Kingdom and Sweden and participated in Allied intelligence operations in aid of the Forest Brothers. While the Waffen-SS was found guilty of <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> and other atrocities and declared a criminal organization after the war, the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a> explicitly excluded conscripts in the following terms: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Tribunal declares to be criminal within the meaning of the Charter the group composed of those persons who had been officially accepted as members of the SS as enumerated in the preceding paragraph, who became or remained members of the organization with knowledge that it was being used for the commission of acts declared criminal by Article 6 of the Charter, or who were personally implicated as members of the organization in the commission of such crimes, excluding, however, those who were drafted into membership by the State in such a way as to give them no choice in the matter, and who had committed no such crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1949–1950 the United States <a href="/wiki/Displaced_Persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced Persons">Displaced Persons</a> Commission investigated the Estonian and Latvian divisions and on September 1, 1950, adopted the following policy: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Baltic Waffen SS Units are to be considered as separate and distinct in purpose, ideology, activities, and qualifications for membership from the German SS, and therefore the Commission holds them not to be a movement hostile to the Government of the United States under Section 13 of the Displaced Persons Act, as amended.<sup id="cite_ref-Estonia_Letter_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estonia_Letter-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Latvian government has asserted that the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Legion" title="Latvian Legion">Latvian Legion</a>, primarily composed of the <a href="/wiki/15th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Latvian)" title="15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian)">15th</a> and <a href="/wiki/19th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(2nd_Latvian)" title="19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian)">19th</a> Latvian Waffen-SS divisions, was neither a criminal nor <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaborationist</a> organization.<sup id="cite_ref-Feldmanis_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldmanis-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ranks of the resistance swelled with the Red Army's attempts to conscript in the Baltic states after the war, and fewer than half the registered conscripts reported in some districts. The widespread harassment of disappearing conscripts' families pushed more people to evade authorities in the forests. Many enlisted men deserted, taking their weapons with them.<sup id="cite_ref-Laar_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summer_War">Summer War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Summer War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuanian_rebels_(Lithuanian_Activist_Front)_lead_the_arrested_Commissar_of_the_Red_Army,_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lithuanian_rebels_%28Lithuanian_Activist_Front%29_lead_the_arrested_Commissar_of_the_Red_Army%2C_1941.jpg/220px-Lithuanian_rebels_%28Lithuanian_Activist_Front%29_lead_the_arrested_Commissar_of_the_Red_Army%2C_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lithuanian_rebels_%28Lithuanian_Activist_Front%29_lead_the_arrested_Commissar_of_the_Red_Army%2C_1941.jpg/330px-Lithuanian_rebels_%28Lithuanian_Activist_Front%29_lead_the_arrested_Commissar_of_the_Red_Army%2C_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lithuanian_rebels_%28Lithuanian_Activist_Front%29_lead_the_arrested_Commissar_of_the_Red_Army%2C_1941.jpg/440px-Lithuanian_rebels_%28Lithuanian_Activist_Front%29_lead_the_arrested_Commissar_of_the_Red_Army%2C_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Lithuanian resistance fighters lead the arrested <a href="/wiki/Commissar" title="Commissar">Commissar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in Kaunas, 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>With the German invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> made a public statement on the radio calling for a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy in the areas to be abandoned on July 3. About 10,000 Forest Brothers, organized into countrywide Omakaitse (Home Guard) organizations, attacked the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">destruction battalions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/8th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="8th Army (Soviet Union)">8th Army</a> (Major General Ljubovtsev), killing 4,800 and capturing 14,000. The battle of Tartu lasted for two weeks, and destroyed a large part of the city. Under the leadership of Friedrich Kurg, the Forest Brothers drove the Soviets from Tartu, behind the Rivers <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pärnu River">Pärnu</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emaj%C3%B5gi" title="Emajõgi">Emajõgi</a> line. Thus they secured South Estonia under Estonian control by July 10.<sup id="cite_ref-kaasik_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaasik-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NKVD murdered 193 people in Tartu Prison on their retreat on July 8. </p><p>The German <a href="/wiki/18th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="18th Army (Wehrmacht)">18th Army</a> crossed the Estonian southern border on July 7–9. The Germans resumed their advance in Estonia by working in cooperation with the Forest Brothers and the <a href="/wiki/Omakaitse" title="Omakaitse">Omakaitse</a>. In North Estonia, the destruction battalions had the greatest impact, being the last Baltic territory captured from the Soviets. The joint Estonian-German forces took <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a> on August 17 and the Estonian capital <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> on August 28. On that day, the red flag shot down earlier on <a href="/wiki/Pikk_Hermann" title="Pikk Hermann">Pikk Hermann</a> was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Estonia" title="Flag of Estonia">flag of Estonia</a> by Fred Ise only to be replaced yet again by a German <i><a href="/wiki/Reichskriegsflagge" title="Reichskriegsflagge">Reichskriegsflagge</a></i> a few hours later. After the Soviets were driven out from Estonia, German <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a> disarmed all the Forest Brother and Omakaitse groups.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southern Estonian partisan units were yet again summoned in August 1941 under the name of Estonian Omakaitse. Members were initially selected from the closest circle of friends. Later, candidate members were asked to sign a declaration that they were not members of a <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> organization. Estonian <i>Omakaitse</i> relied on the former regulations of <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Defence_League" title="Estonian Defence League">Estonian Defence League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Army">Estonian Army</a>, insofar as they were consistent with the laws of German occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-kuusik_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuusik-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tasks of the <i>Omakaitse</i> were as follows: </p> <ol><li>defense of the coast and borders</li> <li>fight against parachutists, sabotage, and espionage</li> <li>guarding militarily important objects</li> <li>fight against Communism</li> <li>assistance to <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Police" title="Estonian Police">Estonian Police</a> and guaranteeing the general safety of the citizens</li> <li>providing assistance in case of large-scale incidents (fires, floods, diseases, etc.)</li> <li>providing military training for its members and other loyal citizens</li> <li>deepening and preserving the patriotic and national feelings of citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-kuusik_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuusik-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>On 15 July, the <i>Omakaitse</i> had 10,200 members; on 1 December 1941, 40,599 members. Until February 1944 membership was around 40,000.<sup id="cite_ref-kuusik_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuusik-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Guerrilla_war">Guerrilla war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Guerrilla war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the late 1940s and the early 1950s, the Forest Brothers were provided with supplies, liaison officers and logistical coordination by the British (<a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a>), the French (<a href="/wiki/DGSE" class="mw-redirect" title="DGSE">DGSE</a>), <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kontoret_f%C3%B6r_s%C3%A4rskild_inh%C3%A4mtning" title="Kontoret för särskild inhämtning">Swedish</a> secret intelligence services.<sup id="cite_ref-Hess_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That support played a key role in directing the Baltic resistance movement, but it diminished significantly after MI6's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a> was severely compromised by the activities of British spies (<a href="/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Kim Philby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Five" title="Cambridge Five">others</a>) who forwarded information to the Soviets and enabled the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry for State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a> to identify, infiltrate and eliminate many Baltic guerrilla units and cut others off from any further contact with <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_(information_gathering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence (information gathering)">intelligence</a> operatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Hess_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conflict between the Soviet armed forces and the Forest Brothers lasted over a decade and cost at least 50,000 lives. Estimates of the number of fighters in each country vary. Misiunas and <a href="/wiki/Rein_Taagepera" title="Rein Taagepera">Taagepera</a><sup id="cite_ref-Misiunas_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misiunas-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimate that figures reached 30,000 in Lithuania, between 10,000 and 15,000 in Latvia and 10,000 in Estonia. On the other hand, professor Heinrihs Strods, based on NKVD reports, claims that in 1945, 8,916 partisans were killed in Lithuania, 715 in Latvia and 270 in Estonia, which makes Lithuanian losses around 90%.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the real numbers were even larger, many believe this reveals the ratio of the size of resistance among the three countries.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Estonia">In Estonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonian partisans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estonian_forest_brothers_relaxing_and_cleaning_their_guns_after_a_shooting_exercise_in_Veskiaru,_J%C3%A4rva_County,_Estonia,_1953._(47953893422).