CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sweden during World War II - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"447916ca-5467-466d-92ef-197d40cd0712","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sweden_during_World_War_II","wgTitle":"Sweden during World War II","wgCurRevisionId":1260252876,"wgRevisionId":1260252876,"wgArticleId":489133,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)","CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009","Articles to be expanded from October 2023","All articles to be expanded","All articles with self-published sources", "Articles with self-published sources from June 2009","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020","Articles containing Northern Sami-language text","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2021","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2022","Articles containing Swedish-language text","Sweden in World War II","Neutral states in World War II","Winter War"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sweden_during_World_War_II","wgRelevantArticleId":489133,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q639425","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth", "ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sweden_locator_map_1942.svg/1200px-Sweden_locator_map_1942.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1216"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sweden_locator_map_1942.svg/800px-Sweden_locator_map_1942.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="811"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sweden_locator_map_1942.svg/640px-Sweden_locator_map_1942.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="649"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sweden during World War II - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sweden_during_World_War_II rootpage-Sweden_during_World_War_II skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sweden+during+World+War+II" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sweden+during+World+War+II" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sweden+during+World+War+II" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sweden+during+World+War+II" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Political</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-war_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-war_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Pre-war trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-war_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_balance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_balance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Military balance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_balance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-war_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-war_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Pre-war preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-war_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Foreign trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measures_to_protect_against_air_raids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measures_to_protect_against_air_raids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Measures to protect against air raids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measures_to_protect_against_air_raids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winter_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winter_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Winter War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winter_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact_on_domestic_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_domestic_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Impact on domestic politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_domestic_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_of_Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_of_Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Defence of Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_of_Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_Allied_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_Allied_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Possible Allied invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_Allied_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation_of_Denmark_and_Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_of_Denmark_and_Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Occupation of Denmark and Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_of_Denmark_and_Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midsummer_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midsummer_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Midsummer Crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midsummer_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1943_onward" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1943_onward"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>1943 onward</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1943_onward-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training_of_Norwegian_and_Danish_troops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_of_Norwegian_and_Danish_troops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Training of Norwegian and Danish troops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training_of_Norwegian_and_Danish_troops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Bäckebo_rocket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Bäckebo_rocket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>The Bäckebo rocket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bäckebo_rocket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_bombings_of_Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_bombings_of_Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Soviet bombings of Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_bombings_of_Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_effort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_effort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Humanitarian effort</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_effort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Press_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Press_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Press freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Press_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concessions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concessions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Concessions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concessions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Concessions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Concessions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-To_Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>To Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-To_the_Allies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_the_Allies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>To the Allies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_the_Allies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forced_refoulement_to_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_refoulement_to_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Forced refoulement to the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_refoulement_to_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_rockets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_rockets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>German rockets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_rockets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Swedish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Swedish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>In Swedish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Swedish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sweden during World War II</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="السويد خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السويد خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%9E_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Швецыя ў Другой сусветнай вайне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Швецыя ў Другой сусветнай вайне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B7%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%92%CE%84_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF" title="Ιστορία της Σουηδίας κατά τον Β΄ Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστορία της Σουηδίας κατά τον Β΄ Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suecia_durante_la_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Suecia durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Suecia durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Su%C3%A8de_pendant_la_Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Histoire de la Suède pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la Suède pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svezia_nella_seconda_guerra_mondiale" title="Svezia nella seconda guerra mondiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Svezia nella seconda guerra mondiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zviedrija_Otraj%C4%81_pasaules_kar%C4%81" title="Zviedrija Otrajā pasaules karā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zviedrija Otrajā pasaules karā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6%E4%B8%8B%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3" title="第二次世界大戦下のスウェーデン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第二次世界大戦下のスウェーデン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverige_under_andre_verdenskrig" title="Sverige under andre verdenskrig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sverige under andre verdenskrig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A9cia_durante_a_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Suécia durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Suécia durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Швеция во Второй мировой войне – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Швеция во Второй мировой войне" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruotsi_toisessa_maailmansodassa" title="Ruotsi toisessa maailmansodassa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruotsi toisessa maailmansodassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverige_under_andra_v%C3%A4rldskriget" title="Sverige under andra världskriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sverige under andra världskriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="สวีเดนในช่วงสงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สวีเดนในช่วงสงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%83_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Швеція у Другій світовій війні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Швеція у Другій світовій війні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0%E6%9C%9F%E9%96%93%E7%9A%84%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="第二次世界大戰期間的瑞典 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第二次世界大戰期間的瑞典" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q639425#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sweden_during_World_War_II" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sweden_during_World_War_II" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&oldid=1260252876" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sweden_during_World_War_II&id=1260252876&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSweden_during_World_War_II"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSweden_during_World_War_II"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sweden_in_World_War_II" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q639425" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sweden_during_World_War_II" style="width:310px;float:right;margin:0em 0em 0em 1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#005B99;color:#ffcb21;link:#ffcb21"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Template:Sweden during World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#ffcb21">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Sweden during World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#ffcb21">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sweden during World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#ffcb21">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sweden_during_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#ffcb21">Sweden during World War II</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_of_Sweden" title="Industrialization of Sweden">← </a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">History of Sweden</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1945%E2%80%931989)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sweden (1945–1989)"> →</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#005B99;color:#ffcb21;"><div id="Main" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Main</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sweden during World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II_(Timeline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden during World War II (Timeline)">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#005B99;color:#ffcb21;"><div id="Political_events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Winter_War" title="Sweden and the Winter War">Sweden and the Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_crisis_of_1940&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="February crisis of 1940 (page does not exist)">February crisis of 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung%27s_effects_on_Sweden" title="Operation Weserübung's effects on Sweden">Operation Weserübungs effects on Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_German_troops_through_Finland_and_Sweden" title="Transit of German troops through Finland and Sweden">Permitenttrafiken</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lejdb%C3%A5tstrafiken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lejdbåtstrafiken (page does not exist)">Lejdbåtstrafiken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Compulsory_National_Service_Act" title="Swedish Compulsory National Service Act">Swedish Compulsory National Service Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer_crisis" title="Midsummer crisis">Midsummer crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_crisis_of_1942&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="February crisis of 1942 (page does not exist)">February crisis of 1942</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#005B99;color:#ffcb21;"><div id="Humanitarian_aspects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Humanitarian aspects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Internment camps in Sweden during World War II">Internment camps in Sweden during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust" title="Sweden and the Holocaust">Sweden and the Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Rescue of the Danish Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_extradition_of_Baltic_soldiers" title="Swedish extradition of Baltic soldiers">Swedish extradition of Baltic soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Buses" title="White Buses">White Buses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#005B99;color:#ffcb21;"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne_Line" title="Skåne Line">Skåne Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_iron-ore_industry_during_World_War_II" title="Swedish iron-ore industry during World War II">Swedish iron-ore industry during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordische_Gesellschaft" title="Nordische Gesellschaft">Nordische Gesellschaft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Sweden" title="Category:History of Sweden">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">History of <span class="fn org label">Sweden</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/80px-Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/120px-Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/160px-Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Prehistoric</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Sweden" title="Prehistoric Sweden">Prehistory</a> (12000 BC–800 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> (800–1050)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(800%E2%80%931521)#Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sweden (800–1521)">Middle Ages</a> (1050–1397)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> (1397–1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1523%E2%80%931611)" title="History of Sweden (1523–1611)">Early Vasa era</a> (1521–1611)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Great Power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1611%E2%80%931648)" title="History of Sweden (1611–1648)">Emerging Great Power</a> (1611–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> (1648–1718)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Enlightenment</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Liberty" title="Age of Liberty">Age of Liberty</a> (1718–1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavian_era" title="Gustavian era">Age of Absolutism</a> (1772–1809)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Liberalization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Government_(1809)" title="Instrument of Government (1809)">Constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden_in_Union_with_Norway" title="Sweden in Union with Norway">Union</a> (1809–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">United Kingdoms</a> (1814–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_the_late_19th_century" title="Sweden during the late 19th century">Industrialization</a> (1866–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_I" title="Sweden during World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sweden_(1918%E2%80%931939)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Sweden (1918–1939) (page does not exist)">Interwar period</a> (1918–1939)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1945%E2%80%931967)" title="History of Sweden (1945–1967)">Postwar period</a> (1945–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1967%E2%80%931991)" title="History of Sweden (1967–1991)">Second half of Cold War</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1991%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sweden (1991–present)">Post-Cold War</a> (1991–present)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">History of the Jews in Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Sweden" title="LGBT history in Sweden">LGBT history in Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Sweden" title="Military history of Sweden">Military history of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Sweden" title="Economic history of Sweden">Economic history of Sweden</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Swedish_history" title="Timeline of Swedish history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sweden" title="Portal:Sweden">Sweden portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Sweden" title="Template:History of Sweden"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Sweden" title="Template talk:History of Sweden"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Sweden" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Sweden"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sweden_locator_map_1942.