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Pallava dynasty - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>With Kadambas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_Kadambas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_Kalabhras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_Kalabhras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>With Kalabhras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_Kalabhras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birudas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birudas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Birudas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birudas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Languages used</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Languages_used-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Languages used subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Languages_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pallava_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pallava_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pallava architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pallava_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pallava_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pallava_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pallava society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pallava_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Chronology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chronology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sastri_chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sastri_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sastri chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sastri_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Pallavas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Pallavas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Early Pallavas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Pallavas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Pallavas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Pallavas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Later Pallavas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Pallavas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Later_Pallavas_of_the_Kadava_Line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Pallavas_of_the_Kadava_Line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2.1</span> <span>Later Pallavas of the Kadava Line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Pallavas_of_the_Kadava_Line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aiyangar_chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aiyangar_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Aiyangar chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aiyangar_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Pallavas_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Pallavas_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Early Pallavas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Pallavas_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Pallavas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Pallavas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span>Middle Pallavas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Pallavas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Pallavas_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Pallavas_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.3</span> <span>Later Pallavas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Pallavas_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Later_Pallavas_of_the_Kadava_Line_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Pallavas_of_the_Kadava_Line_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.3.1</span> <span>Later Pallavas of the Kadava Line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Pallavas_of_the_Kadava_Line_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogy_of_Māmallapuram_Praśasti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogy_of_Māmallapuram_Praśasti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Genealogy of Māmallapuram Praśasti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogy_of_Māmallapuram_Praśasti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_with_the_Cholas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_with_the_Cholas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Relation with the Cholas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_with_the_Cholas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Other relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_feudatories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_feudatories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>List of feudatories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_feudatories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pallava dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7" title="سلالة بالافا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة بالافا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%B1_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="পল্লৱ ৰাজবংশ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পল্লৱ ৰাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="পল্লব সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পল্লব সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava" title="Pallava – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pallava" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C2%B7lava" title="Pal·lava – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pal·lava" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava" title="Pallava – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pallava" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Pallava" title="Dinastía Pallava – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Pallava" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava" title="Pallava – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pallava" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="دودمان پالاوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان پالاوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_des_Pallava" title="Dynastie des Pallava – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie des Pallava" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%94%EB%9D%BC%EB%B0%94_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="팔라바 왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팔라바 왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="पल्लव राजवंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पल्लव राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava" title="Pallava – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pallava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Pallawa" title="Dinasti Pallawa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Pallawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava" title="Pallava – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pallava" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94" title="שושלת פלאווה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת פלאווה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B5" title="ಪಲ್ಲವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಲ್ಲವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="პალავა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პალავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palav%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Palavų dinastija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Palavų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava_Birodalom" title="Pallava Birodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pallava Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC" title="പല്ലവർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പല്ലവർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="पल्लव वंश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पल्लव वंश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Pallava" title="Dinasti Pallava – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Pallava" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallavadynastie" title="Pallavadynastie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pallavadynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="पल्लव वंश – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पल्लव वंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%83%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E6%9C%9D" title="パッラヴァ朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パッラヴァ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava-dynastiet" title="Pallava-dynastiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pallava-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava" title="Pallava – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pallava" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava" title="Pallava – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pallava" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallavlar" title="Pallavlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pallavlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਪੱਲਵ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੱਲਵ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%89_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="پلۉ راجٹبر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پلۉ راجٹبر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallawowie" title="Pallawowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pallawowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Palava" title="Império Palava – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Palava" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Паллавы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паллавы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pallava dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava" title="Pallava – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pallava" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava" title="Pallava – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pallava" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava" title="Pallava – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pallava" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பல்லவர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பல்லவர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="పల్లవులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పల్లవులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Династія Паллавів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Паллавів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81" title="پالوا شاہی سلسلہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پالوا شاہی سلسلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E8%8F%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="帕拉華王朝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="帕拉華王朝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="帕拉瓦王朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="帕拉瓦王朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q466803#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian dynasty between the 3rd and 9th centuries CE</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pallava" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pallava_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pallava (disambiguation)">Pallava (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Pallava dynasty</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">275 CE–897 CE</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pallava_territories.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pallava territories during Narasimhavarman I c. 645. This includes the Chalukya territories occupied by the Pallavas.[1]"><img alt="Pallava territories during Narasimhavarman I c. 645. This includes the Chalukya territories occupied by the Pallavas.[1]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pallava_territories.png/250px-Pallava_territories.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Pallava_territories.png 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="143" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Pallava territories during Narasimhavarman I <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 645. This includes the Chalukya territories occupied by the Pallavas.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Dynasty</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common&#160;languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> (Rarely)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;275–300 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Simhavarman_I" title="Simhavarman I">Simhavarman I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;885–897 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aparajitavarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparajitavarman">Aparajitavarman</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical India">Classical India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">275 CE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">897 CE</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data">India<br /><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pallava Monarchs</a> (200s–800s CE)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virakurcha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Virakurcha (page does not exist)">Virakurcha</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(??–??)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vishnugopa_I" title="Vishnugopa I">Vishnugopa I</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(??–??)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnugopa_II&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vishnugopa II (page does not exist)">Vishnugopa II</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(??–??)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Simhavarman_III" title="Simhavarman III">Simhavarman III</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(??–??)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Simhavishnu" title="Simhavishnu">Simhavishnu</a></th><td class="infobox-data">575–600</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mahendravarman_I" title="Mahendravarman I">Mahendravarman I</a></th><td class="infobox-data">600–630</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman_I" title="Narasimhavarman I">Narasimhavarman I</a></th><td class="infobox-data">630–668</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mahendravarman_II" title="Mahendravarman II">Mahendravarman II</a></th><td class="infobox-data">668–670</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Paramesvaravarman_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramesvaravarman I">Paramesvaravarman I</a></th><td class="infobox-data">670–695</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman_II" title="Narasimhavarman II">Narasimhavarman II</a></th><td class="infobox-data">695–728</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Paramesvaravarman_II" title="Paramesvaravarman II">Paramesvaravarman II</a></th><td class="infobox-data">728–731</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nandivarman_II" title="Nandivarman II">Nandivarman II</a></th><td class="infobox-data">731–795</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dantivarman" title="Dantivarman">Dantivarman</a></th><td class="infobox-data">795–846</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nandivarman_III" title="Nandivarman III">Nandivarman III</a></th><td class="infobox-data">846–869</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nrpatungavarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nrpatungavarman">Nrpatungavarman</a></th><td class="infobox-data">869–880</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aparajitavarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparajitavarman">Aparajitavarman</a></th><td class="infobox-data">880–897</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><style 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li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pallava" title="Template:Pallava"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pallava" title="Template talk:Pallava"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pallava" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pallava"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Pallava dynasty</b> existed from 275 CE to 897 CE, ruling a significant portion of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">the Deccan</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Tondaimandalam" title="Tondaimandalam">Tondaimandalam</a>. The Pallavas played a crucial role in shaping in particular southern Indian history and heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The dynasty rose to prominence after the downfall of the <a href="/wiki/Satavahanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahanas">Satavahana Empire</a>, whom they had formerly served as <a href="/wiki/Feudatories" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudatories">feudatories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pallavas became a major <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">southern Indian</a> power during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mahendravarman_I" title="Mahendravarman I">Mahendravarman I</a> (600–630 CE) and <a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman_I" title="Narasimhavarman I">Narasimhavarman I</a> (630–668 CE), and dominated the southern <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Telugu region</a> and the northern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Tamil country">Tamil</a> region for about 600 years, until the end of the 9th century. Throughout their reign, they remained in constant conflict with both the <a href="/wiki/Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukyas">Chalukyas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Vatapi</a> to the north, and the Tamil kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Chola_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola Dynasty">Chola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyas">Pandyas</a> to their south. The Pallavas were finally defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Aditya_I" title="Aditya I">Aditya I</a> in the 9th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pallavas are most noted for their patronage of Hindu Vaishnava temple architecture, the finest example being the <a href="/wiki/Shore_Temple" title="Shore Temple">Shore Temple</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mamallapuram" title="Mamallapuram">Mamallapuram</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kancheepuram</a> served as the capital of the Pallava kingdom. The dynasty left behind magnificent sculptures and temples, and are recognized to have established the foundations of medieval southern Indian architecture, which some scholars believe the ancient Hindu treatise <a href="/wiki/Manasara" title="Manasara">Manasara</a> inspired.