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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Civilization" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneskehedens_Sv%C3%B8be" title="Menneskehedens Svøbe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Menneskehedens Svøbe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85)" title="تمدن (فیلم) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تمدن (فیلم)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation_(film)" title="Civilisation (film) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Civilisation (film)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization_(film)" title="Civilization (film) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Civilization (film)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization_(film_1916)" title="Civilization (film 1916) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Civilization (film 1916)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation" title="Civilisation – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Civilisation" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B4_1916)" title="Цивилизација (филм од 1916) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цивилизација (филм од 1916)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85)" title="حضاره (فيلم) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حضاره (فيلم)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization_(filem)" title="Civilization (filem) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Civilization (filem)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization_(film)" title="Civilization (film) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Civilization (film)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3_(%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB)" title="シヴィリゼーション (映画) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シヴィリゼーション (映画)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivilisasjon_(film)" title="Sivilisasjon (film) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sivilisasjon (film)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cywilizacja_(film)" title="Cywilizacja (film) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cywilizacja (film)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization_(film)" title="Civilization (film) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Civilization (film)" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1916 film</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;">Civilization</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Civilization_Poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Civilization_Poster.jpg/250px-Civilization_Poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Civilization_Poster.jpg/330px-Civilization_Poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Civilization_Poster.jpg/500px-Civilization_Poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Directed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Barker" title="Reginald Barker">Reginald Barker</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Ince" title="Thomas H. Ince">Thomas H. Ince</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Raymond_B._West" title="Raymond B. West">Raymond B. West</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Screenplay by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C._Gardner_Sullivan" title="C. Gardner Sullivan">C. Gardner Sullivan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sloman" title="Edward Sloman">Edward Sloman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Story by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C._Gardner_Sullivan" title="C. Gardner Sullivan">C. Gardner Sullivan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Produced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Ince" title="Thomas H. Ince">Thomas H. Ince</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Starring</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Howard_C._Hickman" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard C. Hickman">Howard C. Hickman</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Enid_Markey" title="Enid Markey">Enid Markey</a><br /><a href="/wiki/George_Fisher_(actor)" title="George Fisher (actor)">George Fisher</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Mayall" title="Herschel Mayall">Herschel Mayall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Cinematography</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._August" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph H. August">Joseph H. August</a><br /><a href="/wiki/L._D._Clawson" title="L. D. Clawson">Dal Clawson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Clyde_De_Vinna" title="Clyde De Vinna">Clyde De Vinna</a><br />Otis M. Gove<br /><a href="/wiki/Dev_Jennings_(cinematographer)" title="Dev Jennings (cinematographer)">Devereaux Jennings</a><br />Charles E. Kaufman<br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_Newhard" title="Robert Newhard">Robert Newhard</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Irvin_Willat" title="Irvin Willat">Irvin Willat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Edited by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Ince" title="Thomas H. Ince">Thomas H. Ince</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hal_C._Kern" title="Hal C. Kern">Hal C. Kern</a><br /><a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Stone" title="LeRoy Stone">LeRoy Stone</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Irvin_Willat" title="Irvin Willat">Irvin Willat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Music by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Riesenfeld" title="Hugo Riesenfeld">Hugo Riesenfeld</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Victor_Schertzinger" title="Victor Schertzinger">Victor Schertzinger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Distributed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Triangle_Film_Corporation" title="Triangle Film Corporation">Triangle Film Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release date</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist film-date"> <ul><li>June 2, 1916<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1916-6-2</span>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Running time</div></th><td class="infobox-data">88 min.