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id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Allotropes of phosphorus</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_phosphorus" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Allotropes_of_phosphorus" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Allotropes+of+phosphorus" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropes_of_phosphorus&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>Elemental <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> can exist in several <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotropes</a>, the most common of which are <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus" title="White phosphorus">white</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_phosphorus" title="Red phosphorus">red</a> solids. Solid violet and black allotropes are also known. Gaseous phosphorus exists as <a href="/wiki/Diphosphorus" title="Diphosphorus">diphosphorus</a> and atomic phosphorus. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PhosphComby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PhosphComby.jpg/220px-PhosphComby.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PhosphComby.jpg/330px-PhosphComby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PhosphComby.jpg/440px-PhosphComby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="253"></a><figcaption>White phosphorus (left), red phosphorus (center left and center right), and violet phosphorus (right)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PhosphorusAllotropes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PhosphorusAllotropes.svg/220px-PhosphorusAllotropes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PhosphorusAllotropes.svg/330px-PhosphorusAllotropes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PhosphorusAllotropes.svg/440px-PhosphorusAllotropes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="562"></a><figcaption>White phosphorus and resulting <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">allotropes</a></figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#White_phosphorus"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">White phosphorus</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Other_polyhedrane_analogues"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Other polyhedrane analogues</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Red_phosphorus"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Red phosphorus</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Applications"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Applications</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Violet_or_Hittorf's_phosphorus"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Violet or Hittorf's phosphorus</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Reactions_of_violet_phosphorus"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Reactions of violet phosphorus</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Black_phosphorus"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Black phosphorus</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Phosphorene"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Phosphorene</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Ring-shaped_phosphorus"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Ring-shaped phosphorus</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Blue_phosphorus"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Blue phosphorus</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Diphosphorus"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Diphosphorus</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Phosphorus_nanorods"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Phosphorus nanorods</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Properties"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Properties</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="White_phosphorus">White phosphorus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropes_of_phosphorus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: White phosphorus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus" title="White phosphorus">White phosphorus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This section is about the chemistry of white phosphorus. For military applications, see <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="White phosphorus munitions">white phosphorus munitions</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>White phosphorus </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wei%C3%9Fer_Phosphor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wei%C3%9Fer_Phosphor.JPG/220px-Wei%C3%9Fer_Phosphor.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wei%C3%9Fer_Phosphor.JPG/220px-Wei%C3%9Fer_Phosphor.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wei%C3%9Fer_Phosphor.JPG/330px-Wei%C3%9Fer_Phosphor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wei%C3%9Fer_Phosphor.JPG/440px-Wei%C3%9Fer_Phosphor.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span><br><div style="text-align:center;">White phosphorus sample with a chunk removed from the corner to expose un-oxidized material</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetraphosphorus-liquid-2D-dimensions.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tetraphosphorus-liquid-2D-dimensions.png/220px-Tetraphosphorus-liquid-2D-dimensions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="787"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tetraphosphorus-liquid-2D-dimensions.png/220px-Tetraphosphorus-liquid-2D-dimensions.png" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tetraphosphorus-liquid-2D-dimensions.png/330px-Tetraphosphorus-liquid-2D-dimensions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tetraphosphorus-liquid-2D-dimensions.png/440px-Tetraphosphorus-liquid-2D-dimensions.