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They developed the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava alphabet">Pallava script</a>, from which <a href="/wiki/Grantha_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Grantha alphabet">Grantha</a> ultimately took form. This script eventually gave rise to several other Southeast Asian scripts such <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>. The Chinese traveller <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a> during Pallava rule and extolled their benign rule. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word Pallava means a creeper or branch in Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-Proceedings_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proceedings-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pallava also means arrow or spruce in Tamil.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaikunta_Perumal_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vaikunta_Perumal_Temple.jpg/300px-Vaikunta_Perumal_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vaikunta_Perumal_Temple.jpg/450px-Vaikunta_Perumal_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vaikunta_Perumal_Temple.jpg/600px-Vaikunta_Perumal_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tiru_Parameswara_Vinnagaram" title="Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram">Vaikuntha Perumal Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, considered as the oldest temple, glorified in the <a href="/wiki/Nalayira_Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalayira Divya Prabandham">Nalayira Divya Prabandham</a>, the early medieval Tamil canon of the <a href="/wiki/Alvar" title="Alvar">Alvar</a> saints from the 500 to 800 CE. It is one among the 108 <a href="/wiki/Divya_Desam" title="Divya Desam">Divya Desams</a> dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Maha Vishnu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7th_century_Sri_Kailashnathar_Temple_Kanchipuram_Tamil_Nadu_India_01_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/7th_century_Sri_Kailashnathar_Temple_Kanchipuram_Tamil_Nadu_India_01_%2811%29.jpg/300px-7th_century_Sri_Kailashnathar_Temple_Kanchipuram_Tamil_Nadu_India_01_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/7th_century_Sri_Kailashnathar_Temple_Kanchipuram_Tamil_Nadu_India_01_%2811%29.jpg/450px-7th_century_Sri_Kailashnathar_Temple_Kanchipuram_Tamil_Nadu_India_01_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/7th_century_Sri_Kailashnathar_Temple_Kanchipuram_Tamil_Nadu_India_01_%2811%29.jpg/600px-7th_century_Sri_Kailashnathar_Temple_Kanchipuram_Tamil_Nadu_India_01_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="1358" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kailasanathar_Temple,_Kanchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchi">Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchi</a> one of the oldest temples in the city</figcaption></figure> <p>The origins of the Pallavas have been debated by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESathianathaier1970255–256_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESathianathaier1970255–256-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The available historical materials include three copper-plate grants of Sivaskandavarman in the first quarter of the 4th century CE, all issued from <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a> but found in various parts of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, and another inscription of <a href="/wiki/Simhavarman_I" title="Simhavarman I">Simhavarman I</a> half century earlier in the <a href="/wiki/Palnadu_district" title="Palnadu district">Palnadu</a> (Pallava Nadu) area of the western <a href="/wiki/Guntur_district" title="Guntur district">Guntur district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> All the early documents are in <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>, and scholars find similarities in paleography and language with the <a href="/wiki/Satavahanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahanas">Satavahanas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mauryas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryas">Mauryas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyangarNilakanta_Sastri1960315–316_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyangarNilakanta_Sastri1960315–316-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Their early coins are said to be similar to those of Satavahanas.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Two main theories regarding the origins of the Pallavas have emerged based on available historical data. The first theory suggests that the Pallavas were initially subordinate to the Satavahanas, a ruling dynasty in the Andhradesa region (north of the Penna River in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>). According to this theory, the Pallavas later expanded their influence southward, eventually establishing their power in Kanchi (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a>). The second theory proposes that the Pallavas originated in Kanchi itself, where they initially rose to prominence. From there, they expanded their dominion northward, reaching as far as the Krishna River. Another theory posits that the Pallavas were descendants of Chola Prince <a href="/wiki/Ilandiraiyan" title="Ilandiraiyan">Ilandiraiyan</a> and had their roots in <a href="/wiki/Tondaimandalam" title="Tondaimandalam">Tondaimandalam</a>, the region around Kanchi. These theories provide different perspectives on the Pallavas' early history and territorial expansion, but the exact origins of the Pallava dynasty continue to be a subject of debate among historians. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaikuntha_Perumal_Temple_Kanchipuram_India_-_panoramio_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vaikuntha_Perumal_Temple_Kanchipuram_India_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg/300px-Vaikuntha_Perumal_Temple_Kanchipuram_India_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vaikuntha_Perumal_Temple_Kanchipuram_India_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg/450px-Vaikuntha_Perumal_Temple_Kanchipuram_India_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vaikuntha_Perumal_Temple_Kanchipuram_India_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg/600px-Vaikuntha_Perumal_Temple_Kanchipuram_India_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sculptures of the legends of pallavas in the <a href="/wiki/Tiru_Parameswara_Vinnagaram" title="Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram">Vaikuntha Perumal Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kailasawaathar_innercourt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kailasawaathar_innercourt.jpg/300px-Kailasawaathar_innercourt.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kailasawaathar_innercourt.jpg/450px-Kailasawaathar_innercourt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kailasawaathar_innercourt.jpg/600px-Kailasawaathar_innercourt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Inner court or the circumambulatory passage with 58 subshrines. <a href="/wiki/Kanchi_Kailasanathar_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple">Kailasanathar Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaikuntha_Perumal_Temple,_Kanchipuram,_dedicated_to_Vishnu,_Pallava_period,_8th_century_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vaikuntha_Perumal_Temple%2C_Kanchipuram%2C_dedicated_to_Vishnu%2C_Pallava_period%2C_8th_century_%285%29.jpg/300px-Vaikuntha_Perumal_Temple%2C_Kanchipuram%2C_dedicated_to_Vishnu%2C_Pallava_period%2C_8th_century_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vaikuntha_Perumal_Temple%2C_Kanchipuram%2C_dedicated_to_Vishnu%2C_Pallava_period%2C_8th_century_%285%29.jpg/450px-Vaikuntha_Perumal_Temple%2C_Kanchipuram%2C_dedicated_to_Vishnu%2C_Pallava_period%2C_8th_century_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vaikuntha_Perumal_Temple%2C_Kanchipuram%2C_dedicated_to_Vishnu%2C_Pallava_period%2C_8th_century_%285%29.jpg/600px-Vaikuntha_Perumal_Temple%2C_Kanchipuram%2C_dedicated_to_Vishnu%2C_Pallava_period%2C_8th_century_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4835" data-file-height="3968" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Maha_Vishnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha Vishnu">Maha Vishnu</a> as the <b>Supreme deity</b> in <a href="/wiki/Tiru_Parameswara_Vinnagaram" title="Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram">Vaikuntha Perumal Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The proponents of the Andhra origin theory include <a href="/wiki/S._Krishnaswami_Aiyangar" title="S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar">S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar</a> and <a href="/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri" title="K. A. Nilakanta Sastri">K. A. Nilakanta Sastri</a>. They believe that Pallavas were originally feudatories of the Satavahanas in the south-eastern part of their empire who became independent when the Satavahana power declined.