CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Match - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2605663b-e4b5-4e72-824d-463f212c4576","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Match","wgTitle":"Match","wgCurRevisionId":1254386446,"wgRevisionId":1254386446,"wgArticleId":63904,"wgIsArticle":true, "wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Match","wgRelevantArticleId":63904,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false, "wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym": "башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym": "ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr" },{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو", "dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym": "anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast", "av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc", "om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q37507","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles": "ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Streichholz.jpg/1200px-Streichholz.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Streichholz.jpg/800px-Streichholz.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Streichholz.jpg/640px-Streichholz.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="960"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Match - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Match&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Match rootpage-Match stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Match" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Match" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Match</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Match" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Match" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Match" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Match&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Match_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Match (disambiguation)">Match (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Matchstick" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Matchstick_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Matchstick (disambiguation)">Matchstick (disambiguation)</a>.</div> A match is a tool for starting a <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>. Typically, matches are made of small wooden sticks or stiff <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>. One end is coated with a material that can be ignited by <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> generated by striking the match against a suitable surface.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-1">[1]</a> Wooden matches are packaged in <a href="/wiki/Matchbox" title="Matchbox">matchboxes</a>, and paper matches are partially cut into rows and stapled into <a href="/wiki/Matchbook" title="Matchbook">matchbooks</a>. The coated end of a match, known as the match "head", consists of a bead of active ingredients and <a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">binder</a>, often colored for easier inspection. There are two main types of matches: safety matches, which can be struck only against a specially prepared surface, and strike-anywhere matches, for which any suitably frictional surface can be used. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Streichholz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Streichholz.jpg/220px-Streichholz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Streichholz.jpg/330px-Streichholz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Streichholz.jpg/440px-Streichholz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504"></a><figcaption>An igniting match</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_matches">2.1 Early matches</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Chemical_matches">2.2 Chemical matches</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Friction_matches">2.3 Friction matches</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Replacement_of_white_phosphorus">2.4 Replacement of white phosphorus</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Safety_matches">2.5 Safety matches</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Varieties_of_matches_today">3 Varieties of matches today</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Hobbyist_collection">4 Hobbyist collection</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Bibliography">7 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Match&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The word match derives from Old French mèche, referring to the <a href="/wiki/Candle_wick" title="Candle wick">wick</a> of a candle.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Historically, the term match referred to lengths of <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">cord</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">cambric</a>) impregnated with chemicals, and allowed to burn continuously.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-1">[1]</a> These were used to light fires and fire <a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">guns</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Linstock" title="Linstock">linstock</a>)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and to detonate <a href="/wiki/Explosive_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive devices">explosive devices</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a> sticks. Such matches were characterised by their burning speed i.e. <a href="/wiki/Quick_match" class="mw-redirect" title="Quick match">quick match</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slow_match" title="Slow match">slow match</a>. Depending on its formulation, a slow match burns at a rate of around 30 cm (1 ft) per hour and a quick match at 4 to 60 centimetres (2 to 24 in) per minute. The modern equivalent of a match (in the sense of a burnable cord) is the simple <a href="/wiki/Fuse_(explosives)" title="Fuse (explosives)">fuse</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Visco_fuse" title="Visco fuse">visco fuse</a>, still used in <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">pyrotechnics</a> to obtain a controlled time delay before ignition.<a href="#cite_note-explosives-4">[4]</a> The original meaning of the word still persists in some pyrotechnics terms, such as <a href="/wiki/Black_match" title="Black match">black match</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Black_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Black powder">black-powder</a>-impregnated fuse) and Bengal match (a <a href="/wiki/Firework" class="mw-redirect" title="Firework">firework</a> akin to <a href="/wiki/Sparkler" title="Sparkler">sparklers</a> producing a relatively long-burning, colored flame). However, when friction matches became commonplace, the term match came to refer mainly to these. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Match&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_matches">Early matches</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Match&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early matches" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A note in the text Cho Keng Lu, written in 1366, describes a <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> match, small sticks of pinewood impregnated with sulfur, used in China by "impoverished court ladies" in AD 577 during the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Needham-5">[5]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</a> (AD 907–960), a book called the Records of the Unworldly and the Strange written by Chinese author Tao Gu in about 950 stated: <blockquote>If there occurs an emergency at night it may take some time to make a light to light a lamp. But an ingenious man devised the system of impregnating little sticks of pinewood with sulfur and storing them ready for use. At the slightest touch of fire, they burst into flame. One gets a little flame like an ear of corn. This marvelous thing was formerly called a "light-bringing slave", but afterward when it became an article of commerce its name was changed to 'fire inch-stick'.<a href="#cite_note-Needham-5">[5]</a></blockquote> Another text, Wu Lin Chiu Shih, dated from 1270 AD, lists sulfur matches as something that was sold in the markets of <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, around the time of <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>'s visit. The matches were known as fa chu or tshui erh.<a href="#cite_note-Needham-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_matches">Chemical matches</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Match&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chemical matches" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Wright_of_Derby_The_Alchemist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Joseph_Wright_of_Derby_The_Alchemist.jpg/170px-Joseph_Wright_of_Derby_The_Alchemist.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4724" data-file-height="6126"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Joseph_Wright_of_Derby_The_Alchemist.jpg/170px-Joseph_Wright_of_Derby_The_Alchemist.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Joseph_Wright_of_Derby_The_Alchemist.jpg/255px-Joseph_Wright_of_Derby_The_Alchemist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Joseph_Wright_of_Derby_The_Alchemist.jpg/340px-Joseph_Wright_of_Derby_The_Alchemist.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Alchemist_Discovering_Phosphorus" title="The Alchemist Discovering Phosphorus">The Alchemist in Search of the Philosophers Stone</a> (1771), by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wright_of_Derby" title="Joseph Wright of Derby">Joseph Wright</a>, depicting <a href="/wiki/Hennig_Brand" title="Hennig Brand">Hennig Brand</a> discovering <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>.</figcaption></figure> Before the use of matches, fires were sometimes lit using a <a href="/wiki/Burning_glass" title="Burning glass">burning glass</a> (a lens) to focus the sun on <a href="/wiki/Tinder" title="Tinder">tinder</a>, a method that could only work on sunny days. Another more common method was igniting tinder with sparks produced by striking <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> and steel, or by sharply increasing air pressure in a <a href="/wiki/Fire_piston" title="Fire piston">fire piston</a>. Early work had been done by alchemist <a href="/wiki/Hennig_Brand" title="Hennig Brand">Hennig Brand</a>, who discovered the flammable nature of phosphorus in 1669.<a href="#cite_note-crass1-6">[6]</a> Others, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> and his assistant, <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Godfrey" title="Ambrose Godfrey">Ambrose Godfrey</a>, continued these experiments in the 1680s with phosphorus and sulfur, but their efforts did not produce practical and inexpensive methods for generating fires.