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class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Capture of Indian territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_of_Indian_territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recapture_of_Axis-occupied_territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recapture_of_Axis-occupied_territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Recapture of Axis-occupied territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recapture_of_Axis-occupied_territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Indian_recipients_of_gallantry_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Indian_recipients_of_gallantry_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Notable Indian recipients of gallantry awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Indian_recipients_of_gallantry_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East_and_African_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East_and_African_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle East and African theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East_and_African_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_Indian_recipients_of_gallantry_awards_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Indian_recipients_of_gallantry_awards_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Notable Indian recipients of gallantry awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Indian_recipients_of_gallantry_awards_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Invasion of Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_Indian_recipients_of_gallantry_awards_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Indian_recipients_of_gallantry_awards_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Notable Indian recipients of gallantry awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Indian_recipients_of_gallantry_awards_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Indian_Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Indian_Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Royal Indian Air Force</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Royal_Indian_Air_Force-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Royal Indian Air Force subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Royal_Indian_Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_Indian_recipients_of_gallantry_awards_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Indian_recipients_of_gallantry_awards_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Notable Indian recipients of gallantry awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Indian_recipients_of_gallantry_awards_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Indian_Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Indian_Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Royal Indian Navy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Royal_Indian_Navy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Royal Indian Navy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Royal_Indian_Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royal_Indian_Naval_combat_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Indian_Naval_combat_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Royal Indian Naval combat losses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Indian_Naval_combat_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Indian_Naval_successes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Indian_Naval_successes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Royal Indian Naval successes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Indian_Naval_successes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_Indian_recipients_of_gallantry_awards_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Indian_recipients_of_gallantry_awards_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Notable Indian recipients of gallantry awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Indian_recipients_of_gallantry_awards_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaboration_with_the_Axis_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaboration_with_the_Axis_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Collaboration with the Axis powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaboration_with_the_Axis_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengal_famine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengal_famine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bengal famine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengal_famine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Princely_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Princely_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Princely states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Princely_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1944–45_Insurgency_in_Balochistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1944–45_Insurgency_in_Balochistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>1944–45 Insurgency in Balochistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1944–45_Insurgency_in_Balochistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mazrak_Zadran's_invasion_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mazrak_Zadran's_invasion_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Mazrak Zadran's invasion of India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mazrak_Zadran's_invasion_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">India in World War II</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الهند في الحرب العالمية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الهند في الحرب العالمية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4" title="দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধে ভারত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধে ভারত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="هند در جنگ جهانی دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هند در جنگ جهانی دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27Inde_pendant_la_Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Histoire de l'Inde pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de l'Inde pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध में भारत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध में भारत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II" title="India dalam Perang Dunia II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="India dalam Perang Dunia II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="രണ്ടാം ലോകമഹായുദ്ധത്തിൽ ഇന്ത്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രണ്ടാം ലോകമഹായുദ്ധത്തിൽ ഇന്ത്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindiston_Ikkinchi_jahon_urushida" title="Hindiston Ikkinchi jahon urushida – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hindiston Ikkinchi jahon urushida" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4" title="ਦੂਸਰੇ ਵਿਸ਼ਵ ਯੁੱਧ ਵਿੱਚ ਭਾਰਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੂਸਰੇ ਵਿਸ਼ਵ ਯੁੱਧ ਵਿੱਚ ਭਾਰਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%88%DA%86_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دوسری جنگ عظیم وچ ہندوستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دوسری جنگ عظیم وچ ہندوستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Британская Индия во Второй мировой войне – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британская Индия во Второй мировой войне" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Британська Індія в Другій світовій війні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Британська Індія в Другій світовій війні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دوسری جنگ عظیم میں ہندوستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دوسری جنگ عظیم میں ہندوستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6019652#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="View the content page [c]" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_II" title="Indian Army during World War II">Indian Army during World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_Air_Force#World_War_II_(1939–1945)" title="History of the Indian Air Force">Indian Airforce in World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_Navy#The_Royal_Indian_Navy_in_World_War_II" title="History of the Indian Navy">Indian Navy during World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_and_India_in_World_War_II" title="Propaganda and India in World War II">Propaganda and India in World War II</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1-5MahrattaLightInfantryFlorence1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/1-5MahrattaLightInfantryFlorence1944.jpg/220px-1-5MahrattaLightInfantryFlorence1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/1-5MahrattaLightInfantryFlorence1944.jpg/330px-1-5MahrattaLightInfantryFlorence1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/1-5MahrattaLightInfantryFlorence1944.jpg/440px-1-5MahrattaLightInfantryFlorence1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Infantrymen of the 1/5 <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Light_Infantry" title="Maratha Light Infantry">Maratha Light Infantry</a> during training, Florence, Italy, 28 August 1944</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Airforce_Pilots_after_a_mission_in_Burma_during_WW2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Indian_Airforce_Pilots_after_a_mission_in_Burma_during_WW2.jpg/220px-Indian_Airforce_Pilots_after_a_mission_in_Burma_during_WW2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Indian_Airforce_Pilots_after_a_mission_in_Burma_during_WW2.jpg/330px-Indian_Airforce_Pilots_after_a_mission_in_Burma_during_WW2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Indian_Airforce_Pilots_after_a_mission_in_Burma_during_WW2.jpg/440px-Indian_Airforce_Pilots_after_a_mission_in_Burma_during_WW2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Indian Airforce Pilots after a mission during the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delhi_Victory_Week_Parade_IND5040.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Delhi_Victory_Week_Parade_IND5040.jpg/220px-Delhi_Victory_Week_Parade_IND5040.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Delhi_Victory_Week_Parade_IND5040.jpg/330px-Delhi_Victory_Week_Parade_IND5040.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Delhi_Victory_Week_Parade_IND5040.jpg/440px-Delhi_Victory_Week_Parade_IND5040.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Victory Week Parade in Delhi to celebrate the final defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a>, March 1946.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_women_training_for_air_raid_precautions_(ARP)_duties_in_Bombay,_1942._IND1492.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Indian_women_training_for_air_raid_precautions_%28ARP%29_duties_in_Bombay%2C_1942._IND1492.jpg/220px-Indian_women_training_for_air_raid_precautions_%28ARP%29_duties_in_Bombay%2C_1942._IND1492.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Indian_women_training_for_air_raid_precautions_%28ARP%29_duties_in_Bombay%2C_1942._IND1492.jpg/330px-Indian_women_training_for_air_raid_precautions_%28ARP%29_duties_in_Bombay%2C_1942._IND1492.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Indian_women_training_for_air_raid_precautions_%28ARP%29_duties_in_Bombay%2C_1942._IND1492.jpg/440px-Indian_women_training_for_air_raid_precautions_%28ARP%29_duties_in_Bombay%2C_1942._IND1492.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1739" /></a><figcaption>Indian women training for air raid precautions (ARP) duties in Bombay, 1942.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NH_Karanjia_ARP_Warden_Service_Bombay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="ARP Warden Service Efficiency Warrant issued to NH Karanjia, Bombay, June 1942 with Acknowledgement of Gratitude Card" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NH_Karanjia_ARP_Warden_Service_Bombay.jpg/220px-NH_Karanjia_ARP_Warden_Service_Bombay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="499" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NH_Karanjia_ARP_Warden_Service_Bombay.jpg/330px-NH_Karanjia_ARP_Warden_Service_Bombay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NH_Karanjia_ARP_Warden_Service_Bombay.jpg/440px-NH_Karanjia_ARP_Warden_Service_Bombay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3827" data-file-height="8673" /></a><figcaption>ARP Warden Service Efficiency Warrant issued to NH Karanjia, Bombay, June 1942 with Acknowledgement of Gratitude Card</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> (1939–1945), India was a part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> officially declared war on <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in September 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Kux_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kux-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India, as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied Nations</a>, sent over two and a half million soldiers to fight under British command against the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>. India was also used as the base for American operations in support of China in the <a href="/wiki/China_Burma_India_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="China Burma India Theater">China Burma India Theater</a>. </p><p>Indians fought valiantly and with distinction throughout the world, including in the <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre against Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaign</a> against <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">fascist Italy</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">southeast Asian theatre</a>; while also defending the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> against the Japanese forces, including <a href="/wiki/British_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="British Burma">British Burma</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony_of_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown colony of Ceylon">Crown colony of Ceylon</a>. Indian troops were also redeployed in former colonies such as <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, with the Japanese surrender in August 1945, after the <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II" title="End of World War II">end of World War II</a>. Over 87,000 Indian troops, and 3 million <a href="/wiki/Civilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilians">civilians</a> died in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">Sir Claude Auchinleck</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief, India</a>, stated that <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> "couldn't have come through both wars [World War I and II] if they hadn't had the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian Army</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was pushback throughout India to expending lives supporting the colonial British Empire in Africa and Europe amidst movements for Indian independence. Particularly, <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> sought alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and then ultimately with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> as a tool for subverting the British empire. Many factions of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Independence Movement">Indian Independence Movement</a> did support <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during the war, most notably the so-called <a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a> which Bose was instrumental in creating and which was incorporated for some time as a division of the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-Douds_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douds-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viceroy Linlithgow declared that India was at war with Germany without consultations with Indian politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political parties such as the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a> supported the British war effort while the largest and most influential political party existing in India at the time, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, demanded independence before it would help Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> London refused, and when Congress announced a "Quit India" campaign in August 1942, tens of thousands of its leaders were imprisoned by the British for the duration. Meanwhile, under the leadership of Indian leader <a href="/wiki/Subhash_Chandra_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhash Chandra Bose">Subhash Chandra Bose</a>, Japan set up an army of Indian <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a>, which fought against the British. <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">A major famine in Bengal in 1943</a> led to between 0.8 and 3.8 million deaths due to starvation, and a highly controversial issue remains regarding <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a>'s decision not to provide emergency food relief.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian participation in the Allied campaign remained strong. The financial, industrial and military assistance of India formed a crucial component of the British campaign against Nazi Germany and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India's strategic location at the tip of the Indian Ocean, its large production of armaments, and its huge armed forces played a decisive role in halting the progress of Imperial Japan in the <a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asian theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_II" title="Indian Army during World War II">Indian Army during World War II</a> was one of the largest Allied forces contingents which took part in the <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Campaign">Western Desert Campaign</a>. At the height of the second World War, more than 2.5 million Indian troops were fighting Axis forces around the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the end of the war, India emerged as the world's fourth largest industrial power and its increased political, economic and military influence paved the way for its independence from the United Kingdom in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian servicemen who served in the British Indian Army, the Royal Indian Navy, and the Indian Air Force during World War II and still had service period remaining at the time of <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">India's Independence</a> would go on to become serving members of the future armies, navies, and air forces of post-<a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a> India and Pakistan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quit_India_movement">Quit India movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Quit India movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi,_Patel_and_Maulana_Azad_Sept_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gandhi%2C_Patel_and_Maulana_Azad_Sept_1940.jpg/220px-Gandhi%2C_Patel_and_Maulana_Azad_Sept_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Gandhi%2C_Patel_and_Maulana_Azad_Sept_1940.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Prominent Indian leaders, including Gandhi, Patel and Maulana Azad, denounced Nazism as well as British imperialism.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi">Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad" title="Maulana Azad">Maulana Azad</a>, denounced <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> but would not fight it or anyone else until India was independent.