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Estonian_forest_brothers_relaxing_and_cleaning_their_guns_after_a_shooting_exercise_in_Veskiaru%2C_J%C3%A4rva_County%2C_Estonia%2C_1953._%2847953893422%29.jpg/220px-Estonian_forest_brothers_relaxing_and_cleaning_their_guns_after_a_shooting_exercise_in_Veskiaru%2C_J%C3%A4rva_County%2C_Estonia%2C_1953._%2847953893422%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Estonian_forest_brothers_relaxing_and_cleaning_their_guns_after_a_shooting_exercise_in_Veskiaru%2C_J%C3%A4rva_County%2C_Estonia%2C_1953._%2847953893422%29.jpg/330px-Estonian_forest_brothers_relaxing_and_cleaning_their_guns_after_a_shooting_exercise_in_Veskiaru%2C_J%C3%A4rva_County%2C_Estonia%2C_1953._%2847953893422%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Estonian_forest_brothers_relaxing_and_cleaning_their_guns_after_a_shooting_exercise_in_Veskiaru%2C_J%C3%A4rva_County%2C_Estonia%2C_1953._%2847953893422%29.jpg/440px-Estonian_forest_brothers_relaxing_and_cleaning_their_guns_after_a_shooting_exercise_in_Veskiaru%2C_J%C3%A4rva_County%2C_Estonia%2C_1953._%2847953893422%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>Estonian fighters, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rva_County" title="Järva County">Järva</a> county in 1953, relaxing after a shooting exercise (colorized photo)</figcaption></figure> <p>In Estonia 14,000–15,000 men participated in the fighting between 1944 and 1953: The Forest Brothers were most active in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ru_County" title="Võru County">Võru County</a> along the borderlands between <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu_County" title="Pärnu County">Pärnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne_County" title="Lääne County">Lääne</a> counties and included significant activity between <a href="/wiki/Tartu_County" title="Tartu County">Tartu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viru_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Viru County">Viru</a> counties as well. From November 1944 to November 1947, they carried out 773 armed attacks, killing about 1,000 Soviets and their supporters. At its peak in 1947, the organization controlled dozens of villages and towns, creating considerable nuisance to Soviet supply transports that required an armed escort.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/August_Sabbe" title="August Sabbe">August Sabbe</a>, one of the last surviving Forest Brothers, was discovered in 1978 by KGB agents posing<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with his fellow fishermen. Instead of surrendering he leaped into the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5handu" title="Võhandu">Võhandu</a>. was caught on a log, and drowned. The KGB insisted that the 69-year-old Sabbe had drowned while trying to escape, a theory difficult to credit given the shallow water and lack of cover at the site. Another noted member of Forest Brothers, <a href="/wiki/Kalev_Arro" title="Kalev Arro">Kalev Arro</a>, evaded capture by disguising himself as a vagrant while hiding in the forests of southern Estonia for 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was killed in a shooting encounter with KGB agents in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were numerous attempts to hunt down relatives of the Forest Brothers. An Estonian who managed to escape deportation was Taimi Kreitsberg. She recalled that Soviet officials "...took me to Võru, I was not beaten there, but for three days and nights I was given neither food nor drink. They told me they were not going to kill me, but torture me [until] I betrayed all the bandits. For about a month they dragged me through woods and took me to farms owned by relatives of Forest Brothers, and they sent me in as an instigator to ask for food and shelter while the <a href="/wiki/Chekism" title="Chekism">Chekists</a> themselves waited outside. I told people to drive me away, as I had been sent by the security organs."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Latvia">In Latvia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In Latvia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_Site_of_National_Partisans_in_%C4%B6ikuri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Memorial_Site_of_National_Partisans_in_%C4%B6ikuri.jpg/220px-Memorial_Site_of_National_Partisans_in_%C4%B6ikuri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Memorial_Site_of_National_Partisans_in_%C4%B6ikuri.jpg/330px-Memorial_Site_of_National_Partisans_in_%C4%B6ikuri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Memorial_Site_of_National_Partisans_in_%C4%B6ikuri.jpg/440px-Memorial_Site_of_National_Partisans_in_%C4%B6ikuri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5202" data-file-height="3465" /></a><figcaption>Memorial site of National Partisans in Ķikuri, <a href="/wiki/Turlava_Parish" title="Turlava Parish">Turlava Parish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuld%C4%ABga_Municipality" title="Kuldīga Municipality">Kuldīga Municipality</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvian partisans</a></div> <p>In Latvia, preparations for partisan operations began during the German occupation, but the leaders of these nationalist units were arrested by Nazi authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Laar,_p._24_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laar,_p._24-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Longer-lived resistance units began to form at the end of the war, composed of former <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Legion" title="Latvian Legion">Latvian Legion</a> soldiers and civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 September 1944 in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Central_Council" title="Latvian Central Council">Latvian Central Council</a> adopted the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_on_the_restoration_of_the_State_of_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Declaration on the restoration of the State of Latvia (page does not exist)">Declaration on the restoration of the State of Latvia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was intended to restore <i>de facto</i> independence to the Latvian republic. In addition it was hoped international supporters would take advantage of the interval between changeovers of the occupying powers. The Declaration prescribed that the <i>Satversme</i> was the fundamental law of the restored Republic of Latvia, and provided for the establishment of a Cabinet of Ministers that would organise the restoration of the State of Latvia. </p><p>Some of the most prominent LCC accomplishments were related to its military branch – General <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%81nis_Kurelis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jānis Kurelis (page does not exist)">Jānis Kurelis</a> group (the so-called "kurelieši") with the Lieutenant Roberts Rubenis battalion, which carried out the armed resistance against Waffen SS forces. </p><p>The number of active combatants peaked between 10,000 and 15,000, while the total number of resistance fighters was as high as 40,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Laar,_p._24_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laar,_p._24-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One author gives a figure of up to 12,000 grouped in 700 bands during the 1945–55 decade, but definitive figures are unavailable.<sup id="cite_ref-Plakans,_p._155_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plakans,_p._155-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the partisans replaced their German weapons with Soviet makes. The Central Command of Latvian resistance organizations maintained an office on Matīsa Street in Riga until 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-Laar,_p._24_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laar,_p._24-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some 3,000 raids, the partisans inflicted damage on uniformed military personnel, party cadres (particularly in rural areas), buildings, and ammunition depots. The Communist authorities reported 1,562 Soviet personnel killed and 560 wounded during the entire resistance period.<sup id="cite_ref-Plakans,_p._155_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plakans,_p._155-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One account of a typical Forest Brothers action is provided by Tālrīts Krastiņš. He, a <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> soldier of the 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian), was recruited with 15 other Latvians into a Nazi <a href="/wiki/Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">stay-behind</a> unit at the close of the war. Escaping to the forest, the group, led by Krastiņš, avoided all contact with local residents and relatives, robbing trucks for money while simultaneously maintaining an apartment in the center of Riga for reconnaissance operations. At first they assassinated low-level Communist party managers, but later focused their efforts on attempting to assassinate the head of the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian SSR">Latvian SSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilis_L%C4%81cis" title="Vilis Lācis">Vilis Lācis</a>. The group recruited a Russian woman working at the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet" title="Supreme Soviet">Supreme Soviet</a> of the Latvian SSR who told them Lācis' transportation schedule. They set up a roadside ambush when Lācis was traveling from Riga to <a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABrmala" title="Jūrmala">Jūrmala</a>, but shot up the wrong car. The second attempt likewise relied on a female collaborator, who proved to be an undercover NKVD agent. The entire group was apprehended and sentenced to prison in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Latvian Forest Brothers were most active in the border regions, including <a href="/wiki/Dundaga" title="Dundaga">Dundaga</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taurkalne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taurkalne (page does not exist)">Taurkalne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lub%C4%81na" title="Lubāna">Lubāna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aloja,_Latvia" title="Aloja, Latvia">Aloja</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C4%ABv%C4%81ni" title="Līvāni">Līvāni</a>. In the eastern regions, they had ties with the Estonian Forest Brothers; and in the western regions, with the Lithuanians. As in Estonia and Lithuania, the partisans were killed off and infiltrated by the MVD and NKVD over many years. As in Estonia and Lithuania, assistance from Western intelligence was severely compromised by Soviet <a href="/wiki/Counter-intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-intelligence">counter-intelligence</a> and Latvian double agents such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusts_Bergmanis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augusts Bergmanis (page does not exist)">Augusts Bergmanis</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vidvuds_Sveics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vidvuds Sveics (page does not exist)">Vidvuds Sveics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laar,_p._27_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laar,_p._27-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Soviets gradually consolidated their rule in the cities: help from rural civilians was less forthcoming, and special military and security units were sent to control the partisans.