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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Score restorations from 1980 to the present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Score_restorations_from_1980_to_the_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acting_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acting_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Acting techniques </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acting_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projection_speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projection_speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Projection speed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projection_speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tinting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tinting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Tinting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tinting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_studios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_studios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Early studios </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_studios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Top-grossing_silent_films_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top-grossing_silent_films_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Top-grossing silent films in the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top-grossing_silent_films_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_sound_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_sound_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 During the sound era </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-During_the_sound_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle During the sound era subsection </button> <ul id="toc-During_the_sound_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Transition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_homages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_homages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Later homages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_homages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation_and_lost_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation_and_lost_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Preservation and lost films </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preservation_and_lost_films-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Preservation and lost films subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Preservation_and_lost_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dawson_Film_Find" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dawson_Film_Find"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Dawson Film Find </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dawson_Film_Find-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Film festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Silent film</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" > 73 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A9" title="سينما صامتة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سينما صامتة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="নিৰ্বাক চলচ্চিত্ৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নিৰ্বাক চলচ্চিত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_mudu" title="Cine mudu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cine mudu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99ssiz_film" title="Səssiz film – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səssiz film" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="নির্বাক চলচ্চিত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নির্বাক চলচ্চিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B4-sia%E2%81%BF_ti%C4%81n-i%C3%A1%E2%81%BF" title="Bô-siaⁿ tiān-iáⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bô-siaⁿ tiān-iáⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Нямое кіно – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нямое кіно" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Нямое кіно – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нямое кіно" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Нямо кино – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нямо кино" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_mut" title="Cinema mut – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinema mut" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bm%C3%BD_film" title="Němý film – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Němý film" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffilm_fud" title="Ffilm fud – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffilm fud" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stumfilm" title="Stumfilm – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stumfilm" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stummfilm" title="Stummfilm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stummfilm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tummfilm" title="Tummfilm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tummfilm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B2%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Βουβός κινηματογράφος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βουβός κινηματογράφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_mudo" title="Cine mudo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cine mudo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muta_kinarto" title="Muta kinarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muta kinarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinema_mutu" title="Zinema mutu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zinema mutu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA" title="فیلم صامت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلم صامت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_muet" title="Cinéma muet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cinéma muet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomme_film" title="Stomme film – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stomme film" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbhscann%C3%A1n" title="Balbhscannán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Balbhscannán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_mudo" title="Cine mudo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cine mudo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%84%B1_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="무성 영화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무성 영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D6%80_%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8" title="Համր կինո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համր կինո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijemi_film" title="Nijemi film – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nijemi film" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_bisu" title="Film bisu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Film bisu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B6gul_kvikmynd" title="Þögul kvikmynd – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þögul kvikmynd" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_muto" title="Cinema muto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cinema muto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2" title="ראינוע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ראינוע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filamu_za_kimya" title="Filamu za kimya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Filamu za kimya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%93mais_kino" title="Mēmais kino – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mēmais kino" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stommfilm" title="Stommfilm – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Stommfilm" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebylusis_kinas" title="Nebylusis kinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nebylusis kinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geluidloeze_film" title="Geluidloeze film – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Geluidloeze film" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9mafilm" title="Némafilm – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Némafilm" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Нем филм – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нем филм" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F" title="मूकपट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मूकपट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filem_senyap" title="Filem senyap – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Filem senyap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Дуугүй кино – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дуугүй кино" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomme_film" title="Stomme film – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stomme film" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE" title="स:मदु संकिपा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स:मदु संकिपा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB" title="サイレント映画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サイレント映画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stumfilm" title="Stumfilm – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stumfilm" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stumfilm" title="Stumfilm – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stumfilm" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovozsiz_kino" title="Ovozsiz kino – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ovozsiz kino" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AE" title="ਮੂਕ ਫ਼ਿਲਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੂਕ ਫ਼ਿਲਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_niemy" title="Film niemy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Film niemy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filme_mudo" title="Filme mudo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filme mudo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stommfilm" title="Stommfilm – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Stommfilm" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_mut" title="Film mut – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Film mut" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Немой кинематограф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Немой кинематограф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Саҥата суох киинэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Саҥата суох киинэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmi_pa_z%C3%AB" title="Filmi pa zë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filmi pa zë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinima_mutu" title="Cinima mutu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cinima mutu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_movie" title="Silent movie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Silent movie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C3%BD_film" title="Nemý film – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemý film" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF" title="فیلمی بێدەنگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیلمی بێدەنگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Неми филм – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Неми филм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijemi_film" title="Nijemi film – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nijemi film" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykk%C3%A4elokuva" title="Mykkäelokuva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mykkäelokuva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stumfilm" title="Stumfilm – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stumfilm" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelikulang_tahimik" title="Pelikulang tahimik – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pelikulang tahimik" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஊமைத் திரைப்படம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊமைத் திரைப்படம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessiz_film" title="Sessiz film – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sessiz film" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Німе кіно – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німе кіно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85" title="خاموش فلم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خاموش فلم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="无声电影" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8lem_meneng" title="Pèlem meneng – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Pèlem meneng" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q226730#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Motion pictures without synchronized recorded sound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Silent movie" redirects here. For the Mel Brooks film, see <a href="/wiki/Silent_Movie" title="Silent Movie">Silent Movie</a>. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/A_Silent_Film" title="A Silent Film">A Silent Film</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango_scene_from_The_Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tango_scene_from_The_Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse.jpg/220px-Tango_scene_from_The_Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tango_scene_from_The_Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse.jpg/330px-Tango_scene_from_The_Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tango_scene_from_The_Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse.jpg/440px-Tango_scene_from_The_Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>A still from 1921's <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse_(1921_film)" title="The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1921 film)">The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a>, one of the highest-grossing silent films</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlie_Chaplin_in_unknown_year.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Charlie_Chaplin_in_unknown_year.jpg/220px-Charlie_Chaplin_in_unknown_year.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Charlie_Chaplin_in_unknown_year.jpg/330px-Charlie_Chaplin_in_unknown_year.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Charlie_Chaplin_in_unknown_year.jpg/440px-Charlie_Chaplin_in_unknown_year.