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent film</a><br />English intertitles</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Civilization</b></i> is a 1916 American <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifist</a> drama film produced by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Ince" title="Thomas H. Ince">Thomas H. Ince</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/C._Gardner_Sullivan" title="C. Gardner Sullivan">C. Gardner Sullivan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sloman" title="Edward Sloman">Edward Sloman</a>, and directed by Ince, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Barker" title="Reginald Barker">Reginald Barker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_B._West" title="Raymond B. West">Raymond B. West</a>. The story involves a submarine commander who refuses to fire at a civilian ocean liner supposedly carrying ammunition for his country's enemies. The film was a big-budget spectacle that was compared to both <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i> and the paintings of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet" title="Jean-François Millet">Jean-François Millet</a>. The film was a popular success and was credited by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> with helping to re-elect <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> as the U.S. president in 1916. The film was one of the early movies to depict Jesus Christ as a character, leading some to criticize the depiction as in "poor taste." </p><p><i>Civilization</i> is sometimes viewed as one of the first <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_film" title="Anti-war film">anti-war films</a>. In 1999, it was selected for preservation in the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prologue">Prologue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization_(film)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prologue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The film opened with a lengthy prologue. In some theaters, the prologue was performed by live actors and an orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-Crosse_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crosse-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It included music composed by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Schertzinger" title="Victor Schertzinger">Victor Schertzinger</a> and depicted a peaceful country home, with hills in the distance, a stream and clouds floating peacefully through the sky. Suddenly, the boom of a cannon is heard, artillery guns belch fire, and a Zeppelin flies over the city dropping bombs. In the smoke, "Civilization" is depicted kneeling pleadingly at the feet of a menacing "God of War." Soldiers are seen retreating before deadly gas.<sup id="cite_ref-Crosse_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crosse-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against these scenes, the film's title cards express the film's anti-war message, concluding with the following comments: </p> <blockquote><p>Today, the great sorrowful eyes of this same Son of God gaze down upon blackened fields, where the mangled bodies of men are strewn as grains of wheat, upon flaming shattered hamlets and stricken firesides. As He listens to the screaming of the shells, the crashing of monstrous guns, all the ghastly symphony of the reddest war mankind has ever known, His heart must recognize the bitter truth in the statement of one of the world's foremost educators— That in nineteen centuries Civilization has failed to accept honestly the teachings of Jesus Christ. This is an allegorical story of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">a war</a> that has laughed at the world's flaunting boast of a higher progress. It does not concern itself as to which side is in the right or wrong, but deals with those ranks which are paying, the grim penalty—the ranks of Humanity. If the awful trail of battle stretches vividly through the scenes of the narrative, it is in the hope that a shocked and appalled world may henceforth devote itself more earnestly in the cause of peace. Let our Civilization not be a mockery of our cherished ideals, but rather a synonym of that glorious work—Humanity. Dedicated to that vast, pitiful army whose tears have girdled the universe—the mothers of the dead.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization_(film)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C._Gardner_Sullivan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/C._Gardner_Sullivan.jpg/250px-C._Gardner_Sullivan.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/C._Gardner_Sullivan.jpg/330px-C._Gardner_Sullivan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/C._Gardner_Sullivan.jpg/500px-C._Gardner_Sullivan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/C._Gardner_Sullivan" title="C. Gardner Sullivan">C. Gardner Sullivan</a> wrote the initial outline for <i>Civilization</i> on Easter Sunday 1915.</figcaption></figure> <p>The film opens with the outbreak of a war in the previously peaceful kingdom of Wredpryd. Count Ferdinand is the inventor of a new submarine who is assigned to command the new ship in battle. The King of Wredpryd orders the Count to sink the "<a href="/wiki/Dulce_et_decorum_est_pro_patria_mori" title="Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori">ProPatria</a>" ("for my country"), a civilian ship that is believed to be carrying munitions as well as civilian passengers. In his mind's eye, the Count sees a vision of what would happen if he sent a torpedo crashing into the liner, and he recoils. He refuses to follow his orders, saying he is "obeying orders -- from a Higher Power." Realizing his crew will carry out the orders, the Count fights with the crew and blows up his submarine, sending it to the bottom of the sea. </p><p>The Count's soul descends into purgatory, where he encounters Jesus. Jesus announces that the Count can find redemption by returning to the living world as a voice for peace. Jesus tells the