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span><br><div style="text-align:center;">Tetraphosphorus molecule</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC names</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">White phosphorus<br>Tetraphosphorus</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature#Systematic_name" title="Chemical nomenclature">Systematic IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">1,2,3,4-Tetraphosphatricyclo[1.1.0.0<sup>2,4</sup>]butane</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Molecular phosphorus</li><li>Yellow phosphorus</li></ul></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=12185-10-3">12185-10-3</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 7px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" data-alt="☒" data-width="7" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=P12P3P1P23">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.109894.html">109894</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/123286">123286</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UN_number" title="UN number">UN number</a> </td> <td>1381 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/P4/c1-2-3(1)4(1)2</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: OBSZRRSYVTXPNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">P12P3P1P23</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td><span title="Phosphorus">P</span><sub>4</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002123895000000000♠"></span>123.895</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>1.82 g/cm<sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>44.1 °C; 111.4 °F; 317.3 K </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>280 °C; 536 °F; 553 K </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_25b70a921cc7b5c6"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" data-alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" data-width="80" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element" data-usemap="#ImageMap_25b70a921cc7b5c6"> </span></span><map name="ImageMap_25b70a921cc7b5c6"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g. VX gas" title="Health 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g. VX gas"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 4: Will rapidly or completely vaporize at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, or is readily dispersed in air and will burn readily. Flash point below 23 °C (73 °F). E.g. propane" title="Flammability 4: Will rapidly or completely vaporize at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, or is readily dispersed in air and will burn readily. Flash point below 23 °C (73 °F). E.g. propane"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorus" title="Instability 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorus"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code"></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g. VX gas" class="notheme mw-no-invert">4</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 4: Will rapidly or completely vaporize at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, or is readily dispersed in air and will burn readily. Flash point below 23 °C (73 °F). E.g. propane" class="notheme mw-no-invert">4</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorus" class="notheme mw-no-invert">2</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_phosphorus.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/White_phosphorus.png/220px-White_phosphorus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2956" data-file-height="3156"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 235px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/White_phosphorus.png/220px-White_phosphorus.png" data-width="220" data-height="235" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/White_phosphorus.png/330px-White_phosphorus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/White_phosphorus.png/440px-White_phosphorus.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>White phosphorus crystal structure</figcaption></figure> <p><b>White phosphorus</b>, <b>yellow phosphorus</b> or simply <b>tetraphosphorus</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) exists as <a href="/wiki/Molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecules">molecules</a> of four phosphorus <a href="/wiki/Atoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atoms">atoms</a> in a tetrahedral structure, joined by six phosphorus—phosphorus <a href="/wiki/Single_bond" title="Single bond">single bonds</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrahedral">tetrahedral</a> arrangement results in <a href="/wiki/Ring_strain" title="Ring strain">ring strain</a> and instability.<sup id="cite_ref-HS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Molten and gaseous white phosphorus also retains the tetrahedral molecules, until 800 °C (1,500 °F; 1,100 K) when it starts decomposing to <span class="chemf nowrap">P<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-WPPoly_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPPoly-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White phosphorus is a translucent <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxy</a> solid that quickly yellows in light, and impure white phosphorus is for this reason called yellow phosphorus. It is <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a>, causing severe <a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxicity" title="Hepatotoxicity">liver damage</a> on ingestion and <a href="/wiki/Phossy_jaw" title="Phossy jaw">phossy jaw</a> from chronic ingestion or inhalation. </p><p>It glows greenish in the dark (when exposed to oxygen). It ignites spontaneously in air at about 50 °C (122 °F), and at much lower temperatures if finely divided (due to <a href="/wiki/Melting-point_depression" title="Melting-point depression">melting-point depression</a>). Because of this property, <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="White phosphorus munitions">white phosphorus is used as a weapon</a>. Phosphorus reacts with oxygen, usually forming <i>two</i> oxides depending on the amount of available oxygen: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span> (<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trioxide" title="Phosphorus trioxide">phosphorus trioxide</a>) when reacted with a limited supply of oxygen, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub></span> when reacted with excess oxygen. On rare occasions, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">9</sub></span> are also formed, but in small amounts. This combustion gives phosphorus(V) oxide, which consists of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub></span> tetrahedral with oxygen inserted between the phosphorus atoms and at their vertices: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> + 5 O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>The odour of combustion of this form has a characteristic garlic smell. White phosphorus is only slightly soluble in water and can be stored under water. Indeed, white phosphorus is safe from self-igniting when it is submerged in water; due to this, unreacted white phosphorus can prove hazardous to <a href="/wiki/Beachcombing" title="Beachcombing">beachcombers</a> who may collect washed-up samples while unaware of their true nature.