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="3030" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, widely acclaimed as one of the most iconic actors of the silent era, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1919</figcaption></figure> A silent film is a <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> without synchronized <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">recorded sound</a> (or more generally, no audible <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a>). Though silent films convey <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a> and emotion visually, various plot elements (such as a setting or era) or key lines of dialogue may, when necessary, be conveyed by the use of inter-<a href="/wiki/Intertitle" title="Intertitle">title cards</a>. The term "silent film" is something of a misnomer, as these films were almost always accompanied by live sounds. During the silent era, which existed from the mid-1890s to the late 1920s, a <a href="/wiki/Pianist" title="Pianist">pianist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theater_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater organ">theater organist</a>—or even, in larger cities, an <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a>—would play music to accompany the films. Pianists and organists would play either from <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">improvisation</a>. Sometimes a person would even narrate the inter-title cards for the audience. Though at the time the technology to synchronize sound with the film did not exist, music was seen as an essential part of the viewing experience. "Silent film" is typically used as a historical term to describe an era of cinema prior to the invention of synchronized sound, but it also applies to such sound-era films as <a href="/wiki/City_Lights" title="City Lights">City Lights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Times_(film)" title="Modern Times (film)">Modern Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silent_Movie" title="Silent Movie">Silent Movie</a> which are accompanied by a music-only soundtrack in place of dialogue. The term silent film is a <a href="/wiki/Retronym" title="Retronym">retronym</a>—a term created to retroactively distinguish something from later developments. Early sound films, starting with <a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer">The Jazz Singer</a> in 1927, were variously referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">"talkies", "sound films", or "talking pictures"</a>. The idea of combining motion pictures with recorded sound is older than film (it was suggested almost immediately after Edison introduced the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> in 1877), and some early experiments had the projectionist manually adjusting the frame rate to fit the sound,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> but because of the technical challenges involved, the introduction of synchronized dialogue became practical only in the late <a href="/wiki/1920s_in_film" title="1920s in film">1920s</a> with the perfection of the <a href="/wiki/Audion_amplifier_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Audion amplifier tube">Audion amplifier tube</a> and the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Vitaphone" title="Vitaphone">Vitaphone</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Within a decade, the widespread production of silent films for popular entertainment had ceased, and the industry had moved fully into the <a href="/wiki/Sound_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound era">sound era</a>, in which movies were accompanied by synchronized sound recordings of spoken dialogue, music and <a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound effects</a>. Most early motion pictures are considered <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">lost</a> owing to their physical decay, as the <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose#Film" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrate filmstock</a> used in that era was extremely unstable and flammable. Additionally, many films were deliberately destroyed, because they had negligible remaining immediate financial value in that era. It has often been claimed that around 75 percent of silent films produced in the US have been lost, though these estimates are inaccurate due to a lack of numerical data.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlide20005-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements_and_beginnings_(1833–1894)">Elements and beginnings (1833–1894)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_film&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Elements and beginnings (1833–1894)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Precursors_of_film" title="Precursors of film">Precursors of film</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_film_technology" title="History of film technology">History of film technology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_in_Motion_-_Sallie_Gardner_(animation).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Horse_in_Motion_-_Sallie_Gardner_%28animation%29.gif/220px-Horse_in_Motion_-_Sallie_Gardner_%28animation%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Horse_in_Motion_-_Sallie_Gardner_%28animation%29.gif/330px-Horse_in_Motion_-_Sallie_Gardner_%28animation%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Horse_in_Motion_-_Sallie_Gardner_%28animation%29.gif/440px-Horse_in_Motion_-_Sallie_Gardner_%28animation%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>Animation of 11 frames of <a href="/wiki/Eadward_Muybridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Eadward Muybridge">Eadward Muybridge</a>'s 1878 cabinet card of running horse "Sallie Gardner" from the series <a href="/wiki/The_Horse_in_Motion" title="The Horse in Motion">The Horse in Motion</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LouisLePrinceFirstFilmEver_RoundhayGardenScene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/LouisLePrinceFirstFilmEver_RoundhayGardenScene.jpg/220px-LouisLePrinceFirstFilmEver_RoundhayGardenScene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/LouisLePrinceFirstFilmEver_RoundhayGardenScene.jpg/330px-LouisLePrinceFirstFilmEver_RoundhayGardenScene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/LouisLePrinceFirstFilmEver_RoundhayGardenScene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roundhay_Garden_Scene" title="Roundhay Garden Scene">Roundhay Garden Scene</a>, which has a running time of just over two seconds, was filmed in 1888. It is believed to be the world's earliest surviving motion-picture film. The elderly lady in black is <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Whitley" title="Sarah Whitley">Sarah Whitley</a>, the mother-in-law of filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Prince" title="Louis Le Prince">Louis Le Prince</a>; she died ten days after this scene was filmed.</figcaption></figure> Film projection mostly evolved from <a href="/wiki/Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">magic lantern</a> shows, in which images from handpainted glass slides were projected onto a wall or screen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2008-4">[4]</a> After the advent of photography in the 19th century, still <a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">photographs</a> were sometimes used. Narration of the showman was important in spectacular entertainment screenings and vital in the lecturing circuit.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The principle of stroboscopic <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> was well-known since the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Phenakistiscope" title="Phenakistiscope">phenakistiscope</a> in 1833, a popular <a href="/wiki/Optical_toys" title="Optical toys">optical toy</a>, but the development of <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a> was hampered by long exposure times for <a href="/wiki/Photographic_emulsion" title="Photographic emulsion">photographic emulsions</a>, until <a href="/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" title="Eadweard Muybridge">Eadweard Muybridge</a> managed to record a <a href="/wiki/Chronophotography" title="Chronophotography">chronophotographic</a> sequence in 1878. After others had animated his pictures in <a href="/wiki/Zoetrope" title="Zoetrope">zoetropes</a>, Muybridge started lecturing with his own <a href="/wiki/Zoopraxiscope" title="Zoopraxiscope">zoopraxiscope</a> animation projector in 1880. The work of other pioneering chronophotographers, including <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Jules_Marey" title="Étienne-Jules Marey">Étienne-Jules Marey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottomar_Ansch%C3%BCtz" title="Ottomar Anschütz">Ottomar Anschütz</a>, furthered the development of motion picture cameras, projectors and transparent celluloid film. Although <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> was keen to develop a film system that would be synchronised with his <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a>, he eventually introduced the <a href="/wiki/Kinetoscope" title="Kinetoscope">kinetoscope</a> as a silent motion picture viewer in 1893 and later "kinetophone" versions remained unsuccessful. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Silent_film_era">Silent film era</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_film&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Silent film era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Battle_of_Chemulpo_Bay_edison.ogv/220px--Battle_of_Chemulpo_Bay_edison.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="71" data-mwtitle="Battle_of_Chemulpo_Bay_edison.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Chemulpo_Bay_edison.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Battle_of_Chemulpo_Bay_edison.ogv/Battle_of_Chemulpo_Bay_edison.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Battle_of_Chemulpo_Bay_edison.ogv/Battle_of_Chemulpo_Bay_edison.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Battle_of_Chemulpo_Bay_edison.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Battle_of_Chemulpo_Bay_edison.ogv/Battle_of_Chemulpo_Bay_edison.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video><figcaption>A one-minute 1904 film by <a href="/wiki/Edison_Studios" title="Edison Studios">Edison Studios</a> re-enacting the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chemulpo_Bay" title="Battle of Chemulpo Bay">Battle of Chemulpo Bay</a>, which occurred on 9 February that year off the coast of present-day <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a>, South Korea</figcaption></figure> The art of motion pictures grew into full maturity in the "silent era" (<a href="/wiki/1894_in_film" title="1894 in film">1894 in film</a> – <a href="/wiki/1929_in_film" title="1929 in film">1929 in film</a>). The height of the silent era (from the early <a href="/wiki/1910s_in_film" title="1910s in film">1910s in film</a> to the late 1920s) was a particularly fruitful period, full of artistic innovation. The film movements of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Hollywood narrative">Classical Hollywood</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/French_impressionist_cinema" title="French impressionist cinema">French Impressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Montage" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Montage">Soviet Montage</a> began in this period. Silent filmmakers pioneered the art form to the extent that virtually every style and genre of film-making of the 20th and 21st centuries has its artistic roots in the silent era. The silent era was also a pioneering one from a technical point of view. Three-point lighting, the <a href="/wiki/Close-up" title="Close-up">close-up</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Long shot">long shot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">panning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Continuity_editing" title="Continuity editing">continuity editing</a> all became prevalent long before silent films were replaced by "<a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">talking pictures</a>" or "talkies" in the late 1920s. Some scholars claim that the artistic quality of cinema decreased for several years, during the early 1930s, until <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">film directors</a>, actors, and production staff adapted fully to the new "talkies" around the mid-1930s.<a href="#cite_note-filmsite-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aziza_Amir_in_%E2%80%98Laila%E2%80%99_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Aziza_Amir_in_%E2%80%98Laila%E2%80%99_1927.jpg/220px-Aziza_Amir_in_%E2%80%98Laila%E2%80%99_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Aziza_Amir_in_%E2%80%98Laila%E2%80%99_1927.jpg/330px-Aziza_Amir_in_%E2%80%98Laila%E2%80%99_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Aziza_Amir_in_%E2%80%98Laila%E2%80%99_1927.jpg/440px-Aziza_Amir_in_%E2%80%98Laila%E2%80%99_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="1361" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aziza_Amir" title="Aziza Amir">Aziza Amir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Laila_(1927_film)" title="Laila (1927 film)">Laila</a> (1927)</figcaption></figure> The visual quality of silent movies—especially those produced in the 1920s—was often high, but there remains a widely held misconception that these films were primitive, or are barely watchable by modern standards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownlow1968b580-7">[7]</a> This misconception comes from the general public's unfamiliarity with the medium, as well as from carelessness on the part of the industry. Most silent films are poorly preserved, leading to their deterioration, and well-preserved films are often played back at the wrong speed or suffer from <a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">censorship cuts</a> and missing frames and scenes, giving the appearance of poor editing.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Many silent films exist only in second- or third-generation copies, often made from already damaged and neglected film stock.<a href="#cite_note-filmsite-6">[6]</a> Many early screening were plagued by flicker on the screen, when the stroboscopic interruptions between frames lay below the <a href="/wiki/Flicker_fusion_threshold" title="Flicker fusion threshold">critical flicker frequency</a>. This was solved with the introduction of a three-bladed shutter (since 1902), causing two more interruptions per frame.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Another widely held misconception is that silent films lacked color. In fact, color was far more prevalent in silent films than in the first few decades of sound films. By the early 1920s, 80 percent of movies could be seen in some sort of color, usually in the form of <a href="/wiki/Film_tinting" title="Film tinting">film tinting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">toning</a> or even hand coloring, but also with fairly natural two-color processes such as <a href="/wiki/Kinemacolor" title="Kinemacolor">Kinemacolor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Traditional colorization processes ceased with the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">sound-on-film</a> technology. Traditional film colorization, all of which involved the use of dyes in some form, interfered with the high resolution required for built-in recorded sound, and were therefore abandoned. The innovative three-strip technicolor process introduced in the mid-1930s was costly and fraught with limitations, and color would not have the same prevalence in film as it did in the silents for nearly four decades. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-titles">Inter-titles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_film&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inter-titles">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CABINETOFDRCALIGARI-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/CABINETOFDRCALIGARI-03.jpg/220px-CABINETOFDRCALIGARI-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/CABINETOFDRCALIGARI-03.jpg/330px-CABINETOFDRCALIGARI-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/CABINETOFDRCALIGARI-03.jpg/440px-CABINETOFDRCALIGARI-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a> (1920) used stylized inter-titles.</figcaption></figure> As motion pictures gradually increased in running time, a replacement was needed for the in-house interpreter who would explain parts of the film to the audience. Because silent films had no synchronized sound for dialogue, onscreen <a href="/wiki/Intertitle" title="Intertitle">inter-titles</a> were used to narrate story points, present key dialogue and sometimes even comment on the action for the audience. The title writer became a key professional in silent film and was often separate from the scenario writer who created the story. Inter-titles (or titles as they were generally called at the time) "often were graphic elements themselves, featuring illustrations or abstract decorations that commented on the action".<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Live_music_and_other_sound_accompaniment">Live music and other sound accompaniment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_film&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Live music and other sound accompaniment">edit</a>]</div> Showings of silent films almost always featured live music starting with the first public projection of movies by the Lumière brothers on December 28, 1895, in Paris. This was furthered in 1896 by the first motion-picture exhibition in the United States at <a href="/wiki/Koster_and_Bial%27s_Music_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Koster and Bial's Music Hall">Koster and Bial's Music Hall</a> in New York City. At this event, Edison set the precedent that all exhibitions should be accompanied by an orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1990-14">[14]</a> From the beginning, music was recognized as essential, contributing atmosphere, and giving the audience vital emotional cues. Musicians sometimes played on film sets during shooting for similar reasons. However, depending on the size of the exhibition site, musical accompaniment could drastically change in scale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2008-4">[4]</a> Small-town and neighborhood movie theatres usually had a <a href="/wiki/Pianist" title="Pianist">pianist</a>. Beginning in the mid-1910s, large city theaters tended to have <a href="/wiki/Organist" title="Organist">organists</a> or ensembles of musicians. Massive <a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">theatre organs</a>, which were designed to fill a gap between a simple piano soloist and a larger orchestra, had a wide range of special effects. Theatrical organs such as the famous "<a href="/wiki/Wurlitzer#Theatre_organs" title="Wurlitzer">Mighty Wurlitzer</a>" could simulate some orchestral sounds along with a number of percussion effects such as bass drums and cymbals, and <a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound effects</a> ranging from "train and boat whistles [to] car horns and bird whistles; ... some could even simulate pistol shots, ringing phones, the sound of surf, horses' hooves, smashing pottery, [and] thunder and rain".<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Musical scores</a> for early silent films were either <a href="/wiki/Improvised" class="mw-redirect" title="Improvised">improvised</a> or compiled of classical or theatrical repertory music. Once full features became commonplace, however, music was compiled from <a href="/wiki/Photoplay_music" title="Photoplay music">photoplay music</a> by the pianist, organist, orchestra conductor or the <a href="/wiki/Movie_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie studio">movie studio</a> itself, which included a cue sheet with the film. These sheets were often lengthy, with detailed notes about effects and moods to watch for. Starting with the mostly original score composed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Carl_Breil" title="Joseph Carl Breil">Joseph Carl Breil</a> for <a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a>'s epic <a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a> (1915), it became relatively common for the biggest-budgeted films to arrive at the exhibiting theater with original, specially composed scores.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEyman1997-16">[16]</a> However, the first designated full-blown scores had in fact been composed in 1908, by <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_Assassination_of_the_Duke_of_Guise" title="The Assassination of the Duke of Guise">The Assassination of the Duke of Guise</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks1997-17">[17]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Ippolitov-Ivanov" title="Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov">Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov</a> for <a href="/wiki/Stenka_Razin_(film)" title="Stenka Razin (film)">Stenka Razin</a>. When organists or pianists used sheet music, they still might add improvisational flourishes to heighten the drama on screen. Even when special effects were not indicated in the score, if an organist was playing a theater organ capable of an unusual sound effect such as "galloping horses", it would be used during scenes of dramatic horseback chases. At the height of the silent era, movies were the single largest source of employment for instrumental musicians, at least in the United States. However, the introduction of talkies, coupled with the roughly simultaneous onset of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, was devastating to many musicians. A number of countries devised other ways of bringing sound to silent films. The early <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">cinema of Brazil</a>, for example, featured fitas cantatas (singing films), filmed <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operettas</a> with singers performing behind the screen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkinson199669-18">[18]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Japan</a>, films had not only live music but also the <a href="/wiki/Benshi" title="Benshi">benshi</a>, a live narrator who provided commentary and character voices. The benshi became a central element in Japanese film, as well as providing translation for foreign (mostly American) movies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandish200668-19">[19]</a> The popularity of the benshi was one reason why silent films persisted well into the 1930s in Japan. Conversely, as benshi-narrated films often lacked intertitles, modern-day audiences may sometimes find it difficult to follow the plots without specialised subtitling or additional commentary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Score_restorations_from_1980_to_the_present">Score restorations from 1980 to the present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_film&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Score restorations from 1980 to the present">edit</a>]</div> Few film scores survived intact from the silent period, and <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicologists</a> are still confronted by questions when they attempt to precisely reconstruct those that remain. Scores used in current reissues or screenings of silent films may be complete reconstructions of compositions, newly composed for the occasion, assembled from already existing music libraries, or improvised on the spot in the manner of the silent-era theater musician. Interest in the scoring of silent films fell somewhat out of fashion during the 1960s and 1970s. There was a belief in many college film programs and <a href="/wiki/Revival_house" title="Revival house">repertory cinemas</a> that audiences should experience silent film as a pure visual medium, undistracted by music. This belief may have been encouraged by the poor quality of the music tracks found on many silent film reprints of the time. Since around 1980, there has been a revival of interest in presenting silent films with quality musical scores (either reworkings of period scores or cue sheets, or the composition of appropriate original scores). An early effort of this kind was <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Brownlow" title="Kevin Brownlow">Kevin Brownlow</a>'s 1980 restoration of <a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Abel Gance</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_(1927_film)" title="Napoléon (1927 film)">Napoléon</a> (1927), featuring a score by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Davis" title="Carl Davis">Carl Davis</a>. A slightly re-edited and sped-up version of Brownlow's restoration was later distributed in the United States by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a>, with a live orchestral score composed by his father <a href="/wiki/Carmine_Coppola" title="Carmine Coppola">Carmine Coppola</a>. In 1984, an edited restoration of <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a> (1927) was released with a new rock music score by producer-composer <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder" title="Giorgio Moroder">Giorgio Moroder</a>. Although the contemporary score, which included pop songs by <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Benatar" title="Pat Benatar">Pat Benatar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jon_Anderson" title="Jon Anderson">Jon Anderson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yes_(band)" title="Yes (band)">Yes</a>, was controversial, the door had been opened for a new approach to the presentation of classic silent films. Today, a large number of soloists, music ensembles, and orchestras perform traditional and contemporary scores for silent films internationally.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The legendary theater organist <a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Carter" title="Gaylord Carter">Gaylord Carter</a> continued to perform and record his original silent film scores until shortly before his death in 2000; some of those scores are available on DVD reissues. Other purveyors of the traditional approach include organists such as <a href="/wiki/Dennis_James_(musician)" title="Dennis James (musician)">Dennis James</a> and pianists such as <a href="/wiki/Neil_Brand" title="Neil Brand">Neil Brand</a>, Günter Buchwald, Philip C. Carli, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Model" title="Ben Model">Ben Model</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_P._Perry" title="William P. Perry">William P. Perry</a>. Other contemporary pianists, such as Stephen Horne and Gabriel Thibaudeau, have often taken a more modern approach to scoring. Orchestral conductors such as Carl Davis and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Israel_(composer)" title="Robert Israel (composer)">Robert Israel</a> have written and compiled scores for numerous silent films; many of these have been featured in showings on <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">Turner Classic Movies</a> or have been released on DVD. Davis has composed new scores for classic silent dramas such as <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Parade" title="The Big Parade">The Big Parade</a> (1925) and <a href="/wiki/Flesh_and_the_Devil" title="Flesh and the Devil">Flesh and the Devil</a> (1927). Israel has worked mainly in silent comedy, scoring the films of <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lloyd" title="Harold Lloyd">Harold Lloyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Buster Keaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charley_Chase" title="Charley Chase">Charley Chase</a>, and others. <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Brock" title="Timothy Brock">Timothy Brock</a> has restored many of <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>'s scores, in addition to composing new scores. Contemporary music ensembles are helping to introduce classic silent films to a wider audience through a broad range of musical styles and approaches. Some performers create new compositions using traditional musical instruments, while others add electronic sounds, modern harmonies, rhythms, improvisation, and sound design elements to enhance the viewing experience. Among the contemporary ensembles in this category are <a href="/wiki/Un_Drame_Musical_Instantan%C3%A9" title="Un Drame Musical Instantané">Un Drame Musical Instantané</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alloy_Orchestra" title="Alloy Orchestra">Alloy Orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Club_Foot_Orchestra" title="Club Foot Orchestra">Club Foot Orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silent_Orchestra" title="Silent Orchestra">Silent Orchestra</a>, Mont Alto Motion Picture Orchestra, Minima and the Caspervek Trio, <a href="/wiki/RPM_Orchestra" title="RPM Orchestra">RPM Orchestra</a>. Donald Sosin and his wife Joanna Seaton specialize in adding vocals to silent films, particularly where there is onscreen singing that benefits from hearing the actual song being performed. Films in this category include Griffith's <a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Pavements" title="Lady of the Pavements">Lady of the Pavements</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lupe_V%C3%A9lez" title="Lupe Vélez">Lupe Vélez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Carewe" title="Edwin Carewe">Edwin Carewe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Evangeline_(1929_film)" title="Evangeline (1929 film)">Evangeline</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dolores_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Dolores del Río">Dolores del Río</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Julian" title="Rupert Julian">Rupert Julian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(1925_film)" title="The Phantom of the Opera (1925 film)">The Phantom of the Opera</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mary_Philbin" title="Mary Philbin">Mary Philbin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Pearson" title="Virginia Pearson">Virginia Pearson</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Silent Film Sound and Music Archive digitizes music and cue sheets written for silent films and makes them available for use by performers, scholars, and enthusiasts.