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sweden_locator_map_1942.svg/300px-Sweden_locator_map_1942.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sweden_locator_map_1942.svg/450px-Sweden_locator_map_1942.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sweden_locator_map_1942.svg/600px-Sweden_locator_map_1942.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Sweden's location in Europe (1942) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E41A1C; color:white;"> </span> <b>Sweden</b></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4DAF4A; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A0F090; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Areas annexed by Germany">Areas under German occupation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C6DEBD; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">German allies</a>, co-belligerents and <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">puppet states</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#984EA3; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> and territories occupied by the allies</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C0C0C0; color:black;"> </span> Other neutral territories</div> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> maintained <a href="/wiki/Swedish_neutrality" title="Swedish neutrality">its policy of neutrality</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. When the war began on 1 September 1939, the fate of Sweden was unclear. But by a combination of its <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> location in the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">realpolitik</a></i> maneuvering during an unpredictable course of events, and a dedicated military build-up after 1942, Sweden kept its official neutrality status throughout the war. At the outbreak of hostilities, Sweden had held a neutral stance in <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a> for more than a century, since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> in 1814 and the invasion of Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the outbreak of war in September 1939, twenty European nations were <a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">neutral</a>. Sweden was one of only nine of these nations to maintain this stance for the remainder of the war, along with <a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugal in World War II">Portugal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain in World War II">Spain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars#World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a>, and the microstates of <a href="/wiki/Participants_in_World_War_II#Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Participants in World War II">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Participants_in_World_War_II#Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Participants in World War II">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Government">Swedish Government</a> made a few concessions, and sometimes breached the nation's neutrality in favor of both <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> and, later, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German invasion of the Soviet Union</a> (June–July 1941), Sweden allowed the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> to use <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Sweden" title="Rail transport in Sweden">Swedish railways</a> to transport the German <a href="/wiki/163rd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="163rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">163rd Infantry Division</a> along with heavy weapons from <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> to <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>. Until 1943, German soldiers traveling on leave between Norway and Germany were allowed passage through Sweden—the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_German_troops_through_Scandinavia_(WWII)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit of German troops through Scandinavia (WWII)">permittenttrafik</a></i>. Iron ore was sold to Germany throughout the war and Germany owned several mines in Sweden that had been bought by German companies before the outbreak of the war. These mines were called <i>Tyskgruvorna</i> ("German mines"). For the Allies, Sweden shared military intelligence and helped to train soldier refugees from <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and Norway, to be used in the liberation of their home countries.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also allowed the Allies to use Swedish airbases between 1944 and 1945. </p><p>Swedish neutrality remains a subject of debate. Proponents argue that during the war, Sweden softened its policy against accepting refugees, admitting thousands of Jews and political dissenters from Norway and Denmark. Conversely, opponents such as <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> suggest that Sweden "ignored the greater moral issues of the war and played both sides for profit."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1523 and Sweden's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Swedish wars">final war</a> with <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in 1809, a state of war had existed between these two countries for 67 out of those 286 years. Russia was seen as the historical hereditary enemy of Sweden. In the peace that followed the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a> in 1809, all of Finland had been ceded to Russia and Sweden was reduced to two thirds of its former size. </p><p>As the end of the 19th century approached, and the beginning of the 20th began, Sweden, like many other nations, became beset by <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strikes</a> and public disorder. Appalling working conditions were no longer tolerated and the working class was rising against the state. In 1908 alone, there were about 300 strikes in Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1917, Sweden's need for a new political system was apparent from these riots. Sweden had <a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_I" title="Sweden during World War I">remained neutral during World War One</a> but with a tendency to side with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. Since the 1880s, the socialist movement in Sweden had been divided into two opposing groups: the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary socialist">revolutionary socialists</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> movement; and the <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformists</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Social_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democratic">social democratic</a> movement – the latter of which being the larger of the two.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1917, the rules of democracy were changed in Sweden, the electorate's size grew and in 1921, women were also allowed to vote. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1led0513adalen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/1led0513adalen.jpg/300px-1led0513adalen.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/1led0513adalen.jpg/450px-1led0513adalen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/1led0513adalen.jpg/600px-1led0513adalen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Ådalen shootings. This picture of the demonstration was taken before the military opened fire.</figcaption></figure> <p>But even these reforms were seen as far too radical by some conservatives. Some wanted strong leadership and did not believe in democracy. In the 1920s and 1930s, confrontations between employers and employees in Sweden continued. In 1931, this culminated with the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85dalen_shootings" title="Ådalen shootings">Ådalen shootings</a>, an incident where the military opened fire on a protest march. In the same year, a secret right-wing militia, the <a href="/wiki/Munckska_k%C3%A5ren" title="Munckska kåren">Munckska kåren</a>, was exposed. It had recruited about 2000 men and had access to heavy weaponry. It was disbanded the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the other end of the political spectrum, following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> the Russian Empire had become the Soviet Union and many Swedish communists were cooperating with this new Soviet regime, seeking to realize a <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">world revolution</a>. Compromise and a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> were thought to stand in the way of a more equal and just society. </p><p>A new cabinet led by the <a href="/wiki/Social_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrats">social democrats</a> with <a href="/wiki/Per_Albin_Hansson" title="Per Albin Hansson">Per Albin Hansson</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Prime Minister</a>, took control in 1932. A policy of cooperation and consensus was pursued, which led to a furthering of the divide between the two socialist factions: the communists and the <a href="/wiki/Reformist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist Left">reformist left</a>. The distance between these two, at least at the ideological level, became so great that the communists often referred to the social democrats as "the social fascists". Apart from a period termed "the vacation government" (Sw: semesterregeringen) between 19 June and 28 September 1936, Per Albin Hansson was to be the Prime Minister of Sweden until his death in 1946. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sweden had very few <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> in the inter-war era. For a time, the entire armoured corps consisted of ten <a href="/wiki/Stridsvagn_m/21-29" class="mw-redirect" title="Stridsvagn m/21-29">Stridsvagn mf/21s</a>. This was a design based upon a German <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> tank and had been secretly purchased by Sweden in the form of <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractor</a> assembly kits. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Act_of_1936_(Sweden)" title="Defence Act of 1936 (Sweden)">Defence Act of 1936</a>, it was decided to form two tank battalions. Captain <a href="/wiki/Fale_Burman" title="Fale Burman">Fale Burman</a>, chief of "Army Procurement" (<i>Arméns utrustningsdetalj</i>) in 1937, commented:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... Härför krävdes total nyanskaffning av deras viktigaste innehåll, stridsvagnarna. Redan på ett tidigt stadium fick vi dock klart för oss att om vi enbart valde kanonutrustade vagnar skulle de högst komma upp till ett antal av 15–20.<br /> (This required the purchase of their main piece of military hardware, tanks. Already at an early stage, it was clear to us that if we simply chose the cannon-equipped tanks, we could have at most 15–20 of them.)</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Försvarsbeslut</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>To make sure training at the battalion level would be possible, <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine gun</a>–equipped tanks were purchased as well. By 1939, Sweden had 48 <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakian</a>-built tanks with machine gun armament and about 20 <a href="/wiki/Stridsvagn_L-60" class="mw-redirect" title="Stridsvagn L-60">Stridsvagn L-60</a> tanks armed with a 20 mm main gun.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Swedish Army had been organized into four divisions since the 1890s, with the regiments of northern <a href="/wiki/Norrland" title="Norrland">Norrland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> standing as separate units. This was outdated, and in 1942, a new military organization was adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-war_trade">Pre-war trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-war trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During World War II, Swedish industry had to supply an increased share of its own domestic goods owing to the British naval blockade of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, whilst satisfying the vastly increased demand for armaments. Before the war, the annual production of armaments was typically measured in tens of millions of Swedish <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">kronor</a>, but during the war, output exceeded SEK 1 billion (US$240 million). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_balance">Military balance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Military balance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sweden's long-standing policy of neutrality was tested on many occasions during the 1930s. The challenges came from a strongly rejuvenated, nationalistic Germany. From 1919 until 1935, Sweden had been an active supporter of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and most of Sweden's political energy in the international arena had been directed towards the League's preservation. </p><p>The Swedish non-aligned policy during this period was founded on the assumption that there were two opposing powers in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic Sea region</a>, Germany and the Soviet Union;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because these two powers needed to guard against each other, the hope was that they would only ever be able to deploy minor forces against Sweden or other non-aligned countries. It was this expectation which made the defence of a small country feasible. The <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, signed at the end of August 1939 between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, upset this balance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-war_preparations">Pre-war preparations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-war preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1936, the Swedish government started to heighten its military preparedness as the international situation worsened. Military spending in Sweden went from US$37 million in 1936, to $50 million in 1937, to $58.6 million in 1938, and then increased over fivefold to $322.3 million in 1939. During World War II itself, military spending peaked at $527.6 million in 1942. </p><p>Not only was the Swedish government buying material to strengthen its defences, it began <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">drafting</a> conscripts. On 6 May 1938, the government called up all those aged 15 for short periods of training. In addition to this, the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a> ordered that one quarter of those conscripted in 1938 should be retained for further training. </p><p>In 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Sweden)" title="Home Guard (Sweden)">Home Guard</a> was created. Its units were small groups of former soldiers who were equipped with <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a>, ammunition, medicine and uniforms. They had the option to buy additional materials such as <a href="/wiki/Ski_warfare" title="Ski warfare">skis</a>, sweaters and marching boots. The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Women%27s_Voluntary_Defence_Organization" title="Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization">Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization</a> had already been in existence since 1924. </p><p>While arming itself, Sweden felt that it was necessary to articulate and enforce its policy of neutrality. Per Albin Hansson's statement shortly before World War II began: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Friendly with all other nations and strongly linked to our neighbors, we look on no one as our enemy. There is no place in the thoughts of our people for aggression against any other country, and we note with gratitude, the assurances from others that they have no wish to disturb our peace, our freedom, or our independence. The strengthening of our defense preparations serves merely to underline our fixed determination to keep our country outside the conflicts that may erupt amongst others and, during such conflicts, to safeguard the existence of our people.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Per-Albin Hansson, 1 September 1939</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Georg Homin, a captain on the <a href="/wiki/General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="General Staff">General Staff</a>, stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Without a defensive force we cannot follow any policy of our own, our declarations become merely empty words and we leave the country's fate to chance, or to the decisions of others. With a defense as strong as Swedish conditions allow, we secure for ourselves the basis of a continued independent Swedish policy.