Count "Peace to thee, child, for in thy love for humanity is thy redemption. In thy earthly body will I return, and with thy voice plead for peace. Much evil is being wrought in my name." </p><p>The Count returns to life and is stoned and reviled by his countrymen. He is put on trial by the king, a modern <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, and is sentenced to death. Five thousand women gather at the palace singing a song of peace and pleading with the king to end the war. The mothers' plea inspires the king to visit the cell of the condemned Count. The Count is found dead in his cell, and Jesus emerges from the Count's body and takes the king on a tour of the battlefields. Jesus asks "See here thy handiwork? Under thy reign, thy domain hath become a raging hell!" In the film's most famous scene, Jesus walks through the battlefields amid the carnage of war. </p><p>The signing of a peace treaty follows, and the closing scenes depicts the happiness in store for the returning soldiers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization_(film)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Civilization</i> was a big budget spectacle from Thomas H. Ince. It was in production for nearly a year and advertised to have cost $1,000,000 to make but actually cost only $100,000 and returned $800,000.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/C._Gardner_Sullivan" title="C. Gardner Sullivan">C. Gardner Sullivan</a>, The film's screenwriter, said he received the inspiration for the film on Easter Sunday morning in 1915. He wrote an outline on a single piece of typewriter paper, originally calling it "The Mothers of Men." Sullivan showed the outline to Ince, and Ince decided it was worth investing $1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Crosse_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crosse-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1916, the <i>Los Angeles Times</i> wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>The next large feature looming on the horizon is the Ince photoplay, <i>Civilization</i>...It was nearly a year in the making, and is the most pretentious of the Ince features. Many hundreds of persons took part, and it is said that the film contains some of the most beautiful photography ever shown on the screen.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>At the time of its release, it was described as "the ultimate achievement of the Ince studios."<sup id="cite_ref-LAT16_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT16-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civilization.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Civilization.jpg/330px-Civilization.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="439" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Civilization.jpg/500px-Civilization.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Civilization.jpg/960px-Civilization.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption>Full-page newspaper advertisement promoting the spectacle of <i>Civilization</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The film included large scale battle scenes, scenes of naval battles, trench warfare, aerial battles, and the resulting devastation. Ships from the United States Navy were utilized in the scenes depicting sea battles.<sup id="cite_ref-LAT16_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT16-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advertising for the film (<i>pictured at right</i>) boasted of the extravagant expense incurred in presenting the spectacle: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Actual Sinking of an Ocean Liner.<br /> Two Battleships Sunk by United States Navy.<br /> $18,000 Used for Ammunition in One Battle.<br /> 40,000 People Employed.<br /> 10,000 Horses in Thrilling Cavalry Charges.<br /> 40 Aeroplanes in Great Air Battle.<br /> Every Death-dealing Device Known to Modern War in Operation.<br /> One Year in the Making.<br /> Cost $1,000,000.00.<br /> Entire Cities Built and Destroyed.<br /> An Awe-inspiring Spectacle that one minute makes your blood run cold and another thrills you with its touches of human gentleness.<br /> The Story of the Greatest Love of the Ages —- the Love of Humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/George_Fisher_(actor)" title="George Fisher (actor)">George Fisher</a> was given the daunting role of playing "The Christ" in <i>Civilization</i>. He was "the first cinema actor to portray Christ for the screen."<sup id="cite_ref-Christ_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christ-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the film's release, Fisher told the <i>Los Angeles Times</i> that, to get in the proper mood for the role, "he lived the life of a recluse, spending his time in study and meditation."<sup id="cite_ref-Christ_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christ-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He expressed his hope that the film's message would be heard: </p> <blockquote><p>I can say in truth that the playing of this part has affected my whole life and the impressions will never leave me. I have tried earnestly and sincerely, with a deep prayer in my heart, to bring a message to the world, one which will reach, perhaps, millions. Now my only wish is that whoever may witness the performances of <i>Civilization</i> will realize only the truth and beauty of the message.