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acting_techniques">Acting techniques</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_film&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Acting techniques">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lillian_Gish-edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Lillian_Gish-edit1.jpg/170px-Lillian_Gish-edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Lillian_Gish-edit1.jpg/255px-Lillian_Gish-edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Lillian_Gish-edit1.jpg/340px-Lillian_Gish-edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2725" data-file-height="3517" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gish" title="Lillian Gish">Lillian Gish</a>, the "First Lady of the American Cinema", was a leading star in the silent era with one of the longest careers—1912 to 1987.</figcaption></figure> Silent-film actors emphasized <a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">body language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">facial expression</a> so that the <a href="/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a> could better understand what an actor was feeling and portraying on screen. Much silent film acting is apt to strike modern-day audiences as simplistic or <a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">campy</a>. The melodramatic acting style was in some cases a habit actors transferred from their former stage experience. <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a> was an especially popular origin for many American silent film actors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2008-4">[4]</a> The pervading presence of stage actors in film was the cause of this outburst from director <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Neilan" title="Marshall Neilan">Marshall Neilan</a> in 1917: "The sooner the stage people who have come into pictures get out, the better for the pictures." In other cases, directors such as <a href="/wiki/John_Griffith_Wray" title="John Griffith Wray">John Griffith Wray</a> required their actors to deliver larger-than-life expressions for emphasis. As early as 1914, American viewers had begun to make known their preference for greater naturalness on screen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownlow1968a344–353-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lon_Chaney_by_Jack_Freulich_1920s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lon_Chaney_by_Jack_Freulich_1920s.jpg/220px-Lon_Chaney_by_Jack_Freulich_1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lon_Chaney_by_Jack_Freulich_1920s.jpg/330px-Lon_Chaney_by_Jack_Freulich_1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lon_Chaney_by_Jack_Freulich_1920s.jpg/440px-Lon_Chaney_by_Jack_Freulich_1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="1495" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lon_Chaney" title="Lon Chaney">Lon Chaney</a> (active 1913–1930) was one of the most talented silent character actors of all time. His unique ability to transform into the most physically grotesque characters earned him the universal name, "Man of a Thousand Faces".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></figcaption></figure> Silent films became less vaudevillian in the mid-1910s, as the differences between stage and screen became apparent. Due to the work of directors such as <a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a>, cinematography became less stage-like, and the development of the <a href="/wiki/Close_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Close up">close up</a> allowed for understated and realistic acting. <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gish" title="Lillian Gish">Lillian Gish</a> has been called film's "first true actress" for her work in the period, as she pioneered new film performing techniques, recognizing the crucial differences between stage and screen acting. Directors such as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Capellani" title="Albert Capellani">Albert Capellani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Tourneur" title="Maurice Tourneur">Maurice Tourneur</a> began to insist on naturalism in their films. By the mid-1920s many American silent films had adopted a more naturalistic acting style, though not all actors and directors accepted naturalistic, low-key acting straight away; as late as 1927, films featuring expressionistic acting styles, such as <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a>, were still being released.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownlow1968a344–353-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a>, whose first American film was released in 1926, would become known for her naturalistic acting. According to Anton Kaes, a silent film scholar from the University of California, Berkeley, American silent cinema began to see a shift in acting techniques between 1913 and 1921, influenced by techniques found in German silent film. This is mainly attributed to the influx of emigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, "including film directors, producers, cameramen, lighting and stage technicians, as well as actors and actresses".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaes1990-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Projection_speed">Projection speed</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_film&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Projection speed">edit</a>]</div> Until the standardization of the projection speed of 24 frames per second (fps) for sound films between 1926 and 1930, silent films were shot at variable speeds (or "<a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rates</a>") anywhere from 12 to 40 fps, depending on the year and studio.<a href="#cite_note-Brownlow2-25">[25]</a> "Standard silent film speed" is often said to be 16 fps as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Lumière brothers'</a> Cinématographe, but industry practice varied considerably; there was no actual standard. <a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_Dickson" title="William Kennedy Dickson">William Kennedy Laury Dickson</a>, an Edison employee, settled on the astonishingly fast 40 frames per second.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2008-4">[4]</a> Additionally, cameramen of the era insisted that their cranking technique was exactly 16 fps, but modern examination of the films shows this to be in error, and that they often cranked faster. Unless carefully shown at their intended speeds silent films can appear unnaturally fast or slow. However, some scenes were intentionally <a href="/wiki/Fast_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast motion">undercranked</a> during shooting to accelerate the action—particularly for comedies and action films.<a href="#cite_note-Brownlow2-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Institut_Lumi%C3%A8re_-_CINEMATOGRAPHE_Camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Institut_Lumi%C3%A8re_-_CINEMATOGRAPHE_Camera.jpg/170px-Institut_Lumi%C3%A8re_-_CINEMATOGRAPHE_Camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Institut_Lumi%C3%A8re_-_CINEMATOGRAPHE_Camera.jpg/255px-Institut_Lumi%C3%A8re_-_CINEMATOGRAPHE_Camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Institut_Lumi%C3%A8re_-_CINEMATOGRAPHE_Camera.jpg/340px-Institut_Lumi%C3%A8re_-_CINEMATOGRAPHE_Camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3403" data-file-height="5253" /></a><figcaption>Cinématographe Lumière at the <a href="/wiki/Institut_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Institut Lumière">Institut Lumière</a>, France. Such cameras had no audio recording devices built into the cameras.</figcaption></figure> Slow projection of a <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulose nitrate">cellulose nitrate</a> base film carried a risk of fire, as each frame was exposed for a longer time to the intense heat of the projection lamp; but there were other reasons to project a film at a greater pace. Often projectionists received general instructions from the distributors on the musical director's cue sheet as to how fast particular reels or scenes should be projected.<a href="#cite_note-Brownlow2-25">[25]</a> In rare instances, usually for larger productions, cue sheets produced specifically for the projectionist provided a detailed guide to presenting the film. Theaters also—to maximize profit—sometimes varied projection speeds depending on the time of day or popularity of a film,<a href="#cite_note-card-26">[26]</a> or to fit a film into a prescribed time slot.<a href="#cite_note-Brownlow2-25">[25]</a> All motion-picture film projectors require a moving shutter to block the light whilst the film is moving, otherwise the image is smeared in the direction of the movement. However this shutter causes the image to flicker, and images with low rates of flicker are very unpleasant to watch. Early studies by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Kinetoscope" title="Kinetoscope">Kinetoscope</a> machine determined that any rate below 46 images per second "will strain the eye".<a href="#cite_note-Brownlow2-25">[25]</a> and this holds true for projected images under normal cinema conditions also. The solution adopted for the Kinetoscope was to run the film at over 40 frames/sec, but this was expensive for film. However, by using projectors with dual- and triple-blade shutters the flicker rate is multiplied two or three times higher than the number of film frames — each frame being flashed two or three times on screen. A three-blade shutter projecting a 16 fps film will slightly surpass Edison's figure, giving the audience 48 images per second. During the silent era projectors were commonly fitted with 3-bladed shutters. Since the introduction of sound with its 24 frame/sec standard speed 2-bladed shutters have become the norm for 35 mm cinema projectors, though three-bladed shutters have remained standard on 16 mm and 8 mm projectors, which are frequently used to project amateur footage shot at 16 or 18 frames/sec. A 35 mm film frame rate of 24 fps translates to a film speed of 456 millimetres (18.0 in) per second.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReadMeyer200024–26-27">[27]</a> One 1,000-foot (300 m) reel requires 11 minutes and 7 seconds to be projected at 24 fps, while a 16 fps projection of the same reel would take 16 minutes and 40 seconds, or 304 millimetres (12.0 in) per second.<a href="#cite_note-Brownlow2-25">[25]</a> In the 1950s, many <a href="/wiki/Telecine" title="Telecine">telecine</a> conversions of silent films at grossly incorrect frame rates for broadcast television may have alienated viewers.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Film speed is often a vexed issue among scholars and film buffs in the presentation of silents today, especially when it comes to DVD releases of <a href="/wiki/Film_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Film restoration">restored films</a>, such as the case of the 2002 restoration of <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tinting">Tinting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_film&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tinting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Film_tinting" title="Film tinting">Film tinting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cabinet_of_Dr_Caligari_Conrad_Veidt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/The_Cabinet_of_Dr_Caligari_Conrad_Veidt.png/220px-The_Cabinet_of_Dr_Caligari_Conrad_Veidt.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/The_Cabinet_of_Dr_Caligari_Conrad_Veidt.png/330px-The_Cabinet_of_Dr_Caligari_Conrad_Veidt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/The_Cabinet_of_Dr_Caligari_Conrad_Veidt.png/440px-The_Cabinet_of_Dr_Caligari_Conrad_Veidt.png 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Cesare (<a href="/wiki/Conrad_Veidt" title="Conrad Veidt">Conrad Veidt</a>) awakens in <a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a>. The amber <a href="/wiki/Film_tinting" title="Film tinting">tint</a> indicates a daylight setting.</figcaption></figure> With the lack of natural color processing available, films of the silent era were frequently dipped in <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyestuffs</a> and dyed various shades and hues to signal a mood or represent a time of day. Hand tinting dates back to 1895 in the United States with Edison's release of selected hand-tinted prints of Butterfly Dance. Additionally, experiments in color film started as early as in 1909, although it took a much longer time for color to be adopted by the industry and an effective process to be developed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2008-4">[4]</a> Blue represented night scenes, yellow or amber meant day. Red represented fire and green represented a mysterious atmosphere. Similarly, toning of film (such as the common silent film generalization of <a href="/wiki/Sepia_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepia tone">sepia</a>-toning) with special solutions replaced the silver particles in the film stock with salts or dyes of various colors. A combination of tinting and toning could be used as an effect that could be striking. Some films were hand-tinted, such as <a href="/wiki/Annabelle_Serpentine_Dance" title="Annabelle Serpentine Dance">Annabelle Serpentine Dance</a> (1894), from <a href="/wiki/Edison_Studios" title="Edison Studios">Edison Studios</a>. In it, <a href="/wiki/Annabelle_Whitford" class="mw-redirect" title="Annabelle Whitford">Annabelle Whitford</a>,<a href="#cite_note-whitford-30">[30]</a> a young dancer from Broadway, is dressed in white veils that appear to change colors as she dances. This technique was designed to capture the effect of the live performances of <a href="/wiki/Loie_Fuller" title="Loie Fuller">Loie Fuller</a>, beginning in 1891, in which stage lights with colored gels turned her white flowing dresses and sleeves into artistic movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurrentCurrent1997-31">[31]</a> Hand coloring was often used in the early "trick" and fantasy films of Europe, especially those by <a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a>. Méliès began hand-tinting his work as early as 1897 and the 1899 <a href="/wiki/Cinderella_(1899_film)" title="Cinderella (1899 film)">Cendrillion</a> (Cinderella) and 1900 <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc_(1900_film)" title="Joan of Arc (1900 film)">Jeanne d'Arc</a> (Joan of Arc) provide early examples of hand-tinted films in which the color was a critical part of the scenography or <a href="/wiki/Mise-en-sc%C3%A8ne" title="Mise-en-scène">mise-en-scène</a>; such precise tinting used the workshop of <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Thuillier" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth Thuillier">Elisabeth Thuillier</a> in Paris, with teams of female artists adding layers of color to each frame by hand rather than using a more common (and less expensive) process of stenciling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrombergLang2012-32">[32]</a> A newly restored version of Méliès' <a href="/wiki/A_Trip_to_the_Moon" title="A Trip to the Moon">A Trip to the Moon</a>, originally released in 1902, shows an exuberant use of color designed to add texture and interest to the image.