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Many chemical reactions generate heat and fire, but matches are a fairly recent invention." itemprop="description"> <meta name="emailcontenttype" content="STRUCTUREDCONTENT" /> <meta name="emailvertical" content="THOUGHTCO" /> <meta name="sailthru.author" content="Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D." /> <meta name="sailthru.tags" content="sciences-math,science,chemistry,chemistry-in-everyday-life" /> <meta name="parsely-section" content="Science, Tech, Math" /> <meta name="parsely-tags" content="ThoughtCo,Science, Tech, Math,Science,Chemistry,Chemistry In Everyday Life" />  <meta itemprop="name" content="History of Chemical Matches" /> <meta property="article:section" content="ThoughtCo" />  <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="ThoughtCo" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-chemical-matches-606805" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Where Do Matches Come From?" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Matches allow for a portable, easy-to-use source of fire. 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type--lion">History of Chemical Matches</h1> <p class="article-subheading type--dog">Chemistry of Making Fire Using Matches</p> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-post-header"><div id="post-header-social-block_1-0" class="comp post-header-social-block mntl-block"><div id="social-share-block_1-0" class="comp social-share-block mntl-block"><ul id="social-share_1-0" class="comp social-share mntl-social-share share" data-title="History of Chemical Matches" document="StructuredContentDocumentEx{parent=BaseDocumentEx{templateType=STRUCTUREDCONTENT, documentId=606805, bestTitle='History of Chemical Matches'}}" data-description="Matches allow for a portable, easy-to-use source of fire. Many chemical reactions generate heat and fire, but matches are a fairly recent invention." data-tracking-container="true"> <li class="share-item share-item-facebook"> <span data-href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fhistory-of-chemical-matches-606805%3Futm_source%3Dfacebook.com%26utm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_campaign%3Dsocial-share-article" data-network="facebook" data-click-tracked="true" class="share-link share-link-facebook" tabindex="0" title="Share on Facebook" aria-label="Share on Facebook" role="link"> <svg class="icon icon-facebook " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-facebook" href="#icon-facebook"></use> </svg> </span> </li> <li class="share-item share-item-flipboard"> <span 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src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/8p_lzZNTIEHPvkJjT83PNI98ORU=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-121776904-56cb36d83df78cfb379b5bd7.jpg" width="3587" height="2387" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/8p_lzZNTIEHPvkJjT83PNI98ORU=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-121776904-56cb36d83df78cfb379b5bd7.jpg 1500w" sizes="750px" alt="A match uses a chemical reaction to produce a flame." class=" primary-image__image mntl-primary-image--blurry" onload="(function(e){e.classList.add('loaded')})(this)" style="--blurry: url('data:image/gif;charset=utf-8;base64,R0lGODlhCgAHAPUAAAAAAAAAAQEBAwEBBQYAAAcDAwAACAICCAAGFAAGFQYNGBUSFhkRFgMRIAoUJQkeMhkZJQ0hNhUhMyQYFDgeDA4sSREnQBcsRRUyTiI/XCRBXixAWjhBXC9LaUUxIXAfBXAnIXk2KV9bVWtPW3RaXog1K6NCP7JlWalqZLxxZ+51AMV9gP2dPvWBUM+IhtaZituZmtmhisCspt22pu2gje2imemsoeG2oAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACwAAAAACgAHAEUISgABCBR44wUIAi40WLgQQcGBGR8EJqjQAIHAGiZQrBAxggQLDypaTKBQYKDAGDZKnIDxAIMDAwAC0EghI0SGDhw2SICwgIGAAQEBADs=')" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/8p_lzZNTIEHPvkJjT83PNI98ORU=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-121776904-56cb36d83df78cfb379b5bd7.jpg" width="3587" height="2387" class="loaded primary-img--noscript primary-image__image mntl-primary-image--blurry" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/8p_lzZNTIEHPvkJjT83PNI98ORU=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-121776904-56cb36d83df78cfb379b5bd7.jpg 1500w" sizes="750px" alt="A match uses a chemical reaction to produce a flame." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="primary-image__figcap_1-0" class="comp primary-image__figcap mntl-figure-caption figure-article-caption"> <svg class="icon icon-camera figure-article-caption-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-camera" href="#icon-camera"></use> </svg> <span class="figure-article-caption-text">A match uses a chemical reaction to produce a flame.</span> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner">Tim Oram, Getty Images</span> </figcaption></figure> </div><div class="loc article-left-rail"> <div id="breadcrumbs-list_2-0" class="comp breadcrumbs-list " data-tracking-container="true"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/science-4132464" rel="nocaes" class="breadcrumbs-list-image" ><div class="loc image"><img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/GlGRAYLjgFbTQlbxhxfdvvPh9L8=/150x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/left_rail_image_science-58a22da268a0972917bfb5cc.png" width="150" height="0" alt="Science" class=" 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She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels." tabindex="0" data-inline-tooltip="true"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/anne-marie-helmenstine-ph-d-601916" rel="nocaes" data-trigger-link="true" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="-1" >Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.</a> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip mntl-tooltip mntl-group "> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__top mntl-author-tooltip__top--no-image"> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__name_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__name mntl-attribution__item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/anne-marie-helmenstine-ph-d-601916" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="0" >Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.