<sup id="cite_ref-Christ_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christ-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The premiere was held at the <a href="/wiki/Majestic_Theatre_(South_Broadway,_Los_Angeles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Majestic Theatre (South Broadway, Los Angeles)">Majestic Theatre</a> in Los Angeles on April 17, 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cast">Cast</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization_(film)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_C._Hickman" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard C. Hickman">Howard C. Hickman</a> as Count Ferdinand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Mayall" title="Herschel Mayall">Herschel Mayall</a> as The King of Wredpryd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fisher_(actor)" title="George Fisher (actor)">George Fisher</a> as <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">The Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enid_Markey" title="Enid Markey">Enid Markey</a> as Katheryn Haldemann</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_May" title="Lola May">Lola May</a> as Queen Eugenie</li> <li>J. Frank Burke as Luther Rolf, The Peace Advocate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._French" title="Charles K. French">Charles K. French</a> as The Prime Minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Barney_Sherry" title="J. Barney Sherry">J. Barney Sherry</a> as The Blacksmith</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Storm" title="Jerome Storm">Jerome Storm</a> as The Blacksmith's Son</li> <li>Ethel Ullman as The Blacksmith's Daughter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Bruce" title="Kate Bruce">Kate Bruce</a> as A Mother</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization_(film)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Scenes</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Civilization_still_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Civilization_still_1.jpg/230px-Civilization_still_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Civilization_still_1.jpg/345px-Civilization_still_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Civilization_still_1.jpg/459px-Civilization_still_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="889" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Civilization_Still_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Civilization_Still_2.jpg/250px-Civilization_Still_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Civilization_Still_2.jpg/500px-Civilization_Still_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="907" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Civilization_(1916_film_still).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Civilization_%281916_film_still%29.jpg/234px-Civilization_%281916_film_still%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Civilization_%281916_film_still%29.jpg/351px-Civilization_%281916_film_still%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Civilization_%281916_film_still%29.jpg/468px-Civilization_%281916_film_still%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_response">Popular response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization_(film)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Popular response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The film was a popular success when it was released in 1916. The Democratic National Committee credited the film with helping to <a href="/wiki/1916_US_Presidential_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="1916 US Presidential Election">re-elect President Woodrow Wilson in 1916</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SLT_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/United_States%27s_entry_into_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="United States's entry into World War I">United States's entry into World War I</a>, the film was pulled from distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-SLT_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Film director <a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Yasujirō Ozu</a> claimed that he first decided to become a film director when watching <i>Civilization</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reaction">Critical reaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization_(film)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Critical reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among critics, the reaction was mixed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positive_reviews">Positive reviews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization_(film)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Positive reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In La Crosse, Wisconsin, a newspaper reviewer called it a "masterpiece" and the "Biggest Spectacle in History of Motion Pictures," surpassing even <a href="/wiki/D.W._Griffith" class="mw-redirect" title="D.W. Griffith">D.W. Griffith</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i>: </p> <blockquote><p>The photoplay and the spoken drama will be united for the first time in...the million dollar masterpiece of Thomas H. Ince...<i>Civilization</i> is an encyclopedia of the emotions. It is inevitable to compare such a picture, epic in its scope, including battles and the upheaval of a nation, to a similar picture, Griffith's <i>Birth of a Nation</i>. Ince has excelled his predecessor in the art of suggestion. In the vivid battle scenes of <i>Civllization</i>, there are four suggestive flashes for every one Griffith gave us. The conception is classically correct. No theater could be conceived that would be adequate in space or speed of action to carry across to an audience what was conveyed in this film.<sup id="cite_ref-Crosse_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crosse-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In Indiana, a reviewer emphasized the film's spectacular effects and its depiction of Jesus: </p> <blockquote><p>'If Christ Should Visit <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Verdun</a>' would make a good subtitle for <i>Civilization</i>, for that is really its theme...Pictorially, and in the spectacular effects that can be achieved within range of the camera, as well as in the sheer beauty of many of its scenes, it is a masterpiece indeed. Days of peace in the little town of Wrepryd, which is its locale, and in the peaceful country thereabout, might have been posed by the artist <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet" title="Jean-François Millet">Millet</a>, so strikingly do they stand out.