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress launched the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a> in August 1942, refusing to co-operate in any way with the government until independence was granted. The government, not ready for this, immediately arrested over 60,000 national and local Congress leaders, and then moved to suppress the violent reaction of Congress supporters. Key leaders were kept in prison until June 1945, although Gandhi was released in May 1944 because of his health. Congress, with its leaders incommunicado, played little role on the home front. Unlike the predominately Hindu Congress, the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> rejected the Quit India movement and worked closely with the Raj authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Supporters of the British Raj argued that decolonisation was impossible in the middle of a great war. So, in 1939, the British Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow declared India's entry into the War without consulting prominent Indian Congress leaders who were just elected in previous elections.<sup id="cite_ref-Kux_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kux-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> (also called Netaji) had been a top Congress leader. He broke up with the Congress and tried to form a military alliance with Germany or Japan to gain independence. Bose, with the assistance of Germany, formed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a> from Indian students in <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> occupied Europe and Indian Army prisoners of war. With German reversals in 1942 and 1943, Bose and the Legion's officers were transported by U boat to Japanese territory to continue his plans. Upon arrival, Japan helped him set up the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> (INA) which fought under Japanese direction, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a>. Bose also headed the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Free_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government of Free India">Provisional Government of Free India</a>, a government-in-exile based in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. It controlled no Indian territory and was used only to raise troops for Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_Indian_Army">British Indian Army</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: British Indian Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_II" title="Indian Army during World War II">Indian Army during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_Army_Brigades_in_World_War_II" title="List of Indian Army Brigades in World War II">List of Indian Army Brigades in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Army_volunteers,_1943_(c).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Indian_Army_volunteers%2C_1943_%28c%29.jpg/220px-Indian_Army_volunteers%2C_1943_%28c%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Indian_Army_volunteers%2C_1943_%28c%29.jpg/330px-Indian_Army_volunteers%2C_1943_%28c%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Indian_Army_volunteers%2C_1943_%28c%29.jpg/440px-Indian_Army_volunteers%2C_1943_%28c%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Recruits line up to enlist with the <a href="/wiki/5th_Mahratta_Light_Infantry" title="5th Mahratta Light Infantry">5th Mahratta Light Infantry</a>, 1943.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1939 the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> numbered 205,000 men. It took in volunteers and by 1945 was the largest all-volunteer force in history, rising to over 3.35 million men.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These forces included tank, artillery and airborne forces. </p><p>Over World War II, officers and soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> received 6,000 awards for gallantry. These included a total of 31 <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Crosses</a>, the highest award in British and Commonwealth Forces for operational gallantry.<sup id="cite_ref-ccww_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccww-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British, Indian, Nepalese as well as future Pakistani soldiers and officers of the British Indian Army taken together account for these Victoria Crosses, as well for the other thousands of gallantry awards attributed to the British Indian Army. Indians were also awarded the <a href="/wiki/George_Cross" title="George Cross">George Cross</a>, the highest award for non-operational gallantry and equivalent to the Victoria Cross. Significantly, in World War II, several Indian officers also received the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">Distinguished Service Order</a> (DSO). The DSO was a level 2A order-cum-decoration, second only to the Victoria Cross, that could be bestowed only upon commissioned officers for operational gallantry and leadership under conditions of actual combat. The DSO became available to Indian officers largely following the gradual <a href="/wiki/Indianisation_(British_India)" title="Indianisation (British India)">Indianisation</a> of the officer ranks of the British Indian Army 1923 onwards. A rare exception was <a href="/wiki/Hiraji_Cursetji" title="Hiraji Cursetji">Hiraji Cursetji</a>, an Indian military surgeon who was awarded the DSO during World War I. Level 3A decorations awarded to Indian officers in World War II included the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)">Distinguished Service Cross</a> (DSC), the <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a> (MC), and the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a> (DFC). Other high military recognitions included appointments as officers or members of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a> (shortened as OBE and MBE respectively), both of which ranked below the DSO but above the level 3A decorations.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South-East_Asian_theatre">South-East Asian theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: South-East Asian theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Far_East-_Singapore,_Malaya_and_Hong_Kong_1939-1945_A30522.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/The_Far_East-_Singapore%2C_Malaya_and_Hong_Kong_1939-1945_A30522.jpg/220px-The_Far_East-_Singapore%2C_Malaya_and_Hong_Kong_1939-1945_A30522.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/The_Far_East-_Singapore%2C_Malaya_and_Hong_Kong_1939-1945_A30522.jpg/330px-The_Far_East-_Singapore%2C_Malaya_and_Hong_Kong_1939-1945_A30522.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/The_Far_East-_Singapore%2C_Malaya_and_Hong_Kong_1939-1945_A30522.jpg/440px-The_Far_East-_Singapore%2C_Malaya_and_Hong_Kong_1939-1945_A30522.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>An Indian prisoner of war from <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> after liberation in 1945.</figcaption></figure> <p>The British Indian Army was the key British Empire fighting presence in the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a>. The Royal Indian Air force's first assault mission was carried out against Japanese troops stationed in Burma. The <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)">British Indian Army</a> was key to breaking the siege of <a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a> when the westward advance of Imperial Japan came to a halt. </p><p>The formations included the <a href="/wiki/Indian_III_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian III Corps">Indian III Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="IV Corps (United Kingdom)">IV Corps</a>, the <a href="/wiki/XXXIII_Corps_(British_India)" title="XXXIII Corps (British India)">Indian XXXIII Corps</a> and the Fourteenth Army. As part of the new concept of Long Range Penetration (LRP), Gurkha troops of the Indian Army were trained in the present state of Madhya Pradesh under their commander (later Major General) Orde Charles Wingate. </p><p>These troops, popularly known as <i><a href="/wiki/Chindits" title="Chindits">Chindits</a></i>, played a crucial role in halting the Japanese advance into South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capture_of_Indian_territory">Capture of Indian territory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Capture of Indian territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion and occupation of the Andaman Islands during World War II">Invasion and occupation of the Andaman Islands during World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Battle of Kohima</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Battle of Imphal</a></div> <p>By 1942, neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> was invaded by Japan, which by then had already captured the Indian territory of <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>. Japan gave nominal control of the islands to the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Free_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government of Free India">Provisional Government of Free India</a> on 21 October 1943, and in the following March, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> with the help of Japan crossed into India and advanced as far as <a href="/wiki/Kohima" title="Kohima">Kohima</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a>. This advance on the mainland of South Asia reached its farthest point on India territory, with the Japanese finally retreating from the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Battle of Kohima</a> and near simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Battle of Imphal</a> in June 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen638_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen638-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recapture_of_Axis-occupied_territory">Recapture of Axis-occupied territory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recapture of Axis-occupied territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1944–45 Japan was under heavy air bombardment at home and suffered massive naval defeats in the Pacific. As its Imphal offensive failed, harsh weather and disease and withdrawal of air cover (due to more pressing needs in the Pacific) also took its toll on the Japanese and remnants of the INA and the <a href="/wiki/Burma_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma National Army">Burma National Army</a>. In spring 1945, a resurgent British army recaptured the occupied lands.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_Indian_recipients_of_gallantry_awards">Notable Indian recipients of gallantry awards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable Indian recipients of gallantry awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the highest gallantry in the South East Asian theatre, the Victoria Cross was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Fazal_Din" title="Fazal Din">Fazal Din</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hafiz_(VC)" title="Abdul Hafiz (VC)">Abdul Hafiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karamjeet_Judge" class="mw-redirect" title="Karamjeet Judge">Karamjeet Judge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganju_Lama" title="Ganju Lama">Ganju Lama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhandari_Ram" title="Bhandari Ram">Bhandari Ram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_(VC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sher Shah (VC)">Sher Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gian_Singh_(soldier)" title="Gian Singh (soldier)">Gian Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nand_Singh" title="Nand Singh">Nand Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkash_Singh" title="Parkash Singh">Parkash Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prakash_Singh_Chib" title="Prakash Singh Chib">Prakash Singh Chib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Sarup_Singh" title="Ram Sarup Singh">Ram Sarup Singh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Umrao_Singh" title="Umrao Singh">Umrao Singh</a>. In the same theatre, the George Cross was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Mateen_Ansari" title="Mateen Ansari">Mateen Ansari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam-ud-Din" title="Islam-ud-Din">Islam-ud-Din</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_(GC)" title="Abdul Rahman (GC)">Abdul Rahman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mahmood_Khan_Durrani" title="Mahmood Khan Durrani">Mahmood Khan Durrani</a> (future Pakistan Army officer). </p><p>For their gallant leadership and personal bravery in different battles during the Burma Campaign, the DSO was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Kodandera_Subayya_Thimayya" title="Kodandera Subayya Thimayya">Kondandera Subayya Thimayya</a> (future <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (India)">COAS</a>, Indian Army), <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Protip_Sen" title="Lionel Protip Sen">Lionel Protip Sen</a> (future <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the General Staff (India)">CGS</a>, Indian Army), <a href="/wiki/S._P._P._Thorat" title="S. P. P. Thorat">S.P.P. Thorat</a> (future CGS, Indian Army), <a href="/wiki/Harbans_Singh_Virk" title="Harbans Singh Virk">Harbans Singh Virk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarbjit_Singh_Kalha" title="Sarbjit Singh Kalha">Sarbjit Singh Kalha</a>. <a href="/wiki/Siri_Kanth_Korla" title="Siri Kanth Korla">Siri Kanth Korla</a>, a future division commander of the Indian Army during the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965">1965 Indo-Pakistani War</a>, was awarded the DSO, the MC, and two Mentions in Dispatches for gallantry in different episodes of this Campaign. The Indian DSO winners in Burma also included <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Khan_(Pakistani_general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)">Akbar Khan</a>, future leader of Pakistani irregular forces in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-48</a> as well as a future <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Pakistan)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Pakistan)">CGS</a>, Pakistani Army. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gurbakhsh_Singh" title="Gurbakhsh Singh">Gurbakhsh Singh</a> was awarded the DSO and appointed as an OBE for leading a contingent the British Indian Army in Japanese captivity in Singapore, and for preventing defection of his men to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> during this internment. <a href="/wiki/Abrar_Hussain_(general)" title="Abrar Hussain (general)">Abrar Hussain</a>, a future divisional commander of the Pakistan Army in the 1965 Indo-Pakistani war, was appointed as an MBE for a similar feat with interned personnel of the 2/10 Baluch in Singapore. </p><p><a href="/wiki/K._M._Cariappa" title="K. M. Cariappa">K.M. Cariappa</a>, the future second <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(India)" title="Field marshal (India)">Field Marshall of the Indian Army</a>, was appointed as an OBE for non-combat service in this theatre. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mian_Hayaud_Din" title="Mian Hayaud Din">Miyan Hayaud Din</a>, another future CGS, Pakistan Army, was appointed as MBE and awarded the MC for his actions in Burma. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw">Sam Manekshaw</a> (the future first Field Marshall of the Indian Army) and <a href="/wiki/A._A._K._Niazi" title="A. A. K. Niazi">A.A.K. Niazi</a>, who would go on to lead the Indian and Pakistani armies respectively during the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">1971 Indo-Pakistani War</a>, were both awarded the MC in the Burma Campaign. <a href="/wiki/N._C._Rawlley" title="N. C. Rawlley">Naveen Chand Rawlley</a>, future <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)">VCOAS</a>, Indian Army, was also awarded the MC in Burma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East_and_African_theatre">Middle East and African theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Middle East and African theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_troops_in_North_Africa_parade_with_a_Boys_anti-tank_rifle_and_%27Molotov_cocktail%27_petrol_bombs,_6_October_1940._E699.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Indian_troops_in_North_Africa_parade_with_a_Boys_anti-tank_rifle_and_%27Molotov_cocktail%27_petrol_bombs%2C_6_October_1940._E699.jpg/220px-Indian_troops_in_North_Africa_parade_with_a_Boys_anti-tank_rifle_and_%27Molotov_cocktail%27_petrol_bombs%2C_6_October_1940._E699.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Indian_troops_in_North_Africa_parade_with_a_Boys_anti-tank_rifle_and_%27Molotov_cocktail%27_petrol_bombs%2C_6_October_1940._E699.jpg/330px-Indian_troops_in_North_Africa_parade_with_a_Boys_anti-tank_rifle_and_%27Molotov_cocktail%27_petrol_bombs%2C_6_October_1940._E699.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Indian_troops_in_North_Africa_parade_with_a_Boys_anti-tank_rifle_and_%27Molotov_cocktail%27_petrol_bombs%2C_6_October_1940._E699.jpg/440px-Indian_troops_in_North_Africa_parade_with_a_Boys_anti-tank_rifle_and_%27Molotov_cocktail%27_petrol_bombs%2C_6_October_1940._E699.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Indian troops in North Africa, 6 October 1940.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Campaign">Western Desert Campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria-Lebanon_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria-Lebanon Campaign">Syria-Lebanon Campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign (World War II)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></div> <p>The British government meanwhile sent Indian troops to fight in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> and northern Africa against the Axis. India also geared up to produce essential goods such as food and uniforms. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="4th Infantry Division (India)">4th</a>, <a href="/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="5th Infantry Division (India)">5th</a> and <a href="/wiki/10th_Indian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="10th Indian Infantry Division">10th</a> Indian Divisions took part in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Campaign">North African theatre</a> against Rommel's <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a>. In addition, the 18th Brigade of the 8th Indian Division fought at Alamein. Earlier, the 4th and 5th Indian Divisions took part in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a> against the Italians in <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Abyssinia</a> capturing the mountain fortress of Keren. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bir_Hacheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bir Hacheim">Battle of Bir Hacheim</a>, Indian gunners played an important role by using guns in the anti tank role and destroying tanks of Rommel's panzer divisions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_Indian_recipients_of_gallantry_awards_2">Notable Indian recipients of gallantry awards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable Indian recipients of gallantry awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Premindra_Singh_Bhagat" title="Premindra Singh Bhagat">Premindra Singh Bhagat</a> (future co-author of the <a href="/wiki/Henderson_Brooks%E2%80%93Bhagat_Report" title="Henderson Brooks–Bhagat Report">Henderson Brooks - Bhagat report</a>), <a href="/wiki/Richhpal_Ram" title="Richhpal Ram">Richhpal Ram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chhelu_Ram" title="Chhelu Ram">Chhelu Ram</a> were awarded the Victoria Cross in the Middle East and African Theatre. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paramasiva_Prabhakar_Kumaramangalam" title="Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam">PP Kumaramangalam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajendrasinhji_Jadeja" title="Rajendrasinhji Jadeja">Rajendrasinjhi Jadeja</a> (both future COAS, Indian Army), and <a href="/wiki/Vidya_Dhar_Jayal" title="Vidya Dhar Jayal">Vidya Dhar Jayal</a>, a future brigade commander of the Indian Army during the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">1947-48 Indo-Pakistani War</a>, were awarded the DSO in this theatre. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jayanto_Nath_Chaudhuri" title="Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri">Jayanto Nath Chaudhari</a>, future COAS, Indian Army, was appointed as an OBE for gallant service in the Middle East. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Musa_(general)" title="Muhammad Musa (general)">Muhammad Musa</a> (future head of the Pakistani Army during the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965">1965 Indo-Pakistani war</a>) was appointed as an MBE for his action in the Middle East. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_of_Italy">Invasion of Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Invasion of Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_prisoners_being_escorted_by_Indian_troops_after_the_Battle_of_the_Sangro_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/German_prisoners_being_escorted_by_Indian_troops_after_the_Battle_of_the_Sangro_1943.jpg/220px-German_prisoners_being_escorted_by_Indian_troops_after_the_Battle_of_the_Sangro_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/German_prisoners_being_escorted_by_Indian_troops_after_the_Battle_of_the_Sangro_1943.jpg/330px-German_prisoners_being_escorted_by_Indian_troops_after_the_Battle_of_the_Sangro_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/German_prisoners_being_escorted_by_Indian_troops_after_the_Battle_of_the_Sangro_1943.jpg/440px-German_prisoners_being_escorted_by_Indian_troops_after_the_Battle_of_the_Sangro_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>German prisoners being escorted by Indian troops after the Battle of the Sangro, Italy, December 1943.</figcaption></figure> <p>Indian forces played a role in liberating Italy from Nazi control. India contributed the third largest Allied contingent in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign</a> after US and British forces. The <a href="/wiki/4th_Indian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Indian Infantry Division">4th</a>, <a href="/wiki/8th_Indian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="8th Indian Infantry Division">8th</a> and <a href="/wiki/10th_Indian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="10th Indian Infantry Division">10th</a> Divisions and <a href="/wiki/43rd_Gurkha_Infantry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="43rd Gurkha Infantry Brigade">43rd Gurkha Infantry Brigade</a> led the advance, notably at the gruelling <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Battle of Monte Cassino</a>. They fought on the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a> in 1944 and 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_Indian_recipients_of_gallantry_awards_3">Notable Indian recipients of gallantry awards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable Indian recipients of gallantry awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yeshwant_Ghadge" title="Yeshwant Ghadge">Yashwant Ghadge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namdeo_Jadav" title="Namdeo Jadav">Namdeo Jadhav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Ram" title="Kamal Ram">Kamal Ram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Haidar_(VC)" title="Ali Haidar (VC)">Ali Haider</a> (future Pakistani Army officer) were awarded the Victoria Cross during the Invasion of Italy. <a href="/wiki/Subramanian_(GC)" title="Subramanian (GC)">Subramaniam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ditto_Ram" title="Ditto Ram">Ditto Ram</a> were awarded the George Cross for actions in Italy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Mahadeo_Singh" title="Thakur Mahadeo Singh">Thakur Mahadeo Singh</a>, future first native commandant of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Military_Academy" title="Indian Military Academy">Indian Military Academy</a>, was awarded the DSO for actions in Italy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Singh_Katoch" title="Kashmir Singh Katoch">Kashmir Singh Katoch</a>, future VCOAS, Indian Army, was awarded the MC in Italy. <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiar_Rana" title="Bakhtiar Rana">Bakhtiar Rana</a>, future corps commander of the Pakistan Army in West Pakistan during the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War, was also awarded the MC in this theatre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_Indian_Air_Force">Royal Indian Air Force</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Royal Indian Air Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Air_Force" title="Royal Indian Air Force">Royal Indian Air Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Ministry_Second_World_War_Official_Collection_CI75.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Air_Ministry_Second_World_War_Official_Collection_CI75.jpg/220px-Air_Ministry_Second_World_War_Official_Collection_CI75.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Air_Ministry_Second_World_War_Official_Collection_CI75.jpg/330px-Air_Ministry_Second_World_War_Official_Collection_CI75.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Air_Ministry_Second_World_War_Official_Collection_CI75.jpg/440px-Air_Ministry_Second_World_War_Official_Collection_CI75.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> photo: <a href="/wiki/Arjan_Singh" title="Arjan Singh">Arjan Singh</a> (middle) as Flight Lieutenant. He went on to become <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal of the Air Force">Marshal of the Air Force</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the IAF played an instrumental role in halting the advance of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Japanese army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a>, where the first IAF air strike was executed. The target for this first mission was the Japanese military base in <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Arakan</a>, after which IAF strike missions continued against the Japanese airbases at <a href="/wiki/Mae_Hong_Son" title="Mae Hong Son">Mae Hong Son</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Rai" title="Chiang Rai">Chiang Rai</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. </p><p>The IAF was mainly involved in <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">strike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">aerial reconnaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bomber_escort" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomber escort">bomber escort</a> and pathfinding missions for RAF and <a href="/wiki/China_Burma_India_Theater#USAAF_Order_of_Battle" class="mw-redirect" title="China Burma India Theater">USAAF</a> heavy bombers. RAF and IAF pilots would train by flying with their non-native air wings to gain combat experience and communication proficiency. Besides operations in the <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma Theatre</a> IAF pilots participated in air operations in <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rafmuseum_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rafmuseum-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilots_of_No.263_Squadron_RAF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Pilots_of_No.263_Squadron_RAF.jpg/220px-Pilots_of_No.263_Squadron_RAF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Pilots_of_No.263_Squadron_RAF.jpg/330px-Pilots_of_No.263_Squadron_RAF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Pilots_of_No.263_Squadron_RAF.jpg/440px-Pilots_of_No.263_Squadron_RAF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Pilots of <a href="/wiki/No._263_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 263 Squadron RAF">No. 263 Squadron</a> pose in front of their Typhoon. Pilot Officer Thyagarajan, an Indian pilot is seated on the engine cowling</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilots_of_No._83_Squadron_RAF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pilots_of_No._83_Squadron_RAF.jpg/220px-Pilots_of_No._83_Squadron_RAF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pilots_of_No._83_Squadron_RAF.jpg/330px-Pilots_of_No._83_Squadron_RAF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pilots_of_No._83_Squadron_RAF.jpg/440px-Pilots_of_No._83_Squadron_RAF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">83 Squadron aircrew in front of their <a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_Avro_Lancasters#Surviving_aircraft_2" title="List of surviving Avro Lancasters">Lancaster R5868</a>, Squadron Leader Shailendra Eknath Sukthankar, an Indian Navigator stands in the middle.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>During the war, the IAF experienced a phase of steady expansion. Many Indian airmen in the Royal Air Force were seconded or transferred to the expanding IAF. New aircraft added to the fleet included the US-built <a href="/wiki/Vultee_A-31_Vengeance" title="Vultee A-31 Vengeance">Vultee Vengeance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">Douglas Dakota</a>, the British <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hawker Hurricane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim" title="Bristol Blenheim">Bristol Blenheim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Westland_Lysander" title="Westland Lysander">Westland Lysander</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> sent <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Cadets" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Cadets">youth cadets</a> to Japan to train as pilots. They went on to attend the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Force_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Force Academy">Imperial Japanese Army Air Force Academy</a> in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recognition of the valiant service by the IAF, <a href="/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George VI of the United Kingdom">King George VI</a> conferred the <a href="/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefix (linguistics)">prefix</a> "Royal" in 1945. Thereafter the IAF was referred to as the <i>Royal Indian Air Force</i>. In 1950, when India became a republic, the prefix was dropped and it reverted to being the Indian Air Force.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahluwalia2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahluwalia2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post war, <a href="/wiki/No._4_Squadron_IAF" title="No. 4 Squadron IAF">No. 4 Squadron IAF</a> was sent to Japan as part of the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Allied Occupation forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_Indian_recipients_of_gallantry_awards_4">Notable Indian recipients of gallantry awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable Indian recipients of gallantry awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the IAF, many native Indians and some 200 Indians resident in Britain volunteered to join the <a href="/wiki/RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF">RAF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Auxiliary_Air_Force" title="Women's Auxiliary Air Force">Women's Auxiliary Air Force</a> (WAAF). One such officer volunteer was Assistant Section Officer <a href="/wiki/Noor_Inayat_Khan" title="Noor Inayat Khan">Noor Inayat Khan</a>, a pacifist of Indian origin who joined the WAAF, in November 1940, to fight against Nazism. Noor Khan served bravely as a secret agent with the <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE) in France, but was eventually betrayed, captured, and executed by the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-rafmuseum_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rafmuseum-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was posthumously awarded the George Cross. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mehar_Singh_(IAF_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehar Singh (IAF officer)">Mehar Singh</a>, Indian flying prodigy, was awarded the DSO for his actions in Burma. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karun_Krishna_Majumdar" title="Karun Krishna Majumdar">Karun Krishna Majumdar</a>, the first Indian to reach the rank of Wing Commander, was awarded the DFC & bar. <a href="/wiki/Arjan_Singh" title="Arjan Singh">Arjan Singh</a> (future <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="Marshal of the Indian Air Force">Marshal of the Indian Air Force</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pratap_Chandra_Lal" title="Pratap Chandra Lal">Pratap Chandra Lal</a> (future chief of the IAF during Indo-Pakistani War of 1971), and <a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Rajaram" title="Ramaswamy Rajaram">Ramaswamy Rajaram</a> (future <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(India)" title="Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)">VCAS</a>, IAF) were awarded the DFC in Burma. The brothers <a href="/wiki/Aspy_Engineer" title="Aspy Engineer">Aspy Engineer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minoo_Merwan_Engineer" title="Minoo Merwan Engineer">Minoo Merwam Engineer</a>, who both later became Air Marshalls of the IAF, were also awarded the DFC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_Indian_Navy">Royal Indian Navy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Royal Indian Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy" title="Royal Indian Navy">Royal Indian Navy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMIS_Bombay_(305827).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HMIS_Bombay_%28305827%29.jpg/220px-HMIS_Bombay_%28305827%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HMIS_Bombay_%28305827%29.jpg/330px-HMIS_Bombay_%28305827%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HMIS_Bombay_%28305827%29.jpg/440px-HMIS_Bombay_%28305827%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMIS_Bombay_(J249)" title="HMIS Bombay (J249)">HMIS <i>Bombay</i></a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Harbour">Sydney Harbour</a>, 1942.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commonwealth_Forces_in_Burma_IND4428.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Commonwealth_Forces_in_Burma_IND4428.jpg/220px-Commonwealth_Forces_in_Burma_IND4428.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Commonwealth_Forces_in_Burma_IND4428.jpg/330px-Commonwealth_Forces_in_Burma_IND4428.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Commonwealth_Forces_in_Burma_IND4428.jpg/440px-Commonwealth_Forces_in_Burma_IND4428.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Royal Indian Naval personnel on board a landing craft during combined operations off <a href="/wiki/Myebon" title="Myebon">Myebon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, January 1945.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Allied_Occupation_of_Japan_IND5225.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Allied_Occupation_of_Japan_IND5225.jpg/220px-The_Allied_Occupation_of_Japan_IND5225.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Allied_Occupation_of_Japan_IND5225.jpg/330px-The_Allied_Occupation_of_Japan_IND5225.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Allied_Occupation_of_Japan_IND5225.jpg/440px-The_Allied_Occupation_of_Japan_IND5225.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMIS_Sutlej" title="HMIS Sutlej">HMIS Sutlej</a> leaves <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> for Japan as part of the Allied forces of occupation.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1934, the Royal Indian Marine changed its name, with the enactment of the Indian Navy (Discipline) Act of 1934. The Royal Indian Navy was formally inaugurated on 2 October 1934, at Bombay.<sup id="cite_ref-bhatia28_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhatia28-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its ships carried the prefix <b>HMIS</b>, for His Majesty's Indian Ship.<sup id="cite_ref-collins_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the Royal Indian Navy was small, with only eight warships. The onset of the war led to an expansion in vessels and personnel described by one writer as "phenomenal". By 1943 the strength of the RIN had reached twenty thousand.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the War, the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Indian_Naval_Service" title="Women's Royal Indian Naval Service">Women's Royal Indian Naval Service</a> was established, for the first time giving women a role in the navy, although they did not serve on board its ships.<sup id="cite_ref-bhatia28_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhatia28-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the course of the war six anti-aircraft sloops and several fleet minesweepers were built in the United Kingdom for the R.I.N. After commissioning, many of these ships joined various escort groups operating in the northern approaches to the British Isles. <a href="/wiki/HMIS_Sutlej" title="HMIS Sutlej">HMIS <i>Sutlej</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/INS_Jamuna_(U21)" title="INS Jamuna (U21)">HMIS <i>Jumna</i></a>, each armed with six-high angle 4" guns, were present during the Clyde "Blitz" of 1941 and assisted the defence of this area by providing anti-aircraft cover. For the next six months these two ships joined the Clyde Escort Force, operating in the Atlantic and later the Irish Sea Escort Force where they acted as the senior ships of the groups. While engaged on these duties, numerous attacks against U-boats were carried out and attacks by hostile aircraft repelled. At the time of action in which the <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck" title="German battleship Bismarck">Bismarck</a> was involved, the Sutlej left Scapa Flow, with all despatch as the senior member of a group, to take over a convoy from the destroyers which were finally engaged in the sinking of the Bismarck.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins248_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins248-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later <a href="/wiki/HMIS_Cauvery" title="HMIS Cauvery">HMIS <i>Cauvery</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMIS_Kistna" title="HMIS Kistna">HMIS <i>Kistna</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMIS_Narbada" title="HMIS Narbada">HMIS <i>Narbada</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMIS_Godavari" title="HMIS Godavari">HMIS <i>Godavari</i></a>, also antiaircraft sloops, completed similar periods in the U.K. waters escorting convoys in the Atlantic and dealing with attacks from hostile U-boats, aircraft and glider bombs. These six ships and the minesweepers all eventually proceeded to India carrying out various duties in the North Atlantic, Mediterranean and Cape stations en route. The fleet minesweepers were <a href="/wiki/HMIS_Kathiawar_(J155)" title="HMIS Kathiawar (J155)">HMIS <i>Kathiawar</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMIS_Kumaon_(J164)" title="HMIS Kumaon (J164)">HMIS <i>Kumaon</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMIS_Baluchistan_(J182)" title="HMIS Baluchistan (J182)">HMIS <i>Baluchistan</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMIS_Carnatic_(J199)" title="HMIS Carnatic (J199)">HMIS <i>Carnatic</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMIS_Khyber_(J190)" title="HMIS Khyber (J190)">HMIS <i>Khyber</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMIS_Konkan_(J228)" title="HMIS Konkan (J228)">HMIS <i>Konkan</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMIS_Orissa_(J200)" title="HMIS Orissa (J200)">HMIS <i>Orissa</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMIS_Rajputana_(J197)" title="HMIS Rajputana (J197)">HMIS <i>Rajputana</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMIS_Rohilkhand_(J180)" title="HMIS Rohilkhand (J180)">HMIS <i>Rohilkhand</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins248_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins248-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/HMIS_Bengal_(J243)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMIS Bengal (J243)">HMIS Bengal</a> was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Fleet">Eastern Fleet</a> during World War II, and escorted numerous convoys between 1942 and 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloops</a> <a href="/wiki/HMIS_Sutlej" title="HMIS Sutlej">HMIS <i>Sutlej</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/INS_Jamuna_(U21)" title="INS Jamuna (U21)">HMIS <i>Jumna</i></a> played a role in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Husky" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Husky">Operation Husky</a>, the Allied invasion of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> by providing air defence and anti-submarine screening to the invasion fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins252_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins252-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, the Royal Indian Navy participated in convoy escort duties in the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean and was heavily involved in combat operations as part of the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a>, carrying out raids, shore bombardment, naval invasion support and other activities culminating in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dracula" title="Operation Dracula">Operation Dracula</a> and the mopping up operations during the final stages of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins255_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins255-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Indian_Naval_combat_losses">Royal Indian Naval combat losses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Royal Indian Naval combat losses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sloop <a href="/wiki/P-class_sloop" title="P-class sloop">HMIS <i>Pathan</i></a> sunk in June 1940 by the Italian Navy Submarine <a href="/wiki/Brin-class_submarine" title="Brin-class submarine"><i>Galvani</i></a> during the <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a><sup id="cite_ref-r&h23_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r&h23-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rin3945_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rin3945-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the days immediately following the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Glasgow_(C21)" title="HMS Glasgow (C21)">HMS <i>Glasgow</i></a> was patrolling the <a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Islands" title="Laccadive Islands">Laccadive Islands</a> in search of Japanese ships and submarines. At midnight on 9 December 1941, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Glasgow" title="HMS Glasgow">HMS Glasgow</a> sank the RIN patrol vessel <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMIS_Prabhavati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMIS Prabhavati (page does not exist)">HMIS Prabhavati</a> with two lighters in tow en route to Karachi, with 6-inch shells at 6,000 yards (5,500 m). Prabhavati was alongside the lighters and was mistaken for a surfaced Japanese submarine.