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They are seen to be "strangers to the Tamil country", unrelated to the ancient lines of Cheras, Pandyas and Cholas. Since Simhavarman's grant bears no regal titles, they believe that he might have been a subsidiary to the <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvakus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra Ikshvakus">Andhra Ikshvakus</a> who were in power in <i>Andhradesa</i> at that time. In the following half-century, the Pallavas became independent and expanded up to Kanchi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyangarNilakanta_Sastri1960314–316_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyangarNilakanta_Sastri1960314–316-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/S._Krishnaswami_Aiyangar" title="S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar">S. Krishnaswami Aiyengar</a> also speculates that the Pallavas were natives of <a href="/wiki/Tondaimandalam" title="Tondaimandalam">Tondaimandalam</a> and the name Pallava is identical with the word Tondaiyar.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> Prince <a href="/wiki/Ilandiraiyan" title="Ilandiraiyan">Ilandiraiyan</a> is traditionally regarded as the founder of the Pallava dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamaswamy200780_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamaswamy200780-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ilandiraiyan is referred to in the literature of the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Pathupattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathupattu">Pathupattu</a>. In the Sangam epic <a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a>, he is depicted as the son of <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> king Killi and the Naga princess Pilivalai, the daughter of king Valaivanan of <a href="/wiki/Nainativu" title="Nainativu">Manipallavam</a>. </p><p>Another theory is propounded by historians R. Sathianathaier<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESathianathaier1970255–256_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESathianathaier1970255–256-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/D._C._Sircar" class="mw-redirect" title="D. C. Sircar">D. C. Sircar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESircar1970275–276_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESircar1970275–276-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with endorsements by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kulke" title="Hermann Kulke">Hermann Kulke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietmar_Rothermund" title="Dietmar Rothermund">Dietmar Rothermund</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004120_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004120-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Burton_Stein" title="Burton Stein">Burton Stein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sircar points out that the family legends of the Pallavas speak of an ancestor descending from <a href="/wiki/Ashwatthama" title="Ashwatthama">Ashwatthama</a>, the legendary warrior of <i>Mahabharata</i>, and his union with a <i>Naga</i> princess. According to <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, the <i>Aruvanadu</i> region between the northern and southern Penner rivers (<a href="/wiki/Penna_River" title="Penna River">Penna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponnaiyar_River" title="Ponnaiyar River">Ponnaiyar</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) was ruled by a king Basaronaga around 140 CE. By marrying into this <i>Naga</i> family, the Pallavas would have acquired control of the region near Kanchi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESircar1970275–276_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESircar1970275–276-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While Sircar allows that Pallavas might have been provincial rulers under the later Satavahanas with a partial northern lineage, Sathianathaier sees them as natives of <a href="/wiki/Tondaimandalam" title="Tondaimandalam">Tondaimandalam</a> (the core region of Aruvanadu). He argues that they could well have adopted northern Indian practices under the Mauryan <a href="/wiki/Asoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Asoka">Asoka</a>'s rule. He relates the name "Pallava" to <a href="/wiki/Pulinda" title="Pulinda">Pulindas</a>, whose heritage is borne by names such as "Pulinadu" and "Puliyurkottam" in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESathianathaier1970256–257_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESathianathaier1970256–257-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Harold_Stuart" title="Harold Stuart">Sir H. A. Stuart</a> the Pallavas were <a href="/wiki/Kurumba_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurumba (tribe)">Kurumbas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuruba" title="Kuruba">Kurubas</a> their modern representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This is supported by Marathi historian <a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Chintaman_Dhere" title="Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere">R. C. Dhere</a> who stated that Pallavas were originally pastoralists that belonged to Kuruba lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhere_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhere-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The territory of Pallavas was bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a> along present Tamil Nadu and southern Andhra Pradesh. Out of the coins found here, the class of gold and silver coins belonging to the 2nd-7th century CE period contain the Pallava emblem, the maned lion, together with <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> inscription which showed that the Pallavas used Kannada too in their administration along with Prakrit, Sanskrit and Tamil.<sup id="cite_ref-EJRapsonKannada_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJRapsonKannada-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overlaid on these theories is another hypothesis of Sathianathaier which claims that "Pallava" is a derivative of <a href="/wiki/Pahlava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlava">Pahlava</a> (the Sanskrit term for Parthians). According to him, partial support for the theory can be derived from a crown shaped like an elephant's scalp depicted on some sculptures, which seems to resemble the crown of <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESathianathaier1970255–256_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESathianathaier1970255–256-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rivalries">Rivalries</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_Cholas">With Cholas</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:290px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pallava dynasty is located in South Asia"><img alt="Pallava dynasty is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/290px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/435px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/580px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div id="annotation_230x5" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:5px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;">South Asia<br />350 CE</span></div><div id="annotation_90x80" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:80px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Yaudheya" title="Yaudheya"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">YAUDHEYAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_130x75" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:75px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Arjunayanas" title="Arjunayanas"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">ARJUNAYANAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_90x65" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:65px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Madra_kingdom" title="Madra