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Georg Homin</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War">War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Per_Albin_Hansson,_statsminister,_portr%C3%A4ttbild_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Per_Albin_Hansson%2C_statsminister%2C_portr%C3%A4ttbild_1935.jpg/170px-Per_Albin_Hansson%2C_statsminister%2C_portr%C3%A4ttbild_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Per_Albin_Hansson%2C_statsminister%2C_portr%C3%A4ttbild_1935.jpg/255px-Per_Albin_Hansson%2C_statsminister%2C_portr%C3%A4ttbild_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Per_Albin_Hansson%2C_statsminister%2C_portr%C3%A4ttbild_1935.jpg/340px-Per_Albin_Hansson%2C_statsminister%2C_portr%C3%A4ttbild_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Swedish Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Per_Albin_Hansson" title="Per Albin Hansson">Per Albin Hansson</a> declared Sweden <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral</a> on 1 September 1939.</figcaption></figure> <p>When, in September 1939, Germany attacked <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and both <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and Britain declared war on Nazi Germany, Sweden declared itself a <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral country</a> in regard to this escalating situation. An example illustrating this situation may be the failed Allied attempt to release Polish submarines (<a href="/wiki/ORP_Ry%C5%9B" title="ORP Ryś">ORP <i>Ryś</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ORP_%C5%BBbik" title="ORP Żbik">ORP <i>Żbik</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ORP_S%C4%99p_(1938)" title="ORP Sęp (1938)">ORP <i>Sęp</i></a>) which were <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">interned</a> after they reached Swedish ports (requiring repairs of battle damage, unable to break the German blockade and sail to Britain). </p><p>On the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> between Finland and the Soviet Union in November 1939, Sweden declared itself to be "<a href="/wiki/Non-belligerent" title="Non-belligerent">non-belligerent</a>" in regard to this particular conflict, actively siding with Finland. This allowed Sweden to aid Finland economically, and with armaments. Sweden and Finland also jointly laid minefields in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a> to deter Soviet <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> from entering the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_trade">Foreign trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foreign trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_iron_mining_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish iron mining during World War II">Swedish iron mining during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_trade_during_World_War_II" title="Swedish overseas trade during World War II">Swedish overseas trade during World War II</a></div> <p>Sweden was not directly attacked during World War II. It was, however, subject to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">naval blockades</a> and accidental bombings from the <a href="/wiki/Soviets" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviets">Soviets</a> on some cities (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%A4ngn%C3%A4s" title="Strängnäs">Strängnäs</a>), which led to problems with the supply of food and <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuels</a>. When Germany invaded Denmark and Norway in April 1940, coupled with a German blockade of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, every shipment had to be negotiated with both British and German authorities, which drastically reduced the volume of trade. Between 1938 and 1944, the Swedish import of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> products and <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> decreased by 88% and 53% respectively, which led to severe shortages. Other critical items were <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy metals</a> and food. This situation led to extensive <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a> of fuels and food in Sweden and substitutes were developed and produced. <a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a> was used as a fuel for motor vehicles and <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">shale oil</a> as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Bunker_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunker oil">bunker oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Gay_Viking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HMS_Gay_Viking.jpg/220px-HMS_Gay_Viking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/HMS_Gay_Viking.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/MV_Gay_Viking" title="MV Gay Viking">Gay Viking</a></i>, one of the high speed boats used as blockade runners for the <a href="/wiki/Ball_bearing" title="Ball bearing">ball bearing</a> trade</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the war, agreements had been signed between Sweden and the United Kingdom and Nazi Germany in order to sustain vital trade; but in spite of this, and the fact that Sweden had declared itself a <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral country</a>, Swedish shipping came under attack. Sweden's trade with Britain was cut by a total of 70%. Within the North Sea blockade, trade with Germany increased, until 37% of Sweden's exports were shipped to Germany. For very important goods such as <a href="/wiki/Ball_bearing" title="Ball bearing">ball bearings</a> from <a href="/wiki/SKF" title="SKF">SKF</a> for the British aircraft industry, delivery was made by <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runner" title="Blockade runner">blockade runners</a>, using rebuilt <a href="/wiki/Motor_Gun_Boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Gun Boat">Motor Gun Boats</a>, which could use winter darkness and high speed to penetrate the German blockade of the <a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a> straits between Norway and the northern tip of Denmark. </p><p>Before the outbreak of the war, the Swedish Ministry of defence (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Air_Force_Materiel_Administration" title="Royal Swedish Air Force Materiel Administration">Royal Swedish Air Force Materiel Administration</a>) had ordered some 300 combat aircraft from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Seversky_P-35" title="Seversky P-35">Seversky P-35s</a> and <a href="/wiki/P-66_Vanguard" class="mw-redirect" title="P-66 Vanguard">P-66 Vanguards</a>. In 1940, however, the US administration halted these exports. Only about 60 aircraft had been delivered. Sweden succeeded subsequently in buying 200 aircraft from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, a fascist ally of Germany at the time; these aircraft were primarily <a href="/wiki/Fiat_CR.42_Falco" title="Fiat CR.42 Falco">Fiat CR.42 Falcos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggiane_Re.2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggiane Re.2000">Reggiane Re.2000s</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caproni_Ca.313" title="Caproni Ca.313">Caproni Ca.313s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measures_to_protect_against_air_raids">Measures to protect against air raids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Measures to protect against air raids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaintGeorgeStorkyrkan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/SaintGeorgeStorkyrkan.jpg/220px-SaintGeorgeStorkyrkan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/SaintGeorgeStorkyrkan.jpg/330px-SaintGeorgeStorkyrkan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/SaintGeorgeStorkyrkan.jpg/440px-SaintGeorgeStorkyrkan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Saint George and the Dragon, a late medieval sculpture group in Storkyrkan in Stockholm, was protected from bombing.</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in the autumn of 1938, efforts were made to protect cities and towns from air raids. In order to decrease the risk of large fires breaking out the attics of all buildings were cleared in the larger towns. After the outbreak of war all windows in towns were to be covered quickly in the event of an air raid. Historic buildings such as medieval churches were in many cases protected by moving valuable objects or covering external ornaments. The vast sculpture group <i>Saint George and the Dragon,</i> located in Storkyrkan in Stockholm, was disassembled and evacuated to an underground space in April 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winter_War">Winter War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Winter War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impact_on_domestic_politics">Impact on domestic politics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Impact on domestic politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>War broke out between Finland and the Soviet Union in November 1939. In Sweden, the Liberal, Conservative and Agrarian parties were concerned about a perceived threat from the Soviet Union. The Social Democrats were in the main equally concerned. Leading social democrats like <a href="/wiki/Rickard_Sandler" title="Rickard Sandler">Rickard Sandler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Nilsson" title="Torsten Nilsson">Torsten Nilsson</a> played a prominent role in mustering support for Finland. The Communists were openly loyal to the Soviet Union and supported its <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> with Germany. However, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, they swung around to a pro-Allied view. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defence_of_Finland">Defence of Finland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Defence of Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Winter_War" title="Sweden and the Winter War">Sweden and the Winter War</a></div> <p>When the Soviet Union attacked Finland in November 1939, many Swedes favored some sort of involvement in the conflict, both on a <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian">humanitarian</a> and on a military basis. Sweden's interest in Finland lay in the fact that Finland had been an integrated part of Sweden for more than six hundred years, with Sweden losing control of its eastern provinces in 1809. Despite several pleas from the Finnish government, the Swedish government declined to engage militarily with the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> as it advanced during the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>. However, Sweden declared itself "non-belligerent" rather than neutral during the conflict and as many as 8,000 Swedes voluntarily went to <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> to fight. The Swedish government and public also sent food, clothing, medicine, weapons and ammunition to aid the Finns during this conflict. This military aid included:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>135,402 rifles, 347 machine guns, and 450 light machine guns with 50,013,300 rounds of small arms ammunition</li> <li>144 field guns, 100 <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft gun">anti-aircraft guns</a> and 92 <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">anti-tank guns</a> with 301,846 shells</li> <li>300 <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mines</a> and 500 <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charges</a></li> <li>17 fighter aircraft, five light bombers, one <a href="/wiki/DC-2" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-2">DC-2</a> transport aircraft turned into a bomber, and three reconnaissance aircraft</li></ul> <p>Twelve of Sweden's most modern fighter aircraft, British <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator" title="Gloster Gladiator">Gloster Gladiators</a>, were flown by volunteer Swedish pilots under Finnish insignia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (June 2009)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> These aircraft constituted one third of Sweden's fighter force at the time. In addition, Sweden received some 70,000 Finnish children who were sent to Sweden to find safety during the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the military aid sent to Finland, the Swedish government secretly facilitated the delivery of aircraft that Finland had purchased or received as donations from other countries. A total of 157 planes were assembled in volunteering Swedish factories, while Finnish pilots collected an additional 35 planes in Sweden after they were flown in from abroad. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Air_Force_Materiel_Administration" title="Royal Swedish Air Force Materiel Administration">Royal Swedish Air Force Materiel Administration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Air_Force" title="Swedish Air Force">Swedish Air Force</a> provided logistical support for these operations, with discreet approval from the Swedish government to avoid provoking significant protests from the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 February 1940, seven Soviet bombers accidentally dropped around 150 bombs over <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pajala" title="Bombing of Pajala">Pajala</a> in Norrbotten County. Six buildings caught fire and two people were injured. The event sparked further debate on whether Sweden should send aid to the Finns.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Possible_Allied_invasion">Possible Allied invasion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Possible Allied invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Allied_campaign_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied campaign in Norway">Allied campaign in Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco-British_plans_for_intervention_in_the_Winter_War" title="Franco-British plans for intervention in the Winter War">Franco-British plans for intervention in the Winter War</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Lapland1940.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Lapland1940.png" decoding="async" width="339" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>Franco-British support was offered to Finland on the condition it was given free passage through neutral Norway and Sweden, instead of taking the road from Soviet-occupied <a href="/wiki/Pechengsky_District" title="Pechengsky District">Petsamo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>German industry was heavily dependent on Swedish <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> had intended to use the Soviet attack on Finland in November 1939 as cover for seizing the important Swedish iron ore deposits in the north, in addition to the Norwegian harbours through which this ore was shipped to Germany. The plan was to get Norwegian and Swedish permission to send an <a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">expeditionary force</a> to Finland across northern Norway and Sweden, ostensibly to help the Finns. But once in place, they were to proceed to take control of the harbours and the iron ore mines, occupying cities such as <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4vle" title="Gävle">Gävle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lule%C3%A5" title="Luleå">Luleå</a> and denying German access to the Swedish iron ore. In this way, an unsuspecting Norway and Sweden would be presented with a <i>fait accompli</i>. Realizing this danger, however, and the consequent possibility of Allied or German occupation and of the war being waged on their territory, both the Swedes and the Norwegians refused to allow this proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the Germans, having suspected an Allied threat, were making their own plans for an invasion of Norway in order to protect their strategic supply lines. The <a href="/wiki/Altmark_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Altmark Incident">Altmark Incident</a> of 16 February 1940 convinced <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> that the Allies would not respect Norwegian neutrality, so he ordered plans for an invasion. </p><p>Scandinavian reluctance to allow Allied troops onto their territory had halted the original Allied plan for using aid to Finland as a pretext for moving in troops, but on 12 March 1940, the Allies decided to try a "semi-peaceful" invasion nonetheless. Troops were to be landed in Norway, and proceed into Sweden to capture the Swedish iron ore mines. However, if serious military resistance was encountered, they were not to press the issue. The plan was abandoned with the ending of the Winter War on 13 March. The Germans were partly aware of these Allied intentions, as they had intercepted radio traffic showing that Allied transport groups were being readied. A few days later, they also intercepted messages confirming that the Allies had abandoned their plan and were to redeploy their forces. </p><p>German plans for an invasion of Norway continued, since Hitler feared that the Allies were nonetheless intent upon launching their own invasion. 