<a href="#cite_note-duvall-33">[33]</a> Comments by an American distributor in a 1908 film-supply catalog further underscore France's continuing dominance in the field of hand-coloring films during the early silent era. The distributor offers for sale at varying prices "High-Class" motion pictures by <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9" title="Pathé">Pathé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Urban" title="Charles Urban">Urban-Eclipse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaumont_Film_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaumont Film Company">Gaumont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalem_Company" title="Kalem Company">Kalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itala_Film" title="Itala Film">Itala Film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrosio_Film" title="Ambrosio Film">Ambrosio Film</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Selig_Polyscope_Company" title="Selig Polyscope Company">Selig</a>. Several of the longer, more prestigious films in the catalog are offered in both standard black-and-white "plain stock" as well as in "hand-painted" color.<a href="#cite_note-1908prices-34">[34]</a> A plain-stock copy, for example, of the 1907 release <a href="/wiki/Ben_Hur_(1907_film)" title="Ben Hur (1907 film)">Ben Hur</a> is offered for $120 ($4,069 USD today), while a colored version of the same 1000-foot, 15-minute film costs $270 ($9,156) including the extra $150 coloring charge, which amounted to 15 cents more per foot.<a href="#cite_note-1908prices-34">[34]</a> Although the reasons for the cited extra charge were likely obvious to customers, the distributor explains why his catalog's colored films command such significantly higher prices and require more time for delivery. His explanation also provides insight into the general state of film-coloring services in the United States by 1908: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1908_film-supply_catalog_with_prices_for_the_Kalem_release_Ben_Hur.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1908_film-supply_catalog_with_prices_for_the_Kalem_release_Ben_Hur.jpeg/220px-1908_film-supply_catalog_with_prices_for_the_Kalem_release_Ben_Hur.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1908_film-supply_catalog_with_prices_for_the_Kalem_release_Ben_Hur.jpeg/330px-1908_film-supply_catalog_with_prices_for_the_Kalem_release_Ben_Hur.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1908_film-supply_catalog_with_prices_for_the_Kalem_release_Ben_Hur.jpeg/440px-1908_film-supply_catalog_with_prices_for_the_Kalem_release_Ben_Hur.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption>Price for a hand-colored print of Ben Hur in 1908</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The coloring of moving picture films is a line of work which cannot be satisfactorily performed in the United States. In view of the enormous amount of labor involved which calls for individual hand painting of every one of sixteen pictures to the foot or 16,000 separate pictures for each 1,000 feet of film very few American colorists will undertake the work at any price. As film coloring has progressed much more rapidly in France than in any other country, all of our coloring is done for us by the best coloring establishment in Paris and we have found that we obtain better quality, cheaper prices and quicker deliveries, even in coloring American made films, than if the work were done elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-1908prices-34">[34]</a></blockquote> By the beginning of the 1910s, with the onset of feature-length films, tinting was used as another mood setter, just as commonplace as music. The director <a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a> displayed a constant interest and concern about color, and used tinting as a special effect in many of his films. His 1915 epic <a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a> used a number of colors, including amber, blue, lavender, and a striking red tint for scenes such as the "burning of Atlanta" and the ride of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> at the climax of the picture. Griffith later invented a color system in which colored lights flashed on areas of the screen to achieve a color. With the development of sound-on-film technology and the industry's acceptance of it, tinting was abandoned altogether, because the dyes used in the tinting process interfered with the soundtracks present on film strips.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2008-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_studios">Early studios</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_film&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early studios">edit</a>]</div> The early studios were located in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_area" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City area">New York City area</a>. Edison Studios were first in <a href="/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey">West Orange, New Jersey</a> (1892), they were moved to <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx, New York</a> (1907). Fox (1909) and Biograph (1906) started in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, with studios in St George, <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>. Other films were shot in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lee,_New_Jersey" title="Fort Lee, New Jersey">Fort Lee, New Jersey</a>. In December 1908, Edison led the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Patents_Company" title="Motion Picture Patents Company">Motion Picture Patents Company</a> in an attempt to control the industry and shut out smaller producers. The "Edison Trust", as it was nicknamed, was made up of <a href="/wiki/Edison_Studios" title="Edison Studios">Edison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biograph_Studios" title="Biograph Studios">Biograph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essanay_Studios" title="Essanay Studios">Essanay Studios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalem_Company" title="Kalem Company">Kalem Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Kleine_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="George Kleine Productions">George Kleine Productions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubin_Manufacturing_Company" title="Lubin Manufacturing Company">Lubin Studios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a>, <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9" title="Pathé">Pathé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selig_Polyscope_Company" title="Selig Polyscope Company">Selig Studios</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitagraph_Studios" title="Vitagraph Studios">Vitagraph Studios</a>, and dominated distribution through the <a href="/wiki/General_Film_Company" title="General Film Company">General Film Company</a>. This company dominated the industry as both a vertical and horizontal <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> and is a contributing factor in studios' migration to the West Coast. The Motion Picture Patents Co. and the General Film Co. were found guilty of <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> violation in October 1915, and were dissolved. The <a href="/wiki/Thanhouser_Company" title="Thanhouser Company">Thanhouser</a> film studio was founded in <a href="/wiki/New_Rochelle,_New_York" title="New Rochelle, New York">New Rochelle, New York</a>, in 1909 by American theatrical impresario <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Thanhouser" title="Edwin Thanhouser">Edwin Thanhouser</a>. The company produced and released 1,086 films between 1910 and 1917, including the first <a href="/wiki/Film_serial" class="mw-redirect" title="Film serial">film serial</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Million_Dollar_Mystery" title="The Million Dollar Mystery">The Million Dollar Mystery</a>, released in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">westerns</a> were filmed at <a href="/wiki/Fred_Scott_(actor)" title="Fred Scott (actor)">Fred Scott</a>'s Movie Ranch in South Beach, Staten Island. Actors costumed as <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboys</a> and Native Americans galloped across Scott's movie ranch set, which had a frontier main street, a wide selection of stagecoaches and a 56-foot stockade. The island provided a serviceable stand-in for locations as varied as the Sahara desert and a British cricket pitch. <a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War scenes</a> were shot on the plains of <a href="/wiki/Grasmere,_Staten_Island" title="Grasmere, Staten Island">Grasmere, Staten Island</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Perils_of_Pauline_(1914_serial)" title="The Perils of Pauline (1914 serial)">The Perils of Pauline</a> and its even more popular sequel <a href="/wiki/The_Exploits_of_Elaine" title="The Exploits of Elaine">The Exploits of Elaine</a> were filmed largely on the island. So was the 1906 blockbuster <a href="/wiki/Life_of_a_Cowboy" title="Life of a Cowboy">Life of a Cowboy</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_S._Porter" title="Edwin S. Porter">Edwin S. Porter Company</a>, and filming moved to the West Coast around 1912. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Top-grossing_silent_films_in_the_United_States">Top-grossing silent films in the United States</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_film&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Top-grossing silent films in the United States">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:235px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Birth_of_a_Nation_poster_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Birth_of_a_Nation_poster_2.jpg/154px-Birth_of_a_Nation_poster_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Birth_of_a_Nation_poster_2.jpg/231px-Birth_of_a_Nation_poster_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Birth_of_a_Nation_poster_2.jpg/308px-Birth_of_a_Nation_poster_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Poster for <a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a> (1915)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:235px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben-Hur-1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ben-Hur-1925.jpg/160px-Ben-Hur-1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ben-Hur-1925.jpg/240px-Ben-Hur-1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ben-Hur-1925.jpg/320px-Ben-Hur-1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Poster for <a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur_(1925_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben-Hur (1925 film)">Ben-Hur</a> (1925)</div></div></div></div></div> The following are American films from the silent film era that had earned the highest gross income as of 1932. The amounts given are <a href="/wiki/Gross_rental" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross rental">gross rentals</a> (the distributor's share of the box-office) as opposed to exhibition gross.<a href="#cite_note-Variety_(1932)-36">[36]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width="60%"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Title </th> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Director </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films#distributor_rental" title="List of highest-grossing films">Gross rental</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a> </th> <td>1915 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a> </td> <td>$10,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Parade" title="The Big Parade">The Big Parade</a> </th> <td>1925 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_Vidor" title="King Vidor">King Vidor</a> </td> <td>$6,400,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur:_A_Tale_of_the_Christ_(1925_film)" title="Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925 film)">Ben-Hur</a> </th> <td>1925 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fred_Niblo" title="Fred Niblo">Fred Niblo</a> </td> <td>$5,500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/The_Kid_(1921_film)" title="The Kid (1921 film)">The Kid</a> </th> <td>1921 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> </td> <td>$5,450,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Way_Down_East" title="Way Down East">Way Down East</a> </th> <td>1920 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a> </td> <td>$5,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/City_Lights" title="City Lights">City Lights</a> </th> <td>1931 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> </td> <td>$4,300,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_Rush" title="The Gold Rush">The Gold Rush</a> </th> <td>1925 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> </td> <td>$4,250,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/The_Circus_(1928_film)" title="The Circus (1928 film)">The Circus</a> </th> <td>1928 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> </td> <td>$3,800,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/The_Covered_Wagon" title="The Covered Wagon">The Covered Wagon</a> </th> <td>1923 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Cruze" title="James Cruze">James Cruze</a> </td> <td>$3,800,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1923_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923 film)">The Hunchback of Notre Dame</a> </th> <td>1923 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Worsley" title="Wallace Worsley">Wallace Worsley</a> </td> <td>$3,500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1923_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (1923 film)">The Ten Commandments</a> </th> <td>1923 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> </td> <td>$3,400,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Orphans_of_the_Storm" title="Orphans of the Storm">Orphans of the Storm</a> </th> <td>1921 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a> </td> <td>$3,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/For_Heaven%27s_Sake_(1926_film)" title="For Heaven's Sake (1926 film)">For Heaven's Sake</a> </th> <td>1926 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sam_Taylor_(director)" title="Sam Taylor (director)">Sam Taylor</a> </td> <td>$2,600,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Ruin_(1928_film)" title="The Road to Ruin (1928 film)">The Road to Ruin</a> </th> <td>1928 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norton_S._Parker" title="Norton S. Parker">Norton S. Parker</a> </td> <td>$2,500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/7th_Heaven_(1927_film)" title="7th Heaven (1927 film)">7th Heaven</a> </th> <td>1928 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borzage" title="Frank Borzage">Frank Borzage</a> </td> <td>$2,500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/What_Price_Glory%3F_(1926_film)" title="What Price Glory? (1926 film)">What Price Glory?