kingdom"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">MADRAKAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_100x100" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:100px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Malavas" title="Malavas"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">MALAVAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_130x175" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:175px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvaku" title="Andhra Ikshvaku"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">ANDHRA IKSHVAKUS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x220" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:220px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KALABHRAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x200" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:200px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">WESTERN<br />GANGAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_160x3" style="position:absolute; left:160px; top:3px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians"><span style="color:#006400FF">TOCHARIANS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_100x185" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:185px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KADAMBAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_130x192" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:192px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">PALLAVAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_85x44" style="position:absolute; left:85px; top:44px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire"><span style="color:#006400FF">LITTLE<br />KUSHANS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_175x90" style="position:absolute; left:175px; top:90px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (tribe)"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">LICCHAVIS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_75x115" style="position:absolute; 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left:215px; top:98px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KAMARUPA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_200x113" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:113px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">GAUDA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_215x125" style="position:absolute; left:215px; top:125px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">SAMATATAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_238x108" style="position:absolute; left:238px; 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left:10px; top:70px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sakastan_(Sasanian_province)" title="Sakastan (Sasanian province)"><span style="color:#006400FF">SAKASTAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_25x85" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:85px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Turan_(Sasanian_province)" title="Turan (Sasanian province)"><span style="color:#006400FF">TURAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_15x100" style="position:absolute; left:15px; top:100px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran"><span style="color:#006400FF">MAKRAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_3x45" style="position:absolute; left:3px; top:45px; font-size:9px; font-weight:bold; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire"><span style="color:#006400FF">SASANIAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" title="File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">South Asian polities <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;350 CE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The Pallavas captured Kanchi from the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Cholas</a> as recorded in the Velurpalaiyam Plates, around the reign of the fifth king of the Pallava line Kumaravishnu I.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> Thereafter Kanchi figures in inscriptions as the capital of the Pallavas. The Cholas drove the Pallavas away from Kanchi in the mid-4th century, in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Vishnugopa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnugopa">Vishnugopa</a>, the tenth king of the Pallava line.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> The Pallavas re-captured Kanchi from the <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhras</a> in the mid-6th century, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>possibly in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Simhavishnu" title="Simhavishnu">Simhavishnu</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> the fourteenth king of the Pallava line, whom the Kasakudi plates state as "the lion of the earth". Thereafter the Pallavas held on to <a href="/wiki/Kanchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanchi">Kanchi</a> until the 9th century, until the reign of their last king, <a href="/wiki/Aparajita_Varman" title="Aparajita Varman">Vijaya-Nripatungavarman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HH_1931_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HH_1931-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_Kadambas">With Kadambas</h3></div> <p>The Pallavas were in conflict with major kingdoms at various periods of time. A contest for political supremacy existed between the early Pallavas and the <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadambas</a>. Numerous Kadamba inscriptions provide details of Pallava-Kadamba hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-SKR_106-109_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKR_106-109-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_Kalabhras">With Kalabhras</h3></div> <p>During the reign of Vishnugopavarman II (approx. 500–525), political convulsion engulfed the Pallavas due to the <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra</a> invasion of the Tamil country. Towards the close of the 6th century, the Pallava Simhavishnu stuck a blow against the Kalabhras. The Pandyas followed suit. Thereafter the Tamil country was divided between the Pallavas in the north with <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a> as their capital, and Pandyas in the south with <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> as their capital.<sup id="cite_ref-sen_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birudas">Birudas</h2></div> <p>The royal custom of using a series of descriptive honorific titles, <i>Birudas</i>, was particularly prevalent among the Pallavas. The Birudas of Mahendravarman I are in Sanskrit, Tamil and Telugu. The Telugu Birudas show Mahendravarman's involvement with the Andhra region continued to be strong at the time he was creating his cave-temples in the Tamil region. The suffix "Malla" was used by the Pallava rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-HM_&amp;_PMI_109-130_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HM_&amp;_PMI_109-130-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mahendravarman I used the Biruda, <i>Shatrumalla</i>, "a warrior who overthrows his enemies", and his grandson Paramesvara I was called <i>Ekamalla</i> "the sole warrior or wrestler". Pallava kings, presumably exalted ones, were known by the title <i>Mahamalla</i> ("great wrestler").<sup id="cite_ref-RMD_189-241_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMD_189-241-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages_used">Languages used</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pallavas_of_Coromandel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pallavas_of_Coromandel.jpg/330px-Pallavas_of_Coromandel.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pallavas_of_Coromandel.jpg/495px-Pallavas_of_Coromandel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pallavas_of_Coromandel.jpg/660px-Pallavas_of_Coromandel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Coin of the Pallavas of Coromandel, king Narasimhavarman I. (630-668 AD).<b>Obv</b> Lion left <b>Rev</b> Name of Narasimhavarman with solar and lunar symbols around.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pallava inscriptions have been found in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. </p><p>Tamil was main language used by the Pallavas in their inscriptions although a few records continued to be in Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-venkayya_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venkayya-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At the time of the time of <a href="/wiki/Parameswaravarman_I" title="Parameswaravarman I">Paramesvaravarman I</a>, the practice came into vogue of inscribing a part of the record in Sanskrit and the rest in Tamil. Almost all the copper plate records, viz., Kasakudi, Tandantottam, Pattattalmangalm, Udayendiram and Velurpalaiyam are composed both in Sanskrit and Tamil.<sup id="cite_ref-venkayya_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venkayya-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Pallava royal inscriptions were in Sanskrit or Prakrit, considered the official languages. Similarly, inscriptions found in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka State are in Sanskrit and Prakrit.