9 April was set as the date of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Operation Weserübung</a>, the German attack on Norway. </p><p>Hitler was correct about Allied intentions. The Allied plan had two parts, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wilfred" title="Operation Wilfred">Operation Wilfred</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plan_R_4" title="Plan R 4">Plan R 4</a>. Operation Wilfred was to take place on 5 April (it was in fact delayed until 8 April) when Norwegian territorial waters were to be mined, violating Norwegian neutrality. This would force the ships carrying ore to Germany to travel outside the protection of Norwegian territorial waters and thus become legitimate targets for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. It was hoped that this would provoke a German military reaction. As soon as the Germans reacted, under "Plan R 4", 18,000 Allied troops were to land in <a href="/wiki/Narvik" class="mw-redirect" title="Narvik">Narvik</a>, closing the rail link to Sweden. Other cities that the Allies hoped to capture were <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>. </p><p>The first ship carrying Allied troops was to start its journey a few hours after the mine-laying. On 8 April, a Royal Naval detachment led by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Renown_(1916)" title="HMS Renown (1916)">HMS <i>Renown</i></a> mined Norwegian waters as a part of Operation Wilfred, but German troops were already on their way and "Plan R 4" was quickly made obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupation_of_Denmark_and_Norway">Occupation of Denmark and Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Occupation of Denmark and Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbungs_effects_on_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Weserübungs effects on Sweden">Operation Weserübungs effects on Sweden</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Operation Weserübung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Campaign">Norwegian Campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_soldier_during_ww2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Swedish_soldier_during_ww2.JPG/220px-Swedish_soldier_during_ww2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Swedish_soldier_during_ww2.JPG/330px-Swedish_soldier_during_ww2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Swedish_soldier_during_ww2.JPG/440px-Swedish_soldier_during_ww2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Swedish soldier during World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>On 9 April 1940, Germany launched <i>Operation Weserübung</i>, an operation with the objective of simultaneously occupying <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and to stage a <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i> in Norway. This move had several far-reaching consequences for Sweden. Sweden was in effect cut off from trade with the western world and therefore more dependent on German goodwill, ultimately leading to <a href="/wiki/Permittenttrafiken" class="mw-redirect" title="Permittenttrafiken">permittenttrafik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it also lessened the immediate risk that Sweden would become a theater of war between the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> and the Allies. </p><p>When Germany invaded both Denmark and Norway on 9 April 1940, the 100,000 Swedish soldiers who had been deployed along the Finnish border in northern Sweden were in the process of being demobilized, owing to the end of the Winter War there. Before the outbreak of hostilities, Sweden had had no plans for defending Norway or any defence strategy against a German invasion from the direction of Norway. Moreover, an agreement from the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden_in_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905">dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905</a> stated that no fortification was allowed along this border. One of Germany's demands on Sweden, as Germany's invasion progressed, was that Sweden was not to mobilize. However, Sweden re-organized its system of mobilization to allow for personal order by letter to be made possible as an alternative to official proclamation, so that 320,000 men were able to be raised in a few weeks. This was called "The Organization" and was barely different from a full mobilization when completed. Sweden also started to build fortifications at the Norwegian border and along the coast of <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne_Line" title="Skåne Line">Scania</a>. </p><p>During its invasion of Norway, Germany demanded access to the Swedish telephone and telegraph lines between Germany and Norway. Sweden allowed this, but tapped the lines. In the early summer of 1940, the Swedish mathematician <a href="/wiki/Arne_Beurling" title="Arne Beurling">Arne Beurling</a> succeeded in deciphering and discovering the source codes of the <a href="/wiki/Siemens_and_Halske_T52" title="Siemens and Halske T52"><i>Geheimfernschreiber</i></a> cypher machine that Germany used, which afforded the Swedes advance knowledge of Germany's military intentions.<sup id="cite_ref-codebreaker105_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-codebreaker105-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the British Plan R 4 had not been able to be carried out, Allied troops were swiftly sent to Norway and were able to fight alongside the Norwegians unsuccessfully against the German invaders. However, the success of the German campaign against France and the occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> led to a British troop re-deployment and by 8 June 1940, British troops had been evacuated from Norway. </p><p>In his book <i>Blodsporet</i> ("The Blood Track"), Espen Eidum detailed how, at the request of Adolf Hitler, Nazi Germany sent three trains with 30 to 40 sealed carriages through Sweden to the battle of Narvik. These trains ostensibly transported medical personnel and food for the wounded German soldiers in Narvik. However, in reality there were 17 soldiers for every medical officer or orderly. Sweden knew that the trains were being used to transport troops because a Swedish representative in Berlin reported that he had watched them board. The trains also transported heavy artillery, anti-aircraft guns, ammunition, and communications and supply equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Eidum_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eidum-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midsummer_Crisis">Midsummer Crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Midsummer Crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Midsummer_crisis" title="Midsummer crisis">Midsummer crisis</a></div> <p>At the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in the early summer of 1941, codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, the Germans asked Sweden to allow the transportation of armed German troops, the <a href="/wiki/163rd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="163rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">163rd Infantry Division</a>, commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Engelbrecht" title="Erwin Engelbrecht">Erwin Engelbrecht</a>, along with all its military equipment, through Swedish territory by train from Norway to the eastern front in Finland. Finland also insisted on the transfer of the division. </p><p>The Swedish government granted this permission after two days of internal debate. In Sweden, the political deliberations surrounding this are known as the "Midsummer Crisis"; however, according to research by Carl-Gustaf Scott there never was a "crisis", he argues that "the crisis was created in historical hindsight in order to protect the political legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Social Democratic Party</a> and its leader <a href="/wiki/Per_Albin_Hansson" title="Per Albin Hansson">Per Albin Hansson</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dick Harryson explains that there was a risk of the coalition government falling apart if the Social Democrats, for which <a href="/wiki/Per_Albin_Hansson" title="Per Albin Hansson">Per Albin Hansson</a> was the leader, voted no to the transfer and the right wing parties voted yes. <a href="/wiki/Per_Albin_Hansson" title="Per Albin Hansson">Per Albin Hansson</a> did not want a government in crisis and recommended to vote yes. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wigforss" title="Ernst Wigforss">Ernst Wigforss</a> convinced the Social Democrats to vote no with a large majority by stating that this was about choosing sides in the war. <a href="/wiki/Per_Albin_Hansson" title="Per Albin Hansson">Per Albin Hansson</a> then asked for a second vote on how the Social Democrats would react to the right wing voting yes. The opinion was split, but the majority would rather accept the transfer than bring down the government. Since Sweden was not neutral in relation to Finland during the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> but non-belligerent, it is debatable if the transfer constituted a violation of neutrality even if the transfer occurred after the Soviet Union attacked Finland starting the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a> and Sweden was yet to take a stance in this conflict. <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1943_onward">1943 onward</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1943 onward"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From late 1942 and into 1943, Germany began to meet with a series of military reverses after its losses at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> and elsewhere. Germany was forced into a more defensive position as the Allied forces achieved success on the battlefield. It was becoming increasingly apparent to Sweden that Germany was unlikely to win the war. Prior to 1943, Sweden's policy of neutrality had been largely under the close scrutiny of Germany. After August and September 1943, however, Sweden was increasingly able to resist German demands and to soften its stance to Allied pressure. However, despite Germany's new, defensive posture, Sweden's constant fear was that the unexpected would happen, an attitude that continued until the very end of the war. With Germany's weakening position came stronger demands from the Allies. They pushed for Sweden to abandon its trade with Germany and to stop all <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_German_troops_through_Finland_and_Sweden" title="Transit of German troops through Finland and Sweden">German troop movements over Swedish soil</a>. Sweden accepted payments from the Allies to compensate for this loss of income through reduced trade with Germany, but continued to sell steel and machine parts to Nazi Germany at inflated <i>smugglers' rates</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Churchill_2002_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Churchill_2002-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training_of_Norwegian_and_Danish_troops">Training of Norwegian and Danish troops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Training of Norwegian and Danish troops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_police_troops_in_Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Norwegian police troops in Sweden during World War II">Norwegian police troops in Sweden during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A4ls%C3%A5ker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/M%C3%A4ls%C3%A5ker.jpg/220px-M%C3%A4ls%C3%A5ker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/M%C3%A4ls%C3%A5ker.jpg/330px-M%C3%A4ls%C3%A5ker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/M%C3%A4ls%C3%A5ker.jpg/440px-M%C3%A4ls%C3%A5ker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4ls%C3%A5ker_Castle" title="Mälsåker Castle">Mälsåker Castle</a> was a Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Military_academy" title="Military academy">Military academy</a> during World War II (photograph taken in 2007).</figcaption></figure> <p>During the war, more than 50,000 Norwegians fled to Sweden. These refugees were sent to camps at <a href="/wiki/%C3%96reryd" title="Öreryd">Öreryd</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land" title="Småland">Småland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kjes%C3%A4ter" title="Kjesäter">Kjesäter</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Södermanland">Södermanland</a>. From the summer of 1943 onward, the military training of Norwegian troops was carried out in Sweden, in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Third_cabinet_of_Per_Albin_Hansson" class="mw-redirect" title="Third cabinet of Per Albin Hansson">Swedish government</a> and the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Government-in-exile" title="Government-in-exile">government-in-exile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Nygaardsvold" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Nygaardsvold">London</a>. To prevent protests from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, this training was ostensibly for the Norwegian police. From the start, the recruits only had light <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> weapons, but later they were able to train with <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>. <a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military exercises</a> were held in <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a> in December 1944 and in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4lsingland" title="Hälsingland">Hälsingland</a> in spring 1945. 8,000 men took part in this latter exercise. </p><p>In all, around 15,000 men were trained and organized into ten <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a> and at the end of the war, eight of these battalions, about 13,500 men, were ready for action. They entered Norway on 8 May 1945. The number of Danish refugees had been much lower than the 50,000 Norwegians, but a <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a> of about 3,600 Danish men was also trained and they were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> on 5 May 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Bäckebo_rocket"><span id="The_B.C3.A4ckebo_rocket"></span>The Bäckebo rocket</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Bäckebo rocket"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Project_Big_Ben" title="Project Big Ben">Project Big Ben</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V-2_Rocket_On_Meillerwagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="rocket on a trailer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/V-2_Rocket_On_Meillerwagen.jpg/220px-V-2_Rocket_On_Meillerwagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/V-2_Rocket_On_Meillerwagen.jpg/330px-V-2_Rocket_On_Meillerwagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/V-2_Rocket_On_Meillerwagen.jpg/440px-V-2_Rocket_On_Meillerwagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>A German V-2 rocket</figcaption></figure> <p>On 13 June 1944, a <a href="/wiki/V-2" class="mw-redirect" title="V-2">V-2</a> rocket under test by the Germans (test rocket V-89,<sup id="cite_ref-Huzel_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huzel-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serial number 4089<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) from <a href="/wiki/Test_Stand_VII" title="Test Stand VII">Peenemünde</a> crashed in Sweden after the rocket had flown into cumulus clouds which had strayed into the controller's line of sight. It was supposed to crash in the sea outside <a href="/wiki/Bornholm" title="Bornholm">Bornholm</a> in occupied Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-Klee_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klee-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V-89 contained a FuG 230 <i>Straßburg</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pocock_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocock-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> radio control receiver unit, normally commanded by a remote FuG 203 <i>Kehl</i> joystick-equipped radio control transmitter set that had also been meant for use with the <a href="/wiki/Wasserfall" title="Wasserfall">Wasserfall</a><sup id="cite_ref-Garlinski_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garlinski-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> anti-aircraft missile (<a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">code named</a> Burgund),<sup id="cite_ref-Pocock_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocock-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a development of the same FuG 203/230 equipment pairing used to guide both the <a href="/wiki/Fritz_X" title="Fritz X">Fritz X</a> gravity-propulsion guided ordnance and the <a href="/wiki/Henschel_Hs_293" title="Henschel Hs 293">Henschel Hs 293</a> glide bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-Neufeld_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neufeld-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ground controller appeared to have no trouble manoeuvring the rocket until it disappeared into the high cloud layer.<sup id="cite_ref-Huzel_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huzel-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A captured German prisoner later explained to the British that the controller was an expert at steering glider bombs from aircraft, but that the spectacle of a rocket launch had caused him to incorrectly operate the control lever in his astonishment.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a> guidance and control expert <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Steinhoff" title="Ernst Steinhoff">Ernst Steinhoff</a> explained that the excited operator applied a set of planned corrections (such as that for the Earth's rotation) in the opposite direction to the way he had been instructed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ordway_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ordway-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rocket subsequently exploded in an air burst (<a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket#Air_burst_problem" title="V-2 rocket">a common V-2 malfunction</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Huzel_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huzel-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about 1500 metres above the county of <a href="/wiki/Nybro_Municipality" title="Nybro Municipality">Bäckebo</a>, mainly over a farm with no injuries,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the valuable wreckage was exchanged with Britain by the Swedes for <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Henshall_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henshall-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 July 1944, experts at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment" title="Royal Aircraft Establishment">Royal Aircraft Establishment</a> at <a href="/wiki/Farnborough_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnborough Airfield">Farnborough</a> in Hampshire, England, began an attempt to reconstruct the missile.<sup id="cite_ref-Collier_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. military scientists subsequently received some of the recovered parts from the British. The American rocket pioneer <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a> examined those components as part of his work aiding the U.S. military, and Goddard is reported to have inferred that his brainchild had been turned into a weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_bombings_of_Sweden">Soviet bombings of Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Soviet bombings of Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Soviet Union dropped more than a hundred bombs on Swedish cities and villages during World War II, though no one was killed in these strikes. The first time on 14 January 1940, when Soviet aircraft attacked Swedish airspace and dropped about 10 bombs in northern Sweden, close to the port of <a href="/wiki/Lule%C3%A5" title="Luleå">Luleå</a>. On their return flight, the three <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_DB-3" title="Ilyushin DB-3">DB-3</a> aircraft ran out of fuel and were forced to land in Finland, where they were captured by Finnish troops. On 21 February, seven Soviet bomber planes appeared in the village <a href="/wiki/Pajala" title="Pajala">Pajala</a>, 10 kilometres from the border to Finland. Pajala was hit by more than 130 bombs, causing damage to local buildings. A bomb hit the local school gym, where the <a href="/wiki/Norrland_Dragoon_Regiment" title="Norrland Dragoon Regiment">Norrland Dragoon Regiment</a> were stationed at the time, but did not detonate. There were two injuries during the bombing of Pajala.