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span> is soluble in <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oils" class="mw-redirect" title="Oils">oils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">carbon disulfide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disulfur_dichloride" title="Disulfur dichloride">disulfur dichloride</a>. </p><p>The white allotrope can be produced using several methods. In the industrial process, <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate rock">phosphate rock</a> is heated in an electric or fuel-fired <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">furnace</a> in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-threlfall2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-threlfall2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elemental phosphorus is then liberated as a vapour and can be collected under <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a>. An idealized equation for this <a href="/wiki/Carbothermal_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbothermal reaction">carbothermal reaction</a> is shown for <a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphate" title="Calcium phosphate">calcium phosphate</a> (although phosphate rock contains substantial amounts of <a href="/wiki/Fluoroapatite" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoroapatite">fluoroapatite</a>): </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">2 Ca<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>(PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 6 SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 10 C → 6 CaSiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + 10 CO + P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_polyhedrane_analogues">Other polyhedrane analogues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropes_of_phosphorus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Other polyhedrane analogues" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Although white phosphorus forms the <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedron" title="Tetrahedron">tetrahedron</a>, the simplest possible <a href="/wiki/Platonic_hydrocarbon" title="Platonic hydrocarbon">Platonic hydrocarbon</a>, no other polyhedral phosphorus clusters are known.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbridge_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbridge-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White phosphorus converts to the thermodynamically-stabler red allotrope, but that allotrope is not isolated polyhedra. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cubane" title="Cubane">Cubane</a>, in particular, is unlikely to form,<sup id="cite_ref-Corbridge_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbridge-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the closest approach is the half-phosphorus compound <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>(CH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>, produced from <a href="/wiki/Phosphaalkyne" title="Phosphaalkyne">phosphaalkynes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other clusters are more thermodynamically favorable, and some have been partially formed as components of larger polyelemental compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbridge_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbridge-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Red_phosphorus">Red phosphorus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropes_of_phosphorus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Red phosphorus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Red_phosphorus" title="Red phosphorus">Red phosphorus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphor_rot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Phosphor_rot.jpg/220px-Phosphor_rot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="423"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Phosphor_rot.jpg/220px-Phosphor_rot.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Phosphor_rot.jpg/330px-Phosphor_rot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Phosphor_rot.jpg/440px-Phosphor_rot.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Red phosphorus</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Red phosphorus</b> may be formed by heating <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus" title="White phosphorus">white phosphorus</a> to 300 °C (570 °F) in the absence of air or by exposing white phosphorus to <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>. Red phosphorus exists as an <a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">amorphous</a> network. Upon further heating, the amorphous red phosphorus crystallizes. It has two crystalline forms: <a href="/wiki/Violet_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Violet phosphorus">violet phosphorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_phosphorus#Fibrous_red_phosphorus" title="Red phosphorus">fibrous red phosphorus</a>. Bulk red phosphorus does not ignite in air at temperatures below 240 °C (460 °F), whereas pieces of white phosphorus ignite at about 30 °C (86 °F). </p><p>Under standard conditions it is more stable than white phosphorus, but less stable than the thermodynamically stable black phosphorus. The <a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_formation" title="Standard enthalpy of formation">standard enthalpy of formation</a> of red phosphorus is −17.6 kJ/mol.<sup id="cite_ref-HS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red phosphorus is kinetically most stable. </p><p>It was first presented by Anton von Schrötter before the Vienna Academy of Sciences on December 9, 1847, although others had doubtlessly had this substance in their hands before, such as Berzelius.