<sup id="cite_ref-RK_40-78_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RK_40-78-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sanskrit was widely used by <a href="/wiki/Simhavishnu" title="Simhavishnu">Simhavishnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman_II" title="Narasimhavarman II">Narasimhavarman II</a> in literature. The phenomenon of using Prakrit as official languages in which rulers left their inscriptions and epigraphies continued till the 6th century. It would have been in the interest of the ruling elite to protect their privileges by perpetuating their hegemony of Prakrit in order to exclude the common people from sharing power (Mahadevan 1995a: 173–188). The Pallavas in their Tamil country used Tamil and Sanskrit in their inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-herasp38_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herasp38-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-venkayya_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venkayya-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pallava_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava alphabet">Pallava alphabet</a></div> <p>Under the Pallava dynasty, a unique form of <a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha script</a>, a descendant of Pallava script which is a type of <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic script">Brahmic script</a>, was used. Around the 6th century, it was exported eastwards and influenced the genesis of almost all Southeast Asian scripts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <p>Pallavas were followers of Hinduism and made gifts of land to gods and Brahmins. In line with the prevalent customs, some of the rulers performed the <i><a href="/wiki/Aswamedha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aswamedha">Aswamedha</a></i> and other <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic sacrifices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sastri92_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sastri92-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They were, however, tolerant of other faiths. The Chinese monk <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> who visited <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a> during the reign of Narasimhavarman I reported that there were 100 Buddhist monasteries, and 80 Hindu temples in Kanchipuram.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The semi-legendary founder of <a href="/wiki/Zen_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a>, is in an Indian tradition regarded to be the third son of a Pallava king.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pallava_architecture">Pallava architecture</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shore_Temple_(Detail_of_North_Face,_2011-05-28).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Shore_Temple_%28Detail_of_North_Face%2C_2011-05-28%29.jpg/300px-Shore_Temple_%28Detail_of_North_Face%2C_2011-05-28%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Shore_Temple_%28Detail_of_North_Face%2C_2011-05-28%29.jpg/450px-Shore_Temple_%28Detail_of_North_Face%2C_2011-05-28%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Shore_Temple_%28Detail_of_North_Face%2C_2011-05-28%29.jpg/600px-Shore_Temple_%28Detail_of_North_Face%2C_2011-05-28%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The Shore Temple at <a href="/wiki/Mamallapuram" title="Mamallapuram">Mamallapuram</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman_II" title="Narasimhavarman II">Narasimhavarman II</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pallava_Pillar_Mandagappattu.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Early Pallava style pillar, 7th c."><img alt="Early Pallava style pillar, 7th c." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pallava_Pillar_Mandagappattu.png/300px-Pallava_Pillar_Mandagappattu.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Pallava_Pillar_Mandagappattu.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>Early Pallava style pillar, 7th c.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pallava_art_and_architecture" title="Pallava art and architecture">Pallava art and architecture</a></div><p>The Pallavas were instrumental in the transition from rock-cut architecture to stone temples. The earliest examples of Pallava constructions are rock-cut temples dating from 610 to 690 and structural temples between 690 and 900. A number of rock-cut cave temples bear the inscription of the Pallava king, Mahendravarman I and his successors.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p399_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p399-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unesco2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unesco2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Advisory_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Advisory-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the accomplishments of the Pallava architecture are the rock-cut temples at <a href="/wiki/Mamallapuram" title="Mamallapuram">Mamallapuram</a>. There are excavated pillared halls and monolithic shrines known as <i>Rathas</i> in Mahabalipuram. Early temples were mostly dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>. The Kailasanatha temple in <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shore_Temple" title="Shore Temple">Shore Temple</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman_II" title="Narasimhavarman II">Narasimhavarman II</a>, rock cut temple in <a href="/wiki/Mahendravadi" title="Mahendravadi">Mahendravadi</a> by Mahendravarman are fine examples of the Pallava style temples.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The temple of <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_Gedige" title="Nalanda Gedige">Nalanda Gedige</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> is another. The famous <a href="/wiki/Tondeswaram_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Tondeswaram temple">Tondeswaram temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dondra_Head" class="mw-redirect" title="Dondra Head">Tenavarai</a> and the ancient <a href="/wiki/Koneswaram_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Koneswaram temple">Koneswaram temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a> were patronised and structurally developed by the Pallavas in the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Unesco2_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unesco2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pallava_society">Pallava society</h2></div> <p>The Pallava period beginning with Simhavishnu (575 CE&#160;&#8211;&#32;900 CE) was a transitional stage in southern Indian society with monument building, foundation of devotional (bhakti) sects of <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a>, the flowering of rural Brahmanical institutions of Sanskrit learning, and the establishment of <i>chakravartin</i> model of kingship over a territory of diverse people; which ended the pre-Pallavan era of territorially segmented people, each with their culture, under a tribal chieftain.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While a system of ranked relationship among groups existed in the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">classical period</a>, the Pallava period extolled ranked relationships based on ritual purity as enjoined by the <i>shastras</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-stein_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Burton distinguishes between the <i>chakravatin</i> model and the <i>kshatriya</i> model, and likens kshatriyas to locally based warriors with ritual status sufficiently high enough to share with Brahmins; and states that in south India the kshatriya model did not emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-stein_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As per Burton, south India was aware of the Indo-Aryan <i>varna</i> organised society in which decisive secular authority was vested in the <i>kshatriyas</i>; but apart from the Pallava, Chola and Vijayanagar line of warriors which claimed <i>chakravartin</i> status, only few locality warrior families achieved the prestigious kin-linked organisation of northern warrior groups.<sup id="cite_ref-stein_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sastri_chronology">Sastri chronology</h3></div> <p>The earliest documentation on the Pallavas is the three copper-plate grants, now referred to as the <i>Mayidavolu</i> (from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maidavolu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maidavolu (page does not exist)">Maidavolu</a> village in <a href="/wiki/Guntur_district" title="Guntur district">Guntur district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>), <i>Hirehadagali</i> (from Hire Hadagali of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>) and the <i>British Museum</i> plates (Durga Prasad, 1988) belonging to Skandavarman I and written in <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sastri91_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sastri91-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Skandavarman appears to have been the first great ruler of the early Pallavas, though there are references to other early Pallavas who were probably predecessors of Skandavarman.