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins96_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins96-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maccart153_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maccart153-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/HMIS_Indus_(U67)" title="HMIS Indus (U67)">HMIS <i>Indus</i></a> was sunk by Japanese aircraft during <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a> on 6 April 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Indian_Naval_successes">Royal Indian Naval successes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Royal Indian Naval successes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/INS_Jamuna_(U21)" title="INS Jamuna (U21)">HMIS <i>Jumna</i></a> was ordered in 1939, and built by <a href="/wiki/William_Denny_and_Brothers" title="William Denny and Brothers">William Denny and Brothers</a>. She was <a href="/wiki/Ship_commissioning" title="Ship commissioning">commissioned</a> in 1941,<sup id="cite_ref-ub_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ub-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> underway, was immediately deployed as a convoy escort. <i>Jumna</i> served as an anti-aircraft escort during the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Java Sea campaign</a> in early 1942, and was involved in intensive anti-aircraft action against attacking Japanese twin-engined level bombers and dive bombers, claiming five aircraft downed from 24 to 28 February 1942. </p><p>In June 1942 <a href="/wiki/HMIS_Bombay_(J249)" title="HMIS Bombay (J249)">HMIS <i>Bombay</i></a> was involved in the defence of Sydney Harbour during the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Sydney_Harbour" title="Attack on Sydney Harbour">attack on Sydney Harbour</a>. </p><p>On 11 November 1942, <i>Bengal</i> was escorting the Dutch tanker <a href="/wiki/MV_Ondina" title="MV Ondina"><i>Ondina</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Visser_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the southwest of Cocos Islands in the Indian Ocean. Two Japanese <a href="/wiki/Commerce_raider" class="mw-redirect" title="Commerce raider">commerce raiders</a> armed with six-inch guns attacked <i>Ondina</i>. <i>Bengal</i> fired her single four-inch gun and <i>Ondina</i> fired her 102 mm and both scored hits on <i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dkoku_Maru" title="Hōkoku Maru">Hōkoku Maru</a></i>, which shortly blew up and sank.<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 Feb 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_Ro-110" title="Japanese submarine Ro-110">Japanese submarine RO-110</a> was depth charged and sunk east-south-east off Visakhapatnam, India by the Indian sloop <a href="/wiki/INS_Jamuna_(U21)" title="INS Jamuna (U21)">HMIS <i>Jumna</i></a> and the Australian minesweepers <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Launceston_(J179)" title="HMAS Launceston (J179)">HMAS Launceston</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Ipswich_(J186)" title="HMAS Ipswich (J186)">HMAS Ipswich (J186)</a>. RO-110 had attacked convoy JC-36 (Colombo-Calcutta) and torpedoed and damaged the British merchant Asphalion (6274 GRT).<sup id="cite_ref-ub_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ub-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 August 1944 the <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-198" title="German submarine U-198">German submarine <i>U-198</i></a> was sunk near the <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>, in position 03º35'S, 52º49'E, by <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charges</a> from <a href="/wiki/HMIS_Godavari" title="HMIS Godavari">HMIS <i>Godavari</i></a> and the British frigate <a href="/wiki/List_of_River-class_frigates" title="List of River-class frigates">HMS Findhorn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uboat_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uboat-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_Indian_recipients_of_gallantry_awards_5">Notable Indian recipients of gallantry awards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notable Indian recipients of gallantry awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/HMS_Choudri" title="HMS Choudri">HMS Choudri</a>, the future first native Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Pakistani Navy</a>, was appointed as an MBE for his services in the Royal Indian Navy in 1945. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nilakanta_Krishnan" title="Nilakanta Krishnan">Nilakanta Krishnan</a>, future commander of the Indian Navy in the Bay of Bengal during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War, was awarded the DSC in 1941. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collaboration_with_the_Axis_powers">Collaboration with the Axis powers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Collaboration with the Axis powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indische_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indische Legion">Indische Legion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battaglione_Azad_Hindoustan" title="Battaglione Azad Hindoustan">Battaglione Azad Hindoustan</a></div> <p>Several leaders of the radical <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">revolutionary Indian independence movement</a> broke away from the main Congress and went to war against Britain. <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>, once a prominent leader in the Indian National Congress, volunteered to help Nazi Germany and Japan; he claimed in speeches that Britain's opposition to Nazism and Fascism was "hypocrisy", since Britain was itself denying individual liberties to Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-Bose_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bose-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, he argued that it was not Germany and Japan but the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> which was the enemy, since the British were over-exploiting Indian resources for the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Bose_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bose-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bose suggested that there was little possibility of India being attacked by any of the Axis powers provided it did not fight the war on Britain's side.<sup id="cite_ref-Bose_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bose-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg/220px-Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg/330px-Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg/440px-Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Captured soldiers of the British Indian Army who refused to join the INA were executed by the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> was encouraging but gave little help. Bose then approached the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japanese Empire</a> at Tokyo, which gave him control of Indian forces it had organised.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> (INA), formed first by <a href="/wiki/Mohan_Singh_Deb" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohan Singh Deb">Mohan Singh Deb</a>, consisted initially of prisoners taken by the Japanese in Malaya and at <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Singapore</a> who were offered the choice of serving the INA by Japan or remaining in very poor conditions in POW camps. Later, after it was reorganised under Subhas Chandra Bose, it drew civilian volunteers from Malaya and Burma. Ultimately, a force of under 40,000 was formed, although only two divisions ever participated in battle. Intelligence and special services groups from the INA were instrumental in destabilising the British Indian Army in the early stages of the Arakan offensive. It was during this time that the British Military Intelligence began propaganda work to shield the true numbers who joined the INA,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (June 2022)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and also described stories of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese brutalities</a> that indicated INA involvement. Further, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian press">Indian press</a> was <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">prohibited from publishing</a> any accounts whatsoever of the INA.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As the Japanese offensive opened, the INA was sent into battle. Bose hoped to avoid set-piece battles for which it lacked arms, armament as well as man-power.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, he sought to obtain arms as well as increase its ranks from British Indian soldiers he hoped would defect to his cause. Once the Japanese forces were able to break the British defences at Imphal, he planned for the INA to cross the hills of <a href="/wiki/North-East_India" class="mw-redirect" title="North-East India">North-East India</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic plain">Gangetic plain</a>, where it was to work as a guerrilla army and expected to live off the land, garner support, supplies, and ranks from amongst the local populace to ultimately touch off a revolution. </p><p>Prem Kumar Sahgal, an officer of the INA once Military secretary to <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhas Bose">Subhas Bose</a> and later tried in the first <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Fort trials">Red Fort trials</a>, explained that although the war itself hung in balance and nobody was sure if the Japanese would win, initiating a popular revolution with grass-root support within India would ensure that even if Japan lost the war ultimately, Britain would not be in a position to re-assert its colonial authority, which was ultimately the aim of the INA and <a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05,_Atlantikwall,_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Troops of the <a href="/wiki/Indische_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indische Legion">Indische Legion</a> guarding the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a> in France in March 1944. Subhas Chandra Bose initiated the legion's formation, intended to serve as a liberation force from the British occupation of India.</figcaption></figure> <p>As Japan opened its offensive towards India, the INA's first division, consisting of four Guerrilla regiments, participated in <a href="/wiki/Second_Arakan_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Arakan Offensive">Arakan offensive</a> in 1944, with one battalion reaching as far as Mowdok in <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>. Other units were directed to Imphal and Kohima, as well as to protect Japanese flanks to the south of Arakan, a task it successfully carried out. However, the first division suffered the same fate as did Mutaguchi's Army when the siege of Imphal was broken. With little or no supplies and supply lines deluged by the Monsoon, harassed by Allied air dominance, the INA began withdrawing when the 15th Army and <a href="/wiki/Burma_Area_Army" title="Burma Area Army">Burma Area Army</a> began withdrawing, and suffered the same terrible fate as wounded, starved and diseased men succumbed during the hasty withdrawal into Burma. Later in the war however, the INA's second division, tasked with the defence of <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_Delta" title="Irrawaddy Delta">Irrawaddy</a> and the adjoining areas around Nangyu, was instrumental in opposing Messervy's <a href="/wiki/7th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="7th Indian Infantry Division">7th Indian Infantry Division</a> when it attempted to cross the river at Pagan and Nyangyu during the successful <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign#Central_front_1944/45" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a> by the Allies the following year. The 2nd division was instrumental in denying the <a href="/wiki/17th_Indian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="17th Indian Infantry Division">17th Indian Infantry Division</a> the area around <a href="/wiki/Mount_Popa" title="Mount Popa">Mount Popa</a> that would have exposed the flank of Kimura's forces attempting to retake Meiktila and Nyangyu. Ultimately however, the division was obliterated. Some of the surviving units of the INA surrendered as Rangoon fell, and helped keep order till the allied forces entered the city. The other remnants began a long march over land and on foot towards Singapore, along with Subhas Chandra Bose. As the Japanese situation became precarious, Bose left for Manchuria to attempt to contact the Russians, and was reported to have <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Subhash_Chandra_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Subhash Chandra Bose">died in an air crash near Taiwan</a>. </p><p>The only Indian territory that the Azad Hind government controlled was nominally the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>. However, they were bases for the Japanese Navy, and the navy never relinquished control. Enraged with the lack of administrative control, the Azad Hind Governor, Lt. Col. Loganathan, later relinquished his authority. After the War, a number of officers of the INA were tried for treason. However, faced with the possibility of a massive civil unrest and a mutiny in the Indian Army, the British officials decided to release the prisoners-of-war; in addition, the event became a turning point to expedite the process of transformation of power and independence of India.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bengal_famine">Bengal famine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bengal famine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Famine_of_1943" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Famine of 1943">Bengal Famine of 1943</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengal_famine_1943_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bengal_famine_1943_photo.jpg/220px-Bengal_famine_1943_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bengal_famine_1943_photo.jpg/330px-Bengal_famine_1943_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bengal_famine_1943_photo.jpg/440px-Bengal_famine_1943_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Child who starved to death during the Bengal famine of 1943.</figcaption></figure> <p>The region of Bengal in India suffered a devastating famine from 1943 to 1944. Some of the key reasons for this famine are: </p> <ol><li>Japanese invasion of Burma which cut off food and other essential supplies to the region;</li> <li>British export of food and material for the war in Europe;</li> <li>British denial orders destroying essential food transportation throughout the Eastern region;</li> <li>British banned transfer of grain from other provinces, turning down offers of grain from Australia;</li> <li>mismanagement by British Indian regional governments;</li> <li>constructing 900 airfields (2000 acres each) taking that huge amount of land out of agriculture in a time of dire need;</li> <li>price inflation caused by war production</li> <li>increase in demand partially as a result of refugees from Burma and Bengal.</li></ol> <p>The British government denied an urgent request from <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Amery" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopold Amery">Leopold Amery</a>, the Indian secretary of state, and <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Wavell">Archibald Wavell</a>, the Viceroy of India, to stop exports of food from Bengal in order that it might be used for famine relief. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, then prime minister, dismissed these requests in a fashion that Amery regarded as "<a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>-like," by asking why, if the famine was so horrible, <a href="/wiki/Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi">Gandhi</a> had not yet died of starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian Economist <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> (1976) challenged this orthodoxy, reviving the claim that there was no shortage of food in Bengal and that the famine was caused by inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Princely_states">Princely states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Princely states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharaja_with_kids_and_women_from_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Maharaja_with_kids_and_women_from_Poland.jpg/220px-Maharaja_with_kids_and_women_from_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Maharaja_with_kids_and_women_from_Poland.jpg/330px-Maharaja_with_kids_and_women_from_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Maharaja_with_kids_and_women_from_Poland.jpg/440px-Maharaja_with_kids_and_women_from_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Digvijaysinhji_Ranjitsinhji" class="mw-redirect" title="Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji">Maharaja Jam Sahib</a> celebrates Christmas with Polish children he rescued from Soviet camps, 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>During World War II, in 1941, the British presented a captured German BF 109 single-engined fighter to the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a>, in return for the funding of 2 RAF fighter squadrons.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a campsite for Polish refugees at <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Pillar_(Valivade)" title="Memorial Pillar (Valivade)">Valivade</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kolhapur_State" title="Kolhapur State">Kolhapur State</a>, it was the largest settlement of Polish refugees in India during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another such campsite for Polish refugee children was located in <a href="/wiki/Balachadi" title="Balachadi">Balachadi</a>, it was built by <a href="/wiki/K._S._Digvijaysinhji" class="mw-redirect" title="K. S. Digvijaysinhji">K. S. Digvijaysinhji</a>, Jam Saheb Maharaja of <a href="/wiki/Nawanagar_State" title="Nawanagar State">Nawanagar State</a> in 1942, near his summer resort. He gave refuge to hundreds of Polish children rescued from Soviet camps (Gulags).