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> A number of different ways were employed in order to light smoking tobacco: One was the use of a spill – a thin object something like a thin candle, a rolled paper or a straw, which would be lit from a nearby, already existing flame and then used to light the cigar or pipe – most often kept near the fireplace in a <a href="/wiki/Spill_vase" title="Spill vase">spill vase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Another method saw the use of a <a href="/wiki/Fire_striker" title="Fire striker">striker</a>, a tool that looked like <a href="/wiki/Scissors" title="Scissors">scissors</a>, but with <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> on one "blade" and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> on the other. These would then be rubbed together, ultimately producing sparks. If neither of these two was available, one could also use ember tongs to pick up a coal from a fire and light the tobacco directly. The first modern, self-igniting match was invented in 1805 by Jean Chancel, assistant to Professor <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacques_Th%C3%A9nard" title="Louis Jacques Thénard">Louis Jacques Thénard</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. The head of the match consisted of a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorate" title="Potassium chlorate">potassium chlorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>. The match was ignited by dipping its tip in a small <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> bottle filled with <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-explosives-4">[4]</a> This kind of match was quite expensive, however, and its use was also relatively dangerous, so Chancel's matches never really became widely adopted or in commonplace use. This approach to match making was further refined in the following decades, culminating with the 'Promethean match' that was patented by Samuel Jones of London in 1828. His match consisted of a small glass capsule containing a chemical composition of sulfuric acid colored with indigo and coated on the exterior with potassium chlorate, all of which was wrapped up in rolls of paper. The immediate ignition of this particular form of a match was achieved by crushing the capsule with a pair of pliers, mixing and releasing the ingredients in order for it to become alight. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphorus_bottle_pocket_matches,_1828_-_Joseph_Allen_Skinner_Museum_-_DSC07746.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Phosphorus_bottle_pocket_matches%2C_1828_-_Joseph_Allen_Skinner_Museum_-_DSC07746.JPG/220px-Phosphorus_bottle_pocket_matches%2C_1828_-_Joseph_Allen_Skinner_Museum_-_DSC07746.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Phosphorus_bottle_pocket_matches%2C_1828_-_Joseph_Allen_Skinner_Museum_-_DSC07746.JPG/220px-Phosphorus_bottle_pocket_matches%2C_1828_-_Joseph_Allen_Skinner_Museum_-_DSC07746.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Phosphorus_bottle_pocket_matches%2C_1828_-_Joseph_Allen_Skinner_Museum_-_DSC07746.JPG/330px-Phosphorus_bottle_pocket_matches%2C_1828_-_Joseph_Allen_Skinner_Museum_-_DSC07746.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Phosphorus_bottle_pocket_matches%2C_1828_-_Joseph_Allen_Skinner_Museum_-_DSC07746.JPG/440px-Phosphorus_bottle_pocket_matches%2C_1828_-_Joseph_Allen_Skinner_Museum_-_DSC07746.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sulfur-head matches, 1828, lit by dipping into a bottle of phosphorus</figcaption></figure> In London, similar matches meant for lighting cigars were introduced in 1849 by Heurtner who had a shop called the Lighthouse in the Strand. One version that he sold was called "Euperion" (sometimes "Empyrion") which was popular for kitchen use and <a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">nicknamed</a> as "Hugh Perry", while another meant for outdoor use was called a "Vesuvian" or "flamer".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The head was large and contained <a href="/wiki/Niter" title="Niter">niter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> and wood dust, and had a phosphorus tip. The handle was large and made of hardwood so as to burn vigorously and last for a while. Some even had glass stems.<a href="#cite_note-crass3-10">[10]</a> Both Vesuvians and Prometheans had a bulb of sulfuric acid at the tip which had to be broken to start the reaction.<a href="#cite_note-tomlinson-11">[11]</a> Samuel Jones introduced <a href="/wiki/Flare" title="Flare">fuzees</a> for lighting cigars and pipes in 1832. A similar invention was patented in 1839 by John Hucks Stevens in America.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In 1832, William Newton patented the "wax vesta" in England. It consisted of a wax stem that embedded cotton threads and had a tip of phosphorus. Variants known as "candle matches" were made by Savaresse and Merckel in 1836.<a href="#cite_note-crass3-10">[10]</a> John Hucks Stevens also patented a safety version of the friction match in 1839.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friction_matches">Friction matches</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Match&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Friction matches" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congreve_matchbox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Congreve_matchbox.jpg/220px-Congreve_matchbox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Congreve_matchbox.jpg/220px-Congreve_matchbox.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Congreve_matchbox.jpg/330px-Congreve_matchbox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Congreve_matchbox.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> "Congreves" matchbox (1827), produced by <a href="/wiki/John_Walker_(inventor)" title="John Walker (inventor)">John Walker</a>, inventor of the friction match.</figcaption></figure> Chemical matches were unable to make the leap into mass production, due to the expense, their cumbersome nature and inherent danger. An alternative method was to produce the ignition through friction produced by rubbing two rough surfaces together. An early example was made by François Derosne in 1816. His crude match was called a briquet phosphorique and it used a sulfur-tipped match to scrape inside a tube coated internally with phosphorus. It was both inconvenient and unsafe.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The first successful friction match was invented in 1826 by <a href="/wiki/John_Walker_(inventor)" title="John Walker (inventor)">John Walker</a>, an English chemist and druggist from <a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees" title="Stockton-on-Tees">Stockton-on-Tees</a>, County Durham. He developed a keen interest in trying to find a means of obtaining fire easily. Several chemical mixtures were already known that would ignite by a sudden explosion, but it had not been found possible to transmit the flame to a slow-burning substance like wood. While Walker was preparing a lighting mixture on one occasion, a match that had been dipped in it took fire by an accidental friction upon the hearth. He at once appreciated the practical value of the discovery, and started making friction matches. They consisted of wooden splints or sticks of cardboard coated with <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and tipped with a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Antimony_trisulfide" title="Antimony trisulfide">sulfide of antimony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorate" title="Potassium chlorate">chlorate of potash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a>. The treatment with sulfur helped the splints to catch fire, and the odor was improved by the addition of camphor.<a href="#cite_note-crass1-6">[6]</a> The price of a box of 50 matches was one <a href="/wiki/Shilling_(British_coin)" title="Shilling (British coin)">shilling</a>. With each box was supplied a piece of sandpaper, folded double, through which the match had to be drawn to ignite it. Walker did not name the matches "Congreves" in honour of the inventor and <a href="/wiki/Congreve_rocket" title="Congreve rocket">rocket</a> pioneer <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Congreve,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet">Sir William Congreve</a>, as it is sometimes stated. The congreves were the invention of Charles Sauria, a French chemistry student at the time.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Walker did not divulge the exact composition of his matches.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Between 1827 and 1829, Walker made about 168 sales of his matches. It was however dangerous and flaming balls sometimes fell to the floor burning carpets and dresses, leading to their ban in France and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-tomlinson-11">[11]</a> Walker either refused or neglected to patent his invention.<a href="#cite_note-crass1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 1829, Scots inventor <a href="/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Holden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Isaac Holden">Sir Isaac Holden</a> invented an improved version of Walker's match and demonstrated it to his class at Castle Academy in <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading, Berkshire</a>. Holden did not patent his invention and claimed that one of his pupils wrote to his father Samuel Jones, a chemist in London who commercialised his process.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> A version of Holden's match was patented by Samuel Jones, and these were sold as <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">lucifer</a> matches. These early matches had a number of problems – an initial violent reaction, an unsteady flame, and unpleasant odor and fumes. Lucifers could ignite explosively, sometimes throwing sparks a considerable distance. Lucifers were manufactured in the United States by Ezekial Byam.<a href="#cite_note-crass1-6">[6]</a> The term "lucifer" persisted as <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> for a match into the 20th century. For example, the song "<a href="/wiki/Pack_Up_Your_Troubles_in_Your_Old_Kit-Bag" title="Pack Up Your Troubles in Your Old Kit-Bag">Pack Up Your Troubles</a>" includes the line "while you’ve a lucifer to light your fag". Matches are still called "lucifers" in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bryant_and_May_packing_girls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Bryant_and_May_packing_girls.jpg/220px-Bryant_and_May_packing_girls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="646"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Bryant_and_May_packing_girls.jpg/220px-Bryant_and_May_packing_girls.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Bryant_and_May_packing_girls.jpg/330px-Bryant_and_May_packing_girls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Bryant_and_May_packing_girls.jpg/440px-Bryant_and_May_packing_girls.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Packing girls at the <a href="/wiki/Bryant_%26_May" title="Bryant & May">Bryant & May</a> factory</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floral_Repouss%C3%A9_Decoration_Matchsafe,_ca._1875_(CH_18502105)_black_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Floral_Repouss%C3%A9_Decoration_Matchsafe%2C_ca._1875_%28CH_18502105%29_black_background.jpg/220px-Floral_Repouss%C3%A9_Decoration_Matchsafe%2C_ca._1875_%28CH_18502105%29_black_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3352" data-file-height="3314"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Floral_Repouss%C3%A9_Decoration_Matchsafe%2C_ca._1875_%28CH_18502105%29_black_background.jpg/220px-Floral_Repouss%C3%A9_Decoration_Matchsafe%2C_ca._1875_%28CH_18502105%29_black_background.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Floral_Repouss%C3%A9_Decoration_Matchsafe%2C_ca._1875_%28CH_18502105%29_black_background.jpg/330px-Floral_Repouss%C3%A9_Decoration_Matchsafe%2C_ca._1875_%28CH_18502105%29_black_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Floral_Repouss%C3%A9_Decoration_Matchsafe%2C_ca._1875_%28CH_18502105%29_black_background.jpg/440px-Floral_Repouss%C3%A9_Decoration_Matchsafe%2C_ca._1875_%28CH_18502105%29_black_background.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Match container, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1875</figcaption></figure> Lucifers were quickly replaced after 1830 by matches made according to the process devised by Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sauria" title="Charles Sauria">Charles Sauria</a>, who substituted <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Allotropes" title="Phosphorus">white phosphorus</a> for the antimony sulfide.