</p></blockquote> <p>In Fairbanks, Alaska, a reviewer wrote that, if the film had been shown to the people of Europe before the war started there would have been no war: </p> <blockquote><p><i>Civilization</i> is worth $1.50 today, tomorrow, or at any time. It is a masterpiece—a picture that grips and thrills. It preaches a powerful sermon and preaches it in a way that makes it interesting...After seeing <i>Civilization</i> one can truthfully say that had <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> produced a film like this one that Ince directed, and sent it broadcast throughout the civilized world as an argument against war, he would have accomplished more for universal peace than did his famous '<a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford#Politics" title="Henry Ford">peace expedition</a>.' He would have reached the great mass of people who have but a faint recollection of the horrors of war, and would have showed them the pain and the suffering and the sorrow that war brings with it. Had such a picture as <i>Civilization</i> been shown to the people of Europe before the war started there would have been no war.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_reviews">Negative reviews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization_(film)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Negative reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Henry Christeen Warnack in the <i>Los Angeles Times</i> was troubled by the depiction of The Christ and wrote that the film "is not daring, it is only poor taste."<sup id="cite_ref-Warnack_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warnack-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He opined that it was offensive to the beliefs of Christians, Jews and atheists alike: </p> <blockquote><p>[T]he play will...be popular with everybody with the exception of three classes: It will probably prove offensive to Christians because they are likely to think of it as irreverent; to the Hebrew it will seem mystical and exaggerated; the non-church-goer will find it absurd and undramatic. Outside of the Christian, the Jew and the unbeliever, I haven't the sligthest [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>?</i>] doubt of its appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-Warnack_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warnack-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Warnack concluded his review as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>This violation of good taste and this error in judgment belong to the misconception of the story...Realizing the vast sum of money and the huge investment of talent and good faith that have been expended in this pretentious film, it is with deep regret that I am compelled to report it as a disappointment.<sup id="cite_ref-Warnack_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warnack-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization_(film)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kaiser,_Beast_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kaiser, Beast of Berlin">The Kaiser, Beast of Berlin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Hell_with_the_Kaiser!" title="To Hell with the Kaiser!">To Hell with the Kaiser!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle_in_Berlin" title="Yankee Doodle in Berlin">Yankee Doodle in Berlin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hearts_of_the_World" title="Hearts of the World">Hearts of the World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Heart_of_Humanity" title="The Heart of Humanity">The Heart of Humanity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Isle_of_Love" title="The Isle of Love">Over the Rhine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_False_Faces" title="The False Faces">The False Faces</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unpardonable_Sin_(1919_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Unpardonable Sin (1919 film)">The Unpardonable Sin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unbeliever" title="The Unbeliever">The Unbeliever</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_Cry_of_Peace" title="The Battle Cry of Peace">The Battle Cry of Peace</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization_(film)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9912/nfb.html">"Preserving the Silver Screen (December 1999) - Library of Congress Information Bulletin"</a>. <i>www.loc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Preserving+the+Silver+Screen+%28December+1999%29+-+Library+of+Congress+Information+Bulletin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Floc%2Flcib%2F9912%2Fnfb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization+%28film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/">"Complete National Film Registry Listing"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Complete+National+Film+Registry+Listing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fprograms%2Fnational-film-preservation-board%2Ffilm-registry%2Fcomplete-national-film-registry-listing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization+%28film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crosse-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crosse_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crosse_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crosse_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crosse_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"CIVILIZATION" IS INCE MASTERPIECE PICTURING CHRIST: Biggest Spectacle in History of Motion Pictures Comes to La Crosse Theater Sunday". La Crosse Tribune. October 21, 1916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22CIVILIZATION%22+IS+INCE+MASTERPIECE+PICTURING+CHRIST%3A+Biggest+Spectacle+in+History+of+Motion+Pictures+Comes+to+La+Crosse+Theater+Sunday&rft.date=1916-10-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization+%28film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaves2011" class="citation book cs1">Taves, Brian (November 30, 2011). <i>Thomas Ince: Hollywood's Independent Pioneer</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813134222" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813134222"><bdi>978-0813134222</bdi></a>. <q>Although advertised as a million-dollar spectacle, Civilization actually cost approximately $100,000 and returned $800,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Ince%3A+Hollywood%27s+Independent+Pioneer&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2011-11-30&rft.isbn=978-0813134222&rft.aulast=Taves&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization+%28film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"ANOTHER