</a> </th> <td>1926 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Walsh" title="Raoul Walsh">Raoul Walsh</a> </td> <td>$2,400,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Abie%27s_Irish_Rose_(1928_film)" title="Abie's Irish Rose (1928 film)">Abie's Irish Rose</a> </th> <td>1928 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Victor_Fleming" title="Victor Fleming">Victor Fleming</a> </td> <td>$1,500,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_the_sound_era">During the sound era</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_film&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: During the sound era">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition">Transition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_film&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transition">edit</a>]</div> Although attempts to create sync-sound motion pictures go back to the Edison lab in 1896, only from the early 1920s were the basic technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> amplifiers and high-quality loudspeakers available. The next few years saw a race to design, implement, and market several rival <a href="/wiki/Sound-on-disc" title="Sound-on-disc">sound-on-disc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">sound-on-film</a> sound formats, such as <a href="/wiki/Photokinema" title="Photokinema">Photokinema</a> (1921), <a href="/wiki/Phonofilm" title="Phonofilm">Phonofilm</a> (1923), <a href="/wiki/Vitaphone" title="Vitaphone">Vitaphone</a> (1926), <a href="/wiki/Movietone_sound_system" title="Movietone sound system">Fox Movietone</a> (1927) and <a href="/wiki/RCA_Photophone" title="RCA Photophone">RCA Photophone</a> (1928). <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> was the first studio to accept sound as an element in film production and utilize the Vitaphone, a sound-on-disc technology, to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2008-4">[4]</a> The studio then released <a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer">The Jazz Singer</a> in 1927, which marked the first commercially successful <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound film</a>, but silent films were still the majority of features released in both 1927 and 1928, along with so-called <a href="/wiki/Goat_gland_(film_release)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goat gland (film release)">goat-glanded</a> films: silents with a subsection of sound film inserted. Thus the modern sound film era may be regarded as coming to dominance beginning in 1929. For a listing of notable silent era films, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_film" title="List of years in film">List of years in film</a> for the years between the beginning of film and 1928. The following list includes only films produced in the sound era with the specific artistic intention of being silent. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_Girl_(1930_film)" title="City Girl (1930 film)">City Girl</a>, <a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">F. W. Murnau</a>, 1930</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_(1930_film)" title="Earth (1930 film)">Earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dovzhenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Dovzhenko">Aleksandr Dovzhenko</a>, 1930</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silent_Enemy_(1930_film)" title="The Silent Enemy (1930 film)">The Silent Enemy</a>, H.P. Carver, 1930<a href="#cite_note-TCMSilent-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schrom-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderline_(1930_film)" title="Borderline (1930 film)">Borderline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Macpherson" title="Kenneth Macpherson">Kenneth Macpherson</a>, 1930</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Lights" title="City Lights">City Lights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, 1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabu:_A_Story_of_the_South_Seas" title="Tabu: A Story of the South Seas">Tabu</a>, F. W. Murnau, 1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Was_Born,_But..." title="I Was Born, But...">I Was Born, But...</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Yasujirō Ozu</a>, 1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_Fancy" title="Passing Fancy">Passing Fancy</a>, Yasujirō Ozu, 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Goddess_(1934_film)" title="The Goddess (1934 film)">The Goddess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wu_Yonggang" title="Wu Yonggang">Wu Yonggang</a>, 1934</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Story_of_Floating_Weeds" title="A Story of Floating Weeds">A Story of Floating Weeds</a>, Yasujirō Ozu, 1934</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orizuru_Osen" title="Orizuru Osen">The Downfall of Osen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenji_Mizoguchi" title="Kenji Mizoguchi">Kenji Mizoguchi</a>, 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legong_(film)" title="Legong (film)">Legong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_la_Falaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri de la Falaise">Henri de la Falaise</a>, 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Inn_in_Tokyo" title="An Inn in Tokyo">An Inn in Tokyo</a>, Yasujirō Ozu, 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_(1935_film)" title="Happiness (1935 film)">Happiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Medvedkin" title="Aleksandr Medvedkin">Aleksandr Medvedkin</a>, 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Voyage_(1936_film)" title="Cosmic Voyage (1936 film)">Cosmic Voyage</a>, Vasili Zhuravlov, 1936</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_homages">Later homages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_film&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later homages">edit</a>]</div> Several filmmakers have paid homage to the comedies of the silent era, including <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Modern_Times_(film)" title="Modern Times (film)">Modern Times</a> (1936), <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> with <a href="/wiki/Too_Much_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Too Much Johnson">Too Much Johnson</a> (1938), <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Jacques Tati</a> with <a href="/wiki/Les_Vacances_de_Monsieur_Hulot" title="Les Vacances de Monsieur Hulot">Les Vacances de Monsieur Hulot</a> (1953), <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Etaix" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Etaix">Pierre Etaix</a> with <a href="/wiki/The_Suitor" title="The Suitor">The Suitor</a> (1962), and <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> with <a href="/wiki/Silent_Movie" title="Silent Movie">Silent Movie</a> (1976). Taiwanese director <a href="/wiki/Hou_Hsiao-hsien" title="Hou Hsiao-hsien">Hou Hsiao-hsien</a>'s acclaimed drama <a href="/wiki/Three_Times" title="Three Times">Three Times</a> (2005) is silent during its middle third, complete with intertitles; <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Tucci" title="Stanley Tucci">Stanley Tucci</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Impostors" title="The Impostors">The Impostors</a> has an opening silent sequence in the style of early silent comedies. Brazilian filmmaker Renato Falcão's Margarette's Feast (2003) is silent. Writer/director Michael Pleckaitis puts his own twist on the genre with Silent (2007). While not silent, the <a href="/wiki/Mr._Bean" title="Mr. Bean">Mr. Bean</a> television series and movies have used the title character's non-talkative nature to create a similar style of humor. A lesser-known example is <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Savary" title="Jérôme Savary">Jérôme Savary</a>'s <a href="/wiki/La_fille_du_garde-barri%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="La fille du garde-barrière">La fille du garde-barrière</a> (1975), an homage to silent-era films that uses intertitles and blends comedy, drama, and explicit sex scenes (which led to it being refused a cinema certificate by the <a href="/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification">British Board of Film Classification</a>). In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lane_(filmmaker)" title="Charles Lane (filmmaker)">Charles Lane</a> directed and starred in <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_Stories" title="Sidewalk Stories">Sidewalk Stories</a>, a low budget salute to sentimental silent comedies, particularly <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Kid_(1921_film)" title="The Kid (1921 film)">The Kid</a>. The German film <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_(film)" title="Tuvalu (film)">Tuvalu</a> (1999) is mostly silent; the small amount of dialog is an odd mix of European languages, increasing the film's universality. <a href="/wiki/Guy_Maddin" title="Guy Maddin">Guy Maddin</a> won awards for his homage to Soviet-era silent films with his short <a href="/wiki/The_Heart_of_the_World" title="The Heart of the World">The Heart of the World</a> after which he made a feature-length silent, <a href="/wiki/Brand_Upon_the_Brain!" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand Upon the Brain!">Brand Upon the Brain!</a> (2006), incorporating live <a href="/wiki/Foley_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Foley artist">Foley artists</a>, narration and orchestra at select showings. <a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_the_Vampire" title="Shadow of the Vampire">Shadow of the Vampire</a> (2000) is a highly fictionalized depiction of the filming of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Murnau" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau">Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau</a>'s classic silent <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampire</a> movie <a href="/wiki/Nosferatu,_eine_Symphonie_des_Grauens" class="mw-redirect" title="Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens">Nosferatu</a> (1922). <a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a> honored the same film in his own version, <a href="/wiki/Nosferatu:_Phantom_der_Nacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Nosferatu: Phantom der Nacht">Nosferatu: Phantom der Nacht</a> (1979). Some films draw a direct contrast between the silent film era and the era of talkies. <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard_(1950_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunset Boulevard (1950 film)">Sunset Boulevard</a> shows the disconnect between the two eras in the character of <a href="/wiki/Norma_Desmond" class="mw-redirect" title="Norma Desmond">Norma Desmond</a>, played by silent film star <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Swanson" title="Gloria Swanson">Gloria Swanson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Singin%27_in_the_Rain" title="Singin' in the Rain">Singin' in the Rain</a> deals with <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood (film industry)">Hollywood</a> artists adjusting to the talkies. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bogdanovich" title="Peter Bogdanovich">Peter Bogdanovich</a>'s 1976 film <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(film)" title="Nickelodeon (film)">Nickelodeon</a> deals with the turmoil of silent filmmaking in Hollywood during the early 1910s, leading up to the release of <a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a>'s epic <a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a> (1915). In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Aki_Kaurism%C3%A4ki" title="Aki Kaurismäki">Aki Kaurismäki</a> produced <a href="/wiki/Juha_(1999_film)" title="Juha (1999 film)">Juha</a> in black and white, which captures the style of a silent film, using intertitles in place of spoken dialogue. Special <a href="/wiki/Release_print" title="Release print">release prints</a> with titles in several different languages were produced for international distribution.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In India, the film <a href="/wiki/Pushpak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushpak">Pushpak</a> (1988),<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Haasan" title="Kamal Haasan">Kamal Haasan</a>, was a black comedy entirely devoid of dialog. The Australian film <a href="/wiki/Dr._Plonk" title="Dr. Plonk">Doctor Plonk</a> (2007), was a silent comedy directed by <a href="/wiki/Rolf_de_Heer" title="Rolf de Heer">Rolf de Heer</a>. Stage plays have drawn upon silent film styles and sources. Actor/writers <a href="/wiki/Billy_Van_Zandt" title="Billy Van Zandt">Billy Van Zandt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Milmore" title="Jane Milmore">Jane Milmore</a> staged their Off-Broadway slapstick comedy Silent Laughter as a live action tribute to the silent screen era.<a href="#cite_note-silentlaughter-41">[41]</a> Geoff Sobelle and Trey Lyford created and starred in All Wear Bowlers (2004), which started as an homage to <a href="/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy" title="Laurel and Hardy">Laurel and Hardy</a> then evolved to incorporate life-sized silent film sequences of Sobelle and Lyford who jump back and forth between live action and the silver screen.<a href="#cite_note-zinoman-42">[42]</a> The animated film <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)" title="Fantasia (1940 film)">Fantasia</a> (1940), which is eight different animation sequences set to music, can be considered a silent film, with only one short scene involving dialogue. The espionage film <a href="/wiki/The_Thief_(1952_film)" title="The Thief (1952 film)">The Thief</a> (1952) has music and sound effects, but no dialogue, as do <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Z%C3%A9no" title="Thierry Zéno">Thierry Zéno</a>'s 1974 <a href="/wiki/Vase_de_Noces" title="Vase de Noces">Vase de Noces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bokanowski" title="Patrick Bokanowski">Patrick Bokanowski</a>'s 1982 <a href="/wiki/The_Angel_(1982_film)" title="The Angel (1982 film)">The Angel</a>. In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_Historical_Society" title="H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society">H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society</a> produced a <a href="/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu_(film)" title="The Call of Cthulhu (film)">silent film version</a> of Lovecraft's story <a href="/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu" title="The Call of Cthulhu">The Call of Cthulhu</a>. This film maintained a period-accurate filming style, and was received as both "the best HPL adaptation to date" and, referring to the decision to make it as a silent movie, "a brilliant conceit".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The French film <a href="/wiki/The_Artist_(film)" title="The Artist (film)">The Artist</a> (2011), written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Hazanavicius" title="Michel Hazanavicius">Michel Hazanavicius</a>, plays as a silent film and is set in Hollywood during the silent era. It also includes segments of fictitious silent films starring its protagonists. It won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Academy Award for Best Picture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-presskitmh-44">[44]</a> The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">vampire film</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanguivorous_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanguivorous (film) (page does not exist)">Sanguivorous</a> (2011) is not only done in the style of a silent film, but even toured with live orchestral accompaniment.