<sup id="cite_ref-Plakans,_p._155_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plakans,_p._155-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last groups emerged from the forest in 1957 to surrender to the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Laar,_p._27_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laar,_p._27-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Lithuania">In Lithuania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuanian partisans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolfas_Ramanauskas-Vanagas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Adolfas_Ramanauskas-Vanagas.jpg/220px-Adolfas_Ramanauskas-Vanagas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Adolfas_Ramanauskas-Vanagas.jpg/330px-Adolfas_Ramanauskas-Vanagas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Adolfas_Ramanauskas-Vanagas.jpg/440px-Adolfas_Ramanauskas-Vanagas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="1557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolfas_Ramanauskas" title="Adolfas Ramanauskas">Adolfas Ramanauskas</a> ("The Hawk"), commander of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lithuanian_Freedom_Fighters" title="Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters">Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Among the three countries, the resistance was best organized in Lithuania, where guerrilla units controlled whole regions of the countryside until 1949. Their armaments included <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Works" title="Škoda Works">Czech Škoda guns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_M1910_Maxim" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian M1910 Maxim">Russian Maxim heavy machine guns</a>, assorted <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a> and a wide variety of mainly German and Soviet <a href="/wiki/Light_machine_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Light machine guns">light machine guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Submachine_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Submachine guns">submachine guns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaszeta_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaszeta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When not in direct battles with the Red Army or special NKVD units, they significantly delayed the consolidation of Soviet rule through ambush, sabotage, assassination of local Communist activists and officials, freeing imprisoned guerrillas and printing underground newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-Dundovich_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dundovich-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 July 1944, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Liberty_Army" title="Lithuanian Liberty Army">Lithuanian Liberty Army</a> (LLA) declared the state of war against the Soviet occupation and ordered all its able members to mobilize into platoons, station in forests and not to leave Lithuania. The departments were replaced by two sectors – operational, called <i>Vanagai</i> (Hawks or Falcons; abbreviated VS), and organizational (abbreviated OS). <i>Vanagai</i>, commanded by Albinas Karalius (codename Varenis), were the armed fighters while the organizational sector was tasked with <a href="/wiki/Passive_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive resistance">passive resistance</a>, including supply of food, information, and transport to <i>Vanagai</i>. In the middle of 1944, the LLA had 10,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviets killed 659 and arrested 753 members of the LLA by January 26, 1945. Founder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazys_Veverskis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazys Veverskis (page does not exist)">Kazys Veverskis</a> was killed in December 1944, and the headquarters was liquidated in December 1945. This represented a failure of highly centralized resistance, as the organization was too dependent on Veverskis and other top commanders. In 1946 remaining leaders and fighters of LLA started to merge with Lithuanian partisans. In 1949 all members of presidium of <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lithuanian_Freedom_Fighters" title="Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters">Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters</a> – captain Jonas Žemaitis-Tylius, Petras Bartkus-Žadgaila, Bronius Liesys-Naktis ir Juozas Šibaila-Merainis came from LLA.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Committee_for_the_Liberation_of_Lithuania" title="Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania">Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania</a> (Lithuanian: <i>Vyriausiasis Lietuvos išlaisvinimo komitetas</i>, VLIK), was created on November 25, 1943. VLIK published underground newspapers and agitated for resistance against Nazis. The Gestapo arrested the most influential members in 1944. After the reoccupation of Lithuania by the Soviets, VLIK moved to the West and set its goal as maintaining non-recognition of Lithuania's occupation and disseminating information from behind the iron curtain – including information provided by the Lithuanian partisans. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuanian_partisans_of_the_Tauras_military_district,_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lithuanian_partisans_of_the_Tauras_military_district%2C_1945.jpg/220px-Lithuanian_partisans_of_the_Tauras_military_district%2C_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lithuanian_partisans_of_the_Tauras_military_district%2C_1945.jpg/330px-Lithuanian_partisans_of_the_Tauras_military_district%2C_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lithuanian_partisans_of_the_Tauras_military_district%2C_1945.jpg/440px-Lithuanian_partisans_of_the_Tauras_military_district%2C_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Fighters of the <a href="/wiki/Tauras_military_district" title="Tauras military district">Tauras military district</a>, Lithuania, 1945.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuanian_partisans_of_the_Vytis_military_district,_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lithuanian_partisans_of_the_Vytis_military_district%2C_1946.jpg/220px-Lithuanian_partisans_of_the_Vytis_military_district%2C_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lithuanian_partisans_of_the_Vytis_military_district%2C_1946.jpg/330px-Lithuanian_partisans_of_the_Vytis_military_district%2C_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lithuanian_partisans_of_the_Vytis_military_district%2C_1946.jpg/440px-Lithuanian_partisans_of_the_Vytis_military_district%2C_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Small group of partisans from the <a href="/wiki/Vytis_military_district" title="Vytis military district">Vytis military district</a> in 1946.</figcaption></figure> <p>Former members of the Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force, Lithuanian Liberty Army, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Armed_Forces" title="Lithuanian Armed Forces">Lithuanian Armed Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Riflemen%27s_Union" title="Lithuanian Riflemen's Union">Lithuanian Riflemen's Union</a> formed the basis of Lithuanian partisans. Farmers, Lithuanian officials, students, teachers, even pupils joined the partisan movement. The movement was actively supported by society and the Catholic church. By the end of 1945, an estimated 30,000 armed people lived in the forests in Lithuania. </p><p>The partisans were well-armed. During 1945–1951 Soviet repressive structures seized from partisans 31 mortars, 2,921 machine guns, 6,304 assault rifles, 22,962 rifles, 8,155 pistols, 15,264 grenades, 2,596 mines, and 3,779,133 cartridges. The partisans replenished their arsenal by killing <i>istrebiteli</i>, members of Soviet secret-police forces or by purchasing ammunition from Red Army soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every partisan had binoculars and a few grenades, usually saving one to blow themselves up to avoid being taken as prisoner, since the physical tortures of Soviet MGB/NKVD were very brutal and cruel <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (March 2022)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup>, and to prevent their relatives from suffering. </p><p>To combat the guerrillas, in May 1948 the Soviets carried out the largest deportation from Lithuania, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_(1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Spring (1948)">Operation Spring</a>, when some 40 to 50 thousand people associated with "forest brothers" were deported to Siberia. </p><p>Captured Lithuanian Forest Brothers often faced torture and <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary execution</a> while their relatives faced deportation to Siberia (cf. <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Sutkus#Memorable_quotation" title="Bruno Sutkus">quotation</a>). Reprisals against anti-Soviet farms and villages were harsh. NKVD units named <i>People's Defense Platoons</i> (known by the Lithuanians as <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">pl.</a> <i>stribai</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <i lang="ru">izstrebiteli</i> – <i>destroyers</i>, i.e., the destruction battalions), used shock tactics such as displaying executed partisans' corpses in village courtyards to discourage further resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaszeta_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaszeta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unknown1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unknown1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The report of a commission formed at a <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> prison a few days after the October 15, 1956, arrest of <a href="/wiki/Adolfas_Ramanauskas" title="Adolfas Ramanauskas">Adolfas Ramanauskas</a> ("Vanagas"), chief commander of the Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters, noted the following: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The right eye is covered with haematoma, on the eyelid there are six stab wounds made, judging by their diameter, by a thin wire or nail going deep into the eyeball. Multiple haematomas in the area of the stomach, a cut wound on a finger of the right hand. The genitalia reveal the following: a large tear wound on the right side of the scrotum and a wound on the left side, both testicles and spermatic ducts are missing.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalia_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalia-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Juozas_Luk%C5%A1a" title="Juozas Lukša">Juozas Lukša</a> was among those who managed to escape to the West; he wrote his memoirs in Paris – <a href="/wiki/Fighters_for_Freedom._Lithuanian_Partisans_Versus_the_U.S.S.R." title="Fighters for Freedom. Lithuanian Partisans Versus the U.S.S.R.">Fighters for Freedom. Lithuanian Partisans Versus the U.S.S.R.</a>, and was killed after returning to Lithuania in 1951. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pranas_Kon%C4%8Dius" title="Pranas Končius">Pranas Končius</a> (code name <i>Adomas</i>) was one of the last few Lithuanian anti-Soviet resistance fighters, killed in action by Soviet forces on July 6, 1965 (some sources indicate he shot himself in order to avoid capture on July 13). He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Vytis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross of Vytis">Cross of Vytis</a> posthumously in 2000. </p><p>Benediktas Mikulis, one of the last known partisans to remain in the forest, emerged in 1971. He was arrested in the 1980s and spent several years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_the_resistance_movements">Decline of the resistance movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Decline of the resistance movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></div> <p>By the early 1950s, the Soviet forces had eradicated most of the Forest Brother resistance. Intelligence gathered by the Soviet spies in the West and MGB infiltrators within the resistance movement, in combination with large-scale Soviet operations in 1952, managed to end the campaigns against them. </p><p>Many of the remaining Forest Brothers laid down their weapons when offered an <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> by the Soviet authorities after Stalin's death in 1953, although isolated engagements continued into the 1960s. The last individual guerrillas are known to have remained in hiding and evaded capture into the 1980s, by which time the Baltic states were pressing for independence through peaceful means. (See <a href="/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis" title="Sąjūdis">Sąjūdis</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Baltic_Way" class="mw-redirect" title="The Baltic Way">The Baltic Way</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_and_legacy">Aftermath and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_funeral_of_the_Lithuanian_partisan_commander_Adolfas_Ramanauskas-Vanagas,_2018,_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/State_funeral_of_the_Lithuanian_partisan_commander_Adolfas_Ramanauskas-Vanagas%2C_2018%2C_2.jpg/220px-State_funeral_of_the_Lithuanian_partisan_commander_Adolfas_Ramanauskas-Vanagas%2C_2018%2C_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/State_funeral_of_the_Lithuanian_partisan_commander_Adolfas_Ramanauskas-Vanagas%2C_2018%2C_2.jpg/330px-State_funeral_of_the_Lithuanian_partisan_commander_Adolfas_Ramanauskas-Vanagas%2C_2018%2C_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/State_funeral_of_the_Lithuanian_partisan_commander_Adolfas_Ramanauskas-Vanagas%2C_2018%2C_2.jpg/440px-State_funeral_of_the_Lithuanian_partisan_commander_Adolfas_Ramanauskas-Vanagas%2C_2018%2C_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>State funeral of the Lithuanian partisan commander Adolfas Ramanauskas-Vanagas (1918–1957), 2018</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_funeral_of_the_last_Lithuanian_anti-Soviet_partisan_A._Kraujelis-Siaub%C5%ABnas,_2019,_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/State_funeral_of_the_last_Lithuanian_anti-Soviet_partisan_A._Kraujelis-Siaub%C5%ABnas%2C_2019%2C_2.jpg/220px-State_funeral_of_the_last_Lithuanian_anti-Soviet_partisan_A._Kraujelis-Siaub%C5%ABnas%2C_2019%2C_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/State_funeral_of_the_last_Lithuanian_anti-Soviet_partisan_A._Kraujelis-Siaub%C5%ABnas%2C_2019%2C_2.jpg/330px-State_funeral_of_the_last_Lithuanian_anti-Soviet_partisan_A._Kraujelis-Siaub%C5%ABnas%2C_2019%2C_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/State_funeral_of_the_last_Lithuanian_anti-Soviet_partisan_A._Kraujelis-Siaub%C5%ABnas%2C_2019%2C_2.jpg/440px-State_funeral_of_the_last_Lithuanian_anti-Soviet_partisan_A._Kraujelis-Siaub%C5%ABnas%2C_2019%2C_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>State funeral of the last Lithuanian anti-Soviet partisan A. Kraujelis-Siaubūnas (1928–1965), 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A4lestuskivi_L%C3%BCkka_punkrilahingus_langenud_metsavendadele_(2013).