BIG FEATURE: 'Civilization,' Ince Photoplay, Is Said to Realize in its Message the Horrors of War and Benefits of Peace in a Very Unique Way". <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. April 2, 1916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=ANOTHER+BIG+FEATURE%3A+%27Civilization%2C%27+Ince+Photoplay%2C+Is+Said+to+Realize+in+its+Message+the+Horrors+of+War+and+Benefits+of+Peace+in+a+Very+Unique+Way&rft.date=1916-04-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization+%28film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAT16-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LAT16_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAT16_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"SCREEN: War Feature; Spectacle Ready; Premiere of 'Civilization' Tomorrow Night". <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. April 16, 1916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=SCREEN%3A+War+Feature%3B+Spectacle+Ready%3B+Premiere+of+%27Civilization%27+Tomorrow+Night&rft.date=1916-04-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization+%28film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Newspaper Advertisement for "Civilization"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". La Crosse Tribune. October 21, 1916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Newspaper+Advertisement+for+%22Civilization%22&rft.date=1916-10-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization+%28film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christ-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christ_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christ_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christ_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"DEVOTED DEEP STUDY TO ROLE: Idealistic Interpreter Plays Role of Master; Youthful Actor Exercised Special Care in Preparation for Portrayal of the Man of Peace in Ince Cinema Drama -- Is Said to Have Achieved Big Message". <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. April 9, 1916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=DEVOTED+DEEP+STUDY+TO+ROLE%3A+Idealistic+Interpreter+Plays+Role+of+Master%3B+Youthful+Actor+Exercised+Special+Care+in+Preparation+for+Portrayal+of+the+Man+of+Peace+in+Ince+Cinema+Drama+--+Is+Said+to+Have+Achieved+Big+Message&rft.date=1916-04-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization+%28film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._C._Jessen1916" class="citation journal cs1">J. C. Jessen (May 6, 1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/motionpicturenew133unse/page/2677/mode/1up">""Civilization" Is Plea Against Savagery of War"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_News" title="Motion Picture News">Motion Picture News</a></i>. <b>13</b> (18): 2677. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104525929" class="extiw" title="d:Q104525929">Q104525929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motion+Picture+News&rft.atitle=%26%2334%3BCivilization%26%2334%3B+Is+Plea+Against+Savagery+of+War&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=2677&rft.date=1916-05-06&rft.au=J.+C.+Jessen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmotionpicturenew133unse%2Fpage%2F2677%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization+%28film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SLT-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SLT_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLT_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott_Rivers1996" class="citation news cs1">Scott Rivers (September 7, 1996). "1916 Film Brings Jesus to Battlefield". <i>The Salt Lake Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=1916+Film+Brings+Jesus+to+Battlefield&rft.date=1996-09-07&rft.au=Scott+Rivers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization+%28film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHasumi2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Shigehiko_Hasumi" title="Shigehiko Hasumi">Hasumi, Shiguéhiko</a> (2003). <i>Kantoku Ozu Yasujiro</i> [<i>Director Yasujiro Ozu</i>] (in Japanese) (Enlarged and definitive ed.). Chikuma Shobo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-480-87341-4" title="Special:BookSources/4-480-87341-4"><bdi>4-480-87341-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kantoku+Ozu+Yasujiro&rft.edition=Enlarged+and+definitive&rft.pub=Chikuma+Shobo&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=4-480-87341-4&rft.aulast=Hasumi&rft.aufirst=Shigu%C3%A9hiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization+%28film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"LARGE AUDIENCE IS THRILLED BY INCE SPECTACLE". Fairbanks Daily Times. September 15, 1916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=LARGE+AUDIENCE+IS+THRILLED+BY+INCE+SPECTACLE&rft.date=1916-09-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization+%28film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warnack-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warnack_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warnack_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warnack_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Christeen_Warnack1916" class="citation news cs1">Henry Christeen Warnack (April 18, 1916). "DRAMA: Not Daring; Violates Good Taste; Artistic Touch Is Absent in Story of War Picture". <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=DRAMA%3A+Not+Daring%3B+Violates+Good+Taste%3B+Artistic+Touch+Is+Absent+in+Story+of+War+Picture&rft.date=1916-04-18&rft.au=Henry+Christeen+Warnack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization+%28film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization_(film)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Civilization_(film)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Civilization (film)">Civilization (film)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i>Civilization</i> essay by Brian Taves on the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a> web site <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-film-preservation-board/documents/civilization.pdf">[1]</a></li> <li><i>Civilization</i> essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826429777" title="Special:BookSources/0826429777">0826429777</a>, pages 53–53 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/America_s_Film_Legacy.html?id=deq3xI8OmCkC">[2]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0006517/"><i>Civilization</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/C/Civilization1916.html"><i>Civilization</i> at SilentEra</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?object_id=107575">Catalog record at the Museum of Modern Art</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Reginald_Barker" title="Template:Reginald Barker"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reginald_Barker" title="Template talk:Reginald Barker"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reginald_Barker" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reginald Barker"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Films_directed_by_Reginald_Barker37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Films directed by <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Barker" title="Reginald Barker">Reginald Barker</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bargain_(1914_film)" title="The Bargain (1914 film)">The Bargain</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wrath_of_the_Gods_(1914_film)" title="The Wrath of the Gods (1914 film)">The Wrath of the Gods</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Typhoon" title="The Typhoon">The Typhoon</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_(1915_film)" title="The Devil (1915 film)">The Devil</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Coward_(1915_film)" title="The Coward (1915 film)">The Coward</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Italian_(1915_film)" title="The Italian (1915 film)">The Italian</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Night_Stage" title="On the Night Stage">On the Night Stage</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aryan" title="The Aryan">The Aryan</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civilization</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Iced_Bullet" title="The Iced Bullet">The Iced Bullet</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paws_of_the_Bear" title="Paws of the Bear">Paws of the Bear</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweetheart_of_the_Doomed" title="Sweetheart of the Doomed">Sweetheart of the Doomed</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hell_Cat_(1918_film)" title="The Hell Cat (1918 film)">The Hell Cat</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Turn_of_the_Wheel" title="The Turn of the Wheel">The Turn of the Wheel</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shackled_(1918_film)" title="Shackled (1918 film)">Shackled</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadows_(1919_film)" title="Shadows (1919 film)">Shadows</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rustlers_(1919_film)" title="Rustlers (1919 film)">The Rustlers</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Woman_and_the_Puppet_(1920_film)" title="The Woman and the Puppet (1920 film)">The Women and the Puppet</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godless_Men" title="Godless Men">Godless Men</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Nest" title="The Old Nest">The Old Nest</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Riches" title="The Poverty of Riches">The Poverty of Riches</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hearts_Aflame_(film)" title="Hearts Aflame (film)">Hearts Aflame</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eternal_Struggle" title="The Eternal Struggle">The Eternal Struggle</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broken_Barriers_(1924_film)" title="Broken Barriers (1924 film)">Broken Barriers</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dixie_Handicap" title="The Dixie Handicap">The Dixie Handicap</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Divide_(1925_film)" title="The Great Divide (1925 film)">The Great Divide</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_the_Door_Opened" title="When the Door Opened">When the Door Opened</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Desert_(1925_film)" title="The White Desert (1925 film)">The White Desert</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flaming_Forest" title="The Flaming Forest">The Flaming Forest</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Frontiersman" title="The Frontiersman">The Frontiersman</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Body_and_Soul_(1927_film)" title="Body and Soul (1927 film)">Body and Soul</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Toilers_(1928_film)" title="The Toilers (1928 film)">The Toilers</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_(1929_film)" title="New Orleans (1929 film)">New Orleans</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mississippi_Gambler_(1929_film)" title="The Mississippi Gambler (1929 film)">Mississippi Gambler</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rainbow_(1929_film)" title="The Rainbow (1929 film)">The Rainbow</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Divide_(1929_film)" title="The Great Divide (1929 film)">The Great Divide</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moonstone_(1934_film)" title="The Moonstone (1934 film)">The Moonstone</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Heaven" title="Forbidden Heaven">Forbidden Heaven</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Healer_(1935_film)" title="The Healer (1935 film)">The Healer</a></i> (1935)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civilization_(film)&oldid=1282054584">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civilization_(film)&oldid=1282054584</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1916_films" title="Category:1916 films">1916 films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_National_Film_Registry_films" title="Category:United States National Film 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