<a href="#cite_note-smash-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Uarts-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Chadbourne" title="Eugene Chadbourne">Eugene Chadbourne</a> has been among those who have played live music for the film.<a href="#cite_note-folio-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blancanieves" title="Blancanieves">Blancanieves</a> is a 2012 Spanish black-and-white silent fantasy drama film written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Berger" title="Pablo Berger">Pablo Berger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The American feature-length silent film <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Life&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silent Life (page does not exist)">Silent Life</a>, which started in 2006 and features performances by <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Rossellini" title="Isabella Rossellini">Isabella Rossellini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galina_Jovovich" title="Galina Jovovich">Galina Jovovich</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Milla_Jovovich" title="Milla Jovovich">Milla Jovovich</a>, premiered in 2013. The film is based on the life of silent screen icon <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Valentino" title="Rudolph Valentino">Rudolph Valentino</a>, known as Hollywood's first "Great Lover". After emergency surgery, Valentino loses his grip on reality and begins to see the recollection of his life in Hollywood from a perspective of a coma – as a silent film shown at a movie palace, the magical portal between life and eternity, between reality and illusion.<a href="#cite_note-silentlife-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Picnic_(2012_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Picnic (2012 film) (page does not exist)">The Picnic</a> is a 2012 short film made in the style of two-reel silent melodramas and comedies. It was part of the exhibit, No Spectators: The Art of Burning Man, a 2018–2019 exhibit curated by the <a href="/wiki/Renwick_Gallery" title="Renwick Gallery">Renwick Gallery</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Art Museum">Smithsonian American Art Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SchaeferBurning-51">[51]</a> The film was shown inside a miniature 12-seat <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> movie palace on wheels called The Capitol Theater, created by Oakland, Ca. art collective <a href="/w/index.php?title=Five_Ton_Crane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Five Ton Crane (page does not exist)">Five Ton Crane</a>. <a href="/wiki/Right_There_(film)" title="Right There (film)">Right There</a> is a 2013 short film that is an homage to silent film comedies. The 2015 British animated film <a href="/wiki/Shaun_the_Sheep_Movie" title="Shaun the Sheep Movie">Shaun the Sheep Movie</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Shaun_the_Sheep" title="Shaun the Sheep">Shaun the Sheep</a>, was released to positive reviews and was a box office success. <a href="/wiki/Aardman_Animations" title="Aardman Animations">Aardman Animations</a> also produced <a href="/wiki/Morph_(animation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morph (animation)">Morph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timmy_Time" title="Timmy Time">Timmy Time</a>, as well as many other silent short films. The <a href="/wiki/American_Theatre_Organ_Society" title="American Theatre Organ Society">American Theatre Organ Society</a> pays homage to the music of silent films, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">theatre organs</a> that played such music. With over 75 local chapters, the organization seeks to preserve and promote theater organs and music as an art form.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Globe_International_Silent_Film_Festival" title="Globe International Silent Film Festival">Globe International Silent Film Festival</a> (GISFF) is an annual event focusing on image and atmosphere in cinema which takes place in a reputable university or academic environment every year and is a platform for showcasing and judging films from filmmakers who are active in this field.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 2018, film director Christopher Annino shot the now internationally award-winning feature silent film Silent Times.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The film pays homage to many of the characters from the 1920s, including Officer Keystone, played by David Blair; Enzio Marchello who portrays a Charlie Chaplin character. Silent Times won best silent film at the Oniros Film Festival. Set in a small New England town, the story centers on Oliver Henry III (played by Westerly native Geoff Blanchette), a small-time crook turned vaudeville theater owner. From humble beginnings in England, he immigrates to the US in search of happiness and fast cash. He becomes acquainted with people from all walks of life, from burlesque performers, mimes, hobos to classy flapper girls, as his fortunes rise and his life spins ever more out of control. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preservation_and_lost_films">Preservation and lost films</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_film&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Preservation and lost films">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">Lost film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film_preservation" title="Film preservation">Film preservation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saved_from_the_Titanic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Saved_from_the_Titanic.jpg/220px-Saved_from_the_Titanic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Saved_from_the_Titanic.jpg/330px-Saved_from_the_Titanic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Saved_from_the_Titanic.jpg/440px-Saved_from_the_Titanic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>A still from <a href="/wiki/Saved_from_the_Titanic" title="Saved from the Titanic">Saved from the Titanic</a> (1912), which featured survivors of the disaster. It is now among those considered a <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">lost film</a>.</figcaption></figure> The vast majority of the silent films produced in the late 19th and early 20th centuries are considered lost. According to a September 2013 report published by the United States <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, some 70 percent of American silent feature films fall into this category.<a href="#cite_note-loc-57">[57]</a> There are numerous reasons for this number being so high. Some films have been lost unintentionally, but most silent films were destroyed on purpose. Between the end of the silent era and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video">home video</a>, film studios would often discard large numbers of silent films out of a desire to free up storage in their archives, assuming that they had lost the cultural relevance and economic value to justify the amount of space they occupied. Additionally, due to the fragile nature of the <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrate film stock</a> which was used to shoot and distribute silent films, many motion pictures have irretrievably deteriorated or have been lost in accidents, including fires (because nitrate is highly flammable and can spontaneously combust when stored improperly). Examples of such incidents include the <a href="/wiki/1965_MGM_vault_fire" title="1965 MGM vault fire">1965 MGM vault fire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1937_Fox_vault_fire" title="1937 Fox vault fire">1937 Fox vault fire</a>, both of which caused catastrophic losses of films. Many such films not completely destroyed survive only partially, or in badly damaged prints. Some lost films, such as <a href="/wiki/London_After_Midnight_(film)" title="London After Midnight (film)">London After Midnight</a> (1927), lost in the MGM fire, have been the subject of considerable interest by <a href="/wiki/Film_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Film historian">film collectors and historians</a>. Major silent films presumed lost include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Fairylogue_and_Radio-Plays" title="The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays">The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saved_from_the_Titanic" title="Saved from the Titanic">Saved from the Titanic</a> (1912), which featured survivors of the disaster;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199612–18-58">[58]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_General_Villa" title="The Life of General Villa">The Life of General Villa</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Pancho Villa</a> himself</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ap%C3%B3stol" title="El Apóstol">The Apostle</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_feature_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animated feature films">animated feature film</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_(1917_film)" title="Cleopatra (1917 film)">Cleopatra</a> (1917)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199668–78-59">[59]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_Me_Again_(1925_film)" title="Kiss Me Again (1925 film)">Kiss Me Again</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arirang_(1926_film)" title="Arirang (1926 film)">Arirang</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby_(1926_film)" title="The Great Gatsby (1926 film)">The Great Gatsby</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_After_Midnight_(film)" title="London After Midnight (film)">London After Midnight</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Patriot_(1928_film)" title="The Patriot (1928 film)">The Patriot</a> (1928), the only lost <a href="/wiki/Best_Picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Picture">Best Picture</a> nominee; only the <a href="/wiki/Trailer_(promotion)" title="Trailer (promotion)">trailer</a> survives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_(1928_film)" title="Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1928 film)">Gentlemen Prefer Blondes</a> (1928)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1996186–200-60">[60]</a></li></ul> Though most lost silent films will never be recovered, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rediscovered_films" title="List of rediscovered films">some have been discovered</a> in film archives or private collections. Discovered and preserved versions may be editions made for the home rental market of the 1920s and 1930s that are discovered in estate sales, etc.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The degradation of old film stock can be slowed through proper archiving, and films can be transferred to <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate_film" title="Cellulose acetate film">safety film stock</a> or to digital media for preservation. The <a href="/wiki/Film_preservation" title="Film preservation">preservation</a> of silent films has been a high priority for historians and archivists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKula1979-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dawson_Film_Find">Dawson Film Find</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_film&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dawson Film Find">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dawson_Film_Find" title="Dawson Film Find">Dawson Film Find</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Dawson_City" title="Dawson City">Dawson City</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> territory of Canada, was once the end of the distribution line for many films. In 1978, a cache of more than 500 reels of nitrate film was discovered during the excavation of a vacant lot formerly the site of the Dawson Amateur Athletic Association, which had started showing films at its recreation center in 1903.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKula1979-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Works by <a href="/wiki/Pearl_White" title="Pearl White">Pearl White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Holmes_(actress)" title="Helen Holmes (actress)">Helen Holmes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grace_Cunard" title="Grace Cunard">Grace Cunard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lois_Weber" title="Lois Weber">Lois Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lloyd" title="Harold Lloyd">Harold Lloyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks" title="Douglas Fairbanks">Douglas Fairbanks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lon_Chaney" title="Lon Chaney">Lon Chaney</a>, among others, were included, as well as many newsreels. The titles were stored at the local library until 1929 when the flammable nitrate was used as landfill in a condemned swimming pool. Having spent 50 years under the permafrost of the Yukon, the reels turned out to be extremely well preserved. Owing to its dangerous chemical volatility,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison20161:53:45-64">[64]</a> the historical find was moved by military transport to <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a> and the US <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> for storage (and transfer to <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate_film" title="Cellulose acetate film">safety film</a>). A documentary about the find, <a href="/wiki/Dawson_City:_Frozen_Time" title="Dawson City: Frozen Time">Dawson City: Frozen Time</a>, was released in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-VF-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlide200099-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_festivals">Film festivals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_film&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Film festivals">edit</a>]</div> There are annual silent film festivals around the globe.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <ul><li>Capitolfest, at the <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Theatre_(Rome,_New_York)" title="Capitol Theatre (Rome, New York)">Capitol Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome,_New_York" title="Rome, New York">Rome, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li>Kansas Silent Film Festival, at the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Auditorium_(Kansas_City,_Missouri)" title="Municipal Auditorium (Kansas City, Missouri)">Kansas City Music Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li> <li>San Francisco Silent Film Festival, at the <a href="/wiki/Castro_Theatre" title="Castro Theatre">Castro Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li>Toronto Silent Film Festival, at the <a href="/wiki/Fox_Theatre_(Toronto)" title="Fox Theatre (Toronto)">Fox Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto, Ontario">Toronto, Ontario</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li> <li>Festival d’Anères in <a href="/wiki/An%C3%A8res" title="Anères">Anères</a>, France.