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/M%C3%A4lestuskivi_L%C3%BCkka_punkrilahingus_langenud_metsavendadele_%282013%29.JPG/220px-M%C3%A4lestuskivi_L%C3%BCkka_punkrilahingus_langenud_metsavendadele_%282013%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/M%C3%A4lestuskivi_L%C3%BCkka_punkrilahingus_langenud_metsavendadele_%282013%29.JPG/330px-M%C3%A4lestuskivi_L%C3%BCkka_punkrilahingus_langenud_metsavendadele_%282013%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/M%C3%A4lestuskivi_L%C3%BCkka_punkrilahingus_langenud_metsavendadele_%282013%29.JPG/440px-M%C3%A4lestuskivi_L%C3%BCkka_punkrilahingus_langenud_metsavendadele_%282013%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Memorial stone in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B5uge_Parish" title="Rõuge Parish">Rõuge Parish</a> to Forest Brothers who died in Lükka battle</figcaption></figure> <p>Many Forest Brothers persisted in the hope that <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> hostilities between the West, <a href="/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">which never formally recognized the Soviet occupation</a>, and the Soviet Union might escalate to an armed conflict in which the Baltic states would be liberated. This never materialized, and according to Mart Laar<sup id="cite_ref-Laar_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of the surviving former Forest Brothers remained bitter that the West did not take on the Soviet Union militarily. (See also <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>). When the brutal suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution</a> in 1956 did not bring about an intervention by, or a supportive response from, Western Powers, organized resistance in the Baltic States declined further. </p><p>As the conflict was relatively undocumented by the Soviet Union (the Baltic fighters were formally charged as common criminals), some consider it and the Soviet-Baltic conflict as a whole to be an unknown or forgotten war.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaszeta_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaszeta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dalia_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalia-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tarm_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarm-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discussion of resistance was suppressed under the Soviet regime. Writings on the subject by Baltic emigrants were often labelled as examples of "ethnic sympathy" and disregarded. Laar's research efforts, begun in Estonia in the late 1980s, are considered to have opened the door for further study.<sup id="cite_ref-Huang_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, the Lithuanian <a href="/wiki/Seimas" title="Seimas">Seimas</a> (parliament) enacted a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_independence" title="Declaration of independence">declaration of independence</a> that had been made on February 16, 1949, the 31st anniversary of the February 16, 1918, declaration of independence, by elements of the resistance unified<sup id="cite_ref-Kaszeta_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaszeta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the "Movement of the Struggle for the Freedom of Lithuania". </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... a universal, organised, armed resistance namely, self-defence, by the Lithuanian State, did take place in Lithuania during 1944–1953, against the soviet occupation ... the goal ... was the liberation of Lithuania, relying upon the provisions of the Atlantic Charter and a sovereign right acknowledged by the democratic world, by bearing arms against one of the World War II Aggressors ... The Council of the Movement of the Struggle for Freedom of Lithuania ... constituted the supreme political and military structure ... and was the sole legal authority within the territory of occupied Lithuania.<sup id="cite_ref-Seimas_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seimas-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In Latvia and Lithuania, Forest Brothers veterans receive a small pension. In Lithuania, the third Sunday in May is commemorated as Partisans' Day. In 2005 there were about 350 surviving Forest Brothers in Lithuania.<sup id="cite_ref-Kommersant_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kommersant-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2024, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruuben_Lambur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruuben Lambur (page does not exist)">Ruuben Lambur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruuben_Lambur" class="extiw" title="et:Ruuben Lambur">et</a>]</span> (1925–2024) was the last Estonian Forest Brother still well enough to make public appearances.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2001 lecture in Tallinn, U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> acknowledged the Estonian Forest Brothers and their efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-McCain_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCain-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forest_Brothers_in_popular_culture">Forest Brothers in popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Forest Brothers in popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Canadian film <i>Legendi loojad</i> (Creators of the Legend) about the Estonian Forest Brothers was released in 1963. The film was funded by donations from Estonians in exile.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1966 Soviet drama film <i><a href="/wiki/Nobody_Wanted_to_Die" title="Nobody Wanted to Die">Nobody Wanted to Die</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">Niekas nenorėjo mirti</i>)</i> by Soviet-Lithuanian film director <a href="/wiki/Vytautas_%C5%BDalakevi%C4%8Dius" title="Vytautas Žalakevičius">Vytautas Žalakevičius</a> shows the tragedy of the conflict in which "a brother goes against the brother." The film garnered Žalakevičius the <a href="/wiki/USSR_State_Prize" title="USSR State Prize">USSR State Prize</a> and international recognition, and is the best-known film portrayal of the conflict. </p><p>The popular Soviet Latvian TV drama series <i><a href="/wiki/Long_Road_in_the_Dunes" title="Long Road in the Dunes">Long Road in the Dunes</a></i> (1980–1982) touches the topic of Latvian Forest Brothers from a Soviet perspective. </p><p>A 1997 documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/We_Lived_for_Estonia" title="We Lived for Estonia">We Lived for Estonia</a></i> tells the story of the Estonian Forest Brothers from the viewpoint of one of the participants. </p><p>Another popular Latvian TV series, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rulers_of_Destiny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rulers of Destiny (page does not exist)">Rulers of Destiny</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likte%C5%86a_l%C4%ABdumnieki" class="extiw" title="lv:Likteņa līdumnieki">lv</a>]</span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">Likteņa līdumnieki</i>), produced by <a href="/wiki/Latvijas_Telev%C4%ABzija" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvijas Televīzija">Latvijas Televīzija</a> from 2003 to 2008, shows the impact of the struggle (and other historical events from 1885 to 1995) on the life of the Nārbuļi family and their homestead. </p><p>The 2004 film <i><a href="/wiki/Utterly_Alone" title="Utterly Alone">Utterly Alone</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">Vienui Vieni</i>) portrays the travails of Lithuanian partisan leader Juozas Lukša, who travelled twice to <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> in attempts to gain support for the armed resistance. </p><p>The 2005 documentary film <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stirna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stirna (page does not exist)">Stirna</a></i> tells the story of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izabel%C4%97_Vilimait%C4%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izabelė Vilimaitė (page does not exist)">Izabelė Vilimaitė</a> (codenames <i>Stirna</i> and <i>Sparnuota</i>), an American-born Lithuanian who moved to Lithuania with her family in 1932. A medical student and pharmacist, she was an underground medic and source of medical supplies for the partisans, eventually becoming a district liaison. She infiltrated the local <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a> (Communist Youth), was discovered, captured, and escaped twice. After going underground full-time, she was suspected of having been turned by the KGB as an informant and was nearly executed by the partisans. The KGB eventually discovered her bunker and she was captured a third time, interrogated and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Krokys_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krokys-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7md_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7md-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2007 Estonian film <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_One_Fores&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sons of One Fores (page does not exist)">Sons of One Fores</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Che_metsa_pojad" class="extiw" title="et:Ühe metsa pojad">et</a>]</span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">Ühe metsa pojad</i>) follows the story of two Forest Brothers in southern Estonia, who fight with an Estonian from the Waffen-SS against the Soviet occupants. </p><p>The 2013 novel <i>Forest Brothers</i> by Geraint Roberts, follows the fortune of a disgraced British Navy officer who returns to Estonia in 1944 for British Intelligence. Many people from his past who aid him have taken to the forest, during the ongoing conflict between Germany and the Soviet Union. </p><p>Recent examples in Latvian cinematography include the 2014 film <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alias_Loner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alias Loner (page does not exist)">Alias Loner</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segv%C4%81rds_Vientulis" class="extiw" title="lv:Segvārds Vientulis">lv</a>]</span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">Segvārds Vientulis</i>), depicting the story of high-ranking resistance fighter and Catholic priest <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antons_Juh%C5%86evi%C4%8Ds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antons Juhņevičs (page does not exist)">Antons Juhņevičs</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antons_Juh%C5%86evi%C4%8Ds" class="extiw" title="lv:Antons Juhņevičs">lv</a>]</span> and the 2019 TV series <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Forest_(series)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Forest (series) (page does not exist)">Red Forest</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkanais_me%C5%BEs" class="extiw" title="lv:Sarkanais mežs">lv</a>]</span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">Sarkanais mežs</i>) about Latvian agents sent by MI6 into Soviet-occupied Latvia to find support among local partisans under Operation Jungle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_last_Forest_Brother">The last Forest Brother</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The last Forest Brother"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last known Forest Brother was <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_P%C4%ABnups" title="Jānis Pīnups">Jānis Pīnups</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2022)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states#Dubious" title="Talk:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">discuss</a></i>]</sup> who did not come out of hiding until 1995. He had deserted from the Red Army in 1944 and he was presumed <a href="/wiki/Missing_in_action" title="Missing in action">missing in action</a> by Soviet authorities in Latvia.