<sup id="cite_ref-Nord_News_2021_d756_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nord_News_2021_d756-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 February, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_bombing_of_Stockholm_and_Str%C3%A4ngn%C3%A4s_in_1944" title="Soviet bombing of Stockholm and Strängnäs in 1944">Stockholm was bombed by four Soviet bombers</a>, a 100 kg bomb destroying a newly opened theatre, injuring two Swedish soldiers. Sweden concluded that this instance was by mistake, but the Soviet Union refused to acknowledge the involvement of its bombers in the raid when requested to clarify. Though the event remains unclear, a theory developed that it was a deliberate attack in response to Sweden rejecting Soviet appeals for Vasily Sidorenko, who had been arrested for espionage, to be released.<sup id="cite_ref-Nyheter_2014_p004_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nyheter_2014_p004-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humanitarian_effort">Humanitarian effort</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Humanitarian effort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust" title="Sweden and the Holocaust">Sweden and the Holocaust</a></div> <p>Before the war, thousands of European Jews sought temporary refuge in Sweden, and were denied.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As the war began to shift in favor of the Allies, the Swedes changed their strategy with regard to aiding the precariously situated European Jews, who up to that point had been refused refuge in Sweden. The first shift in Sweden's stance towards Jews occurred in 1942. When the Germans began their campaign of persecution against the Jews of Norway, the Swedish government accepted 900 Jewish refugees, slightly more than half of Norway's Jewish population. </p><p>In 1943, Sweden received nearly all of <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark's 8,000 Jews</a> (along with 9,000 Danish Christians who were seeking refuge from conditions of war).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the dissolution of the Danish government in the summer of 1943, the German authorities had decided to deport <a href="/wiki/Denmark%27s_Jewish_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark's Jewish population">Denmark's Jewish population</a> to concentration camps. However, the Danes successfully ferried all but 450 of the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Jews">Danish Jews</a> across the straits between Copenhagen and the Swedish mainland, across waters that were patrolled by German <a href="/wiki/Schnellboot" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnellboot">Schnellboots</a>, in an unprecedented <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">rescue effort</a>. Once in Sweden, the Danish Jews were granted asylum and taken in by Swedish families. Many stayed in Sweden after the war. Sweden also received refugees from Finland and Norway, including some of <a href="/wiki/Norway%27s_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway's Jews">Norway's Jews</a>. All this, as well as the protection of <a href="/wiki/Sweden%27s_own_Jewish_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden's own Jewish population">Sweden's own Jewish population</a>, was made possible by Sweden's neutrality. A daily newspaper in Sweden, the <i><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Dagbladet" title="Svenska Dagbladet">Svenska Dagbladet</a></i> said that Sweden did more to assist and save Jews than any other country.<sup id="cite_ref-SvDNyBild_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SvDNyBild-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neutrality also allowed Sweden to have physical access to Germany, which was not only useful to Swedish intelligence but to Allied intelligence as well. Employees at <a href="/wiki/Allm%C3%A4nna_Svenska_Elektriska_Aktiebolaget" class="mw-redirect" title="Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget">Asea</a>, <a href="/wiki/LM_Ericsson" class="mw-redirect" title="LM Ericsson">LM Ericsson</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Match_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Match Factory">Swedish Match Factory</a> (Svenska Tändsticksfabriken) acted as couriers for the <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SvDNyBild_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SvDNyBild-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav V">King Gustav V</a> of Sweden attempted to use his diplomatic connections with German leaders to convince them to treat Jews more humanely, as evidenced through his correspondence, although to little effect. Count <a href="/wiki/Folke_Bernadotte" title="Folke Bernadotte">Folke Bernadotte</a>, a relative of the Swedish royal family, was able to communicate with the German government and relay information back to Sweden, as did other diplomats. He also contributed in saving 15,000 prisoners from concentration camps, as did <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_Langlet" title="Valdemar Langlet">Valdemar Langlet</a> and the famous diplomat <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg" title="Raoul Wallenberg">Raoul Wallenberg</a>, who may have saved up to 100,000 Hungarian Jews.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Press_freedom">Press freedom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Press freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiger295.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d0/Tiger295.jpg" decoding="async" width="295" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="110" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/En_svensk_tiger" title="En svensk tiger">En svensk tiger</a></i>, a famous World War II poster reminding Swedes to be wary of spies asking questions. <i>Svensk</i> can mean both <i>Swedish</i> and <i>Swede</i> while <i>tiger</i> could be read as either the animal or <i>stays silent</i> giving the poster this double meaning: <i>A Swedish tiger</i> and <i>A Swede stays silent</i> – comparable to <i><a href="/wiki/Loose_lips_sink_ships" title="Loose lips sink ships">Loose lips sink ships</a></i>. The tiger's stripes are in the Swedish <a href="/wiki/National_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="National colors">national colors</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Swedish public's sentiments were widely published in the <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Sweden">Swedish press</a>, causing many protests from the German government and prompting the Swedish government to <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censor</a> some areas of the press on a limited basis. In Sweden during this time, the press fell under the control of several authorities, despite contemporary claims that the Swedish press was free. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Government_Information_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swedish Government Information Board (page does not exist)">Swedish Government Information Board</a> determined what military information could be released and what information should remain secret. The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Press_Council" title="Swedish Press Council">Swedish Press Council</a> served as a self-regulatory body, promoting "good relations between the press and the public authorities and to serve as an instrument of self-discipline for the press". The Swedish Press Council issued warnings, both public and confidential, to those whom it considered to be abusing<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the freedom of the press.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Swedish government was concerned that its neutrality might be compromised should the press become too vocal in its opinions. Both the Swedish Press Council and the Information Board issued advice such as: "As far as the received material permits, attempts should be made not to give prominence to the reports of one side at the expense of the other", or: "Headlines, whether on the billboards or in the newspapers, should be worded in such a way as to avoid favoring one side or the other", and: "Editorials and surveys as well as articles discussing military events or the military situation, should be strictly objective."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During World War II, six newspapers were <i>de facto</i> banned from distribution: <a href="/wiki/Ture_Nerman" title="Ture Nerman">Ture Nerman</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trots_Allt!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trots Allt! (page does not exist)">Trots Allt!</a></i>, the Nazi publication <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sverige_Fritt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sverige Fritt (page does not exist)">Sverige Fritt</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ny_Dag" title="Ny Dag">Ny Dag</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arbetar-Tidningen" title="Arbetar-Tidningen">Arbetar-Tidningen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Norrskensflamman" class="mw-redirect" title="Norrskensflamman">Norrskensflamman</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sydsvenska_Kuriren" title="Sydsvenska Kuriren">Sydsvenska Kuriren</a></i> (the last four were organs of the Communist Party of Sweden). A ban on the transport of these newspapers was imposed, since the printing of newspapers was protected in the Swedish constitution. There were indications that the bans imposed on the communist newspapers had served their political purposes by impressing the Germans, whilst at the same time not really restricting the work of the media.<sup id="cite_ref-tran_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tran-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concessions">Concessions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Concessions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="To_Nazi_Germany">To Nazi Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: To Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps the most important aspect of Sweden's concessions to Germany during the Second World War was the extensive export of iron ore for use in the German <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">weapons industry</a>, reaching ten million tons per year. As Germany's preparations for war became more apparent and the risk of another war became obvious, international interest in Swedish iron ore increased. At the time, British intelligence had estimated that German industry relied heavily on Swedish iron ore and a decrease or halt in Swedish ore exports could have a disastrous effect on Germany's military efforts. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Glyn,_1st_Baron_Glyn" title="Ralph Glyn, 1st Baron Glyn">Sir Ralph Glyn</a>, a British <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a>, claimed that a cessation of Swedish iron ore exports would bring the war to an end within months.<sup id="cite_ref-Leitz2000_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leitz2000-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Winston Churchill himself said the following about the Swedish ore exports in an internal memo to the cabinet discussing the Norwegian trade route with shipments of Swedish iron ore. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It must be understood that an adequate supply of Swedish iron ore is vital to Germany...the effectual stoppage of the Norwegian ore supplies to Germany ranks as a major offensive operation of the war. No other measure is open to us for many months to come which gives so good a chance of abridging the waste and destruction of the conflict, or of perhaps preventing the vast slaughters which will attend the grapple of the main armies.</p></blockquote> <p>Given that Britain had been unable to prevent the successful invasion by Nazi Germany of both France and Norway, the Swedish government was not convinced that the British could protect them and opted to continue exports. The iron ore provided much needed gold bullion, food and coal from Germany. The iron ore was transported by sea from the Norwegian town of Narvik and from <a href="/wiki/Lule%C3%A5" title="Luleå">Luleå</a> in northern Sweden. These shipments were subject to attacks from British aircraft and submarines in the Atlantic and North Sea and by Soviet submarines in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. About 70 vessels were sunk and 200 sailors killed during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Responding to German appeals for volunteers to fight the Soviet Union, approximately 270 Swedes enlisted in Germany's <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>, and saw combat against Soviet troops on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a choice made by individual Swedish citizens, contrary to Swedish government policy. Their number was small compared to occupied countries, in which officials encouraged enlisting for the Eastern Front (Norway 6,000; Denmark 6,000; France 11,000; Netherlands 20,000<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>). Roughly 50 Swedish Waffen-SS men were killed or went missing in action. Most of the veterans were classified as security risks and spied on by Swedish intelligence for the rest of their lives. Security Police's archives showed that some of the men were implicated as direct participants in the killings of Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No Swedes stood trial for serving in the Waffen-SS, albeit some of them were prosecuted for espionage or desertion.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a blockade of the <a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a> straits between Norway and the northern tip of Denmark, the Swedish merchant navy found itself physically divided. The vessels that were inside the Baltic Sea traded goods with Germany during the war, whilst the greater number of vessels was leased to the Allies for convoy shipping. Approximately 1,500 Swedish sailors perished during the war, mostly victims of mines and <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> attacks. German <a href="/wiki/Merchant_raider" title="Merchant raider">merchant raiders</a>, too, would stop and capture or destroy Swedish vessels carrying cargoes for allies. For example, this was the fate of MVs <i>Trolleholm</i> and <i>Sir Ernest Cassel</i>, both destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/German_auxiliary_cruiser_Thor" title="German auxiliary cruiser Thor">German auxiliary cruiser <i>Thor</i></a>; the same <i>Thor</i> also accidentally collided with HM <i>Bothnia</i> in the fog while carrying cargoes for Germany causing it to sink.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, other German merchant raiders would masquerade as Swedish merchant vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="To_the_Allies">To the Allies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: To the Allies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sweden made efforts to help the Allied Forces. From May 1940, a large part of the Swedish merchant navy that found itself outside the Baltic Sea region, totalling about 8,000 seamen, was leased to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 300 Swedes traveled to Norway to fight the German invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German telegraph traffic to occupied <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> went through Swedish-leased cables which the Swedes intercepted. The traffic was encrypted with Germany's <a href="/wiki/Geheimschreiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Geheimschreiber">Geheimschreiber</a> device, but the cypher code was broken by Swedish <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Arne_Beurling" title="Arne Beurling">Arne Beurling</a><sup id="cite_ref-codebreaker105_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-codebreaker105-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in early summer 1940 and the results from this espionage were sent to the Allies through the <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movement</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck" title="German battleship Bismarck">German battleship <i>Bismarck</i></a> embarked on her voyage to attack the Atlantic convoys, Swedish intelligence informed the British of her departure from port. Swedish businessmen and diplomats were also actively spying for the Allies, in Berlin and in the occupied territories.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1945, as the Allies were planning to liberate Denmark and Norway, the United States wanted Sweden to co-operate in this action. Sweden began preparing for <span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se">Operation Rädda Danmark</i></span> (Operation Save Denmark), in which Sweden was to invade <a href="/wiki/Zealand_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealand (Denmark)">Zealand</a> from Scania. After Denmark had been liberated, Sweden was to assist the Allies in the invasion of Norway. This proved to be unnecessary, but US planes were allowed to use Swedish military bases during the liberation of Norway, from spring 1944 to 1945, and the Allies were also collaborating with the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service">Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service</a>. Sweden allowed Allied spies to listen to German radio signals from a station on <a href="/wiki/%C3%96land" title="Öland">Öland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A radio beacon was also established in <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a> for the British military to guide bombing of Germany.