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> These new phosphorus matches had to be kept in airtight metal boxes but became popular and went by the name of loco foco ("crazy fire") in the United States, from which was derived the name of a <a href="/wiki/Locofocos" title="Locofocos">political party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The earliest American patent for the phosphorus friction match was granted in 1836 to Alonzo Dwight Phillips of <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> From 1830 to 1890, the composition of these matches remained largely unchanged, although some improvements were made. In 1843 William Ashgard replaced the sulfur with beeswax, reducing the pungency of the fumes. This was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin</a> in 1862 by Charles W. Smith, resulting in what were called "parlor matches". From 1870 the end of the splint was fireproofed by impregnation with fire-retardant chemicals such as alum, sodium silicate, and other salts resulting in what was commonly called a "drunkard's match" that prevented the accidental burning of the user's fingers. Other advances were made for the mass manufacture of matches. Early matches were made from blocks of woods with cuts separating the splints but leaving their bases attached. Later versions were made in the form of thin combs. The splints would be broken away from the comb when required.<a href="#cite_note-crass3-10">[10]</a> A noiseless match was invented in 1836 by the Hungarian <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Irinyi" title="János Irinyi">János Irinyi</a>, who was a student of chemistry.<a href="#cite_note-Patent-24">[24]</a> An unsuccessful experiment by his professor, Meissner, gave Irinyi the idea to replace potassium chlorate with <a href="/wiki/Lead_dioxide" title="Lead dioxide">lead dioxide</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> in the head of the phosphorus match.<a href="#cite_note-Patent-24">[24]</a> He liquefied phosphorus in warm water and shook it in a glass vial, until the two liquids <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsified</a>. He mixed the phosphorus with lead dioxide and <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a>, poured the paste-like mass into a jar, and dipped the pine sticks into the mixture and let them dry. When he tried them that evening, all of them lit evenly. He sold the invention and production rights for these noiseless matches to István Rómer, a Hungarian pharmacist living in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, for 60 <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_florin" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian florin">florins</a> (about 22.5 <a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">oz t</a> of silver). As a match manufacturer, Rómer became rich, and Irinyi went on to publish articles and a textbook on chemistry, and founded several match factories.<a href="#cite_note-Patent-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replacement_of_white_phosphorus">Replacement of white phosphorus</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Match&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Replacement of white phosphorus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1888_match_girl_strike.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/1888_match_girl_strike.jpg/220px-1888_match_girl_strike.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/1888_match_girl_strike.jpg/220px-1888_match_girl_strike.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/14/1888_match_girl_strike.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/London_matchgirls_strike_of_1888" class="mw-redirect" title="London matchgirls strike of 1888">London matchgirls strike of 1888</a> campaigned against the use of white phosphorus in match making, which led to bone disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Phossy_jaw" title="Phossy jaw">phossy jaw</a>.</figcaption></figure> Those involved in the manufacture of the new phosphorus matches were afflicted with <a href="/wiki/Phossy_jaw" title="Phossy jaw">phossy jaw</a> and other bone disorders,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and there was enough white phosphorus in one pack to kill a person. Deaths and suicides from eating the heads of matches became frequent. The earliest report of phosphorus necrosis was made in 1845 by Lorinser in Vienna, and a New York surgeon published a pamphlet with notes on nine cases.<a href="#cite_note-crass9-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The conditions of working-class women at the <a href="/wiki/Bryant_%26_May" title="Bryant & May">Bryant & May</a> factories led to the <a href="/wiki/London_matchgirls_strike_of_1888" class="mw-redirect" title="London matchgirls strike of 1888">London matchgirls strike of 1888</a>. The strike was focused on the severe health complications of working with <a href="/wiki/Yellow_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow phosphorus">white phosphorus</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Phossy_jaw" title="Phossy jaw">phossy jaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spartacus-29">[29]</a> Social activist <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> published an article in her halfpenny weekly paper The Link on 23 June 1888.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> A strike fund was set up and some newspapers collected donations from readers. The women and girls also solicited contributions. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a>, including <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Webb">Sidney Webb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Graham_Wallas" title="Graham Wallas">Graham Wallas</a>, were involved in the distribution of the cash collected.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The strike and negative publicity led to changes being made to limit the health effects of the inhalation of white phosphorus. Attempts were made to reduce the ill-effects on workers through the introduction of inspections and regulations. <a href="/wiki/Anton_Schr%C3%B6tter_von_Kristelli" title="Anton Schrötter von Kristelli">Anton Schrötter von Kristelli</a> discovered in 1850 that heating white phosphorus at 250 °C in an inert atmosphere produced a red allotropic form, which did not fume in contact with air. It was suggested that this would make a suitable substitute in match manufacture although it was slightly more expensive.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Two French chemists, Henri Savene and Emile David Cahen, proved in 1898 that the addition of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_sesquisulfide" title="Phosphorus sesquisulfide">phosphorus sesquisulfide</a> meant that the substance was not poisonous, that it could be used in a "strike-anywhere" match, and that the match heads were not explosive.<a href="#cite_note-threlfall-ix-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MatchPatentNYT.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/MatchPatentNYT.png/220px-MatchPatentNYT.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 229px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/MatchPatentNYT.png/220px-MatchPatentNYT.png" data-width="220" data-height="229" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/MatchPatentNYT.png/330px-MatchPatentNYT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/MatchPatentNYT.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> report dated 29 January 1911</figcaption></figure> British company <a href="/wiki/Albright_and_Wilson" title="Albright and Wilson">Albright and Wilson</a> was the first company to produce phosphorus sesquisulfide matches commercially. The company developed a safe means of making commercial quantities of phosphorus sesquisulfide in 1899 and started selling it to match manufacturers.<a href="#cite_note-threlfall-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-crass5-35">[35]</a> However, white phosphorus continued to be used, and its serious effects led many countries to ban its use. Finland prohibited the use of white phosphorus in 1872, followed by Denmark in 1874, France in 1897, Switzerland in 1898, and the Netherlands in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-crass9-27">[27]</a> An agreement, the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_(1906)" title="Berne Convention (1906)">Berne Convention</a>, was reached at Bern, Switzerland, in September 1906, which banned the use of white phosphorus in matches.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> This required each country to pass laws prohibiting the use of white phosphorus in matches. The United Kingdom passed a law in 1908 prohibiting its use in matches after 31 December 1910. The United States did not pass a law, but instead placed a "punitive tax" in 1913 on white phosphorus–based matches, one so high as to render their manufacture financially impractical, and Canada banned them in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> India and Japan banned them in 1919; China followed, banning them in 1925. In 1901 Albright and Wilson started making phosphorus sesquisulfide at their <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a>, New York plant for the US market, but American manufacturers continued to use white phosphorus matches.<a href="#cite_note-threlfall-ix-33">[33]</a> The Niagara Falls plant made them until 1910, when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> forbade the shipment of white phosphorus matches in interstate commerce.<a href="#cite_note-threlfall-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_matches">Safety matches</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Match&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Safety matches" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping_t%C3%A4ndsticksfabrik,_1872.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping_t%C3%A4ndsticksfabrik%2C_1872.jpg/220px-J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping_t%C3%A4ndsticksfabrik%2C_1872.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3172" data-file-height="1924"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping_t%C3%A4ndsticksfabrik%2C_1872.jpg/220px-J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping_t%C3%A4ndsticksfabrik%2C_1872.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping_t%C3%A4ndsticksfabrik%2C_1872.jpg/330px-J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping_t%C3%A4ndsticksfabrik%2C_1872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping_t%C3%A4ndsticksfabrik%2C_1872.jpg/440px-J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping_t%C3%A4ndsticksfabrik%2C_1872.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Jönköpings safety match industry, 1872</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Itkonniemen_tehdas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Itkonniemen_tehdas.jpg/220px-Itkonniemen_tehdas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Itkonniemen_tehdas.jpg/220px-Itkonniemen_tehdas.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Itkonniemen_tehdas.jpg/330px-Itkonniemen_tehdas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Itkonniemen_tehdas.jpg/440px-Itkonniemen_tehdas.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Old match factory in Itkonniemi, <a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a>, Finland ©</figcaption></figure> The dangers of white phosphorus in the manufacture of matches led to the development of the "hygienic" or "safety match". The major innovation in its development was the use of <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_phosphorus#Red_phosphorus" title="Allotropes of phosphorus">red phosphorus</a>, not on the head of the match but instead on a specially designed striking surface. <a href="/wiki/Albright_and_Wilson" title="Albright and Wilson">Arthur Albright</a> developed the industrial process for large-scale manufacture of red phosphorus after Schrötter's discoveries became known. By 1851, his company was producing the substance by heating white phosphorus in a sealed pot at a specific temperature. He exhibited his red phosphorus in 1851, at <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Exhibition">The Great Exhibition</a> held at <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">The Crystal Palace</a> in London. The idea of creating a specially designed striking surface was developed in 1844 by the <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swede</a> <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Erik_Pasch" title="Gustaf Erik Pasch">Gustaf Erik Pasch</a>. Pasch patented the use of red phosphorus in the striking surface. He found that this could ignite heads that did not need to contain white phosphorus. <a href="/wiki/Johan_Edvard_Lundstr%C3%B6m" title="Johan Edvard Lundström">Johan Edvard Lundström</a> and his younger brother Carl Frans Lundström (1823–1917) started a large-scale match industry in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping" title="Jönköping">Jönköping, Sweden</a> around 1847, but the improved safety match was not introduced until around 1850–55. The Lundström brothers had obtained a sample of red phosphorus matches from Albright at The Great Exhibition,<a href="#cite_note-threlfall-v-38">[38]</a> but had misplaced it and therefore they did not try the matches until just before the <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> Exhibition of 1855 when they found that the matches were still usable.