</a> </div> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__social-nav_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__social-nav reference-social-nav mntl-social-nav" data-tracking-container="true"> <ul class="social-nav__list"> <li class="social-nav__item social-nav__item--facebook"> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/pages/Aboutcom-Chemistry/244818558903541" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" class="social-nav__link social-nav__link--facebook" aria-label="Visit Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.'s Facebook" > <svg class="icon icon-facebook social-nav__icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-facebook" href="#icon-facebook"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="social-nav__item social-nav__item--x"> <a href="https://twitter.com/azareal" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" class="social-nav__link social-nav__link--x" aria-label="Visit Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.'s X" > <svg class="icon icon-x social-nav__icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-x" href="#icon-x"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <span id="mntl-author-tooltip__job-title_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__job-title mntl-text-block">Chemistry Expert</span> <ul id="mntl-author-tooltip__education_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education mntl-block"><li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville</li> <li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College</li></ul> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a science writer, educator, and consultant. She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our</span> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >Editorial Process</a> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="mntl-attribution__item-date">Updated on November 03, 2019</div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-content"><div id="article-content_1-0" class="comp article-content mntl-block"><div id="mntl-sc-page_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-page mntl-block structured-content expert-content" data-sc-sticky-offset="85" data-sc-ad-label-height="24" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="100" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="3" data-sc-content-positions="[1, 1050, 1250, 1550, 1950, 2350, 2750, 3150]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><p id="mntl-sc-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> If you need to <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-fire-made-of-607313" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">start a fire</a> do you rub sticks together or break out your handy flint? Probably not. Most people would use a lighter or a match to start a fire. Matches allow for a portable, easy-to-use source of fire. Many <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/ultimate-colored-smoke-bomb-605967" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">chemical reactions generate heat and fire</a>, but matches are a fairly recent invention. Matches are also an invention you probably wouldn't choose to duplicate if civilization ended today or you were stranded on a desert island. The chemicals involved in modern matches are generally safe, but that wasn't always the case: </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <strong>1669 [Hennig Brand or Brandt, also known as Dr. Teutonicus]</strong> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Brand was an Hamburg alchemist who discovered <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/phosphorus-facts-606574" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">phosphorus</a> during his attempts to turn <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/base-metal-definition-and-examples-608464" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">base metals</a> into <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/gold-facts-606539" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="3">gold</a>. He allowed a vat of <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-chemical-composition-of-urine-603883" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="4">urine</a> to stand until it putrefied. He boiled the resulting liquid down to a paste, which he heated to a high temperature, so that the vapors could be drawn into water and condensed into... gold. Brand didn't get gold, but he did obtain a waxy white substance that glowed in the dark. This was phosphorus, one of the first <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/element-discovery-timeline-606607" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="5">elements to be isolated</a> other than those which exist free in nature. Evaporating urine produced ammonium sodium hydrogen phosphate (microcosmic salt), which yielded sodium phosphite upon heating. When heated with carbon (<a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/how-does-activated-charcoal-work-604294" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="6">charcoal</a>) this decomposed into white phosphorus and sodium pyrophosphate:<br>(NH<sub>4</sub>)NaHPO<sub>4</sub> —› NaPO<sub>3</sub> + NH<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O<br>8NaPO<sub>3</sub> + 10C —› 2Na<sub>4</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> + 10CO + P<sub>4</sub><br>Although Brand tried to keep his process a secret, he sold his discovery to a German chemist, Krafft, who exhibited phosphorus throughout Europe. Word leaked out that the substance was made from urine, which was all Kunckel and Boyle needed to work out their own means of purifying phosphorus. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <strong>1678 [Johann Kunckel]</strong><br/>Knuckel successfully made phosphorus from urine. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <strong>1680 [Robert Boyle]</strong> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Sir Robert Boyle coated a piece of paper with phosphorus, with a separate splinter of sulfur-coated wood. When the wood was drawn through the paper, it would burst into flame. Phosphorus was difficult to obtain at that time, so the invention was only a curiosity. Boyle's method of isolating phosphorus was more efficient than Brand's: </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_13-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> 4NaPO<sub>3</sub> + 2SiO<sub>2</sub> + 10C —› 2Na<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub> + 10CO + P<sub>4</sub> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <strong>1826/1827 [John Walker, Samuel Jones]</strong> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Walker serendipitously discovered a friction match made from <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/antimony-element-facts-606498" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">antimony</a> sulfide, potassium chlorate, gum, and starch, resulting from a dried blob on the end of a stick used to stir a chemical mixture. He didn't patent his discovery, though he did show it to people. Samuel Jones saw the demonstration and started to produce 'Lucifers', which were matches marketed to the Southern and Western U.S. states. Lucifers reportedly could ignite explosively, sometimes throwing sparks at a considerable distance. They were known to have a strong 'firework' odor. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_18-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_19-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <strong>1830 [Charles Sauria]</strong> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_20-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_21-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Sauria reformulated the match using white phosphorus, which eliminated the strong odor. However, the phosphorus was deadly. Many people developed a disorder known as 'phossy jaw'. Children who sucked on matches developed skeletal deformities. Phosphorus factory workers got bones diseases. One pack of matches contained enough phosphorus to kill a person. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_22-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_23-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <strong>1892 [Joshua Pusey]</strong> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_24-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_25-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Pusey invented the matchbook, however, he placed the striking surface on the inside of the book so that all 50 matches would ignite at once. The Diamond Match Company later purchased Pusey's patent and moved the striking surface to the exterior of the packaging. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_26-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_27-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <strong>1910 [Diamond Match Company]</strong> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_28-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_29-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> With a worldwide push to ban the use of white phosphorus matches, the Diamond Match Company got a patent for a non-poisonous match which used sesquisulfide of phosphorus. U.S. President Taft requested that Diamond Match give up their patent. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_30-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_31-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <strong>1911 [Diamond Match Company]</strong> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_32-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_33-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Diamond yielded their patent on January 28, 1911. Congress passed a law placing a prohibitively high tax on white phosphorus matches. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_34-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_35-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <strong>Present Day</strong> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_36-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_37-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Butane lighters have largely replaced matches in many part of the world, however matches are still made and used. The Diamond Match Company, for example, makes more than 12 billion matches a year. Approximately 500 billion matches are used annually in the United States. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_38-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_39-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> An alternative to chemical matches is fire steel. Fire steel uses a striker and magnesium metal to produce sparks which may be used to start a fire. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_40-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-sources"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_41-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Sources </span> </h2> <ul id="mntl-sc-block_42-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <li><cite>Crass, M. F., Jr. (1941). "A history of the match industry. Part 5." <em>Journal of Chemical Education</em>. 18 (7): 316–319. doi:<a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed018p316" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">10.1021/ed018p316</a></cite></li> <li><cite>Hughes, J. P. W; Baron, R.; Buckland, D. H., Cooke, M. A.; Craig, J. D.; Duffield, D. P.; Grosart, A. W.; Parkes, P. W. J.; & Porter, A. (1962). "Phosphorus Necrosis of the Jaw: A Present-day Study: With Clinical and Biochemical Studies." <em>Br. J. Ind. Med</em>. 19 (2): 83–99. doi:<a href="https://oem.bmj.com/content/19/2/83" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="2">10.1136/oem.19.2.83</a></cite></li> <li><cite>Wisniak, Jaime (2005). "Matches—The manufacture of fire." <em>Indian Journal of Chemical Technology</em>. 12: 369–380.</cite></li> </ul></div> <div id="sources-and-citation_1-0" class="comp sources-and-citation mntl-block"><div id="citation-widget_1-0" class="comp citation-widget js-citation-widget" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="citation-widget__container js-container"> <button class="citation-widget__button js-button"> <span class="citation-widget__cite-label">Cite this Article </span> <svg class="icon icon-cite citation-widget__icon-cite" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-cite" href="#icon-cite"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="citation-widget__window js-window"> <svg class="icon icon-close citation-widget__icon-close js-icon-close" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-close" href="#icon-close"></use> </svg> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Format</div> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link citation-widget__format-link--active js-format-link">mla</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">apa</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">chicago</a> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Your Citation</div> <div class="citation-widget__content js-content"> <span class="citation-widget__citation citation-widget__citation--active js-active" data-citation-format="mla">Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "History of Chemical Matches." ThoughtCo, Jul. 29, 2021, thoughtco.com/history-of-chemical-matches-606805.</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="apa">Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2021, July 29). History of Chemical Matches. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-chemical-matches-606805</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="chicago">Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "History of Chemical Matches." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-chemical-matches-606805 (accessed November 24, 2024).</span> </div> <div class="citation-widget__copy-container"> <button class="citation-widget__copy-button js-copy-button"> <div class="citation-widget__copy-wrapper"> <svg class="icon icon-checkmark citation-widget__icon-checkmark" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-checkmark" href="#icon-checkmark"></use> </svg> <span class="citation-widget__copy-label js-copy-label">copy citation</span> </div> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div><div class="loc article-right-rail"><div id="mm-ads-right-rail_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-right-rail mntl-block"><div id="sc-billboard-group_1-0" class="comp sc-billboard-group mntl-block js-scads-inline-content"><div id="mntl-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard1-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard1-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_1-0" class="comp 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