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Additionally, from 1943 onward, Norwegian and Danish soldiers (<span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se">den danske Brigade</i></span>) were trained at Swedish military bases. Sweden had also set up a series of training camps along the Norwegian border for the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norwegian resistance movement</a>. Toward the end of the war Swedish intelligence cooperated with US air transport in relief efforts directed toward areas liberated by the Red Army.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during World War II, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, accused Sweden of ignoring the greater moral issues and playing both sides for profit during the conflict,<sup id="cite_ref-Churchill_2002_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Churchill_2002-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> including its supply of steel and machine parts to Nazi Germany throughout the war. Such claims, however, use a different definition of the word "neutral" from that defined in the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_(1899_and_1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)">1907 Hague convention</a>, which set out the rights and duties of belligerents and neutral countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_refoulement_to_the_Soviet_Union">Forced refoulement to the Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Forced refoulement to the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_extradition_of_Baltic_soldiers" title="Swedish extradition of Baltic soldiers">Swedish extradition of Baltic soldiers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_extration_-_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Baltic_extration_-_1946.jpg/220px-Baltic_extration_-_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Baltic_extration_-_1946.jpg/330px-Baltic_extration_-_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Baltic_extration_-_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Baltic and German soldiers being extradited from a prison camp in <a href="/wiki/Eksj%C3%B6" title="Eksjö">Eksjö</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1946, Sweden <a href="/wiki/Non-refoulement" title="Non-refoulement">forcibly transferred</a> to the Soviet Union over 146 Baltic <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a> and 2,364 German soldiers who had been interned in Swedish prison camps. At least seven of the internees committed suicide at their camp in the village of <a href="/wiki/Rinkaby" title="Rinkaby">Rinkaby</a>, rather than allow themselves to be handed over to the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1970, film director <a href="/wiki/Johan_Bergenstr%C3%A5hle_(director)" title="Johan Bergenstråhle (director)">Johan Bergenstråhle</a> made a documentary, <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Baltutl%C3%A4mningen" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltutlämningen">Baltutlämningen</a></i></span> (English title: <i>A Baltic Tragedy</i>), about the Latvian soldiers who were given to the Soviets to be sentenced to hard labor in prison camps.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_equipment_of_Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Military equipment of Sweden during World War II">Military equipment of Sweden during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral powers during World War II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nordische_Gesellschaft" title="Nordische Gesellschaft">Nordische Gesellschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_S%C3%B6vde" title="Skirmish at Sövde">Skirmish at Sövde</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrén 1996. P.34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portugal offered to honor its treaty with Britain but was declined. P. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some Spanish troops fought in Russia but as the volunteer <a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a>. P. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linder 2002. P. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyisnowmagazine.com/blog/2017/12/18/was-sweden-really-neutral-in-world-war-two">"Was Sweden really neutral in World War Two?"</a>. <i>History is Now Magazine, Podcasts, Blog and Books | Modern International and American history</i>. 18 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527072457/http://www.historyisnowmagazine.com/blog/2017/12/18/was-sweden-really-neutral-in-world-war-two">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+is+Now+Magazine%2C+Podcasts%2C+Blog+and+Books+%7C+Modern+International+and+American+history&rft.atitle=Was+Sweden+really+neutral+in+World+War+Two%3F&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyisnowmagazine.com%2Fblog%2F2017%2F12%2F18%2Fwas-sweden-really-neutral-in-world-war-two&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adolfsson 2007, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adolfsson 2007, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linder 2006, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linder 2006, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linder 2006, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wangel 1982, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wangel 1982, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Åselius 2005, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wangel 1982, pp. 444–465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wangel 1982, pp. 338–351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegnér2022" class="citation book cs1">Legnér, Mattias (2022). <i>Värden att värna: Kulturminnesvård som statsintresse i Norden vid tiden för andra världskriget</i>. Stockholm and Göteborg: Makadam Förlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789170613685" title="Special:BookSources/9789170613685"><bdi>9789170613685</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V%C3%A4rden+att+v%C3%A4rna%3A+Kulturminnesv%C3%A5rd+som+statsintresse+i+Norden+vid+tiden+f%C3%B6r+andra+v%C3%A4rldskriget&rft.place=Stockholm+and+G%C3%B6teborg&rft.pub=Makadam+F%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9789170613685&rft.aulast=Legn%C3%A9r&rft.aufirst=Mattias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wangel 1982, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canit.se/~griffon/aviation/text/f19.htm">F 19, the Swedish unit in Finland during the Winter War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191112185915/http://www.canit.se/~griffon/aviation/text/f19.htm">Archived</a> 12 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Urban Fredriksson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hs.fi/kuva/1076154390838">"Sotalasten Tiet Ruotsiin 1941–1946"</a> [Children Evacuated to Sweden 1941–1946]. <i><a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a></i> (in Finnish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070318022345/http://www.hs.fi/kuva/1076154390838">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Sotalasten+Tiet+Ruotsiin+1941%E2%80%931946&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.fi%2Fkuva%2F1076154390838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIko2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iko, Per (29 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://popularhistoria.se/krig/andra-varldskriget/sveriges-hemliga-flyghjalp-till-finland">"Sveriges hemliga flyghjälp till Finland"</a>. <i>Populär Historia</i> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popul%C3%A4r+Historia&rft.atitle=Sveriges+hemliga+flyghj%C3%A4lp+till+Finland&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft.aulast=Iko&rft.aufirst=Per&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopularhistoria.se%2Fkrig%2Fandra-varldskriget%2Fsveriges-hemliga-flyghjalp-till-finland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/03/06/92896844.html?pageNumber=8">"MOSCOW REGRETS BOMBING SWEDEN; Says Attack on Pajala Feb. 21 Was Result of Mistake by Soviet Aviators RAID WAS DENIED AT FIRST Two Days After Attack Report of It Was Termed by Russia 'Malicious Fabrication'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419082547/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/03/06/92896844.html?pageNumber=8">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=MOSCOW+REGRETS+BOMBING+SWEDEN%3B+Says+Attack+on+Pajala+Feb.+21+Was+Result+of+Mistake+by+Soviet+Aviators+RAID+WAS+DENIED+AT+FIRST+Two+Days+After+Attack+Report+of+It+Was+Termed+by+Russia+%27Malicious+Fabrication%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1940%2F03%2F06%2F92896844.html%3FpageNumber%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziemke 1960, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziemke 1960, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wangel 1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-codebreaker105-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-codebreaker105_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-codebreaker105_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beckman 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n5RFilaXbC4C&pg=PA105">p. 105.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419082551/https://books.google.com/books?id=n5RFilaXbC4C&pg=PA105">Archived</a> 19 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eidum-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eidum_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, Allan (6 June 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotsman.com/news/international/sweden-s-role-in-nazi-defeat-of-norway-is-laid-bare-1-2339351">Sweden’s role in Nazi defeat of Norway is laid bare</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120609030054/http://www.scotsman.com/news/international/sweden-s-role-in-nazi-defeat-of-norway-is-laid-bare-1-2339351">Archived</a> 9 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Scotsman, retrieved 6 June 2012, The hard copy paper has more details than the web page</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott 2002, pp. 371–394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarryson2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Harryson, Dick (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://popularhistoria.se/krig/andra-varldskriget/midsommarkrisen-1941">"Midsommarkrisen 1941: En av Sveriges största utmaningar"</a> [The Midsummer crisis 1941: One of Swedens greatest challenges] (in Swedish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Midsommarkrisen+1941%3A+En+av+Sveriges+st%C3%B6rsta+utmaningar&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Harryson&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopularhistoria.se%2Fkrig%2Fandra-varldskriget%2Fmidsommarkrisen-1941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Churchill_2002-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Churchill_2002_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Churchill_2002_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Churchill 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wangel 1982, p. 637–644</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansson2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Johansson, Anders (2005). <i>Den glömda armén: Norge Sverige 1939–1945</i> [<i>The Forgotten Army: Norway Sweden 1939–1945</i>] (in Swedish). Falun: Fisher & Co Rimbo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-85183-20-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-85183-20-3"><bdi>978-91-85183-20-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Den+gl%C3%B6mda+arm%C3%A9n%3A+Norge+Sverige+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Falun&rft.pub=Fisher+%26+Co+Rimbo&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-91-85183-20-3&rft.aulast=Johansson&rft.aufirst=Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huzel-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huzel_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huzel_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huzel_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Huzel 1962, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.df.lth.se/~triad/rockets/therocket.html">The Rocket and I</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090101103147/http://www.df.lth.se/%7Etriad/rockets/therocket.html">Archived</a> 1 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Linus Walleij</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klee-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klee_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klee 1965, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pocock-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pocock_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pocock_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pocock 1967, pp. 71,81,87,107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garlinski-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garlinski_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garlinski 1978, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neufeld-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neufeld_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neufeld 1995, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franklin-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franklin 1987, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Churchill 1953, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ordway-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ordway_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ordway 2003, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlin2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dahlin, Niklas (5 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/fordon_motor/article3208141.ece">"Hitlers hämndraket slog ned i Småland"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ny_Teknik" title="Ny Teknik">Ny Teknik</a></i> (in Swedish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807003513/http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/fordon_motor/article3208141.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ny+Teknik&rft.atitle=Hitlers+h%C3%A4mndraket+slog+ned+i+Sm%C3%A5land&rft.date=2011-08-05&rft.aulast=Dahlin&rft.aufirst=Niklas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyteknik.se%2Fnyheter%2Ffordon_motor%2Farticle3208141.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626070306/http://hum.gu.se/institutioner/arkeologi/pdfs/Backebo_Current_2006.pdf">"The Air Torpedo of Bäckebo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hum.gu.se/institutioner/arkeologi/pdfs/Backebo_Current_2006.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Air+Torpedo+of+B%C3%A4ckebo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhum.gu.se%2Finstitutioner%2Farkeologi%2Fpdfs%2FBackebo_Current_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.df.lth.se/~triad/rockets/therocket.html">"The Rocket and I"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090101103147/http://www.df.lth.se/%7Etriad/rockets/therocket.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rocket+and+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.df.lth.se%2F~triad%2Frockets%2Ftherocket.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henshall-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Henshall_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenshall1985" class="citation book cs1">Henshall, Philip (1985). <i>Hitler's Rocket Sites</i>. New York: St Martin's Press. p. 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Rocket+Sites&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Henshall&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collier-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collier_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collier 1976, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005193605/http://blog.modernmechanix.com/the-man-who-opened-the-door-to-space/">"The Man Who Opened the Door to Space"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. May 1959. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.modernmechanix.com/2007/04/28/the-man-who-opened-the-door-to-space/">the original</a> on 5 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=The+Man+Who+Opened+the+Door+to+Space&rft.date=1959-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.modernmechanix.com%2F2007%2F04%2F28%2Fthe-man-who-opened-the-door-to-space%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nord_News_2021_d756-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nord_News_2021_d756_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nord.news/2021/04/05/why-did-the-soviet-union-bomb-neutral-sweden-during-world-war-ii/">"Why did the Soviet Union bomb neutral Sweden during World War II?"</a>. <i>Nord News</i>. 5 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314011222/https://nord.news/2021/04/05/why-did-the-soviet-union-bomb-neutral-sweden-during-world-war-ii/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nord+News&rft.atitle=Why+did+the+Soviet+Union+bomb+neutral+Sweden+during+World+War+II%3F&rft.date=2021-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnord.news%2F2021%2F04%2F05%2Fwhy-did-the-soviet-union-bomb-neutral-sweden-during-world-war-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nyheter_2014_p004-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nyheter_2014_p004_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyheter2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nyheter, SVT (17 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/dagen-da-sovjet-bombade-sverige">"Dagen då Sovjet bombade Sverige"</a>. <i>SVT Nyheter</i> (in Swedish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427070839/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/dagen-da-sovjet-bombade-sverige">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SVT+Nyheter&rft.atitle=Dagen+d%C3%A5+Sovjet+bombade+Sverige&rft.date=2014-02-17&rft.aulast=Nyheter&rft.aufirst=SVT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svt.se%2Fnyheter%2Finrikes%2Fdagen-da-sovjet-bombade-sverige&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/odot.../Microsoft%20Word%20-%206061.pdf">"Yad Vashem – Request Rejected"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206232201/https://www.yadvashem.org/odot.../Microsoft%2520Word%2520-%25206061.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yad+Vashem+%E2%80%93+Request+Rejected&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fodot...%2FMicrosoft%2520Word%2520-%25206061.