<a href="#cite_note-threlfall-v-38">[38]</a> In 1858 their company produced around 12 million matchboxes.<a href="#cite_note-crass5-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SuperDeportistas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SuperDeportistas.JPG/220px-SuperDeportistas.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1723" data-file-height="1286"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SuperDeportistas.JPG/220px-SuperDeportistas.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SuperDeportistas.JPG/330px-SuperDeportistas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SuperDeportistas.JPG/440px-SuperDeportistas.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Super Deportistas matches from mid-20th century Mexico, part of the permanent collection of the <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Objeto_del_Objeto" title="Museo del Objeto del Objeto">Museo del Objeto del Objeto</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></figcaption></figure> The safety of true "safety matches" is derived from the separation of the reactive ingredients between a match head on the end of a <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">paraffin</a>-impregnated splint and the special striking surface (in addition to the safety aspect of replacing the white phosphorus with <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Allotropes" title="Phosphorus">red phosphorus</a>). The idea for separating the chemicals had been introduced in 1859 in the form of two-headed matches known in France as Allumettes Androgynes. These were sticks with one end made of potassium chlorate and the other of red phosphorus. They had to be broken and the heads rubbed together.<a href="#cite_note-crass5-35">[35]</a> There was however a risk of the heads rubbing each other accidentally in their box. Such dangers were removed when the striking surface was moved to the outside of the box. The development of a specialized <a href="/wiki/Matchbook" title="Matchbook">matchbook</a> with both matches and a striking surface occurred in the 1890s with the American <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Pusey" title="Joshua Pusey">Joshua Pusey</a>, who sold his patent to the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Match_Company" title="Diamond Match Company">Diamond Match Company</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pascual_S%C3%A1nchez_-_Ese_instante.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pascual_S%C3%A1nchez_-_Ese_instante.jpg/170px-Pascual_S%C3%A1nchez_-_Ese_instante.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1861"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pascual_S%C3%A1nchez_-_Ese_instante.jpg/170px-Pascual_S%C3%A1nchez_-_Ese_instante.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pascual_S%C3%A1nchez_-_Ese_instante.jpg/255px-Pascual_S%C3%A1nchez_-_Ese_instante.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pascual_S%C3%A1nchez_-_Ese_instante.jpg/340px-Pascual_S%C3%A1nchez_-_Ese_instante.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A match at the beginning of the combustion process</figcaption></figure> The striking surface on modern matchboxes is typically composed of 25% powdered <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> or other abrasive material, 50% <a href="/wiki/Red_phosphorus" title="Red phosphorus">red phosphorus</a>, 5% neutralizer, 4% <a href="/wiki/Carbon_black" title="Carbon black">carbon black</a>, and 16% binder; and the match head is typically composed of 45–55% <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorate" title="Potassium chlorate">potassium chlorate</a>, with a little sulfur and starch, a neutralizer (ZnO or CaCO 3), 20–40% of <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">siliceous</a> filler, <a href="/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth" title="Diatomaceous earth">diatomite</a>, and glue.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Safety matches ignite due to the extreme reactivity of phosphorus with the potassium chlorate in the match head. When the match is struck, the phosphorus and chlorate mix in a small amount and form something akin to the explosive <a href="/wiki/Armstrong%27s_mixture" title="Armstrong's mixture">Armstrong's mixture</a>, which ignites due to the friction. The red color of the matchhead is due to addition of <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">red dyes</a>, not the red phosphorus content.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The Swedes long held a virtual worldwide <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on safety matches, with the industry mainly situated in Jönköping, by 1903 called Jönköpings & Vulcans Tändsticksfabriks AB today <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Match" title="Swedish Match">Swedish Match</a>.<a href="#cite_note-threlfall-va-41">[41]</a> In France, they sold the rights to their safety match <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> to Coigent Père & Fils of <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, but Coigent contested the payment in the French courts, on the basis that the invention was known in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> before the Lundström brothers patented it.<a href="#cite_note-threlfall-va-41">[41]</a> The British match manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Bryant_and_May" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryant and May">Bryant and May</a> visited Jönköping in 1858 to try to obtain a supply of safety matches, but was unsuccessful. In 1862 it established <a href="/wiki/Bryant_and_May_Factory,_Bow" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryant and May Factory, Bow">its own factory</a> and bought the rights for the British safety match patent from the Lundström brothers.<a href="#cite_note-threlfall-va-41">[41]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Varieties_of_matches_today">Varieties of matches today</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Match&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Varieties of matches today" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Friction matches made with <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus" title="White phosphorus">white phosphorus</a> as well as those made from <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_sesquisulfide" title="Phosphorus sesquisulfide">phosphorus sesquisulfide</a> can be struck on any suitable surface. They have remained particularly popular in the United States, even when safety matches had become common in Europe, and are still widely used today around the world, including in many <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-crass5-35">[35]</a> for such uses as camping, outdoor activities, emergency/survival situations, and stocking homemade <a href="/wiki/Survival_kit" title="Survival kit">survival kits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> However, strike-anywhere matches are banned on all kinds of aircraft under the "dangerous goods" classification <a href="/wiki/List_of_UN_numbers_1301_to_1400" title="List of UN numbers 1301 to 1400">U.N. 1331, Matches, strike-anywhere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iata-44">[44]</a> Safety matches are classified as <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">dangerous goods</a>, "U.N. 1944, Matches, safety". They are not universally forbidden on <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>; however, they must be declared as dangerous goods and individual airlines or countries may impose tighter restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-iata-44">[44]</a> Storm matches, also known as <a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)" title="Lifeboat (shipboard)">lifeboat</a> matches or flare matches, are often included in <a href="/wiki/Survival_kit" title="Survival kit">survival kits</a>. They have a strikeable tip similar to a normal match, but the combustible compound – including an oxidiser – continues down the length of the stick, coating half or more of the entire matchstick. The match also has a waterproof coating (which often makes the match more difficult to light), and often storm matches are longer than standard matches. As a result of the combustible coating, storm matches burn strongly even in strong winds, and can even spontaneously re-ignite after being briefly immersed in water. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ignition_of_a_match.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ignition of a match"><noscript><img alt="Ignition of a match" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ignition_of_a_match.jpg/199px-Ignition_of_a_match.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2073" data-file-height="2079"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 199px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ignition_of_a_match.jpg/199px-Ignition_of_a_match.jpg" data-alt="Ignition of a match" data-width="199" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ignition_of_a_match.jpg/299px-Ignition_of_a_match.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ignition_of_a_match.jpg/399px-Ignition_of_a_match.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Making_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Making fire">Ignition</a> of a match</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brymay_Matches_Back.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Matches with an intellectual pastime printed"><noscript><img alt="Matches with an intellectual pastime printed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Brymay_Matches_Back.jpg/200px-Brymay_Matches_Back.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 112px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Brymay_Matches_Back.jpg/200px-Brymay_Matches_Back.jpg" data-alt="Matches with an intellectual pastime printed" data-width="200" data-height="112" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Brymay_Matches_Back.jpg/300px-Brymay_Matches_Back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Brymay_Matches_Back.jpg/400px-Brymay_Matches_Back.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Matches with an intellectual pastime printed</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Matches.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Household safety matches"><noscript><img alt="Household safety matches" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Matches.jpg/200px-Matches.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Matches.jpg/200px-Matches.jpg" data-alt="Household safety matches" data-width="200" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Matches.jpg/300px-Matches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Matches.jpg/400px-Matches.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Household safety matches</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sturmz%C3%BCndh%C3%B6lzer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Special storm matches"><noscript><img alt="Special storm matches" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sturmz%C3%BCndh%C3%B6lzer.jpg/200px-Sturmz%C3%BCndh%C3%B6lzer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="93" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="1377"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 93px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sturmz%C3%BCndh%C3%B6lzer.jpg/200px-Sturmz%C3%BCndh%C3%B6lzer.jpg" data-alt="Special storm matches" data-width="200" data-height="93" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sturmz%C3%BCndh%C3%B6lzer.jpg/300px-Sturmz%C3%BCndh%C3%B6lzer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sturmz%C3%BCndh%C3%B6lzer.jpg/400px-Sturmz%C3%BCndh%C3%B6lzer.