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Skandavarman extended his dominions from the <a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Pennar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennar">Pennar</a> in the south and to the <a href="/wiki/Bellary" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellary">Bellary</a> district in the West. He performed the <i>Aswamedha</i> and other Vedic sacrifices and bore the title of "Supreme King of Kings devoted to dharma".<sup id="cite_ref-sastri91_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sastri91-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hirahadagali copper plate (Bellary District) record in Prakrit is dated in the eighth year of Sivaskanda Varman to 283 CE and confirms the gift made by his father who is described merely as "Bappa-deva" (revered father) or Boppa. It will thus be clear that this dynasty of the Prakrit charters beginning with "Bappa-deva" were the historical founders of the Pallava dominion in southern India.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hirahadagalli Plates were found in Hirehadagali, <a href="/wiki/Ballari_district" title="Ballari district">Bellary district</a> and is one of the earliest copper plates in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and belongs to the reign of early Pallava ruler Shivaskanda Varma. Pallava King Sivaskandavarman of Kanchi of the early Pallavas ruled from 275 to 300 CE, and issued the charter in 283 CE in the eighth year of his reign. </p><p>As per the Hirahadagalli Plates of 283 CE, Pallava King Sivaskandavarman granted an immunity viz the garden of Chillarekakodumka, which was formerly given by Lord Bappa to the Brahmins, freeholders of Chillarekakodumka and inhabitants of Apitti. Chillarekakodumka has been identified by some as ancient village Chillarige in Bellary, Karnataka.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the reign of <a href="/wiki/Simhavarman_II" title="Simhavarman II">Simhavarman II</a>, who ascended the throne in 436, the territories lost to the <a href="/wiki/Vishnukundin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundin">Vishnukundins</a> in the north up to the mouth of the Krishna were recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The early Pallava history from this period onwards is furnished by a dozen or so copper-plate grants in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. They are all dated in the regnal years of the kings.<sup id="cite_ref-sastri92_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sastri92-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following chronology was composed from these charters by <a href="/wiki/Nilakanta_Sastri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilakanta Sastri">Nilakanta Sastri</a> in his <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_South_India:_From_Prehistoric_Times_to_the_Fall_of_Vijayanagar" title="A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar"><i>A History of South India</i></a>:<sup id="cite_ref-sastri92_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sastri92-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Pallavas">Early Pallavas</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background:lightyellow; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:History of Tamil Nadu">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0 5px; background:#fff0a8 ; font-size:135%"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">History of Tamil Nadu</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanjavur_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Thanjavur_temple.jpg/135px-Thanjavur_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Thanjavur_temple.jpg/203px-Thanjavur_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Thanjavur_temple.jpg/270px-Thanjavur_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="592" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #fff0a8;color: var(--color-base)">Main</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tami%E1%B8%BBakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamiḻakam">Tamiḻakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Tamil_history" title="Chronology of Tamil history">Chronology of Tamil history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_monarchs" title="List of Tamil monarchs">List of Tamil monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wootz_steel" title="Wootz steel">Wootz steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Maritime contacts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #fff0a8;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_ancient_Tamil_history" title="Sources of ancient Tamil history">Sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">Three Crowned Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Education in ancient Tamil country">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal system of ancient Tamil country">Legal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_government" title="Early Pandyan government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Economy of ancient Tamil country">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_society" title="Early Pandyan society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Tamil religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cheras" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Cheras">Early Cheras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Velirs">Velirs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #fff0a8;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava Empire">Pallava Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Empire">Pandyan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_Kingdom" 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title="Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu">Ancient sites</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TNhistory" title="Template:TNhistory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TNhistory" title="Template talk:TNhistory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TNhistory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TNhistory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Dynasties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asmaka" title="Asmaka">Assaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvaku" title="Andhra Ikshvaku">Andhra Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Gotrika" title="Ananda Gotrika">Ananda Gotrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salankayana_dynasty" title="Salankayana dynasty">Salankayanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundinas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pallava dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Vamsa" title="Kota Vamsa">Kota Vamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagi" title="Chagi">Chagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velanati_Chodas" title="Velanati Chodas">Velanati Chodas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musunuri_Nayakas" title="Musunuri Nayakas">Musunuri Nayaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recherla_Nayakas" title="Recherla Nayakas">Recherla Nayaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmasani_Nayaks" title="Pemmasani Nayaks">Pemmasani Nayaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reddi_Kingdom" title="Reddi Kingdom">Reddy dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajapati Empire">Gajapati Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Golconda" title="Sultanate of Golconda">Sultanate of Golconda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Template:History of Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Template talk:History of Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simhavarman_I" title="Simhavarman I">Simhavarman I</a> (275–300)</li> <li>Shivskandvarman (unknown)</li> <li>Vijayskandavarman (unknown)</li> <li>Skandavarman (unknown)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnugopa_I" title="Vishnugopa I">Vishnugopa I</a> (350–355)</li> <li>Kumaravishnu I (350–370)</li> <li>Skandavarman II (370–385)</li> <li>Viravarman (385–400)</li> <li>Skandavarman III (400–436)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simhavarman_II" title="Simhavarman II">Simhavarman II</a> (436–460)</li> <li>Skandavarman IV (460–480)</li> <li>Nandivarman I (480–510)</li> <li>Kumaravishnu II (510–530)</li> <li>Buddhavarman (530–540)</li> <li>Kumaravishnu III (540–550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simhavarman_III" title="Simhavarman III">Simhavarman III</a> (550–560)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_Pallavas">Later Pallavas</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahabalipuram,_Pancha_Rathas,_Tamil_Nadu,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mahabalipuram%2C_Pancha_Rathas%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg/220px-Mahabalipuram%2C_Pancha_Rathas%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mahabalipuram%2C_Pancha_Rathas%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg/330px-Mahabalipuram%2C_Pancha_Rathas%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mahabalipuram%2C_Pancha_Rathas%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg/440px-Mahabalipuram%2C_Pancha_Rathas%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>The