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SvDNyBild-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SvDNyBild_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SvDNyBild_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuman2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Neuman, Ricki (25 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svd.se/kulturnoje/nyheter/artikel_3405527.svd">"Ny bild av Sverige under krigsåren"</a> [New picture of Sweden during the war years]. <i><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Dagbladet" title="Svenska Dagbladet">Svenska Dagbladet</a></i> (in Swedish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090828165304/http://www.svd.se/kulturnoje/nyheter/artikel_3405527.svd">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Svenska+Dagbladet&rft.atitle=Ny+bild+av+Sverige+under+krigs%C3%A5ren&rft.date=2009-08-25&rft.aulast=Neuman&rft.aufirst=Ricki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.svd.se%2Fkulturnoje%2Fnyheter%2Fartikel_3405527.svd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruchfeldLevine1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bruchfeld, Stéphane; Levine, Paul A (1998). <i>Om detta må ni berätta</i> [<i>Tell Ye Your Children</i>] (in Swedish). City: Regeringskansliet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-630-6384-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-630-6384-8"><bdi>978-91-630-6384-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Om+detta+m%C3%A5+ni+ber%C3%A4tta&rft.place=City&rft.pub=Regeringskansliet&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-91-630-6384-8&rft.aulast=Bruchfeld&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft.au=Levine%2C+Paul+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tran-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tran_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kurnmCKGe-IC">Sverige. Vissa tryck- och yttrandefrihetsrättsliga frågor: internationellt rättsligt bistånd, brottskatalogen, målhandläggningsfrågor m.m. : delbetänkande</a></i>. Statens offentliga utredningar, 2004:114. Stockholm: Fritzes offentliga publikationer, 2004. p. 305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdén1999" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Odén, Tomas Andersson (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061209004931/http://www.jmg.gu.se/fsmk/papers/oden.html">"Mellankrigstiden och andra världskriget"</a> [Interwar period and World War II] (in Swedish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmg.gu.se/fsmk/papers/oden.html">the original</a> on 9 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mellankrigstiden+och+andra+v%C3%A4rldskriget&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Od%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Tomas+Andersson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmg.gu.se%2Ffsmk%2Fpapers%2Foden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leitz2000-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leitz2000_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeitz2000" class="citation book cs1">Leitz, Christian (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=147g760AE9cC"><i>Nazi Germany and Neutral Europe During the Second World War</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5069-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5069-5"><bdi>978-0-7190-5069-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419082531/https://books.google.com/books?id=147g760AE9cC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany+and+Neutral+Europe+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5069-5&rft.aulast=Leitz&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D147g760AE9cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lennart Lundberg <i>Krigsmalmens offer</i> (Värnamo 1993) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-86748-10-6" title="Special:BookSources/91-86748-10-6">91-86748-10-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsberg2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Forsberg, Ingrid (22 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/5997124">"Svenskarna som lockades till Hitlers elitstyrka"</a>. <i>Sveriges Radio</i> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sveriges+Radio&rft.atitle=Svenskarna+som+lockades+till+Hitlers+elitstyrka&rft.date=2014-10-22&rft.aulast=Forsberg&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsverigesradio.se%2Fartikel%2F5997124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rikmenspoel 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestberg2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Westberg, Lennart (12 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://popularhistoria.se/krig/andra-varldskriget/svenskarna-i-waffen-ss">"Svenskarna i Waffen-SS"</a>. <i>Populär Historia</i> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popul%C3%A4r+Historia&rft.atitle=Svenskarna+i+Waffen-SS&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft.aulast=Westberg&rft.aufirst=Lennart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopularhistoria.se%2Fkrig%2Fandra-varldskriget%2Fsvenskarna-i-waffen-ss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bismarck-class.dk/bismarck_class/hilfskreuzer/thor.html">"Hilfskreuzer (Auxiliary Cruiser / Raider) – Thor"</a>. <i>www.bismarck-class.dk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121084517/http://www.bismarck-class.dk/bismarck_class/hilfskreuzer/thor.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bismarck-class.dk&rft.atitle=Hilfskreuzer+%28Auxiliary+Cruiser+%2F+Raider%29+%E2%80%93+Thor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bismarck-class.dk%2Fbismarck_class%2Fhilfskreuzer%2Fthor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bismarck-class.dk/bismarck_class/hilfskreuzer/widder.html">"Hilfskreuzer (Auxiliary Cruiser / Raider) – Widder"</a>. <i>www.bismarck-class.dk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121073605/http://www.bismarck-class.dk/bismarck_class/hilfskreuzer/widder.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bismarck-class.dk&rft.atitle=Hilfskreuzer+%28Auxiliary+Cruiser+%2F+Raider%29+%E2%80%93+Widder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bismarck-class.dk%2Fbismarck_class%2Fhilfskreuzer%2Fwidder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundberg1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lundberg, Lennart (1999). <i>Lejdtrafik och kvarstad</i> (in Swedish). Karlskrona. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-85944-24-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-85944-24-8"><bdi>978-91-85944-24-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lejdtrafik+och+kvarstad&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Karlskrona&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-91-85944-24-8&rft.aulast=Lundberg&rft.aufirst=Lennart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidus2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lapidus, Arne (7 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expressen.se/nyheter/dokument/de-ar-svenskarna-som-ville-strida-for-norge/">"De är svenskarna som ville strida för Norge"</a> [They are Swedes who wanted to fight for Norway]. <i><a href="/wiki/Expressen" title="Expressen">Expressen</a></i> (in Swedish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125105402/http://www.expressen.se/nyheter/dokument/de-ar-svenskarna-som-ville-strida-for-norge/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expressen&rft.atitle=De+%C3%A4r+svenskarna+som+ville+strida+f%C3%B6r+Norge&rft.date=2015-05-07&rft.aulast=Lapidus&rft.aufirst=Arne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expressen.se%2Fnyheter%2Fdokument%2Fde-ar-svenskarna-som-ville-strida-for-norge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeifland1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Leif_Leifland" title="Leif Leifland">Leifland, Leif</a> (1995). "...Secret Matters Not So Far Disclosed". In Huldt, Bo; Böhme, Klaus-Richard (eds.). <i>Vårstormar: 1944 - krigsslutet skönjes</i> (in Swedish). Stockholm: Probus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9187184370" title="Special:BookSources/9187184370"><bdi>9187184370</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/SELIBR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SELIBR (identifier)">SELIBR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/bib/7762922">7762922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=...Secret+Matters+Not+So+Far+Disclosed&rft.btitle=V%C3%A5rstormar%3A+1944+-+krigsslutet+sk%C3%B6njes&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Probus&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9187184370&rft.aulast=Leifland&rft.aufirst=Leif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Legionnaires: A Documentary Novel.</i> Per Olov Enquist. Delacorte Press, 1973.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/movie.html?v_id=159109">Baltutlamningen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031001035412/http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/movie.html?v_id=159109">Archived</a> 1 October 2003 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>New York Times</i> movie summary</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carlgren, W. M. <i>Swedish foreign policy during the Second World War</i> (London: E. Benn, 1977)</li> <li>Fritz, Martin. <i>The Adaptable Nation: essays in Swedish economy during the Second World War</i> (Göteborg: Ekonomisk-historiska inst., Univ.: 1982)</li> <li>Gilmour, John. <i>Sweden, the Swastika, and Stalin: The Swedish Experience in the Second World War</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/120075612/sweden-the-swastika-and-stalin-the-swedish-experience">online</a></li> <li>Levine Paul A. "Swedish neutrality during the Second World War: tactical success or moral compromise?" in Wylie, Neville, <i>European neutrals and non-belligerents during the Second World War</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2002)</li> <li>Levine, Paul A. <i>From indifference to activism: Swedish diplomacy and the Holocaust, 1938–1944</i> (Uppsala: Univ.: 1996)</li> <li>Ludlow, Peter. "Britain and Northern Europe 1940–1945", <i>Scandinavian Journal of History</i> (1979) 4: 123–62</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1989" class="citation book cs1">Ross, John (1989). <i>Neutrality and International Sanctions</i>. New York: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-93349-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-93349-4"><bdi>978-0-275-93349-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neutrality+and+International+Sanctions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-275-93349-4&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2002" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Carl-Gustaf (2002). "The Swedish Midsummer Crisis of 1941: The Crisis that Never Was". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 371–394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00220094020370030301">10.1177/00220094020370030301</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/196909719">196909719</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159896889">159896889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+Swedish+Midsummer+Crisis+of+1941%3A+The+Crisis+that+Never+Was&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=371-394&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F196909719&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159896889%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00220094020370030301&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Carl-Gustaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wahlbäck, Krister. "Sweden: Secrecy and Neutrality", <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> (1967) 2#1</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiemke1960" class="citation book cs1">Ziemke, Earl F. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230145455/http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm">"The German Decision To Invade Norway and Denmark"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm"><i>Command Decisions</i></a>. United States. Dept. of the Army. Office of Military History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1519745088" title="Special:BookSources/978-1519745088"><bdi>978-1519745088</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1518217">1518217</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_02.htm">the original</a> on 30 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+German+Decision+To+Invade+Norway+and+Denmark&rft.btitle=Command+Decisions&rft.pub=United+States.+Dept.+of+the+Army.+Office+of+Military+History&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1518217&rft.isbn=978-1519745088&rft.aulast=Ziemke&rft.aufirst=Earl+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2F70-7_02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_rockets">German rockets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: German rockets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÅselius2005" class="citation book cs1">Åselius, Gunnar (2005). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Navy in the Baltic, 1921–1941</i>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5540-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5540-6"><bdi>0-7146-5540-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Navy+in+the+Baltic%2C+1921%E2%80%931941&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7146-5540-6&rft.aulast=%C3%85selius&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckman2002" class="citation book cs1">Beckman, Bengt (2002). <i>Codebreakers: Arne Beurling and the Swedish Crypto Program During World War II</i>. Providence: American Mathematical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-2889-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-2889-2"><bdi>978-0-8218-2889-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Codebreakers%3A+Arne+Beurling+and+the+Swedish+Crypto+Program+During+World+War+II&rft.place=Providence&rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8218-2889-2&rft.aulast=Beckman&rft.aufirst=Bengt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier1976" class="citation book cs1">Collier, Basil (1976). <i>The Battle of the V-Weapons, 1944–45</i>. Morley: Elmfield Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7057-0070-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7057-0070-4"><bdi>0-7057-0070-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+V-Weapons%2C+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Morley&rft.pub=Elmfield+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-7057-0070-4&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin1987" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Thomas (1987). <i>An American in Exile: The Story of Arthur Rudolph</i>. Huntsville: Christopher Kaylor Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+American+in+Exile%3A+The+Story+of+Arthur+Rudolph&rft.place=Huntsville&rft.pub=Christopher+Kaylor+Company&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarliński1978" class="citation book cs1">Garliński, Józef (1978). <i>Hitler's Last Weapons: The Underground War Against the V1 and V2</i>. New York: Times Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Last+Weapons%3A+The+Underground+War+Against+the+V1+and+V2&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Garli%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuzel1962" class="citation book cs1">Huzel, Dieter K. (1962). <i>Peenemünde to Canaveral</i>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peenem%C3%BCnde+to+Canaveral&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Huzel&rft.aufirst=Dieter+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleeMerk1965" class="citation book cs1">Klee, Ernst; Merk, Otto (1965) [German edition published 1963]. <i>The Birth of the Missile: The Secrets of Peenemünde</i>. Hamburg: Gerhard Stalling Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Missile%3A+The+Secrets+of+Peenem%C3%BCnde&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Gerhard+Stalling+Verlag&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Klee&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft.au=Merk%2C+Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeufeld1995" class="citation book cs1">Neufeld, Michael J. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780029228951"><i>The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era</i></a></span>. New York: The Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-922895-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-922895-6"><bdi>0-02-922895-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rocket+and+the+Reich%3A+Peenem%C3%BCnde+and+the+Coming+of+the+Ballistic+Missile+Era&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-02-922895-6&rft.aulast=Neufeld&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780029228951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrdway2003" class="citation book cs1">Ordway, Frederick (2003). <i>The Rocket Team</i>. Detroit: Apogee Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894959-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-894959-00-1"><bdi>978-1-894959-00-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rocket+Team&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Apogee+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-894959-00-1&rft.aulast=Ordway&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocock1967" class="citation book cs1">Pocock, Rowland F. (1967). <i>German Guided Missiles of the Second World War</i>. New York: Arco Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Guided+Missiles+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Arco+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Pocock&rft.aufirst=Rowland+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRikmenspoel2004" class="citation book cs1">Rikmenspoel, Marc (2004). <i>Waffen-SS Encyclopedia</i>. Bedford, Penn.: The Aberjona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9717650-8-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9717650-8-5"><bdi>978-0-9717650-8-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61124729">61124729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waffen-SS+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Bedford%2C+Penn.&rft.pub=The+Aberjona+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61124729&rft.isbn=978-0-9717650-8-5&rft.aulast=Rikmenspoel&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Swedish">In Swedish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In Swedish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdolfsson2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Adolfsson, Mats (2007). <i>Bondeuppror och gatustrider: 1719–1932</i> (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Natur_%26_Kultur" title="Natur & Kultur">Natur & Kultur</a>; Book sales club: Svenskt militärhistoriskt bibliotek. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-27-02633-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-27-02633-9"><bdi>978-91-27-02633-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bondeuppror+och+gatustrider%3A+1719%E2%80%931932&rft.pub=Natur+%26+Kultur%3B+Book+sales+club%3A+Svenskt+milit%C3%A4rhistoriskt+bibliotek&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-91-27-02633-9&rft.aulast=Adolfsson&rft.aufirst=Mats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrén1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andrén, Nils Bertel Einar (1996). <i>Maktbalans och alliansfrihet</i> (in Swedish). Norstedts Juridik. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-39-00037-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-39-00037-2"><bdi>978-91-39-00037-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maktbalans+och+alliansfrihet&rft.pub=Norstedts+Juridik&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-91-39-00037-2&rft.aulast=Andr%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Nils+Bertel+Einar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Legnér, Mattias (2022). <i>Värden att värna: Kulturminnesvård som statsintresse i Norden vid tiden för andra världskriget.</i> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789170613685" title="Special:BookSources/9789170613685">ISBN 9789170613685</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinder2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Linder, Jan (2002). <i>Andra Världskriget och Sverige</i> (in Swedish). Stockholm: Svenskt militärhistoriskt bibliotek. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-974056-3-9" title="Special:BookSources/91-974056-3-9"><bdi>91-974056-3-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andra+V%C3%A4rldskriget+och+Sverige&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Svenskt+milit%C3%A4rhistoriskt+bibliotek&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=91-974056-3-9&rft.aulast=Linder&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangel1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wangel, Carl-Axel (1982). <i>Sveriges militära beredskap 1939–1945</i> (in Swedish). Stockholm: Militärhistoriska Förlaget. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-85266-20-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-85266-20-3"><bdi>978-91-85266-20-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sveriges+milit%C3%A4ra+beredskap+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Milit%C3%A4rhistoriska+F%C3%B6rlaget&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-91-85266-20-3&rft.aulast=Wangel&rft.aufirst=Carl-Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASweden+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sweden_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sweden_topics" title="Template:Sweden topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sweden_topics" title="Template talk:Sweden topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sweden_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sweden topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sweden_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Sweden" title="Prehistoric Sweden">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(800%E2%80%931521)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sweden (800–1521)">800–1521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1523%E2%80%931611)" title="History of Sweden (1523–1611)">1523–1611</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1611%E2%80%931648)" title="History of Sweden (1611–1648)">Rise to become Great Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Liberty" title="Age of Liberty">Age of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_1756" title="Coup of 1756">Coup of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_Crisis_(1768)" title="December Crisis (1768)">December Crisis (1768)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1772" title="Revolution of 1772">Revolution of 1772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavian_era" title="Gustavian era">Gustavian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_1809" title="Coup of 1809">Coup of 1809</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Sweden–Norway union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_famine_of_1867%E2%80%931869" title="Swedish famine of 1867–1869">Famine of 1867–1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_the_late_19th_century" title="Sweden during the late 19th century">Modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_of_Sweden" title="Industrialization of Sweden">Industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_I" title="Sweden during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II_(timeline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden during World War II (timeline)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1945%E2%80%931967)" title="History of Sweden (1945–1967)">1945–1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1967%E2%80%931991)" title="History of Sweden (1967–1991)">1967–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1991%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sweden (1991–present)">Since 1991</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sweden" title="Geography of Sweden">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sweden" title="List of cities in Sweden">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Sweden" title="Counties of Sweden">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Sweden">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Sweden" title="Forests of Sweden">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Sweden" title="List of islands of Sweden">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Sweden" title="List of lakes of Sweden">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Sweden" title="Lands of Sweden">Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Sweden" title="List of metropolitan areas in Sweden">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Sweden" title="List of national parks of Sweden">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Sweden" title="List of rivers of Sweden">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sweden" title="Wildlife of Sweden">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sweden" title="Politics of Sweden">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sweden" title="Administrative divisions of Sweden">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Sweden">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sweden" title="Elections in Sweden">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sweden" title="Foreign relations of Sweden">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sweden" title="Human rights in Sweden">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sweden">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden" title="Government of Sweden">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_agencies_in_Sweden" title="Government agencies in Sweden">State agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sweden" title="Judiciary of Sweden">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Sweden" title="Law of Sweden">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sweden" title="Law enforcement in Sweden">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces" title="Swedish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_neutrality" title="Swedish neutrality">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sweden" title="List of political parties in Sweden">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sweden" title="Agriculture in Sweden">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Sweden" title="Automotive industry in Sweden">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Sweden" title="Energy in Sweden">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Sweden" title="Income inequality in Sweden">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Krona <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_labour_movement" title="Swedish labour movement">Labour unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehn%E2%80%93Meidner_model" title="Rehn–Meidner model">Rehn–Meidner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Stockholm" title="Nasdaq Stockholm">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sweden" title="Taxation in Sweden">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sweden" title="Telecommunications in Sweden">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sweden" title="Transport in Sweden">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sweden" title="Tourism in Sweden">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Sweden" title="Category:Society of Sweden">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sweden" title="Abortion in Sweden">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sweden" title="Censorship in Sweden">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Sweden" title="Crime in Sweden">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sweden" title="Demographics of Sweden">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Sweden">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Sweden" title="Homelessness in Sweden">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Sweden" title="Human trafficking in Sweden">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Sweden" title="Immigration to Sweden">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sweden" title="Languages of Sweden">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_counties_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Swedish counties by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Sweden" title="Prostitution in Sweden">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sweden" title="Welfare in Sweden">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sweden" title="Women in Sweden">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden" title="Culture of Sweden">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Du_gamla,_du_fria" title="Du gamla, du fria">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sweden" title="Architecture of Sweden">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_art" title="Swedish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sweden" title="Cinema of Sweden">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sweden" title="Coat of arms of Sweden">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_wine" title="Swedish wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_fashion" title="Swedish fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sweden" title="Flag of Sweden">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Sweden" title="Irreligion in Sweden">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_literature" title="Swedish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sweden">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Sweden" title="National Day of Sweden">National Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Sweden" title="Public holidays in Sweden">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sweden" title="Sport in Sweden">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sweden" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Sweden">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sweden" title="Outline of Sweden">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sweden" title="Category:Sweden">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sweden" title="Portal:Sweden">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template talk:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">History of World War II by region and country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">Belgian Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" title="Italian Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland_in_World_War_II" title="French Somaliland in World War II">French Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_in_World_War_II" title="The Gambia in World War II">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_in_World_War_II" title="Gold Coast in World War II">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II" title="Kenya in World War II">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco_in_World_War_II" title="Morocco in World War II">Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland_in_World_War_II" title="Nyasaland in World War II">Nyasaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador#World_War_II" title="Military dictatorship in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_in_World_War_II" title="Greenland in World War II">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_during_World_War_II" title="California during World War II">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_during_World_War_II" title="Argentina during World War II">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_during_World_War_II" title="Colombia during World War II">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_during_World_War_II" title="Suriname during World War II">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_during_World_War_II" title="Uruguay during World War II">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_during_World_War_II" title="Venezuela during World War II">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchuria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_West_Sumatra" title="Japanese occupation of West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_in_World_War_II" title="Mongolia in World War II">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_in_World_War_II" title="Nepal in World War II">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#Politics_of_World_War_II" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of France during World War II">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Latvia during World War II">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein#World_War_II" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_during_World_War_II" title="Slovakia during World War II">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussia_in_World_War_II" title="Byelorussia in World War II">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine#World_War_II" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia_and_World_War_II" title="Catalonia and World War II">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_and_World_War_II" title="Galicia and World War II">Galicia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Slovene_Lands" title="World War II in the Slovene Lands">Slovenia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Oceania and<br /> Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Pacific Islands home front during World War II">Pacific Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639425#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2008113960">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007556792305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&oldid=1260252876">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&oldid=1260252876</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sweden_in_World_War_II" title="Category:Sweden in World War II">Sweden in World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neutral_states_in_World_War_II" title="Category:Neutral states in World War II">Neutral states in World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Winter_War" title="Category:Winter War">Winter War</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Finnish-language_sources_(fi)" title="Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)">CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2024">Use dmy dates from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from October 2023">Articles to be expanded from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_June_2009" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from June 2009">Articles with self-published sources from June 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2010" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_November_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2018">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Northern_Sami-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Northern Sami-language text">Articles containing Northern Sami-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_July_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2021">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_May_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Swedish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Swedish-language text">Articles containing Swedish-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 November 2024, at 19:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweden_during_World_War_II&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f58cd8b6-sdbft","wgBackendResponseTime":143,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.313","walltime":"1.582","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8575,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":220619,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22583,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":48,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":203042,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1349.785 1 -total"," 21.83% 294.595 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.29% 165.908 15 Template:Fix"," 11.79% 159.135 3 Template:Lang"," 11.09% 149.754 14 Template:Cite_web"," 9.76% 131.700 24 Template:Cite_book"," 8.84% 119.350 1 Template:Sweden_during_World_War_II"," 8.64% 116.621 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 8.05% 108.681 9 Template:Citation_needed"," 7.85% 105.909 23 Template:Delink"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.801","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17062106,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-64cddf7fd8-tjxps","timestamp":"20241203183834","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sweden during World War II","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sweden_during_World_War_II","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q639425","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q639425","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-02-25T23:44:38Z","dateModified":"2024-11-29T19:04:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4d\/Sweden_locator_map_1942.svg","headline":"events and persons in Sweden during the Second World War"}</script> </body> </html>