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Special storm matches</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Hobbyist_collection">Hobbyist collection</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Match&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hobbyist collection" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> The hobby of collecting match-related items, such as <a href="/wiki/Matchcover" class="mw-redirect" title="Matchcover">matchcovers</a> and matchbox labels, is known as <a href="/wiki/Phillumeny" title="Phillumeny">phillumeny</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Match&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firelighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Firelighting">Firelighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_Kreuger" title="Ivar Kreuger">Ivar Kreuger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter" title="Lighter">Lighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_matchgirls_strike_of_1888" class="mw-redirect" title="London matchgirls strike of 1888">London matchgirls strike of 1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_match" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent match">Permanent match</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Match" title="Swedish Match">Swedish Match</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Little_Match_Girl" title="The Little Match Girl">The Little Match Girl</a>", a fairy tale</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Safety_Matches" title="The Safety Matches">The Safety Matches</a>, a 1969 novel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_case" title="Vesta case">Vesta case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="White phosphorus munitions">White phosphorus munitions</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Match&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oxford-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Concise Oxford Dictionary (10 ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Oxford+Dictionary&rft.place=London&rft.edition=10&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiter_W1825" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Whiter" title="Walter Whiter">Whiter W</a> (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kugqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA428">Etymologicon universale: or, Universal etymological dictionary</a>. Vol. 2. p. 428. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217115239/https://books.google.com/books?id=kugqAAAAYAAJ&lpg=PA428&pg=PA428#v=onepage&q&f=true">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymologicon+universale%3A+or%2C+Universal+etymological+dictionary&rft.pages=428&rft.date=1825&rft.au=Whiter+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkugqAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer,_C._W.1910" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, C. W. (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/firearmsinameric01sawyrich#page/4/mode/2up/">Firearms in American history 1600–1800</a>. Boston, The author. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Firearms+in+American+history+1600%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Boston%2C+The+author&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Sawyer%2C+C.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ffirearmsinameric01sawyrich%23page%2F4%2Fmode%2F2up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-explosives-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-explosives_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-explosives_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett,_E._de_Barry1919" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, E. de Barry (1919). Rideal, Samuel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/explosives00barnrich#page/n181/mode/1up">Explosives</a>. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. pp. 158, 162–170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explosives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=158%2C+162-170&rft.pub=D.+Van+Nostrand+Co.&rft.date=1919&rft.au=Barnett%2C+E.+de+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fexplosives00barnrich%23page%2Fn181%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Needham-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Needham_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Needham_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Needham_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1962" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Joseph (1 January 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oJ9nayZZ2oEC&pg=PA703">Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 1, Physics</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05802-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05802-5"><bdi>978-0-521-05802-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102072357/http://books.google.com/books?id=oJ9nayZZ2oEC&pg=PA703">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2014. <q>sulphur matches were certainly sold in the markets of Hangchow when Marco Polo was there</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilization+in+China%3A+Volume+4%2C+Physics+and+Physical+Technology%3B+Part+1%2C+Physics&rft.pages=70-71&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1962-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-521-05802-5&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoJ9nayZZ2oEC%26pg%3DPA703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crass1-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crass1_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crass1_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crass1_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crass1_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrass,_M._F._Jr.1941" class="citation journal cs1">Crass, M. F. Jr. (1941). "A history of the match industry. Part 1". Journal of Chemical Education. 18 (3): 116–120. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1941JChEd..18..116C">1941JChEd..18..116C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed018p116">10.1021/ed018p116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=A+history+of+the+match+industry.+Part+1&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=116-120&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed018p116&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1941JChEd..18..116C&rft.au=Crass%2C+M.+F.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlisle,_Rodney2004" class="citation book cs1">Carlisle, Rodney (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificameric0000carl/page/275">Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries</a>. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificameric0000carl/page/275">275</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-24410-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-24410-4"><bdi>0-471-24410-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+American+Inventions+and+Discoveries&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-471-24410-4&rft.au=Carlisle%2C+Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscientificameric0000carl%2Fpage%2F275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150507004002/http://www.patternglass.com/Form/spill/spills.htm">"Early American Glass Spill Holders"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patternglass.com/Form/spill/spills.htm">the original</a> on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+American+Glass+Spill+Holders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patternglass.com%2FForm%2Fspill%2Fspills.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisniak,_Jaime2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wisniak, Jaime (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106121356/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/8636/1/IJCT%2012(3)%20369-380.pdf">"Matches—The manufacture of fire"</a> (PDF). Indian Journal of Chemical Technology. 12: 369–380. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/8636/1/IJCT%2012(3)%20369-380.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Chemical+Technology&rft.atitle=Matches%E2%80%94The+manufacture+of+fire&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=369-380&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Wisniak%2C+Jaime&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnopr.niscair.res.in%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F8636%2F1%2FIJCT%252012%283%29%2520369-380.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crass3-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crass3_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crass3_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crass3_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrass,_M._F._Jr.1941" class="citation journal cs1">Crass, M. F. Jr. (1941). "A history of the match industry. Part 3". Journal of Chemical Education. 18 (6): 277–282. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1941JChEd..18..277C">1941JChEd..18..277C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed018p277">10.1021/ed018p277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=A+history+of+the+match+industry.+Part+3&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=277-282&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed018p277&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1941JChEd..18..277C&rft.au=Crass%2C+M.+F.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tomlinson-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tomlinson_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tomlinson_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomlinson,_C.1898" class="citation journal cs1">Tomlinson, C. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/s8notesqueries04londuoft#page/69/mode/1up">"The Inventor of Lucifer Matches"</a>. Notes and Queries. 8 (4): 70–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.atitle=The+Inventor+of+Lucifer+Matches&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=70-71&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Tomlinson%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fs8notesqueries04londuoft%23page%2F69%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens,_John_Hucks1839" class="citation cs2">Stevens, John Hucks (16 November 1839), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1414">U.S. Patent Number 1,414, Improved friction match for retaining fire, Entitled Stevens' "Fusse cigar light"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140616211231/http://www.google.com/patents/US1414">archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Patent+Number+1%2C414%2C+Improved+friction+match+for+retaining+fire%2C+Entitled+Stevens%27+%22Fusse+cigar+light%22&rft.date=1839-11-16&rft.au=Stevens%2C+John+Hucks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS1414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens,_John_Hucks1839" class="citation cs2">Stevens, John Hucks (16 November 1839), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1412">U.S. Patent Number 1,412A, Improvement in the Manufacture of Friction-Matches for Preserving Them From Accidental Ignition</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140616211128/https://www.google.com/patents/US1412">archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Patent+Number+1%2C412A%2C+Improvement+in+the+Manufacture+of+Friction-Matches+for+Preserving+Them+From+Accidental+Ignition&rft.date=1839-11-16&rft.au=Stevens%2C+John+Hucks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS1412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158648/Francois-Derosne">"Francois Derosne – French inventor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606212625/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158648/Francois-Derosne">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Francois+Derosne+%E2%80%93+French+inventor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F158648%2FFrancois-Derosne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Encyclopædia Britannica (2012) </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBone1927" class="citation journal cs1">Bone, William A. (1 April 1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F119495a0">"The Centenary of the Friction Match"</a>. Nature. 