<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ol2010_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ol2010-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-docv2013_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-docv2013-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campsite is now part of the <a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Balachadi" title="Sainik School, Balachadi">Sainik School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ss2016_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ss2016-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1944–45_Insurgency_in_Balochistan"><span id="1944.E2.80.9345_Insurgency_in_Balochistan"></span>1944–45 Insurgency in Balochistan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1944–45 Insurgency in Balochistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1944 to 1945, Daru Khan Badinzai led an insurgency against the authorities of the Raj. It began in the first half of 1944, when rebels of the Badinzai tribe began interfering with road construction on the British side of the Balochistan border.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The insurgency had subsided by March 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mazrak_Zadran's_invasion_of_India"><span id="Mazrak_Zadran.27s_invasion_of_India"></span>Mazrak Zadran's invasion of India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mazrak Zadran's invasion of India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_tribal_revolts_of_1944%E2%80%931947" title="Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947">Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947</a></div> <p>In 1944, the Southern and Eastern provinces of Afghanistan entered a state of turmoil, with the <a href="/wiki/Zadran_(Pashtun_tribe)" title="Zadran (Pashtun tribe)">Zadran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safi_(Pashtun_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Safi (Pashtun tribe)">Safi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangal_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangal tribe">Mangal</a> tribes rising up against the Afghan government.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the leaders of the revolt was the Zadran chieftain, <a href="/wiki/Mazrak_Zadran" title="Mazrak Zadran">Mazrak Zadran</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who opted to invade British India in late 1944. There he was joined by a Baloch chieftain, Sultan Ahmed.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mazrak was forced to retreat back into Afghanistan due to British aerial bombardment.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_divisions_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian divisions in World War I">List of Indian divisions in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military history of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_British_Commonwealth_in_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the British Commonwealth in the Second World War">Military history of the British Commonwealth in the Second World War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kux-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kux_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kux_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKux1992" class="citation book cs1">Kux, Dennis (1992). <i>India and the United States: estranged democracies, 1941–1991</i>. DIANE Publishing, 1992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-8189-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-8189-8"><bdi>978-1-4289-8189-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+the+United+States%3A+estranged+democracies%2C+1941%E2%80%931991&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing%2C+1992&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-4289-8189-8&rft.aulast=Kux&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/learning-and-resources/publications/annual-report.aspx">Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013-2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151104004037/http://www.cwgc.org/learning-and-resources/publications/annual-report.aspx">Archived</a> 4 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, page 44. Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2019" class="citation web cs1">Gupta, Diya (8 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/hunger-starvation-and-indian-soldiers-in-world-war-ii-11573191681653.html">"Hunger, starvation and Indian soldiers in World War II"</a>. <i>Livemint</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809145753/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/hunger-starvation-and-indian-soldiers-in-world-war-ii-11573191681653.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Livemint&rft.atitle=Hunger%2C+starvation+and+Indian+soldiers+in+World+War+II&rft.date=2019-11-08&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Diya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Fmint-lounge%2Ffeatures%2Fhunger-starvation-and-indian-soldiers-in-world-war-ii-11573191681653.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160619233546/http://www.cwgc.org:80/foreverindia/context/indian-army-in-2nd-world-war.php">"The Indian Army in the Second World War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cwgc.org/foreverindia/context/indian-army-in-2nd-world-war.php/">the original</a> on 19 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Army+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Fforeverindia%2Fcontext%2Findian-army-in-2nd-world-war.php%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524192004/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1433642.ece?service=print">"Armed and ready"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1433642.ece?service=print">the original</a> on 24 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armed+and+ready&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fmagazine%2Farticle1433642.ece%3Fservice%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douds-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Douds_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouds2004" class="citation journal cs1">Douds, G. J. (2004). "The men who never were: Indian POWs in the Second World War". <i>South Asia</i>. <b>27</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">183–</span>216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1479027042000236634">10.1080/1479027042000236634</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144665659">144665659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia&rft.atitle=The+men+who+never+were%3A+Indian+POWs+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1479027042000236634&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144665659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Douds&rft.aufirst=G.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra1979" class="citation journal cs1">Mishra, Basanta Kumar (1979). "India's Response To The British Offer Of August 1940". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>40</b>: <span class="nowrap">717–</span>719. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142017">44142017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=India%27s+Response+To+The+British+Offer+Of+August+1940&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E717-%3C%2Fspan%3E719&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44142017%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Basanta+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroad2017" class="citation book cs1">Broad, Roger (27 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PIQlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT202"><i>Volunteers and Pressed Men: How Britain and its Empire Raised its Forces in Two World Wars</i></a>. United Kingdom: Fonthill Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-396-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-396-1"><bdi>978-1-78155-396-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023205525/https://books.google.com/books?id=PIQlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT202">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volunteers+and+Pressed+Men%3A+How+Britain+and+its+Empire+Raised+its+Forces+in+Two+World+Wars&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Fonthill+Media&rft.date=2017-05-27&rft.isbn=978-1-78155-396-1&rft.aulast=Broad&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPIQlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManu2012" class="citation book cs1">Manu, Bhagavan (2 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DN-Hn4rjCI8C&pg=PT14"><i>The Peacemakers: India And The Quest For One World</i></a>. India: HarperCollins Publishers India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5029-469-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5029-469-7"><bdi>978-93-5029-469-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023205526/https://books.google.com/books?id=DN-Hn4rjCI8C&pg=PT14">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peacemakers%3A+India+And+The+Quest+For+One+World&rft.place=India&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers+India&rft.date=2012-03-02&rft.isbn=978-93-5029-469-7&rft.aulast=Manu&rft.aufirst=Bhagavan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDN-Hn4rjCI8C%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33105898">"Has India's contribution to WW2 been ignored?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225173231/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33105898">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Lettenmaier">Lettenmaier, Dennis</a> (28 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2018GL081477">"Drought and Famine in India, 1870–2016"</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>46</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">2075–</span>2083. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019GeoRL..46.2075M">2019GeoRL..46.2075M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2018GL081477">10.1029/2018GL081477</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133752333">133752333</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023205525/https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2018GL081477">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Drought+and+Famine+in+India%2C+1870%E2%80%932016&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2075-%3C%2Fspan%3E2083&rft.date=2019-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133752333%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2018GL081477&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019GeoRL..46.2075M&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Vimal&rft.au=Tiwari%2C+Amar+Deep&rft.au=Aadhar%2C+Saran&rft.au=Shah%2C+Reepal&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Mu&rft.au=Pai%2C+D.+S.&rft.au=Lettenmaier%2C+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1029%2F2018GL081477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigold2008" class="citation book cs1">Weigold, Auriol (6 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f-KPH1i56VAC"><i>Churchill, Roosevelt and India: Propaganda During World War II</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-89450-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-89450-7"><bdi>978-0-203-89450-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023205525/https://books.google.com/books?id=f-KPH1i56VAC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%2C+Roosevelt+and+India%3A+Propaganda+During+World+War+II&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008-06-06&rft.isbn=978-0-203-89450-7&rft.aulast=Weigold&rft.aufirst=Auriol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df-KPH1i56VAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan2019" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Cathal J. (21 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oa1IkbtVPnYC&pg=PA772"><i>The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations: F-L</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30742-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30742-3"><bdi>978-0-313-30742-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023205525/https://books.google.com/books?id=oa1IkbtVPnYC&pg=PA772">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+International+Relations%3A+F-L&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2019-04-21&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30742-3&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Cathal+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doa1IkbtVPnYC%26pg%3DPA772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2019" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Thomas M. (21 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC&pg=PA361"><i>Encyclopedia of the Developing World</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-388-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-388-0"><bdi>978-1-57958-388-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228075350/https://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC&pg=PA361">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Developing+World&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2019-04-21&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-388-0&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3mE04D9PMpAC%26pg%3DPA361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2004" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Stephen P. (13 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Po-8Pxqvy_cC&dq=india+world+war+2&pg=PA33"><i>India: Emerging Power - By Stephen P. Cohen</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8157-9839-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8157-9839-3"><bdi>0-8157-9839-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515070555/https://books.google.com/books?id=Po-8Pxqvy_cC&pg=PA33&dq=india+world+war+2&lr=&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+Emerging+Power+-+By+Stephen+P.+Cohen&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004-05-13&rft.isbn=0-8157-9839-3&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPo-8Pxqvy_cC%26dq%3Dindia%2Bworld%2Bwar%2B2%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Moraes2007" class="citation book cs1">Frank Moraes (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0us3TambWogC&pg=PA266"><i>Jawaharlal Nehru</i></a>. Jaico Publishing House. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7992-695-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7992-695-6"><bdi>978-81-7992-695-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520042713/https://books.google.com/books?id=0us3TambWogC&pg=PA266">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Jaico+Publishing+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7992-695-6&rft.au=Frank+Moraes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0us3TambWogC%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSankar_Ghose1993" class="citation book cs1">Sankar Ghose (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUeyUhVGIDMC&pg=PA114"><i>Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography</i></a>. Allied Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">114–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-343-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-343-5"><bdi>978-81-7023-343-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617045217/https://books.google.com/books?id=MUeyUhVGIDMC&pg=PA114">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7023-343-5&rft.au=Sankar+Ghose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUeyUhVGIDMC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard A. Gordon, <i>Brothers Against the Raj: A Biography of Indian Nationalists Sarat & Subhas Chandra Bose</i> (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompton_McKenzie1951" class="citation book cs1">Compton McKenzie (1951). <i>Eastern Epic</i>. Chatto & Windus, London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Epic&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus%2C+London&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Compton+McKenzie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccww-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ccww_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwood" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marika_Sherwood" title="Marika Sherwood">Sherwood, Marika</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/colonies_colonials_01.shtml">"Colonies, Colonials and World War Two"</a>. BBC History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120702084539/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/colonies_colonials_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colonies%2C+Colonials+and+World+War+Two&rft.pub=BBC+History&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=Marika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fwwtwo%2Fcolonies_colonials_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Awards_and_decorations_of_the_British_Armed_Forces&oldid=1221408951">"Awards and decorations of the British Armed Forces"</a>, <i>Wikipedia</i>, 29 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.atitle=Awards+and+decorations+of+the+British+Armed+Forces&rft.date=2024-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAwards_and_decorations_of_the_British_Armed_Forces%26oldid%3D1221408951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_LiddleJ._M._BourneIan_R._Whitehead2000" class="citation book cs1">Peter Liddle; J. M. Bourne; Ian R. Whitehead (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatworldwar19100pete"><i>The Great World War, 1914–45: Lightning strikes twice</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-472454-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-472454-6"><bdi>978-0-00-472454-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+World+War%2C+1914%E2%80%9345%3A+Lightning+strikes+twice&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-00-472454-6&rft.au=Peter+Liddle&rft.au=J.+M.+Bourne&rft.au=Ian+R.+Whitehead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatworldwar19100pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen638-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allen638_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1998" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Louis (1998). <i>Burma: The Longest War</i>. Phoenix Giant. p. 638. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753802212" title="Special:BookSources/978-0753802212"><bdi>978-0753802212</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burma%3A+The+Longest+War&rft.pages=638&rft.pub=Phoenix+Giant&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0753802212&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward M. Young and Howard Gerrard, <i>Meiktila 1945: The Battle To Liberate Burma</i> (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rafmuseum-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rafmuseum_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rafmuseum_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/blog/royal-indian-air-force/">"Royal Indian Air Force"</a>. RAF Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211126223359/https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/blog/royal-indian-air-force/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Indian+Air+Force&rft.pub=RAF+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rafmuseum.org.uk%2Fblog%2Froyal-indian-air-force%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Books/Reviews/810-Burma-to-Japan.html">Burma to Japan with Azad Hind: A War Memoir (1941–1945)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713173707/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Books/Reviews/810-Burma-to-Japan.html">Archived</a> 13 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Air Cmde R S Benegal MVC AVSM</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahluwalia2012-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ahluwalia2012_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhluwalia2012" class="citation book cs1">Ahluwalia, A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sabUQ7zKUvsC&pg=PA41"><i>Airborne to Chairborne: Memoirs of a War Veteran Aviator-Lawyer of the Indian Air Force</i></a>. Xlibris Corporation. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4691-9657-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4691-9657-2"><bdi>978-1-4691-9657-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427153944/https://books.google.com/books?id=sabUQ7zKUvsC&pg=PA41">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Airborne+to+Chairborne%3A+Memoirs+of+a+War+Veteran+Aviator-Lawyer+of+the+Indian+Air+Force&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4691-9657-2&rft.aulast=Ahluwalia&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsabUQ7zKUvsC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005819/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_unit.php?ch=7">"No 4 Squadron (Oorials)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_unit.php?ch=7">the original</a> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Air+Force&rft.atitle=No+4+Squadron+%28Oorials%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianairforce.nic.in%2Fshow_unit.php%3Fch%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhatia28-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bhatia28_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhatia28_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhatia (1977), p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-collins-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-collins_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. J. E. Collins, <i>The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–45</i>, vol. 1 (Bombay, 1964)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollo1976" class="citation book cs1">Mollo, Andrew (1976). <i>Naval, Marine and Air Force uniforms of World War 2</i>. Macmillan. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-579391-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-579391-8"><bdi>0-02-579391-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval%2C+Marine+and+Air+Force+uniforms+of+World+War+2&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-02-579391-8&rft.aulast=Mollo&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins248-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins248_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins248_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 – Collins, p. 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKindell" class="citation web cs1">Kindell, Don. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1943a.htm">"Eastern Fleet – January to June 1943"</a>. <i>Admiralty War Diaries of World War 2</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811105610/http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1943a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Admiralty+War+Diaries+of+World+War+2&rft.atitle=Eastern+Fleet+%E2%80%93+January+to+June+1943&rft.aulast=Kindell&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naval-history.net%2FxDKWD-EF1943a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wewerethere.mod.uk/wewerethere_old/inmed.html">Inmed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080124112038/http://www.wewerethere.mod.uk/wewerethere_old/inmed.html">Archived</a> 24 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins252-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins252_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 –Collins, p. 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins255-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins255_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 – Collins, pp. 255–316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r&h23-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r&h23_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rohwer & Hummelchen, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rin3945-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rin3945_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1964" class="citation book cs1">Collins, D.J.E. (1964). "Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India & Pakistan)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/RIN/index.html#contents"><i>The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945, Official History of the Indian Armed Forces In the Second World War</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221150642/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/RIN/index.html#contents">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Combined+Inter-Services+Historical+Section+%28India+%26+Pakistan%29&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Indian+Navy%2C+1939%E2%80%931945%2C+Official+History+of+the+Indian+Armed+Forces+In+the+Second+World+War&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=D.J.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FIndia%2FRIN%2Findex.html%23contents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1940-11-20a.1988.4">"House of commons debate - Indian, Burman, and Colonial War Effort"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons of the United Kingdom</a></i>. 20 November 1940. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504210446/https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1940-11-20a.1988.4">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=House+of+Commons+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.atitle=House+of+commons+debate+-+Indian%2C+Burman%2C+and+Colonial+War+Effort.&rft.date=1940-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theyworkforyou.com%2Fdebates%2F%3Fid%3D1940-11-20a.1988.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uboat.net/allies/ships/indian.htm">"Fighting the U-boats = Indian Naval forces"</a>. <i>Uboat.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513155405/https://www.uboat.net/allies/ships/indian.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uboat.net&rft.atitle=Fighting+the+U-boats+%3D+Indian+Naval+forces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uboat.net%2Fallies%2Fships%2Findian.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/22394.html">"Allied Warships – HMIS Prabhavati"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516063510/https://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/22394.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allied+Warships+%E2%80%93+HMIS+Prabhavati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuboat.net%2Fallies%2Fwarships%2Fship%2F22394.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins96-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins96_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 – Collins, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maccart153-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maccart153_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neil MacCart, <i>Town Class Cruisers</i>, Maritime Books, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904-45952-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904-45952-1">978-1-904-45952-1</a>, p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1964" class="citation book cs1">Collins, J.T.E. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/RIN/index.html"><i>The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945</i></a>. Official History of the Indian Armed Forces In the Second World War. New Delhi: Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India and Pakistan). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221150642/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/RIN/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Indian+Navy%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.series=Official+History+of+the+Indian+Armed+Forces+In+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Combined+Inter-Services+Historical+Section+%28India+and+Pakistan%29&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=J.T.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FIndia%2FRIN%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ub-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ub_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ub_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3915.html">"HMIS Jumna (U 21)"</a>. <i>uboat.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924172913/https://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3915.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uboat.net&rft.atitle=HMIS+Jumna+%28U+21%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uboat.net%2Fallies%2Fwarships%2Fship%2F3915.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Visser-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Visser_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visser_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisser1999–2000" class="citation web cs1">Visser, Jan (1999–2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/ondina.html">"The Ondina Story"</a>. <i>Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110321233336/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/ondina.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forgotten+Campaign%3A+The+Dutch+East+Indies+Campaign+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.atitle=The+Ondina+Story&rft.date=1999%2F2000&rft.aulast=Visser&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.gq%2Fdutcheastindies%2Fondina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL2000" class="citation web cs1">L, Klemen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/index.html">"Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726053035/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Campaign%3A+The+Dutch+East+Indies+Campaign+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=L&rft.aufirst=Klemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.gq%2Fdutcheastindies%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 – Collins, p. 309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uboat-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uboat_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3922.html">"HMIS <i>Godavari</i> (U 52) of the Royal Indian Navy – Indian Sloop of the Black Swan class – Allied Warships of WWII – uboat.net"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515114448/https://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3922.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HMIS+Godavari+%28U+52%29+of+the+Royal+Indian+Navy+%E2%80%93+Indian+Sloop+of+the+Black+Swan+class+%E2%80%93+Allied+Warships+of+WWII+%E2%80%93+uboat.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uboat.net%2Fallies%2Fwarships%2Fship%2F3922.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bose-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bose_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bose_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bose_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2004" class="citation book cs1">Bose, Subash Chandra (2004). <i>Azad Hind: writings and speeches, 1941–43</i>. Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-083-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-083-9"><bdi>978-1-84331-083-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azad+Hind%3A+writings+and+speeches%2C+1941%E2%80%9343&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-083-9&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Subash+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrich2000" class="citation cs2">Aldrich, Richard J. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D86lnjjU7PIC"><i>Intelligence and the War Against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service</i></a>, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 371, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64186-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64186-9"><bdi>978-0-521-64186-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022021951/https://books.google.com/books?id=D86lnjjU7PIC">archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligence+and+the+War+Against+Japan%3A+Britain%2C+America+and+the+Politics+of+Secret+Service&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64186-9&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD86lnjjU7PIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn2005" class="citation book cs1">Horn, Steve (2005). <i>The second attack on Pearl Harbor: Operation K and other Japanese attempts to bomb America in World War II</i>. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-388-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-388-8"><bdi>978-1-59114-388-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+second+attack+on+Pearl+Harbor%3A+Operation+K+and+other+Japanese+attempts+to+bomb+America+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-388-8&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFay1993">Fay 1993</a>, pp. 292, 298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFay1993">Fay 1993</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Mishra, Pankaj (6 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/08/13/exit-wounds">"Exit Wounds"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706122849/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2007/08/13/070813crbo_books_mishra?currentPage=3">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2019</span> – via www.newyorker.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Exit+Wounds&rft.date=2007-08-06&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Pankaj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2007%2F08%2F13%2Fexit-wounds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2008" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Yasmin (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan"><i>The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12078-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12078-3"><bdi>978-0-300-12078-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Partition%3A+The+Making+of+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12078-3&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatpartitionma00khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManu_Pubby2006" class="citation news cs1">Manu Pubby (4 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-mystery-behind-the-history-plane--------/15988/">"A mystery behind the history plane"</a>. Indian Express. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305203920/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-mystery-behind-the-history-plane--------/15988/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+mystery+behind+the+history+plane&rft.date=2006-11-04&rft.au=Manu+Pubby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fa-mystery-behind-the-history-plane--------%2F15988%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotrowski2015" class="citation book cs1">Piotrowski, Tadeusz (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Kefzi0_vwIC&q=%22Jamnagar%22+polish&pg=PA126"><i>The Polish Deportees of World War II: Recollections of Removal to the Soviet Union and Dispersal Throughout the World</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5536-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5536-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-5536-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713173708/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Kefzi0_vwIC&q=%22Jamnagar%22+polish&pg=PA126">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Deportees+of+World+War+II%3A+Recollections+of+Removal+to+the+Soviet+Union+and+Dispersal+Throughout+the+World&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5536-2&rft.aulast=Piotrowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Kefzi0_vwIC%26q%3D%2522Jamnagar%2522%2Bpolish%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhadnis2014" class="citation news cs1">Phadnis, Samrat (13 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/Over-70-Polish-refugees-to-visit-city-in-March-relive-WW-II-memories/articleshow/30313290.cms">"Over 70 Polish refugees to visit city in March, relive WW-II memories"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200202041706/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/Over-70-Polish-refugees-to-visit-city-in-March-relive-WW-II-memories/articleshow/30313290.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Over+70+Polish+refugees+to+visit+city+in+March%2C+relive+WW-II+memories&rft.date=2014-02-13&rft.aulast=Phadnis&rft.aufirst=Samrat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolhapur%2FOver-70-Polish-refugees-to-visit-city-in-March-relive-WW-II-memories%2Farticleshow%2F30313290.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeshpande2011" class="citation news cs1">Deshpande, Devidas (31 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/the-last-pole-of-valivade/articleshow/32090088.cms">"The last Pole of Valivade"</a>. <i>Pune Mirror</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020125307/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/the-last-pole-of-valivade/articleshow/32090088.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pune+Mirror&rft.atitle=The+last+Pole+of+Valivade&rft.date=2011-07-31&rft.aulast=Deshpande&rft.aufirst=Devidas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunemirror.indiatimes.com%2Fpune%2Fcover-story%2Fthe-last-pole-of-valivade%2Farticleshow%2F32090088.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ol2010-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ol2010_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/little-warsaw-of-kathiawar/268578">"Little Warsaw Of Kathiawar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Outlook_(Indian_magazine)" title="Outlook (Indian magazine)">Outlook</a></i>. 20 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160521142631/http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/little-warsaw-of-kathiawar/268578">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outlook&rft.atitle=Little+Warsaw+Of+Kathiawar&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2Flittle-warsaw-of-kathiawar%2F268578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-docv2013-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-docv2013_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newdelhi.mfa.gov.pl/en/news/good_maharaja_saves_polish_children___premiere_of_a_little_poland_in_india_in_new_delhi;jsessionid=A6A8EEBD502F3978A62F42449C9E01CC.cmsap2p">"Good Maharaja saves Polish children – beautiful story of A Little Poland in India"</a>. <i>newdelhi.mfa.gov.pl</i>. 10 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516221156/http://newdelhi.mfa.gov.pl/en/news/good_maharaja_saves_polish_children___premiere_of_a_little_poland_in_india_in_new_delhi;jsessionid=A6A8EEBD502F3978A62F42449C9E01CC.cmsap2p">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newdelhi.mfa.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Good+Maharaja+saves+Polish+children+%E2%80%93+beautiful+story+of+A+Little+Poland+in+India&rft.date=2013-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewdelhi.mfa.gov.pl%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fgood_maharaja_saves_polish_children___premiere_of_a_little_poland_in_india_in_new_delhi%3Bjsessionid%3DA6A8EEBD502F3978A62F42449C9E01CC.cmsap2p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ss2016-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ss2016_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssbalachadi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=73">"Origin and History"</a>. <i>Welcome to Sainik School Balachadi</i>. 27 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325224352/http://ssbalachadi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=73">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welcome+to+Sainik+School+Balachadi&rft.atitle=Origin+and+History&rft.date=2016-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssbalachadi.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D51%26Itemid%3D73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrestonPartridgeYapp1997" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Paul; Partridge, Michael; Yapp, Malcolm (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jjyQAAAAMAAJ"><i>British Documents on Foreign Affairs – reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Eastern Affairs, January 1944 – June 1944</i></a>. University Publications of America. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55655-671-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55655-671-5"><bdi>978-1-55655-671-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190814121922/https://books.google.nl/books?id=jjyQAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Documents+on+Foreign+Affairs+%E2%80%93+reports+and+Papers+from+the+Foreign+Office+Confidential+Print%3A+Eastern+Affairs%2C+January+1944+%E2%80%93+June+1944&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=University+Publications+of+America&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55655-671-5&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Partridge%2C+Michael&rft.au=Yapp%2C+Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjjyQAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrestonPartridgeYapp1997" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Paul; Partridge, Michael; Yapp, Malcolm (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-D6QAAAAMAAJ"><i>British Documents on Foreign Affairs – reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Eastern affairs, July 1944 – March 1945</i></a>. University Publications of America. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55655-671-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55655-671-5"><bdi>978-1-55655-671-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725002439/https://books.google.com/books?id=-D6QAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Documents+on+Foreign+Affairs+%E2%80%93+reports+and+Papers+from+the+Foreign+Office+Confidential+Print%3A+Eastern+affairs%2C+July+1944+%E2%80%93+March+1945&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=University+Publications+of+America&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55655-671-5&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Partridge%2C+Michael&rft.au=Yapp%2C+Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-D6QAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiustozzi2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Giustozzi, Antonio (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/international-development/Assets/Documents/PDFs/csrc-working-papers-phase-two/wp40.2-afghanistan-transition-without-end.pdf">"Afghanistan: transition without end"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Crisis States Working Papers</i>. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54592886">54592886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crisis+States+Working+Papers&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+transition+without+end&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54592886%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Giustozzi&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Finternational-development%2FAssets%2FDocuments%2FPDFs%2Fcsrc-working-papers-phase-two%2Fwp40.2-afghanistan-transition-without-end.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100038334404.0x000072">"Coll 5/73 'Afghan Air Force: Reports on' [57r] (113/431)"</a>. <i>Qatar Digital Library</i>. 21 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226143235/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100038334404.0x000072">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qatar+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Coll+5%2F73+%27Afghan+Air+Force%3A+Reports+on%27+%5B57r%5D+%28113%2F431%29&rft.date=2016-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qdl.qa%2Fen%2Farchive%2F81055%2Fvdc_100038334404.0x000072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:10_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYapp2001" class="citation book cs1">Yapp, Malcolm (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cHeQAAAAMAAJ"><i>British documents on foreign affairs: reports and papers from the foreign office confidential print. From 1946 through 1950. Near and Middle-East 1947. Afghanistan, Persia and Turkey, January 1947 – December 1947</i></a>. University Publications of America. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55655-765-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55655-765-1"><bdi>978-1-55655-765-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725001329/https://books.google.com/books?id=cHeQAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+documents+on+foreign+affairs%3A+reports+and+papers+from+the+foreign+office+confidential+print.+From+1946+through+1950.+Near+and+Middle-East+1947.+Afghanistan%2C+Persia+and+Turkey%2C+January+1947+%E2%80%93+December+1947&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=University+Publications+of+America&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55655-765-1&rft.aulast=Yapp&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcHeQAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrestonPartridgeYapp1997" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Paul; Partridge, Michael; Yapp, Malcolm (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-D6QAAAAMAAJ"><i>British Documents on Foreign Affairs – reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Eastern affairs, July 1944 – March 1945</i></a>. University Publications of America. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55655-671-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55655-671-5"><bdi>978-1-55655-671-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725002439/https://books.google.com/books?id=-D6QAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Documents+on+Foreign+Affairs+%E2%80%93+reports+and+Papers+from+the+Foreign+Office+Confidential+Print%3A+Eastern+affairs%2C+July+1944+%E2%80%93+March+1945&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=University+Publications+of+America&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55655-671-5&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Partridge%2C+Michael&rft.au=Yapp%2C+Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-D6QAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar. <i>From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India</i> (2004) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Barkawi, Tarak. "Culture and Combat In the Colonies: The Indian Army In the Second World War," <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> (2006) 41#2 pp 325–355 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009406062071">10.1177/0022009406062071</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/TarakBarkawi/Papers/267472/Culture_and_Combat_In_the_Colonies_The_Indian_Army_In_the_Second_World_War">online</a></li> <li>Bhatia, Harbans Singh, <i>Military History of British India, 1607–1947</i> (1977) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Brown, Judith M. <i>Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy</i> (1994)</li> <li>Brown, Judith M. <i>Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope</i> (1991) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFay1993" class="citation cs2">Fay, Peter W. (1993), <i>The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942–1945.</i>, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08342-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08342-2"><bdi>0-472-08342-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Army%3A+India%27s+Armed+Struggle+for+Independence%2C+1942%E2%80%931945.&rft.pub=Ann+Arbor%2C+University+of+Michigan+Press.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-472-08342-2&rft.aulast=Fay&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Collins, D.J.E. <i>The Royal Indian Navy</i> (1964 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/RIN/index.html">online official history</a></li> <li>Gopal, Sarvepalli. <i>Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography</i> (1976)</li> <li>Herman, Arthur. <i> Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age</i> (2009), pp 443–539.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogan" class="citation book cs1">Hogan, David W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719212652/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/indiaburma/indiaburma.htm"><i>India-Burma</i></a>. World War II Campaign Brochures. Washington D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. CMH Pub 72-5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/indiaburma/indiaburma.htm">the original</a> on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India-Burma&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.series=World+War+II+Campaign+Brochures&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbrochures%2Findiaburma%2Findiaburma.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jalal, Ayesha. <i>The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan</i> (1993),</li> <li>James, Lawrence. <i>Raj: the making and remaking of British India</i> (1997) pp 545–85, narrative history.</li> <li>Joshi, Vandana. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.projekt-mida.de/reflexicon/memory-and-memorialisation-interment-and-exhumation-propaganda-and-politics-during-wwii-through-the-lens-of-international-tracing-service-its-collections/">Memory and Memorialisation, Interment and Exhumation, Propaganda and Politics during WWII through the lens of International Tracing Service (ITS) Collections</a>", in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.projekt-mida.de/rechercheportal/reflexicon/">MIDA Archival Reflexicon</a></i> (2019), pp. 1–12.</li> <li>Judd, Dennis. <i>The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947</i> (2004)</li> <li>Karnad, Raghu. <i>Farthest Field – An Indian Story of the Second World War</i> (Harper Collins India, 2015) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/93-5177-203-9" title="Special:BookSources/93-5177-203-9">93-5177-203-9</a></li> <li>Khan, Yasmin. <i>India At War: The Subcontinent and the Second World War</i> (2015), wide-ranging scholarly survey <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/India-At-War-Subcontinent-Second/dp/0199753490/">excerpt</a>; also published as <i>The Raj At War: A People's History Of India's Second World War</i> (2015)' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=45255">online review</a></li> <li>Marston, Daniel. <i>The Indian Army and the end of the Raj</i> (Cambridge UP, 2014).</li> <li>Moore, Robin J. "India in the 1940s", in Robin Winks, ed. <i>Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography</i> (2001), pp. 231–242</li> <li>Mukerjee, Madhusree. <i>Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India during World War II</i> (2010).</li> <li>Raghavan, Srinath. <i>India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia</i> (2016). wide-ranging scholarly survey <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/046503022X/sr=1-1/qid=1466893522/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Read, Anthony, and David Fisher. <i>The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence</i> (1999) detailed scholarly history of 1940–47</li> <li>Roy, Kaushik. "Military Loyalty in the Colonial Context: A Case Study of the Indian Army during World War II." <i>Journal of Military History</i> 73.2 (2009): 497–529.</li> <li>Voigt, Johannes. <i>India in The Second World War</i> (1988).</li> <li>Wolpert, Stanley A. <i>Jinnah of Pakistan</i> (2005). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II25125" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II25125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7698" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go"><i>U-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Empire_battles_of_the_Second_World_War6749" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Empire_WWII_battles" title="Template:British Empire WWII battles"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Empire_WWII_battles" title="Template talk:British Empire WWII battles"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Empire_WWII_battles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Empire WWII battles"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Empire_battles_of_the_Second_World_War6749" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire battles of the Second World War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)"><b>East Africa</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Invasion of British Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)#Italian_Somaliland" title="East African campaign (World War II)">Capture of Italian Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Appearance" title="Operation Appearance">Recapture of British Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia" title="Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia">Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign"><b>North Africa</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">Italian invasion of Egypt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Run_for_Tunis" title="Run for Tunis">Run for Tunis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Giarabub" title="Siege of Giarabub">Siege of Giarabub</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">Siege of Tobruk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader">Capture of Tobruk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Brevity" title="Operation Brevity">Operation Brevity</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Skorpion" title="Operation Skorpion">Operation Skorpion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sonnenblume" title="Operation Sonnenblume">Operation Sonnenblume</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Libya)" title="British Military Administration (Libya)">Occupation of Libya</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">Southern Africa</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>West Africa</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">Battle of Dakar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Postmaster" title="Operation Postmaster">Operation Postmaster</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II"><b>Europe</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II"><b>Arctic</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barents_Sea" title="Battle of the Barents Sea">Battle of the Barents Sea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Alphabet" title="Operation Alphabet">Evacuation of Norway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_Iceland" title="Allied occupation of Iceland">Occupation of Iceland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gauntlet" title="Operation Gauntlet">Evacuation of Spitsbergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="British occupation of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands occupation</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)"><b>Balkans</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lustre" title="Operation Lustre">Reinforcement of Greece</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rethymno" title="Battle of Rethymno">Rethymno</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae_(1941)" title="Battle of Thermopylae (1941)">Thermopylae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vevi_(1941)" title="Battle of Vevi (1941)">Vevi</a>)</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean"><b>Mediterranean</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Convoy_AN_14" title="Attack on Convoy AN 14">Convoy AN 14</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">Attack on Mers-el-Kébir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calabria" title="Battle of Calabria">Battle of Calabria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Campobasso_Convoy" title="Battle of the Campobasso Convoy">Campobasso Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Bon_(1941)" title="Battle of Cape Bon (1941)">Battle of Cape Bon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan" title="Battle of Cape Matapan">Battle of Cape Matapan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passero_(1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Passero (1940)">Battle of Cape Passero</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spada" title="Battle of Cape Spada">Battle of Cape Spada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartivento" title="Battle of Cape Spartivento">Battle of Cape Spartivento</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cigno_Convoy" title="Battle of the Cigno Convoy">Cigno Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Duisburg_Convoy" title="Battle of the Duisburg Convoy">Duisburg Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Espero_Convoy" title="Battle of the Espero Convoy">Espero Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ligurian_Sea" title="Battle of the Ligurian Sea">Battle of the Ligurian Sea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skerki_Bank" title="Battle of Skerki Bank">Battle of Skerki Bank</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Otranto_(1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1940)">Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1940)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">Battle of Taranto</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tarigo_Convoy" title="Battle of the Tarigo Convoy">Tarigo Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Zuwarah" title="Battle off Zuwarah">Battle off Zuwarah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Abstention" title="Operation Abstention">Operation Abstention</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Agreement" title="Operation Agreement">Operation Agreement</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Albumen" title="Operation Albumen">Operation Albumen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Excess" title="Operation Excess">Operation Excess</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grog" title="Operation Grog">Operation Grog</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harpoon_(1942)" title="Operation Harpoon (1942)">Operation Harpoon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pedestal" title="Operation Pedestal">Operation Pedestal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scylla" title="Operation Scylla">Operation Scylla</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vigorous" title="Operation Vigorous">Operation Vigorous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_White" title="Operation White">Operation White</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Raid on Alexandria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Souda_Bay" title="Raid on Souda Bay">Raid on Souda Bay</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Siege of Malta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Grand Harbour">Battle of Grand Harbour</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malta_convoys" title="Malta convoys">Malta convoys</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II"><b>Western Europe</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Heligoland_Bight_(1939)" title="Battle of the Heligoland Bight (1939)">Battle of the Heligoland Bight</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">BEF</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1940)" title="Battle of Arras (1940)">Arras</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">Battle of Belgium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">Battle of the Netherlands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Channel_Dash" title="Channel Dash">Channel Dash</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gisela" title="Operation Gisela">Operation Gisela</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steinbock" title="Operation Steinbock">Operation Steinbock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Diver" title="Operation Diver">Operation Diver</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_the_Gibraltarian_civilian_population_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population during World War II">Evacuation of Gibraltar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold Beach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword Beach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windsor" title="Operation Windsor">Operation Windsor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_Channel_Coast" title="Clearing the Channel Coast">Clearing the Channel Coast</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem" title="Battle of Arnhem">Battle of