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications">Applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropes_of_phosphorus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Applications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Safety_match" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety match">Safety match</a></div> <p>Red phosphorus can be used as a very effective <a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">flame retardant</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastics</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Polyamide" title="Polyamide">polyamide</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Thermosets" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermosets">thermosets</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Epoxy_resins" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoxy resins">epoxy resins</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethanes</a>). The flame retarding effect is based on the formation of <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acids_and_phosphates" title="Phosphoric acids and phosphates">polyphosphoric acid</a>. Together with the organic polymer material, these acids create a char that prevents the propagation of the flames. The safety risks associated with <a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a> generation and <a href="/wiki/Friction_sensitivity" title="Friction sensitivity">friction sensitivity</a> of red phosphorus can be effectively minimized by stabilization and <a href="/wiki/Micro-encapsulation" title="Micro-encapsulation">micro-encapsulation</a>. For easier handling, red phosphorus is often used in form of dispersions or masterbatches in various carrier systems. However, for electronic/electrical systems, red phosphorus flame retardant has been effectively banned by major OEMs due to its tendency to induce premature failures.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One persistent problem is that red phosphorus in epoxy molding compounds induces elevated leakage current in semiconductor devices.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another problem was acceleration of <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> reactions in <a href="/wiki/Polybutylene_terephthalate" title="Polybutylene terephthalate">PBT</a> insulating material.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red phosphorus can also be used in the illicit production of <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Krokodil</a>. </p><p>Red phosphorus can be used as an elemental <a href="/wiki/Photocatalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Photocatalyst">photocatalyst</a> for hydrogen formation from the water.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They display a steady hydrogen evolution rates of 633 μmol/(h⋅g) by the formation of small-sized fibrous phosphorus.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Violet_or_Hittorf's_phosphorus"><span id="Violet_or_Hittorf.27s_phosphorus"></span>Violet or Hittorf's phosphorus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropes_of_phosphorus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Violet or Hittorf's phosphorus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphor-rot-violett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Phosphor-rot-violett.jpg/220px-Phosphor-rot-violett.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="417"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 94px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Phosphor-rot-violett.jpg/220px-Phosphor-rot-violett.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="94" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Phosphor-rot-violett.jpg/330px-Phosphor-rot-violett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Phosphor-rot-violett.jpg/440px-Phosphor-rot-violett.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Violet phosphorus (right) by a sample of red phosphorus (left)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Violetter_Phosphor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Violetter_Phosphor.svg/220px-Violetter_Phosphor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="155"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 106px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Violetter_Phosphor.svg/220px-Violetter_Phosphor.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Violetter_Phosphor.svg/330px-Violetter_Phosphor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Violetter_Phosphor.svg/440px-Violetter_Phosphor.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hittorf%27s_violet_phosphorus.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hittorf%27s_violet_phosphorus.png/220px-Hittorf%27s_violet_phosphorus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4187" data-file-height="3178"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hittorf%27s_violet_phosphorus.png/220px-Hittorf%27s_violet_phosphorus.png" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hittorf%27s_violet_phosphorus.png/330px-Hittorf%27s_violet_phosphorus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hittorf%27s_violet_phosphorus.png/440px-Hittorf%27s_violet_phosphorus.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Hitorff's phosphorus structure</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Monoclinic phosphorus</b>, <b>violet phosphorus</b>, or <b>Hittorf's metallic phosphorus</b> is a crystalline form of the amorphous <a href="/wiki/Red_phosphorus" title="Red phosphorus">red phosphorus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1865, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Hittorf" title="Johann Wilhelm Hittorf">Johann Wilhelm Hittorf</a> heated red phosphorus in a sealed tube at 530 °C. The upper part of the tube was kept at 444 °C. Brilliant opaque <a href="/wiki/Monoclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic">monoclinic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rhombohedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhombohedral">rhombohedral</a>, crystals sublimed as a result. Violet phosphorus can also be prepared by dissolving white phosphorus in molten <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> in a sealed tube at 500 °C for 18 hours. Upon slow cooling, Hittorf's allotrope <a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">crystallises</a> out. The crystals can be revealed by dissolving the lead in dilute <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> followed by boiling in concentrated <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, a <a href="/wiki/Red_phosphorus#Fibrous_red_phosphorus" title="Red phosphorus">fibrous</a> form exists with similar phosphorus cages. The lattice structure of violet phosphorus was presented by Thurn and Krebs in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imaginary frequencies, indicating the irrationalities or instabilities of the structure, were obtained for the reported violet structure from 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The single crystal of violet phosphorus was also produced. The lattice structure of