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was rendered unconscious and left for dead during a battle. He decided to return to his home, where he hid in the nearby forest out of fear that his family would be deported, if his desertion was discovered. About 25 years after he went into hiding, he was forced to seek medical assistance and he started to act more freely thereafter. Still, only his siblings and, later on, only his nearest neighbors were aware of who he was, even the rest of his family did not learn that he had not been killed in the war until he came out of hiding.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_partisans" title="Anti-Soviet partisans">Anti-Soviet partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A4%C3%A4ritsa" title="Battle of Määritsa">Battle of Määritsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Clodfelter,_p._538-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter,_p._538_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter,_p._538_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter,_p._538_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter,_p._538_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clodfelter (2017), p. 538</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plakans, Andrejs. The Latvians: A Short History, 155. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lietuvos istorijos atlasas. Compiled by Arūnas Latišenka. Briedis. 2001. p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1908-06-25/ed-1/?sp=9&q=BROTHERS+WOOD&r=0.092,0.775,0.356,0.175,0">"The Brothers of the Wood. Bandits, Says Russia; Politicians, Says Prisoner's Counsel"</a>. <i>The Sun</i>. New York, New York. 25 June 1908. p. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun&rft.atitle=The+Brothers+of+the+Wood.+Bandits%2C+Says+Russia%3B+Politicians%2C+Says+Prisoner%27s+Counsel.&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1908-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Fsn83030272%2F1908-06-25%2Fed-1%2F%3Fsp%3D9%26q%3DBROTHERS%2BWOOD%26r%3D0.092%2C0.775%2C0.356%2C0.175%2C0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w0UkA-5r5T4C&dq=%22forest+friars%22&pg=PA673">"Jan Pouren Case"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. Vol. 65, no. 3120. New York. 17 September 1908. p. 673.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Jan+Pouren+Case&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3120&rft.pages=673&rft.date=1908-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw0UkA-5r5T4C%26dq%3D%2522forest%2Bfriars%2522%26pg%3DPA673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziemele-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ziemele_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ziemele2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ineta_Ziemele" title="Ineta Ziemele">Ziemele, Ineta</a> (2005). <i>State Continuity and Nationality: The Baltic States and Russia</i>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14295-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14295-9"><bdi>90-04-14295-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Continuity+and+Nationality%3A+The+Baltic+States+and+Russia&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-04-14295-9&rft.aulast=Ziemele&rft.aufirst=Ineta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods,_Alan-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woods,_Alan_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woods, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxist.com/bolshevism/part3-2.html"><i>Bolshevism: The Road to Revolution</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121210175951/http://www.marxist.com/bolshevism/part3-2.html">Archived</a> 2012-12-10 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, Wellred Publications, London, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900007-05-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-900007-05-3">1-900007-05-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skultans-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skultans_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skultans, Vieda. <i>The Testimony of Lives: Narrative and Memory in Post-Soviet Latvia</i>, pp. 83–84, Routledge, 1st edition, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16289-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16289-0">0-415-16289-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRein_Taagepera2018" class="citation web cs1">Rein Taagepera (February 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icds.ee/en/lithuania-latvia-and-estonia-100-years-of-similarities-and-disparities/">"Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia: 100 Years of Similarities and Disparities"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lithuania%2C+Latvia+and+Estonia%3A+100+Years+of+Similarities+and+Disparities&rft.pub=International+Centre+for+Defence+and+Security&rft.date=2018-02-16&rft.au=Rein+Taagepera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficds.ee%2Fen%2Flithuania-latvia-and-estonia-100-years-of-similarities-and-disparities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lithuania/">"World Factbook:Lithuania"</a>. December 13, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Factbook%3ALithuania&rft.date=2023-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Flithuania%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMälksoo2022" class="citation book cs1">Mälksoo, Lauri (28 Jun 2022). "The Baltic States Between 1940 and 1991: Illegality and/Or Prescription". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004464896/BP000014.xml"><i>The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR</i></a>. The Erik Castrén Institute Monographs on International Law and Human Rights. Vol. 20 (Second Revised ed.). Brill Nijhoff. pp. 70–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004464896_005">10.1163/9789004464896_005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004464896" title="Special:BookSources/9789004464896"><bdi>9789004464896</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Baltic+States+Between+1940+and+1991%3A+Illegality+and%2FOr+Prescription&rft.btitle=The+Case+of+the+Incorporation+of+the+Baltic+States+by+the+USSR&rft.series=The+Erik+Castr%C3%A9n+Institute+Monographs+on+International+Law+and+Human+Rights&rft.pages=70-139&rft.edition=Second+Revised&rft.pub=Brill+Nijhoff&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004464896_005&rft.isbn=9789004464896&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4lksoo&rft.aufirst=Lauri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789004464896%2FBP000014.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laar-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laar_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laar_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laar_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Laar,_Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Laar, Mart">Laar, Mart</a> (1992). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ng9pAAAAMAAJ">War in the Woods: Estonia's Struggle for Survival, 1944–1956</a></i>, translated by Tiina Ets, Compass Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929590-08-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-929590-08-2">0-929590-08-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_Stuklis2023" class="citation journal cs1">Karl Stuklis (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01629778.2023.2173262">"Revisionist national narratives in the memoirs of Estonian and Latvian Waffen-SS Legionnaires"</a>. <i>Journal of Baltic Studies</i>. <b>55</b>: 197–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01629778.2023.2173262">10.1080/01629778.2023.2173262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Baltic+Studies&rft.atitle=Revisionist+national+narratives+in+the+memoirs+of+Estonian+and+Latvian+Waffen-SS+Legionnaires&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=197-215&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01629778.2023.2173262&rft.au=Karl+Stuklis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F01629778.2023.2173262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span>open access</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaszeta-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaszeta_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaszeta_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaszeta_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaszeta_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaszeta_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaszeta, Daniel J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lituanus.org/1988/88_3_01.htm"><i>Lithuanian Resistance to Foreign Occupation 1940–1952</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927221122/http://www.lituanus.org/1988/88_3_01.htm">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Lituanus, Volume 34, No. 3, Fall 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0024-5089">0024-5089</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackevičius-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mackevičius_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackevičius, Mečislovas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lituanus.org/1986/86_4_02.htm"><i>Lithuanian Resistance to German Mobilization Attempts 1941–1944</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805202443/http://www.lituanus.org/1986/86_4_02.htm">Archived</a> 2019-08-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Lituanus Vol. 32, No. 4, Winter 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0024-5089">0024-5089</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/09-30-46.asp">"Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Volume 22"</a>. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. 30 September 1946<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuremberg+Trial+Proceedings+Volume+22&rft.pub=The+Avalon+Project+at+Yale+Law+School&rft.date=1946-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2Fimt%2F09-30-46.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estonia_Letter-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Estonia_Letter_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hot.ee/vaikal/usa.htm">Letter from Harry N. Rosenfield, Acting Chairman of United States Displaced Persons Commission, to Mr. Johannes Kaiv, Acting Consul General of Estonia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070225161030/http://www.hot.ee/vaikal/usa.htm">Archived</a> 2007-02-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in re memorandum from the Estonian Committee in the United States zone of Germany on the question of former Estonian Legionnaires seeking admission to the United States under the Displaced Persons Act, as amended. September 13, 1950.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feldmanis-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feldmanis_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feldmanis, Inesis and Kangeris, Kārlis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.am.gov.lv/en/latvia/history/legion/"><i>The Volunteer SS Legion in Latvia</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060304125207/http://www.am.gov.lv/en/latvia/history/legion/">Archived</a> March 4, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia, n.d.