Arnhem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nijmegen" title="Battle of Nijmegen">Battle of Nijmegen</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Battle of the Scheldt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blackcock" title="Operation Blackcock">Operation Blackcock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Battle of the Reichswald</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium" title="Liberation of Belgium">Liberation of Belgium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">Liberation of the Netherlands</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">Far East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong#Kowloon_and_New_Territories" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Kowloon and New Territories</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong#Hong_Kong_Island" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong Island</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malay</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of Malaya">Japanese invasion of Malaya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jitra" title="Battle of Jitra">Battle of Jitra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muar" title="Battle of Muar">Defence of Johore</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arakan_Campaign_1942%E2%80%9343" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakan Campaign 1942–43">Arakan Campaign 1942–43</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Recapture of Burma</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign#Japanese_invasion_of_India_1944" title="Burma campaign">Invasion of India</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">Operation U-Go</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Battle of Imphal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Battle of Kohima</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II"><b>Indian Ocean</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II#Indian_Ocean_disaster" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Indian Ocean disaster</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II#Indian_Ocean_retreat" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Indian Ocean retreat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Cocos Islands mutiny</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">Indian Ocean raid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Battle of Ceylon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland#Evacuation" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Evacuation of British Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid_(1944)" title="Indian Ocean raid (1944)">Indian Ocean raid (1944)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II#Indian_Ocean_strike" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Indian Ocean strike</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malacca_Strait" title="Battle of the Malacca Strait">Battle of the Malacca Strait</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Outflank" title="Operation Outflank">Bombing of Sumatra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Collie" title="Operation Collie">Bombardment of Andaman Islands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Livery" title="Operation Livery">Bombardment of Northern Malaya</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Invasion of Iraq</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War#Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Battle of Fallujah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War#Siege_of_Habbaniya" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Siege of Habbaniya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War#Basra" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Battle of Basra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War#Baghdad" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Capture of Baghdad</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran#British_Invasion_of_Khuzestan" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Invasion of Khuzestan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran#British_invasion_of_Central_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Invasion of Central Iran</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign#Campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Invasion of Lebanon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beirut_(1941)" title="Battle of Beirut (1941)">Capture of Beirut</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign#Campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Invasion of Syria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(1941)" title="Battle of Damascus (1941)">Capture of Damascus</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/American_theater_(World_War_II)" title="American theater (World War II)">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic"><b>Atlantic</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Plate" title="Battle of the River Plate">Battle of the River Plate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_St._Lawrence" title="Battle of the St. Lawrence">Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Denmark_Strait" title="Battle of the Denmark Strait">Battle of the Denmark Strait</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Escort_Force" title="Newfoundland Escort Force">Newfoundland Escort Force</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mid-Ocean_Escort_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Ocean Escort Force">Mid-Ocean Escort Force</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Local_Escort_Force" title="Western Local Escort Force">Western Local Escort Force</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Western_Approaches" title="Commander-in-Chief, Western Approaches">Western Approaches Escort Force</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country5952" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template talk:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country5952" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">History of World War II by region and country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">Belgian Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland_in_World_War_II" title="French Somaliland in World War II">French Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_in_World_War_II" title="The Gambia in World War II">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_in_World_War_II" title="Gold Coast in World War II">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II" title="Kenya in World War II">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco_in_World_War_II" title="Morocco in World War II">Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland_in_World_War_II" title="Nyasaland in World War II">Nyasaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador#World_War_II" title="Military dictatorship in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_in_World_War_II" title="Greenland in World War II">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_during_World_War_II" title="California during World War II">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_during_World_War_II" title="Argentina during World War II">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_during_World_War_II" title="Colombia during World War II">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_during_World_War_II" title="Suriname during World War II">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_during_World_War_II" title="Uruguay during World War II">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_during_World_War_II" title="Venezuela during World War II">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchuria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_West_Sumatra" title="Japanese occupation of West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_in_World_War_II" title="Mongolia in World War II">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_in_World_War_II" title="Nepal in World War II">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#Politics_of_World_War_II" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of France during World War II">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Latvia during World War II">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein#World_War_II" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_during_World_War_II" title="Slovakia during World War II">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussia_in_World_War_II" title="Byelorussia in World War II">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine#World_War_II" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia_and_World_War_II" title="Catalonia and World War II">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_and_World_War_II" title="Galicia and World War II">Galicia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Slovene_Lands" title="World War II in the Slovene Lands">Slovenia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Oceania and<br /> Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Pacific Islands home front during World War II">Pacific Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_National_Army234" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Azad_Hind_Fauj" title="Template:Azad Hind Fauj"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Azad_Hind_Fauj" title="Template talk:Azad Hind Fauj"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Azad_Hind_Fauj" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Azad Hind Fauj"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_National_Army234" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Revolutionary conspiracy of WWI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Chatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hafiz_Mohamed_Barakatullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah">Barkatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niedermayer%E2%80%93Hentig_Expedition" title="Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition">Kabul mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan Asianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1931_Flag_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/100px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/150px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/200px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence<br />League (IIL)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Pritam_Singh_Dhillon" title="Giani Pritam Singh Dhillon">Pritam Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Kumar_Sen" title="Prafulla Kumar Sen">Swami Satyananda Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Council" title="Indian National Council">Indian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaichi_Fujiwara" title="Iwaichi Fujiwara">I Fujiwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Kikan" title="F Kikan">F Kikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._K._Menon" title="K. P. K. Menon">K.P.K. Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._M._Sahay" title="A. M. Sahay">A.M. Sahay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._A._Ayer" title="S. A. Ayer">S.A. Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidadary_Resolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidadary Resolutions">Bidadary Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Conference">Tokyo Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideo_Iwakuro" title="Hideo Iwakuro">H Iwakuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Kikan" title="I Kikan">I Kikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Conference" title="Bangkok Conference">Bangkok Conference</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikari_Kikan" title="Hikari Kikan">Hikari Kikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind_Dal" title="Azad Hind Dal">Azad Hind Dal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Independence_League" title="Category:Indian Independence League">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">C.R. Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Bose</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Volunteers" title="Bengal Volunteers">Bengal Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilie_Schenkl" title="Emilie Schenkl">Emilie Schenkl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Forward_Bloc" title="All India Forward Bloc">Forward Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-180" title="German submarine U-180">U-180</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_ur_Rahman_(Indian_National_Army_officer)" title="Habib ur Rahman (Indian National Army officer)">Habib-ur-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">Death controversy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Category:Subhas Chandra Bose">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National<br />Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Campaign">Battle of Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Singh_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohan Singh (general)">Mohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrer_Park_address" title="Farrer Park address">Farrer Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indian_National_Army" title="First Indian National Army">First INA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Arakan_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="First Arakan offensive">First Arakan offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Field_Force" title="Hindustan Field Force">Hindustan Field Force</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiffs" title="Jiffs">Jiffs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Brigade" title="Azad Brigade">Azad Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Brigade_(regiment)" title="Gandhi Brigade (regiment)">Gandhi Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Brigade" title="Nehru Brigade">Nehru Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Brigade" title="Subhas Brigade">Subhas Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Group" title="Bahadur Group">Bahadur Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Boys" title="Tokyo Boys">Tokyo Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi_Regiment" title="Rani of Jhansi Regiment">Rani of Jhansi Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Zaman_Kiani" title="Mohammed Zaman Kiani">Mohammed Zaman Kiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Sahgal" title="Lakshmi Sahgal">Lakshmi Sahgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._Loganathan" title="A. D. Loganathan">A.D. Loganathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="J. R. Bhonsle">J.R. Bhonsle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janaky_Athi_Nahappan" title="Janaky Athi Nahappan">Janaki Davar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasammah_Bhupalan" title="Rasammah Bhupalan">Rasammah Bhupalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Malik" title="Shaukat Malik">Shaukat Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thivy" title="John Thivy">John Thivy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_and_operations_of_the_Indian_National_Army" title="Battles and operations of the Indian National Army">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma theatre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Admin_Box" title="Battle of the Admin Box">Admin Box</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">U-Go</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Battle of Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Battle of Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pokoku_and_Irrawaddy_River_operations" title="Battle of Pokoku and Irrawaddy River operations">Battle of Irrawaddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meiktila_and_Mandalay" title="Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay">Battle of Meiktila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_National_Army" title="Category:Indian National Army">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army_trials" title="Indian National Army trials">Red Fort trials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSDIC(I)" title="CSDIC(I)">CSDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbaksh_Singh_Dhillon" title="Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon">Dhillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Sahgal" title="Prem Sahgal">Sahgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Nawaz_Khan_(general)" title="Shah Nawaz Khan (general)">Shah Nawaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan-ud-Din_of_Chitral" class="mw-redirect" title="Burhan-ud-Din of Chitral">Burhan-ud-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INA_Defence_Committee" title="INA Defence Committee">INA Defence Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Nath_Katju" title="Kailash Nath Katju">Kailash Nath Katju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaf_Ali" title="Asaf Ali">Asaf Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Bahadur_Sapru" title="Tej Bahadur Sapru">Tej Bahadur Sapru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhulabhai_Desai" title="Bhulabhai Desai">Bhulabhai Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay mutiny</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_National_Army_trials" title="Category:Indian National Army trials">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind_Radio" title="Azad Hind Radio">Azad Hind Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battaglione_Azad_Hindoustan" title="Battaglione Azad Hindoustan">Battaglione Azad Hindoustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Bureau_for_India" title="Special Bureau for India">Special Bureau for India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorations_of_Azad_Hind" title="Decorations of Azad Hind">Azad Hind Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selarang_Barracks_incident" title="Selarang Barracks incident">Selarang Barracks incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Japanese occupation of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Burma_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Burma Area Army">Burma Area Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masakazu_Kawabe" title="Masakazu Kawabe">Masakasu Kawabe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)">14th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Slim,_1st_Viscount_Slim" title="William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim">William Slim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_Congress" title="Malaysian Indian Congress">Malaysian Indian Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INA_treasure_controversy" title="INA treasure controversy">INA treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Fay" title="Peter W. Fay">Peter Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Lebra" title="Joyce Lebra">Joyce Lebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Toye" title="Hugh Toye">Hugh Toye</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Category:South-East Asian theatre of World War II">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="India_topics12" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India_topics" title="Template:India topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India_topics" title="Template talk:India topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India_topics12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">India topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_India" title="List of years in India">Years</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_India" title="Postage stamps and postal history of India">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavana_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana Kingdom">Yavana Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Society and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">Universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">Medical colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">Law colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_in_India" title="Engineering education in India">Engineering colleges in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a></li> <li><a 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