119 (2996): 495–496. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1927Natur.119..495B">1927Natur.119..495B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F119495a0">10.1038/119495a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Centenary+of+the+Friction+Match&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=2996&rft.pages=495-496&rft.date=1927-04-01&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F119495a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1927Natur.119..495B&rft.aulast=Bone&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F119495a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2001/osullivan/white_phosphorus.htm">"White Phosphorus"</a>. www.chm.bris.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chm.bris.ac.uk&rft.atitle=White+Phosphorus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chm.bris.ac.uk%2Fwebprojects2001%2Fosullivan%2Fwhite_phosphorus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Walker,_John_(1781%3F-1859)" class="extiw" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Walker, John (1781?-1859)">Walker, John (1781?-1859)</a>". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Walker%2C+John+%281781%3F-1859%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885%2F1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewis,_W,_Parke1909" class="citation journal cs1">Brewis, W, Parke (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/archaeologiaaeli06sociuoft#page/n23/mode/1up/">"Curator's Report for 1909"</a>. Archaeologia Aeliana. Third Series. 6: xviii-xix.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeologia+Aeliana&rft.atitle=Curator%27s+Report+for+1909&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=xviii-xix&rft.date=1909&rft.au=Brewis%2C+W%2C+Parke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Farchaeologiaaeli06sociuoft%23page%2Fn23%2Fmode%2F1up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> John Wesley Hanson (1900) Wonders of the nineteenth century: a panoramic review of the inventions and discoveries of the past hundred years, W. B. Conkey Publishers, Chicago </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis_R._GoldfrankFlomenbaum2006" class="citation book cs1">Lewis R. Goldfrank; Flomenbaum, Neal (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cvJuLqBxGUcC&pg=PA1486">Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies</a>. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 1486–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-147914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-147914-1"><bdi>978-0-07-147914-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140709025856/http://books.google.com/books?id=cvJuLqBxGUcC&pg=PA1486">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goldfrank%27s+toxicologic+emergencies&rft.pages=1486-&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-07-147914-1&rft.au=Lewis+R.+Goldfrank&rft.au=Flomenbaum%2C+Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcvJuLqBxGUcC%26pg%3DPA1486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatfield,_J.1856" class="citation journal cs1">Hatfield, J. (1856). "History of American Friction Matches". Scientific American. 11 (49): 387.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=History+of+American+Friction+Matches&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=387&rft.date=1856&rft.au=Hatfield%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=us68">us 68</a>, D. Phillips, published 1836-10-24 </li> <li id="cite_note-Patent-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patent_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patent_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patent_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100304082506/http://www.mszh.hu/English/feltalalok/irinyi.html">"János Irinyi"</a>. Hungarian Patent Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mszh.hu/English/feltalalok/irinyi.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J%C3%A1nos+Irinyi&rft.pub=Hungarian+Patent+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mszh.hu%2FEnglish%2Ffeltalalok%2Firinyi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Janos-Irinyi">"Development of matches"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 18 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Development+of+matches&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJanos-Irinyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes,_J._P._W;_Baron,_R.;_Buckland,_D._H.,_Cooke,_M._A.;_Craig,_J._D.;_Duffield,_D._P.;_Grosart,_A._W.;_Parkes,_P._W._J.;_&_Porter,_A.1962" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, J. P. W; Baron, R.; Buckland, D. H., Cooke, M. A.; Craig, J. D.; Duffield, D. P.; Grosart, A. W.; Parkes, P. W. J.; & Porter, A. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1038164">"Phosphorus Necrosis of the Jaw: A Present-day Study: With Clinical and Biochemical Studies"</a>. Br. J. Ind. Med. 19 (2): 83–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Foem.19.2.83">10.1136/oem.19.2.83</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1038164">1038164</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14449812">14449812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br.+J.+Ind.+Med.&rft.atitle=Phosphorus+Necrosis+of+the+Jaw%3A+A+Present-day+Study%3A+With+Clinical+and+Biochemical+Studies&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=83-99&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1038164%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14449812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Foem.19.2.83&rft.au=Hughes%2C+J.+P.+W%3B+Baron%2C+R.%3B+Buckland%2C+D.+H.%2C+Cooke%2C+M.+A.%3B+Craig%2C+J.+D.%3B+Duffield%2C+D.+P.%3B+Grosart%2C+A.+W.%3B+Parkes%2C+P.+W.+J.%3B+%26+Porter%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1038164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-crass9-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crass9_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crass9_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrass,_M._F._Jr.1941" class="citation journal cs1">Crass, M. F. Jr. (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jce.divched.org/journal/Issues/1941/Sep/jceSubscriber/JCE1941p0428.pdf">"A history of the match industry. Part 9"</a> (PDF). Journal of Chemical Education. 18 (9): 428–431. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1941JChEd..18..428C">1941JChEd..18..428C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed018p428">10.1021/ed018p428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=A+history+of+the+match+industry.+Part+9&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=428-431&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed018p428&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1941JChEd..18..428C&rft.au=Crass%2C+M.+F.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jce.divched.org%2Fjournal%2FIssues%2F1941%2FSep%2FjceSubscriber%2FJCE1941p0428.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver,_Thomas1906" class="citation journal cs1">Oliver, Thomas (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/archivesofpublic01victuoft#page/2/mode/1up">"Industrial disease due to certain poisonous fumes or gases"</a>. Archives of the Public Health Laboratory. 1. Manchester University Press: 1–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+the+Public+Health+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Industrial+disease+due+to+certain+poisonous+fumes+or+gases&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Farchivesofpublic01victuoft%23page%2F2%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spartacus-29"><a href="#cite_ref-spartacus_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414144119/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUmatchgirls.htm">"Matchgirls Strike"</a>. Spartacus Educational. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUmatchgirls.htm">the original</a> on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matchgirls+Strike&rft.pub=Spartacus+Educational&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk%2FTUmatchgirls.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mernick.org.uk/thhol/thelink.html">"White slavery in London".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719031718/http://www.mernick.org.uk/thhol/thelink.html">Archived</a> 19 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Link, Issue no. 21 (via Tower Hamlets' Local History Library and Archives) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Raw p. 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn1944" class="citation journal cs1">Kohn, Moritz (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jce.divched.org/journal/Issues/1944/Nov/jceSubscriber/JCE1944p0522.pdf">"The discovery of red phosphorus (1847) by Anton von Schrötter (1802–1875)"</a> (PDF). J. Chem. Educ. 21 (11): 522, 554. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1944JChEd..21..522K">1944JChEd..21..522K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed021p522">10.1021/ed021p522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Educ.&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+red+phosphorus+%281847%29+by+Anton+von+Schr%C3%B6tter+%281802%E2%80%931875%29&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=522%2C+554&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed021p522&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1944JChEd..21..522K&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=Moritz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jce.divched.org%2Fjournal%2FIssues%2F1944%2FNov%2FjceSubscriber%2FJCE1944p0522.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-threlfall-ix-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-threlfall-ix_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-threlfall-ix_33-1">b</a> Threlfall (1951), "Chapter IX: The Second generation: 1880–1915: part II: The Private Limited Company" </li> <li id="cite_note-threlfall-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-threlfall_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-threlfall_34-1">b</a> Threlfall (1951) </li> <li id="cite_note-crass5-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crass5_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crass5_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crass5_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crass5_35-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrass,_M._F._Jr.1941" class="citation journal cs1">Crass, M. F. Jr. (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jce.divched.org/Journal/issues/1941/Jul/jceSubscriber/JCE1941p0316.pdf">"A history of the match industry. Part 5"</a> (PDF). Journal of Chemical Education. 18 (7): 316–319. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1941JChEd..18..316C">1941JChEd..18..316C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed018p316">10.1021/ed018p316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=A+history+of+the+match+industry.+Part+5&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=316-319&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed018p316&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1941JChEd..18..316C&rft.au=Crass%2C+M.+F.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jce.divched.org%2FJournal%2Fissues%2F1941%2FJul%2FjceSubscriber%2FJCE1941p0316.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharnovitz1987" class="citation journal cs1">Charnovitz, Steve (1987). "The Influence of International Labour Standards on the World Trading Regime. A Historical Overview". International Labour Review. 126 (5): 565, 571.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Labour+Review&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+International+Labour+Standards+on+the+World+Trading+Regime.