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaasik-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kaasik_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeeter_KaasikMika_Raudvassar2006" class="citation book cs1">Peeter Kaasik; Mika Raudvassar (2006). "Estonia from June to October, 1941: Forest Brothers and Summer War". In Toomas Hiio; Meelis Maripuu; Indrek Paavle (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Estonian_International_Commission_for_the_Investigation_of_Crimes_Against_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity"><i>Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity</i></a>. Tallinn. pp. 495–517.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Estonia+from+June+to+October%2C+1941%3A+Forest+Brothers+and+Summer+War&rft.btitle=Estonia+1940%E2%80%931945%3A+Reports+of+the+Estonian+International+Commission+for+the+Investigation+of+Crimes+Against+Humanity&rft.place=Tallinn&rft.pages=495-517&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Peeter+Kaasik&rft.au=Mika+Raudvassar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdcol.ee/fileadmin/docs/bdreview/bdr-2003-9-13.pdf">Tartu in the 1941 Summer War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319135222/http://www.bdcol.ee/fileadmin/docs/bdreview/bdr-2003-9-13.pdf">Archived</a> March 19, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. By Major Riho Rõngelep and Brigadier General Michael Hesselholt Clemmesen (2003). Baltic Defence Review 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lande, p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuusik-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kuusik_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kuusik_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kuusik_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArgo_Kuusik2006" class="citation book cs1">Argo Kuusik (2006). "Estonian Omakaitse in 1941–1944". In Toomas Hiio; Meelis Maripuu; Indrek Paavle (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Estonian_International_Commission_for_the_Investigation_of_Crimes_Against_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity"><i>Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity</i></a>. Tallinn. pp. 797–806.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Estonian+Omakaitse+in+1941%E2%80%931944&rft.btitle=Estonia+1940%E2%80%931945%3A+Reports+of+the+Estonian+International+Commission+for+the+Investigation+of+Crimes+Against+Humanity&rft.place=Tallinn&rft.pages=797-806&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Argo+Kuusik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hess-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hess_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hess, Sigurd (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HXYAGisbPZUC&pg=PA169">"The Clandestine Operations of Hans Helmut Klose and the British Baltic Fishery Protection Service (BBFPS) 1945-1956"</a>. <i>The Journal of Intelligence History</i>. <b>1</b> (2). LIT Verlag Münster: 169–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F16161262.2001.10555054">10.1080/16161262.2001.10555054</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783825806439" title="Special:BookSources/9783825806439"><bdi>9783825806439</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162499902">162499902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Intelligence+History&rft.atitle=The+Clandestine+Operations+of+Hans+Helmut+Klose+and+the+British+Baltic+Fishery+Protection+Service+%28BBFPS%29+1945-1956&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-178&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162499902%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F16161262.2001.10555054&rft.isbn=9783825806439&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Sigurd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHXYAGisbPZUC%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Misiunas-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Misiunas_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Misiunas, Romuald and <a href="/wiki/Taagepera,_Rein" class="mw-redirect" title="Taagepera, Rein">Taagepera, Rein</a>. <i>The Baltic States: Years of Dependence, 1940–1990</i>, University of California Press, expanded & updated edition, 1993. p. 83. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08228-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08228-1">0-520-08228-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genocid.lt/Leidyba/1/heinrihs1.htm">"Heinrihs Strods, Latvijas nacionalo partizanu karš, 19441956, Rīga, a/s "Preses nams", 1996, 576 lpp"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heinrihs+Strods%2C+Latvijas+nacionalo+partizanu+kar%C5%A1%2C+19441956%2C+R%C4%ABga%2C+a%2Fs+%22Preses+nams%22%2C+1996%2C+576+lpp.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenocid.lt%2FLeidyba%2F1%2Fheinrihs1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bernardinai.lt/2007-04-16-laisves-kryzkeles-laisves-kovos-latvijoje-bei-estijoje/">"Freedom crossroads. Freedom fights in Latvia and Estonia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bernardinai.lt" title="Bernardinai.lt">Bernardinai.lt</a></i>. 16 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bernardinai.lt&rft.atitle=Freedom+crossroads.+Freedom+fights+in+Latvia+and+Estonia.&rft.date=2007-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bernardinai.lt%2F2007-04-16-laisves-kryzkeles-laisves-kovos-latvijoje-bei-estijoje%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtar2013" class="citation book cs1">Buttar, Prit (2013). <i>Between Giants, the Battle for the Baltics in World War II</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780961637" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780961637"><bdi>978-1780961637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Giants%2C+the+Battle+for+the+Baltics+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1780961637&rft.aulast=Buttar&rft.aufirst=Prit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, Neil (2010). <i>Estonia</i>. Bucks, England: Bradt Travel Guides. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-84162-320-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ERR (2007-10-16). "Raadil pühitseti mälestuskivi eelviimasele metsavennale". <i>ERR</i> (in Estonian). Retrieved 2022-01-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laar, M. (2009). "The Power of Freedom. Central and Eastern Europe after 1945." Centre for European Studies, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laar,_p._24-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laar,_p._24_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laar,_p._24_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laar,_p._24_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laar, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plakans, Andrejs. <i>The Latvians: A Short History</i>, 155. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edgars Andersons, Leonīds Siliņš "Latvijas Centrālā padome – LCP". Upsala 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9163017466" title="Special:BookSources/9163017466">9163017466</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plakans,_p._155-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plakans,_p._155_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plakans,_p._155_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plakans,_p._155_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plakans, p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kapitalist.lv/2004-09-15/348.html">Газета Капиталист. ЖИЗНЬ И СУДЬБА «БОЛЬШОГО МЕДВЕДЯ». Сто лет Вилису Лацису</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619140335/http://www.kapitalist.lv/2004-09-15/348.html">Archived</a> 2010-06-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved April 3, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laar,_p._27-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laar,_p._27_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laar,_p._27_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laar, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dundovich-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dundovich_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dundovich, E., Gori, F. and Guercett, E. <i>Reflections on the gulag. With a documentary appendix on the Italian victims of repression in the USSR</i>, Feltrinelli Editore IT, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-07-99058-X" title="Special:BookSources/88-07-99058-X">88-07-99058-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLučinskas" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lučinskas, Gintaras. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aidas.lt/lt/istorija/article/2839-12-16-lietuvos-laisves-armija-partizaninio-karo-pradininke-dzukijoje">"12 16. Lietuvos Laisvės Armija – partizaninio karo pradininkė Dzūkijoje"</a> (in Lithuanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=12+16.+Lietuvos+Laisv%C4%97s+Armija+%E2%80%93+partizaninio+karo+pradinink%C4%97+Dz%C5%ABkijoje&rft.aulast=Lu%C4%8Dinskas&rft.aufirst=Gintaras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aidas.lt%2Flt%2Fistorija%2Farticle%2F2839-12-16-lietuvos-laisves-armija-partizaninio-karo-pradininke-dzukijoje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xxiamzius.lt/numeriai/2005/04/20/istdab_01.html">"Istorinė Lietuvos laisvės armijos reikšmė pasipriešinime okupantams"</a>. <i>www.xxiamzius.lt</i> (in Lithuanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.xxiamzius.lt&rft.atitle=Istorin%C4%97+Lietuvos+laisv%C4%97s+armijos+reik%C5%A1m%C4%97+pasiprie%C5%A1inime+okupantams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xxiamzius.lt%2Fnumeriai%2F2005%2F04%2F20%2Fistdab_01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitkus2014" class="citation book cs1">Vitkus, Gediminas (2014). <i>Wars of Lithuania</i>. Vilnius: The General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-609-437-250-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-609-437-250-6"><bdi>978-609-437-250-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+Lithuania&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=The+General+Jonas+%C5%BDemaitis+Military+Academy+of+Lithuania&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-609-437-250-6&rft.aulast=Vitkus&rft.aufirst=Gediminas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unknown1-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unknown1_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unknown author. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lithuanian.net/memory/bloody/povilas.htm">excerpt from <i>Lithuania's Struggle For Freedom</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200121131209/http://www.lithuanian.net/memory/bloody/povilas.htm">Archived</a> 2020-01-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, unknown year.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalia-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalia_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalia_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuodytė, Dalia and Tracevskis, Rokas. <i>The Unknown War: Armed Anti-Soviet Resistance in Lithuania in 1944–1953</i>, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9986-757-59-2" title="Special:BookSources/9986-757-59-2">9986-757-59-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.15min.lt/m/media-pasakojimai/100-lietuvu-6-prozariskes-37">#6 Prozariškės</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604220654/https://www.15min.lt/media-pasakojimai/100-lietuvu-6-prozariskes-37">Archived</a> June 4, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tarm-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tarm_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tarm, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balticsworldwide.com/forgotten.htm"><i>The Forgotten War</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060508031728/http://www.balticsworldwide.com/forgotten.htm">Archived</a> 2006-05-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, City Paper's The Baltic States Worldwide, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huang-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huang_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huang, Mel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170302021800/http://www.ce-review.org/_about.html">Review of Mart Laar's <i>War in the Woods: Estonia's Struggle for Survival, 1944–1956</i></a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>. Central Europe Review, Vol. 1, No. 12, September 13, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1212-8732">1212-8732</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seimas-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seimas_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=90678"><i>Law on the February 16, 1949 Declaration by the Council of the Movement of the Struggle for Freedom of Lithuania</i></a>, Law No. VIII-1021, January 12, 1999, Vilnius.