violet phosphorus has been obtained by single-crystal <i>x</i>-ray diffraction to be monoclinic with space group of <i>P</i>2/<i>n</i> (13) (<i>a</i> = 9.210, <i>b</i> = 9.128, <i>c</i> = 21.893 Å, <i>β</i> = 97.776°, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structures/Search?Doi=10.1002%2Fanie.201912761&DatabaseToSearch=Published">CSD-1935087</a>). The optical band gap of the violet phosphorus was measured by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to be around 1.7 eV. The thermal decomposition temperature was 52 °C higher than its black phosphorus counterpart. The violet phosphorene was easily obtained from both mechanical and solution exfoliation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions_of_violet_phosphorus">Reactions of violet phosphorus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropes_of_phosphorus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reactions of violet phosphorus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Violet phosphorus does not ignite in air until heated to 300 °C and is insoluble in all solvents. It is not attacked by <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> and only slowly reacts with <a href="/wiki/Halogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Halogens">halogens</a>. It can be <a href="/wiki/Oxidised" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidised">oxidised</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> to <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a>. Violet phosphorus ignites upon impact in air.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Citation is based on YouTube video, which may not demonstrate professional experimental techniques and results may be unreliable (August 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>If it is heated in an atmosphere of inert gas, for example <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, it <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">sublimes</a> and the vapour condenses as white phosphorus. If it is heated in a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> and the vapour condensed rapidly, violet phosphorus is obtained. It would appear that violet phosphorus is a <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> of high relative molecular mass, which on heating breaks down into <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> molecules. On cooling, these would normally <a href="/wiki/Dimer_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimer (chemistry)">dimerize</a> to give <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span> molecules (i.e. white phosphorus) but, in a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>, they link up again to form the polymeric violet allotrope. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Black_phosphorus">Black phosphorus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropes_of_phosphorus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Black phosphorus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg/220px-Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2731" data-file-height="1850"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg/220px-Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg/330px-Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg/440px-Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Black phosphorus ampoule</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_phosphorus.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Black_phosphorus.png/220px-Black_phosphorus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2679" data-file-height="3102"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Black_phosphorus.png/220px-Black_phosphorus.png" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Black_phosphorus.png/330px-Black_phosphorus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Black_phosphorus.png/440px-Black_phosphorus.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Black phosphorus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schwarzer_Phosphor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Schwarzer_Phosphor.svg/220px-Schwarzer_Phosphor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="278"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 221px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Schwarzer_Phosphor.svg/220px-Schwarzer_Phosphor.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="221" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Schwarzer_Phosphor.svg/330px-Schwarzer_Phosphor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Schwarzer_Phosphor.svg/440px-Schwarzer_Phosphor.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Black phosphorus structure</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Black phosphorus</b> is the thermodynamically stable form of phosphorus at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Room temperature and pressure">room temperature and pressure</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_formation" title="Standard enthalpy of formation">heat of formation</a> of −39.3 kJ/mol (relative to white phosphorus which is defined as the standard state).<sup id="cite_ref-HS_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first synthesized by heating white phosphorus under high pressures (12,000 atmospheres) in 1914. As a 2D material, in appearance, properties, and structure, black phosphorus is very much like <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> with both being black and flaky, a conductor of electricity, and having puckered sheets of linked atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black phosphorus has an <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">orthorhombic</a> pleated honeycomb structure and is the least reactive allotrope, a result of its lattice of interlinked six-membered rings where each atom is bonded to three other atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this structure, each phosphorus atom has five outer shell electrons.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black and red phosphorus can also take a <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">cubic</a> crystal lattice structure.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first high-pressure synthesis of black phosphorus crystals was made by the Nobel prize winner <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Williams Bridgman</a> in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metal salts catalyze the synthesis of black phosphorus.