+A+Historical+Overview&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=565%2C+571&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Charnovitz&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/edu/ViewLoitDa.do;jsessionid=CC9C134CA7859800E234B195B64D9A7E?method=preview&lang=EN&id=25987">Donalda Charron and the E.B. Eddy Match Company</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808040840/http://www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/edu/ViewLoitDa.do;jsessionid=CC9C134CA7859800E234B195B64D9A7E?method=preview&lang=EN&id=25987">Archived</a> 8 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. National Capital Commission. museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca </li> <li id="cite_note-threlfall-v-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-threlfall-v_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-threlfall-v_38-1">b</a> Threlfall (1951), Chapter V: "The Foundations, 1855–56: the phosphorus retort" </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/phosphor.htm#Fire">"Fire"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104054408/http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/phosphor.htm#Fire">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmysite.du.edu%2F~jcalvert%2Fphys%2Fphosphor.htm%23Fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reagent.co.uk/blog/how-do-safety-matches-work/">"How Do Safety Matches Work?"</a>. 27 May 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Do+Safety+Matches+Work%3F&rft.date=2020-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reagent.co.uk%2Fblog%2Fhow-do-safety-matches-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-threlfall-va-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-threlfall-va_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-threlfall-va_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-threlfall-va_41-2">c</a> Threlfall (1951), Appendix A to Chapter V: "The Match Industry" </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2012" class="citation web cs1">Staff (10 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130710130414/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2012/3/prweb9271990.htm">"Legality of Strike Anywhere Matches Is Up For Debate"</a>. PRWeb.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prweb.com/releases/2012/3/prweb9271990.htm">the original</a> on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PRWeb.com&rft.atitle=Legality+of+Strike+Anywhere+Matches+Is+Up+For+Debate&rft.date=2012-03-10&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prweb.com%2Freleases%2F2012%2F3%2Fprweb9271990.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCafferty2009" class="citation news cs1">McCafferty, Keith (10 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130819001928/http://www.fieldandstream.com/articles/hunting/2009/11/matches-test-best-survival-matches-still-strike-anywhere">"Strike Anywhere: The Best Matches for Survival Situations"</a>. Field & Stream. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fieldandstream.com/articles/hunting/2009/11/matches-test-best-survival-matches-still-strike-anywhere">the original</a> on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Field+%26+Stream&rft.atitle=Strike+Anywhere%3A+The+Best+Matches+for+Survival+Situations&rft.date=2009-11-10&rft.aulast=McCafferty&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fieldandstream.com%2Farticles%2Fhunting%2F2009%2F11%2Fmatches-test-best-survival-matches-still-strike-anywhere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iata-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iata_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iata_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIATA2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/IATA" class="mw-redirect" title="IATA">IATA</a> (2007). Dangerous Goods Regulations: Effective 1 January – 31 December 2007. Produced in consultation with <a href="/wiki/ICAO" class="mw-redirect" title="ICAO">ICAO</a>. Montreal: International Air Transport Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9195-780-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9195-780-4"><bdi>978-92-9195-780-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Goods+Regulations%3A+Effective+1+January+%E2%80%93+31+December+2007.+Produced+in+consultation+with+ICAO&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=International+Air+Transport+Association&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-92-9195-780-4&rft.au=IATA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Match&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li>Threlfall, Richard E. (1951). The Story of 100 Years of Phosphorus Making: 1851–1951. Oldbury: Albright & Wilson Ltd.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Match&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li>Beaver, Patrick (1985). The Match Makers: The Story of Bryant & May. London: Henry Melland Limited. ISBN 0-907929-11-7</li> <li>Emsley, John (2000). The Shocking History of Phosphorus: A Biography of the Devil's Element. Basingstoke: Macmillan Publishing. ISBN 0-333-76638-5</li> <li>Steele, H. Thomas (1987). Close Cover Before Striking: The Golden Age of Matchbook Art. Abeville Press</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Match&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075503/http://chemistry.about.com/od/everydaychemistry/a/matches.htm">"History of Chemical Matches"</a>. Chemistry.about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemistry.about.com/od/everydaychemistry/a/matches.htm">the original</a> on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chemistry.about.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Chemical+Matches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchemistry.about.com%2Fod%2Feverydaychemistry%2Fa%2Fmatches.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121208164759/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blmatch.htm">"The History of Matches"</a>. Inventors.about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blmatch.htm">the original</a> on 8 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inventors.about.com&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Matches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finventors.about.com%2Flibrary%2Finventors%2Fblmatch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LiEDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+1946+motor+gun+boat&pg=RA2-PA105">"Making 125,000 Matches An Hour", August 1946, Popular Science</a> article on the modern mass production of wooden stem matches</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060216214352/http://www.matchcovers.com/first100.htm">"History of matchbooks"</a>. Matchcovers.com/first100.htm. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matchcovers.com/first100.htm">the original</a> on 16 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Matchcovers.com%2Ffirst100.htm&rft.atitle=History+of+matchbooks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.matchcovers.com%2Ffirst100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matchcover.org">"The Rathkamp Matchcover Society"</a>. matchcover.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=matchcover.org&rft.atitle=The+Rathkamp+Matchcover+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.matchcover.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatch" class="Z3988">library.thinkquest.org/23062/match.htm</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310030259/http://richannel.org/tales-from-the-prep-room-lighting-a-match">"Lighting a Match"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a> video on the ignition process</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compoundchem.com/2014/11/20/matches/">Chemistry of Matches, Graphics and Video</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Matches" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Matches">Matches</a> at Wikimedia Commons <a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Match" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Match">Match</a> at Wiktionary <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Match&oldid=1254386446">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Match&oldid=1254386446</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Match&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 30 October 2024, at 19:22 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuurhoutjie" title="Vuurhoutjie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vuurhoutjie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="عود ثقاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عود ثقاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misto" title="Misto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Misto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="জুইশলা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জুইশলা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibrit" title="Kibrit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kibrit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colok" title="Colok – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Colok" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="দিয়াশলাই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দিয়াশলাই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoan-%C3%A1-ho%C3%A9" title="Hoan-á-hoé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoan-á-hoé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Запалка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Запалка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Запалка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Запалка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80" title="अंगारकाठी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अंगारकाठी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Кибрит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кибрит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zindh%C3%A4izl" title="Zindhäizl – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Zindhäizl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ibice" title="Šibice – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šibice" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misto" title="Misto – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Misto" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BF%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Шăрпăк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шăрпăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1palka" title="Zápalka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zápalka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulminente" title="Fulminente – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Fulminente" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A6ndstik" title="Tændstik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tændstik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streichholz" title="Streichholz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Streichholz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuletikk" title="Tuletikk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tuletikk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Σπίρτο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σπίρτο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulmin%C3%A0nt" title="Fulminànt – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Fulminànt" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3sforo_(utensilio)" title="Fósforo (utensilio) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fósforo (utensilio)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumeto" title="Alumeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alumeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pospolo" title="Pospolo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pospolo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کبریت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کبریت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allumette" title="Allumette – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allumette" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misto" title="Misto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Misto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EB%83%A5" title="성냥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성냥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashana" title="Ashana – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ashana" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Լուցկի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուցկի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="माचिस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माचिस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDigica" title="Žigica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Žigica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumeto" title="Alumeto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alumeto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korek_api" title="Korek api – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Korek api" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldsp%C3%BDta" title="Eldspýta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eldspýta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiammifero" title="Fiammifero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fiammifero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8" title="גפרור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גפרור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8k" title="Rèk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rèk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF" title="ಬೆಂಕಿಕಡ್ಡಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೆಂಕಿಕಡ್ಡಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ასანთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასანთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D2%A3%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Сіріңке – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сіріңке" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibiriti" title="Kibiriti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kibiriti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alim%C3%A8t" title="Alimèt – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Alimèt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Ширеңке – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ширеңке" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphuratum" title="Sulphuratum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sulphuratum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%93rkoci%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Sērkociņš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sērkociņš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixspoun" title="Fixspoun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fixspoun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degtukas" title="Degtukas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Degtukas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjwaegel" title="Zjwaegel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zjwaegel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alim%C9%9B%CC%81ti" title="Alimɛ́ti – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Alimɛ́ti" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyufa" title="Gyufa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyufa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="ჩხაჩხი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩხაჩხი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancis" title="Mancis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3-l%C3%A0i-hu%C5%8Di" title="Cê̤ṳ-lài-huōi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cê̤ṳ-lài-huōi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_de_cerilha" title="Palo de cerilha – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Palo de cerilha" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Сардоня – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сардоня" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucifer_(voorwerp)" title="Lucifer (voorwerp) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lucifer (voorwerp)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striekzwevel" title="Striekzwevel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Striekzwevel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%83%81" title="マッチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マッチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appecciari%C3%A9gle" title="Appecciariégle – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Appecciariégle" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrstikk" title="Fyrstikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fyrstikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrstikk" title="Fyrstikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fyrstikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugurt" title="Gugurt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gugurt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Fosforo" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%B3" title="ماچس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ماچس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietsticken" title="Rietsticken – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rietsticken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapa%C5%82ka" title="Zapałka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zapałka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palito_de_f%C3%B3sforo" title="Palito de fósforo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Palito de fósforo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibrit" title="Chibrit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chibrit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninachaq" title="Ninachaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ninachaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Спичка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спичка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminu" title="Luminu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Luminu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkrep%C3%ABsja" title="Shkrepësja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkrepësja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirinu" title="Cirinu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cirinu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BB" title="ගිනිකූර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගිනිකූර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match" title="Match – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Match" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ماچيس جي تيلي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ماچيس جي تيلي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1palka_(pali%C4%8Dka)" title="Zápalka (palička) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zápalka (palička)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%BEigalica" title="Vžigalica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vžigalica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztrahecle" title="Sztrahecle – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sztrahecle" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabriid" title="Kabriid – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kabriid" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Шибица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шибица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ibice" title="Šibice – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šibice" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A9k_api" title="Korék api – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Korék api" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulitikku" title="Tulitikku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tulitikku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4ndsticka" title="Tändsticka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tändsticka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="தீக்குச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தீக்குச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Шырпы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шырпы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2" title="అగ్గిపుల్ల – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అగ్గిపుల్ల" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F" title="ไม้ขีดไฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไม้ขีดไฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%AF%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Гӯгирд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гӯгирд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibrit" title="Kibrit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kibrit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Сірники – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сірники" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="دیا سلائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دیا سلائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%AAm" title="Diêm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Diêm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloumete" title="Aloumete – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Aloumete" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%9F%B4" title="火柴 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="火柴" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfer_(lucifer)" title="Sulfer (lucifer) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sulfer (lucifer)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puspuro" title="Puspuro – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Puspuro" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%A5%E7%81%AB" title="自来火 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="自来火" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%9F%B4" title="火柴 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="火柴" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sier%C4%8Dioks" title="Sierčioks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sierčioks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%9F%B4" title="火柴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="火柴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasitan" title="Kasitan – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Kasitan" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 October 2024, at 19:22 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Match&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vbwr2","wgBackendResponseTime":202,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.695","walltime":"0.868","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4343,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":97137,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4396,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":157277,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 745.020 1 -total"," 50.26% 374.456 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.46% 92.855 8 Template:Cite_book"," 12.07% 89.889 1 Template:Firelighting"," 11.85% 88.264 1 Template:Navbox"," 9.63% 71.733 13 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.14% 60.673 12 Template:Cite_web"," 8.10% 60.327 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.69% 42.424 2 Template:Dead_link"," 5.44% 40.518 1 Template:Authority_control"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.406","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8645940,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-hchr7","timestamp":"20241122141302","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Match","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Match","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q37507","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q37507","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-07-24T06:08:23Z","dateModified":"2024-10-30T19:22:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c1\/Streichholz.jpg","headline":"stick made of combustible material (typically wood) used for lighting fires"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>