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Hippodrome Silent Film Festival in <a href="/wiki/Falkirk,_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Falkirk, Scotland">Falkirk, Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li>Internationale Stummfilmtage (International Days of Silent Cinema), which is held every August in <a href="/wiki/Bonn,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonn, Germany">Bonn, Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li>Le Giornate del cinema muto (Pordenone Silent Film Festival), held annually in <a href="/wiki/Pordenone,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pordenone, Italy">Pordenone, Italy</a>. It is the first and largest international film festival dedicated to the preservation, dispersion, and study of silent film.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>Mykkäelokuvafestivaalit (International Silent Film Festival, Forssa) held in <a href="/wiki/Forssa" title="Forssa">Forssa</a>, Finland.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li>Nederlands Silent Film Festival held in <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a>, Nederlands.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li>The Slapstick Film Festival held in <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol, UK">Bristol, UK</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li>Stummfilm Festival Karlsruhe held in <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlsruhe, Germany">Karlsruhe, Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_film&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/28px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/42px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/56px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/32px-Trumpet01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/48px-Trumpet01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/64px-Trumpet01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="170" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:1920s" title="Portal:1920s">1920s portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Silent_films" title="Category:Silent films">Category:Silent films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Silent_film_actors" title="Category:Silent film actors">Category:Silent film actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_women_in_the_silent_film_era" class="mw-redirect" title="African American women in the silent film era">African American women in the silent film era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Images" title="Classic Images">Classic Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurel and Hardy films">Laurel and Hardy films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="List of film formats">List of film formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Expressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="German Expressionism">German Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_silent_films_released_on_8_mm_or_Super_8_mm_film" title="List of silent films released on 8 mm or Super 8 mm film">List of silent films released on 8 mm or Super 8 mm film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_sound_feature_films_(1926%E2%80%931929)" title="List of early sound feature films (1926–1929)">List of early sound feature films (1926–1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black-and-white_films_produced_since_1966" title="List of black-and-white films produced since 1966">List of black-and-white films produced since 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_stage" title="Sound stage">Sound stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tab_show" title="Tab show">Tab show</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/At_the_Moving_Picture_Ball" title="At the Moving Picture Ball">At the Moving Picture Ball</a>" – song about silent film stars</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_film&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTorres-PruñonosaPlaza-NavasBrown2022" class="citation journal cs1">Torres-Pruñonosa, Jose; Plaza-Navas, Miquel-Angel; Brown, Silas (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23311886.2022.2071034">"Jehovah's Witnesses' adoption of digitally-mediated services during Covid-19 pandemic"</a>. Cogent Social Sciences. 8 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23311886.2022.2071034">10.1080/23311886.2022.2071034</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F268521">10261/268521</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248581687">248581687</a>. <q>synchronised sound in the silent-movie era (accomplished by playing a gramophone while manually adjusting the projector's frame rate for lip synchronisation)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cogent+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses%27+adoption+of+digitally-mediated+services+during+Covid-19+pandemic&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F268521&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248581687%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23311886.2022.2071034&rft.aulast=Torres-Pru%C3%B1onosa&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft.au=Plaza-Navas%2C+Miquel-Angel&rft.au=Brown%2C+Silas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F23311886.2022.2071034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526031810/https://www.jstor.org/topic/silent-films/">"Silent Films"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>. 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Retrieved March 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivaria&rft.atitle=Rescued+from+the+Permafrost%3A+The+Dawson+Collection+of+Motion+Pictures&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=141-148&rft.date=1979&rft.issn=1923-6409&rft.aulast=Kula&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sfu.ca%2Farchivar%2Findex.php%2Farchivaria%2Farticle%2Fview%2F10738%2F11624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2008" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, John (2008). American Film: A History (1st ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-97922-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-97922-0"><bdi>978-0-393-97922-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Film%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-393-97922-0&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks1997" class="citation book cs1">Marks, Martin Miller (1997). Music and the Silent Film: Contexts and Case Studies, 1895–1924. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506891-7"><bdi>978-0-19-506891-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+the+Silent+Film%3A+Contexts+and+Case+Studies%2C+1895%E2%80%931924&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506891-7&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Martin+Miller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2016" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Morrison_(director)" title="Bill Morrison (director)">Morrison, Bill</a> (2016). <a href="/wiki/Dawson_City:_Frozen_Time" title="Dawson City: Frozen Time">Dawson City: Frozen Time</a>. KinoLorber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dawson+City%3A+Frozen+Time&rft.pub=KinoLorber&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusser1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Musser" title="Charles Musser">Musser, Charles</a> (1990). The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907. 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New York: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20277-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20277-7"><bdi>978-0-500-20277-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Film&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-500-20277-7&rft.aulast=Parkinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffilm0000park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReadMeyer2000" class="citation book cs1">Read, Paul; Meyer, Mark-Paul, eds. (2000). Restoration of Motion Picture Film. Conservation and Museology. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-2793-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-2793-1"><bdi>978-0-7506-2793-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restoration+of+Motion+Picture+Film&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Conservation+and+Museology&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-2793-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlide2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Slide" title="Anthony Slide">Slide, Anthony</a> (2000). Nitrate Won't Wait: A History of Film Preservation in the United States. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0836-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0836-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-0836-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nitrate+Won%27t+Wait%3A+A+History+of+Film+Preservation+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0836-8&rft.aulast=Slide&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandish2006" class="citation book cs1">Standish, Isolde (2006). A New History of Japanese Cinema: A Century of Narrative Film. New York: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1790-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1790-9"><bdi>978-0-8264-1790-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Japanese+Cinema%3A+A+Century+of+Narrative+Film&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1790-9&rft.aulast=Standish&rft.aufirst=Isolde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1996" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Frank T. (1996). Lost Films: Important Movies That Disappeared. New York: Carol Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-1604-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-1604-2"><bdi>978-0-8065-1604-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Films%3A+Important+Movies+That+Disappeared&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Carol+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-1604-2&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Frank+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownlow1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Brownlow" title="Kevin Brownlow">Brownlow, Kevin</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hollywoodpioneer0000brow">Hollywood: The Pioneers</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50851-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50851-1"><bdi>978-0-394-50851-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood%3A+The+Pioneers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-394-50851-1&rft.aulast=Brownlow&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhollywoodpioneer0000brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorne2011" class="citation journal cs1">Corne, Jonah (2011). "Gods and Nobodies: Extras, the October Jubilee, and Von Sternberg's The Last Command". Film International. 9 (6). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1651-6826">1651-6826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Film+International&rft.atitle=Gods+and+Nobodies%3A+Extras%2C+the+October+Jubilee%2C+and+Von+Sternberg%27s+The+Last+Command&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1651-6826&rft.aulast=Corne&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2008" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Lon (2008). Silent Lives. Albany, New York: BearManor Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59393-124-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59393-124-7"><bdi>978-1-59393-124-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Lives&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=BearManor+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59393-124-7&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Lon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverson1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_K._Everson" title="William K. Everson">Everson, William K.</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americansilentfi00ever_1">American Silent Film</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502348-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502348-0"><bdi>978-0-19-502348-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Silent+Film&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-19-502348-0&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=William+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericansilentfi00ever_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallozzi2009" class="citation news cs1">Mallozzi, Vincent M. (February 14, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/15/nyregion/15pianist.html">"Note by Note, He Keeps the Silent-Film Era Alive"</a>. The New York Times. p. A35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111074003/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/15/nyregion/15pianist.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Note+by+Note%2C+He+Keeps+the+Silent-Film+Era+Alive&rft.pages=A35&rft.date=2009-02-14&rft.aulast=Mallozzi&rft.aufirst=Vincent+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F02%2F15%2Fnyregion%2F15pianist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Stevenson, Diane (2011). "Three Versions of Stella Dallas". Film International. 9 (6). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1651-6826">1651-6826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Film+International&rft.atitle=Three+Versions+of+Stella+Dallas&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1651-6826&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToles2011" class="citation journal cs1">Toles, George (2011). "Cocoon of Fire: Awakening to Love in Murnau's Sunrise". Film International. 9 (6). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1651-6826">1651-6826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Film+International&rft.atitle=Cocoon+of+Fire%3A+Awakening+to+Love+in+Murnau%27s+Sunrise&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1651-6826&rft.aulast=Toles&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsai2000" class="citation book cs1">Usai, Paolo Cherchi (2000). Silent Cinema: An Introduction (2nd ed.). London: British Film Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85170-745-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85170-745-7"><bdi>978-0-85170-745-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Cinema%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-85170-745-7&rft.aulast=Usai&rft.aufirst=Paolo+Cherchi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+film" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_film&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Silent_film" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Silent film">Silent film</a> at Wikimedia Commons <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silent_films">Silent Film Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://silentsplease.wordpress.com/">Silents, Please!: Interesting Avenues in Silent Film History</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see Exploitation film template</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format, technique, approach, or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental 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title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" 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