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black phosphorus-based sensors exhibit several superior qualities over traditional materials used in piezoelectric or resistive sensors. Characterized by its unique puckered honeycomb lattice structure, black phosphorus provides exceptional carrier mobility. This property ensures its high sensitivity and mechanical resilience, making it an intriguing candidate for <a href="/wiki/Sensor_(technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensor (technology)">sensor technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phosphorene">Phosphorene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropes_of_phosphorus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phosphorene" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phosphorene" title="Phosphorene">phosphorene</a></div> <p>The similarities to graphite also include the possibility of scotch-tape delamination (exfoliation), resulting in <a href="/wiki/Phosphorene" title="Phosphorene">phosphorene</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a>-like 2D material with excellent charge transport properties, thermal transport properties and optical properties. Distinguishing features of scientific interest include a thickness dependent band-gap, which is not found in graphene.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, combined with a high on/off ratio of ~10<sup>5</sup> makes phosphorene a promising candidate for field-effect transistors (FETs).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tunable bandgap also suggests promising applications in mid-infrared photodetectors and LEDs.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exfoliated black phosphorus sublimes at 400 °C in vacuum.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It gradually oxidizes when exposed to water in the presence of oxygen, which is a concern when contemplating it as a material for the manufacture of transistors, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exfoliated black phosphorus is an emerging anode material in the battery community, showing high stability and <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> storage.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Ring-shaped_phosphorus">Ring-shaped phosphorus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropes_of_phosphorus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ring-shaped phosphorus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Ring-shaped phosphorus was theoretically predicted in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ring-shaped phosphorus was self-assembled inside evacuated multi-walled carbon nanotubes with inner diameters of 5–8 nm using a vapor encapsulation method. A ring with a diameter of 5.30 nm, consisting of 23 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span> and 23 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> units with a total of 230 P atoms, was observed inside a multi-walled carbon nanotube with an inner diameter of 5.90 nm in atomic scale. The distance between neighboring rings is 6.4 Å.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hexaphosphabenzene" title="Hexaphosphabenzene"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a> ring shaped molecule is not stable in isolation. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Blue_phosphorus">Blue phosphorus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropes_of_phosphorus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Blue phosphorus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>Single-layer blue phosphorus was first produced in 2016 by the method of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_beam_epitaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular beam epitaxy">molecular beam epitaxy</a> from black phosphorus as precursor.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Diphosphorus">Diphosphorus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropes_of_phosphorus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Diphosphorus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diphosphorus" title="Diphosphorus">Diphosphorus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diphosphorus-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Diphosphorus-3D-vdW.png/220px-Diphosphorus-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="772"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Diphosphorus-3D-vdW.png/220px-Diphosphorus-3D-vdW.png" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Diphosphorus-3D-vdW.png/330px-Diphosphorus-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Diphosphorus-3D-vdW.png/440px-Diphosphorus-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Structure of diphosphorus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diphosphorus-2D-dimensions.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Diphosphorus-2D-dimensions.png/220px-Diphosphorus-2D-dimensions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="652"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Diphosphorus-2D-dimensions.png/220px-Diphosphorus-2D-dimensions.png" data-width="220" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Diphosphorus-2D-dimensions.png/330px-Diphosphorus-2D-dimensions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Diphosphorus-2D-dimensions.png/440px-Diphosphorus-2D-dimensions.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Diphosphorus molecule</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>diphosphorus</b> allotrope (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) can normally be obtained only under extreme conditions (for example, from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span> at 1100 kelvin). In 2006, the diatomic molecule was generated in homogeneous solution under normal conditions with the use of <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> <a href="/wiki/Complex_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex (chemistry)">complexes</a> (for example, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diphosphorus is the gaseous form of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, and the thermodynamically stable form between 1200 °C and 2000 °C. The dissociation of tetraphosphorus (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) begins at lower temperature: the percentage of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> at 800 °C is ≈ 1%. At temperatures above about 2000 °C, the diphosphorus molecule begins to dissociate into atomic phosphorus. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Phosphorus_nanorods">Phosphorus nanorods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropes_of_phosphorus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Phosphorus nanorods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub></span> <a href="/wiki/Nanorod" title="Nanorod">nanorod</a> polymers were isolated from CuI-P complexes using low temperature treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-pfitzner2004_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pfitzner2004-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red/brown phosphorus was shown to be stable in air for several weeks and have properties distinct from those of red phosphorus. <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">Electron microscopy</a> showed that red/brown phosphorus forms long, parallel nanorods with a diameter between 3.4 <a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">Å</a> and 4.7 Å.<sup id="cite_ref-pfitzner2004_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pfitzner2004-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropes_of_phosphorus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Properties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Properties of some allotropes of phosphorus<sup id="cite_ref-HW85_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HW85-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-berger_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berger-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Form </th> <th>white(α) </th> <th>white(β) </th> <th>violet </th> <th>black </th></tr> <tr> <th>Symmetry </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">Body-centred cubic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Triclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Triclinic">Triclinic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monoclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic">Monoclinic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthorhombic">Orthorhombic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">Pearson symbol</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>aP24 </td> <td>mP84 </td> <td>oS8 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a> </th> <td>I<span style="text-decoration:overline;">4</span>3m </td> <td>P<span style="text-decoration:overline;">1</span> No. 2 </td> <td>P2/c No. 13 </td> <td>Cmca No. 64 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(g/cm<sup>3</sup>)</span> </th> <td>1.828 </td> <td>1.88 </td> <td>2.36 </td> <td>2.69 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bandgap" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandgap">Bandgap</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">eV</a>)</span> </th> <td>2.1 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>0.34 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> </th> <td>1.8244 </td> <td> </td> <td>2.6 </td> <td>2.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropes_of_phosphorus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phossy_jaw" title="Phossy jaw">Phossy jaw</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropes_of_phosphorus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HS_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHousecroftSharpe2004" class="citation book cs1">Housecroft, C. 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(1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/semiconductormat0000berg"><i>Semiconductor materials</i></a></span>. 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class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropes_of_phosphorus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <dl><dt>White phosphorus</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/mv_whitephosphorus.htm">White Phophorus</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a></i> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/mv_whitephosphorus2.htm">More about White Phosphorus (and phosphorus pentoxide)</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a></i> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/18%3A_The_Representative_Elements/18.09%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Phosphorus">The Chemistry of Phosphorus</a> at Chemistry LibreTexts.</li></ul>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allotropes_of_phosphorus&oldid=1255507589">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allotropes_of_phosphorus&oldid=1255507589</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropes_of_phosphorus&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Graeme Bartlett" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1730793634"> <span>Last edited on 5 November 2024, at 08:00</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A2%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تآصل الفسفور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تآصل الفسفور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotropick%C3%A9_modifikace_fosforu" title="Alotropické modifikace fosforu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alotropické modifikace fosforu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%B3tropos_del_f%C3%B3sforo" title="Alótropos del fósforo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alótropos del fósforo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropie_du_phosphore" title="Allotropie du phosphore – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allotropie du phosphore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropi_del_fosforo" title="Allotropi del fosforo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Allotropi del fosforo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_phosphorous" title="Allotropes of phosphorous – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Allotropes of phosphorous" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotropske_modifikacije_fosfora" title="Alotropske modifikacije fosfora – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Alotropske modifikacije fosfora" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotropske_modifikacije_fosfora" title="Alotropske modifikacije fosfora – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alotropske modifikacije fosfora" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பொசுபரசின் பிறதிருப்பங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொசுபரசின் பிறதிருப்பங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B9_h%C3%ACnh_c%E1%BB%A7a_phosphor" title="Thù hình của phosphor – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thù hình của phosphor" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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