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kommersant-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kommersant_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306070332/http://kommersant.com/page.asp?id=568804">"We Put Off This Day As Much As We Could"</a>. Kommersant. 2005-04-19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.com/page.asp?id=568804">the original</a> on 2016-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+Put+Off+This+Day+As+Much+As+We+Could&rft.pub=Kommersant&rft.date=2005-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.com%2Fpage.asp%3Fid%3D568804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepner2024" class="citation news cs1">Hepner, Juhan (August 29, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.err.ee/1609437902/one-of-estonia-s-last-forest-brothers-to-receive-memorial-stone">"One of Estonia's Last Forest Brothers to Receive Memorial Stone"</a>. <i>ERR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ERR&rft.atitle=One+of+Estonia%27s+Last+Forest+Brothers+to+Receive+Memorial+Stone&rft.date=2024-08-29&rft.aulast=Hepner&rft.aufirst=Juhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.err.ee%2F1609437902%2Fone-of-estonia-s-last-forest-brothers-to-receive-memorial-stone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCain-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCain_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCain, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usemb.ee/mccainspch.php">"From Tragedy to Destiny: Estonia's Place in the New Atlantic Order,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20040929204256/http://www.usemb.ee/mccainspch.php">Archived</a> 2004-09-29 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> The <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Frasure" title="Robert C. Frasure">Robert C. Frasure</a> Memorial Lecture, Tallinn, Estonia, August 24, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nommevalitsus.org/?p=1117">Rahvuslane. Ajalooline hinnang Kanada pagulaseestlaste poolt aastail 1960–1963 tehtud filmile „Legendi loojad" ehk millise vaatenurga alt tuleb tänasel päeval seda filmi vaadata</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727130419/http://www.nommevalitsus.org/?p=1117">Archived</a> 2011-07-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved April 3, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krokys-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krokys_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krokys, Bronius. "The Winged One". <i>Bridges</i>, April 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7md-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7md_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.lt/7md/?leid_id=690&kas=straipsnis&st_id=5382">"Naujas dokumentinis filmas "Stirna"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Lithuanian). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Septynios_Meno_Dienos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Septynios Meno Dienos (page does not exist)">Septynios Meno Dienos</a>, No. 690. 2006-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naujas+dokumentinis+filmas+%22Stirna%22&rft.pub=Septynios+Meno+Dienos%2C+No.+690&rft.date=2006-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture.lt%2F7md%2F%3Fleid_id%3D690%26kas%3Dstraipsnis%26st_id%3D5382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diena.lv/lat/arhiivs/riigaa_un_novados/peedeejo_mezhabraalju_atgrieshanaas">Pēdējo mežabrāļu atgriešanās (27.11.97.)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outono.net/elentir/2017/06/16/janis-pinups-a-latvian-soldier-for-whom-the-second-world-war-finished-in-1995/">Jānis Pīnups: a Latvian Soldier for Whom the Second World War Finished in 1995</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ&dq=baltic+partisans+30,000+dead&pg=PA538"><i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.)</i></a>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786474707" title="Special:BookSources/9780786474707"><bdi>9780786474707</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/965194724">965194724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015+%284th+ed.%29&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F965194724&rft.isbn=9780786474707&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkNzCDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbaltic%2Bpartisans%2B30%2C000%2Bdead%26pg%3DPA538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTauras1962" class="citation book cs1">Tauras, KV (1962). <i>Guerrilla Warfare on the Amber Coast</i>. New York: Voyages Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerrilla+Warfare+on+the+Amber+Coast&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Voyages+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Tauras&rft.aufirst=KV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Daumantas, Juozas L. (1975). "Fighters for Freedom", Manyland Books, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87141-049-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87141-049-4">0-87141-049-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaar1992" class="citation book cs1">Laar, Mart (1992). <i>War In The Woods</i>. Washington, DC: Howells House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929590-09-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-929590-09-7"><bdi>978-0-929590-09-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+In+The+Woods&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Howells+House&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-929590-09-7&rft.aulast=Laar&rft.aufirst=Mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuerrilla+war+in+the+Baltic+states" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Razgaitis, Darius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050512093629/http://www.mrdarius.com/fb/"><i>Forest Brothers from the West</i></a>, research thesis, 2002.</li> <li>Rieber, Alfred J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/kritika/v004/4.1rieber.pdf">Civil Wars in the Soviet Union</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kritika:_Explorations_in_Russian_and_Eurasian_History" title="Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History">Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</a></i> 4.1, 129–162.</li> <li>Smit, Mikie (1865). "The Legend of The Forest"</li> <li>Vardys, V. Stanley (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lituanus.org/1969/69_1_02.htm"><i>Lithuania Under the Soviets: Portrait of a Nation, 1940–65</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302085809/http://www.lituanus.org/1969/69_1_02.htm">Archived</a> 2012-03-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, F. A. Praeger, New York</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocid.lt/">Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muziejai.lt/Marijampole/Partizanu_muziejus.en.htm">Lithuanian Tauras District Partisans and Deportation Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spauda.lt/voruta/kronika/chronicl.htm">War Chronicle of the Partisans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531080543/http://www.spauda.lt/voruta/kronika/chronicl.htm">Archived</a> 2012-05-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Chronicle of Lithuanian partisans, June 1944 – May 1949, prepared by Algis Rupainis</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5rQFp7FF9c">Forest Brothers – Fight for the Baltics</a> – official <i>YouTube</i> channel of NATO, 2017</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.lsm.lv/article/features/video/documentary-examines-the-fight-of-the-forest-brothers.a377200/">Documentary examines the fight of the 'Forest Brothers'</a>. 9 October 2020. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_of_Latvia" title="Public Broadcasting of Latvia">Public Broadcasting of Latvia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Baltic_states" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Baltic_states" title="Template:Baltic states"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Baltic_states" title="Template talk:Baltic states"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baltic_states" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baltic states"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Baltic_states" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Territorial changes of the Baltic states">Territorial changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Entente" title="Baltic Entente">Baltic Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Timeline of the occupation of the Baltic states">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Background of the occupation of the Baltic states">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">by the Soviet Union (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of the Baltic states during World War II">by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">by the Soviet Union (1944)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deportations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_deportation" title="June deportation">June deportation (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi (1949)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_continuity_of_the_Baltic_states" title="State continuity of the Baltic states">State continuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Legations_(1940%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic Legations (1940–1991)">Diplomatic services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Under Soviet rule (1944-91)</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guerrilla war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Sovietization of the Baltic states">Sovietization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_states_flag_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Baltic_states_flag_map.svg/120px-Baltic_states_flag_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Baltic_states_flag_map.svg/180px-Baltic_states_flag_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Baltic_states_flag_map.svg/240px-Baltic_states_flag_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="2391" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Baltic_states_by_population" title="List of cities in the Baltic states by population">Largest cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_Baltic_states" title="List of tallest buildings in the Baltic states">tallest buildings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_the_Baltics" title="List of national parks in the Baltics">National parks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Council_of_Ministers" title="Baltic Council of Ministers">Baltic Council of Ministers</a></li> <li>Military <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Air_Policing" title="Baltic Air Policing">Air Policing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Air_Surveillance_Network" title="Baltic Air Surveillance Network">Air Surveillance Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Defence_College" title="Baltic Defence College">Defence College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Naval_Squadron" title="Baltic Naval Squadron">Naval Squadron</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Tiger" title="Baltic Tiger">Baltic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_the_Baltic_states" title="List of the busiest airports in the Baltic states">Busiest airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_housing_bubble" title="Baltic states housing bubble">Housing bubble</a></li> <li>Regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Baltic_States_by_gross_regional_product_(GRP)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of Baltic States by gross regional product (GRP)">Gross regional product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Baltic_States_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of regions of Baltic States by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMX_Baltic_10" title="OMX Baltic 10">OMX Baltic 10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Cup_(football)" title="Baltic Cup (football)">Baltic Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Basketball_League" title="Baltic Basketball League">Baltic Basketball League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_States_Swimming_Championships" title="Baltic States Swimming Championships">Swimming Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Chain_Tour" title="Baltic Chain Tour">Baltic Chain Tour</a></li> <li>Records <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baltic_records_in_athletics" title="List of Baltic records in athletics">in athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baltic_records_in_swimming" title="List of Baltic records in swimming">in swimming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Baltic_states" title="Category:Baltic states">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baltic_states" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Baltic states">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Resistance_during_World_War_II_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Resistance_in_World_War_II_by_country" title="Template:Resistance in World War II by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Resistance_in_World_War_II_by_country" title="Template talk:Resistance in World War II by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Resistance_in_World_War_II_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Resistance in World War II by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Resistance_during_World_War_II_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-communist resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baltic States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvian partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuanian partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">June Uprising in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonian partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-fascist resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_resistance_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian resistance during World War II">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Resistance in the German-occupied Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_German-occupied_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_partisans" title="Slovak partisans">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian resistance movement during World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Belarusian resistance during World War II">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Moldovan resistance during World War II">Moldova</a></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Crimean resistance during World War II">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taganrog_resistance_movement" title="Taganrog resistance movement">Taganrog</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Partisans" title="Croatian Partisans">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Partisans" title="Macedonian Partisans">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Partisans" title="Slovene Partisans">Slovenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Estonia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Estonia_topics" title="Template:Estonia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Estonia_topics" title="Template talk:Estonia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Estonia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Estonia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Estonia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Estonia-related_articles" title="Index of Estonia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Estonian_history" title="Timeline of Estonian history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Estonia" title="List of wars involving Estonia">list of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia" title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Danish Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">German Bishoprics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Polish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Swedish Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Estonia" title="Governorate of Estonia">Russian Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Russian Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">Age of Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%93sis_(1919)" title="Battle of Cēsis (1919)">Battle of Võnnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Silence" title="Era of Silence">Era of Silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of Estonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian SSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guerrilla war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ants_Kaljurand" title="Ants Kaljurand">Ants Kaljurand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonian partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">Deportations</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_government-in-exile" title="Estonian government-in-exile">Government-in-exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sovereignty_Declaration" title="Estonian Sovereignty Declaration">Declaration of sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Restoration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Restoration of Independence">Restoration of independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Estonia" title="Geography of Estonia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Estonia" title="Climate of Estonia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Estonia" title="Extreme points of Estonia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Estonia" title="List of mammals of Estonia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Estonia" title="List of islands of Estonia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Estonia" title="List of lakes of Estonia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Estonia" title="Populated places in Estonia">Populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Estonia" title="Protected areas of Estonia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Estonia" title="List of rivers of Estonia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Estonia" title="List of cities and towns in Estonia">Towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Estonia" title="Politics of Estonia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Estonia" title="Counties of Estonia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Estonia" title="Elections in Estonia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Estonia" title="Foreign relations of Estonia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Estonia" title="Government of Estonia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Estonia" title="Human rights in Estonia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Estonia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Estonia" title="Law of Estonia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Police" title="Estonian Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Defence_Forces" title="Estonian Defence Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Estonia" title="List of political parties in Estonia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu"><i>Riigikogu</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Estonia" title="Supreme Court of Estonia">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Estonia" title="Agriculture in Estonia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Estonia" title="Bank of Estonia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Residency_of_Estonia" title="E-Residency of Estonia">e-Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Estonia" title="Energy in Estonia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_in_Estonia" title="Oil shale in Estonia">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Tallinn" title="Nasdaq Tallinn">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Estonia" title="Taxation in Estonia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Estonia" title="Telecommunications in Estonia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Estonia" title="Tourism in Estonia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Estonia" title="Transport in Estonia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Estonia" title="Category:Society of Estonia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Estonia" title="Crime in Estonia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Estonia" title="Demographics of Estonia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Estonia" title="Education in Estonia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Estonia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Estonia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Estonia" title="Healthcare in Estonia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Estonia" title="Women in Estonia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Estonia" title="Culture of Estonia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu_isamaa,_mu_%C3%B5nn_ja_r%C3%B5%C3%B5m" title="Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Estonia" title="Architecture of Estonia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Estonia" title="Beer in Estonia">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Estonia" title="Cinema of Estonia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia" title="Coat of arms of Estonia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Estonian_given_names" title="Category:Estonian given names">Estonian names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Estonian_flags" title="List of Estonian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_folklore" title="Estonian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Estonia" title="Internet in Estonia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Estonia" title="Languages of Estonia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_literature" title="Estonian literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABD_ehk_Luggemise-Ramat_Lastele" title="ABD ehk Luggemise-Ramat Lastele"><i>ABD</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg"><i>Kalevipoeg</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Estonia" title="Mass media in Estonia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_mythology" title="Estonian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Estonia" title="Name of Estonia">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Estonia" title="National symbols of Estonia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Estonia" title="List of newspapers in Estonia">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Estonia" title="Public holidays in Estonia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Estonia" title="List of radio stations in Estonia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Estonia" title="Sport in Estonia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Estonia" title="Television in Estonia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Estonia" title="Theatre of Estonia">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Estonia" title="Outline of Estonia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Estonia-related_articles" title="Index of Estonia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Estonia" title="Category:Estonia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Estonia" title="Portal:Estonia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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