rock-cut temples at <a href="/wiki/Mamallapuram" title="Mamallapuram">Mamallapuram</a> constructed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman_I" title="Narasimhavarman I">Narasimhavarman I</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_mpuram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Elephant_mpuram.jpg/220px-Elephant_mpuram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Elephant_mpuram.jpg/330px-Elephant_mpuram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Elephant_mpuram.jpg/440px-Elephant_mpuram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Elephant carved out of a single-stone</figcaption></figure> <p>The incursion of the <a href="/wiki/Kalabhras" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalabhras">Kalabhras</a> and the confusion in the Tamil country was broken by the <a href="/wiki/Pandya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandya">Pandya</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadungon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadungon">Kadungon</a> and the Pallava <a href="/wiki/Simhavishnu" title="Simhavishnu">Simhavishnu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mahendravarman_I" title="Mahendravarman I">Mahendravarman I</a> extended the Pallava Kingdom and was one of the greatest sovereigns. Some of the most ornate monuments and temples in southern India, carved out of solid rock, were introduced under his rule. He also wrote the play <i><a href="/wiki/Mattavilasa_Prahasana" title="Mattavilasa Prahasana">Mattavilasa Prahasana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sen2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pallava kingdom began to gain both in territory and influence and were a regional power by the end of the 6th century, defeating kings of <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> and mainland Tamilakkam.<sup id="cite_ref-kulke111_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kulke111-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman_I" title="Narasimhavarman I">Narasimhavarman I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramesvaravarman_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramesvaravarman I">Paramesvaravarman I</a> stand out for their achievements in both military and architectural spheres. <a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman_II" title="Narasimhavarman II">Narasimhavarman II</a> built the <a href="/wiki/Shore_Temple" title="Shore Temple">Shore Temple</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simhavishnu" title="Simhavishnu">Simhavishnu</a> (575–600)<sup id="cite_ref-sen2_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendravarman_I" title="Mahendravarman I">Mahendravarman I</a> (600–630)<sup id="cite_ref-sen2_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman_I" title="Narasimhavarman I">Narasimhavarman I</a> (Mamalla) (630–668)<sup id="cite_ref-sen2_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendravarman_II" title="Mahendravarman II">Mahendravarman II</a> (668–672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramesvaravarman_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramesvaravarman I">Paramesvaravarman I</a> (670–695)<sup id="cite_ref-sen2_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman_II" title="Narasimhavarman II">Narasimhavarman II</a> (Raja Simha) (695–722)<sup id="cite_ref-sen2_64-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramesvaravarman_II" title="Paramesvaravarman II">Paramesvaravarman II</a> (705–710)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Later_Pallavas_of_the_Kadava_Line">Later Pallavas of the Kadava Line</h5></div> <p>The kings that came after Paramesvaravarman II belonged to the collateral line of Pallavas and were descendants of Bhimavarman, the brother of Simhavishnu. They called themselves as <a href="/wiki/Kadava" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadava">Kadavas</a>, Kadavesa and Kaduvetti. Hiranyavarman, the father of Nandivarman Pallavamalla is said to have belonged to the Kadavakula in epigraphs.<sup id="cite_ref-kadavakula_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadavakula-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nandivarman II himself is described as "one who was born to raise the prestige of the Kadava family".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nandivarman_II" title="Nandivarman II">Nandivarman II</a> (Pallavamalla) (732–796) son of Hiranyavarman of Kadavakula<sup id="cite_ref-kadavakula_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadavakula-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sen2_64-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dantivarman" title="Dantivarman">Dantivarman</a> (795–846)<sup id="cite_ref-sen2_64-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandivarman_III" title="Nandivarman III">Nandivarman III</a> (846–869)<sup id="cite_ref-sen2_64-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparajitavarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparajitavarman">Aparajitavarman</a> (879–897)<sup id="cite_ref-sen2_64-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aiyangar_chronology">Aiyangar chronology</h3></div><p> According to the available inscriptions of the Pallavas, historian <a href="/wiki/S._Krishnaswami_Aiyangar" title="S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar">S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar</a> proposes the Pallavas could be divided into four separate families or dynasties; some of whose connections are known and some unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Aiyangar_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aiyangar-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aiyangar states </p><blockquote><p> We have a certain number of charters in Prakrit of which three are important ones. Then follows a dynasty which issued their charters in Sanskrit; following this came the family of the great Pallavas beginning with Simha Vishnu; this was followed by a dynasty of the usurper Nandi Varman, another great Pallava. We are overlooking for the present the dynasty of the Ganga-Pallavas postulated by the Epigraphists. The earliest of these Pallava charters is the one known as the Mayidavolu 1 (Guntur district) copper-plates.</p></blockquote> <p>Based on a combination of dynastic plates and grants from the period, Aiyangar proposed their rule thus: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Pallavas_2">Early Pallavas</h4></div> <ul><li>Bappadevan, chola prince (250–275)&#160;&#8211;&#32;married a Naga of Mavilanga (Kanchi)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> – <i>The Great Founder of a Pallava lineage</i></li> <li>Shivaskandavarman I (275–300)</li> <li>Simhavarman (300–320)</li> <li>Bhuddavarman (320–335)</li> <li>Bhuddyankuran (335–340)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Pallavas">Middle Pallavas</h4></div> <ul><li>Visnugopa (340–355) (<i>Yuvamaharaja Vishnugopa</i>)</li> <li>Kumaravisnu I (355–370)</li> <li>Skanda Varman II (370–385)</li> <li>Vira Varman (385–400)</li> <li>Skanda Varman III (400–435)</li> <li>Simha Varman II (435–460)</li> <li>Skanda Varman IV (460–480)</li> <li>Nandi Varman I (480–500)</li> <li>Kumaravisnu II (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500–510)</li> <li>Buddha Varman (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 510–520)</li> <li>Kumaravisnu III (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 520–530)</li> <li>Simha Varman III (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 530–537)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_Pallavas_2">Later Pallavas</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simhavishnu" title="Simhavishnu">Simhavishnu</a> (537–570)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendravarman_I" title="Mahendravarman I">Mahendravarman I</a> (571–630)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman_I" title="Narasimhavarman I">Narasimhavarman I</a> (Mamalla) (630–668)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendravarman_II" title="Mahendravarman II">Mahendravarman II</a> (668–672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramesvaravarman_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramesvaravarman I">Paramesvaravarman I</a> (672–700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman_II" title="Narasimhavarman II">Narasimhavarman II</a> (Raja Simha) (700–727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramesvaravarman_II" title="Paramesvaravarman II">Paramesvaravarman II</a> (705–710)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Later_Pallavas_of_the_Kadava_Line_2">Later Pallavas of the Kadava Line</h5></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nandivarman_II" title="Nandivarman II">Nandivarman II</a> (Pallavamalla) (732–796) son of Hiranyavarman of Kadavakula<sup id="cite_ref-kadavakula_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadavakula-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dantivarman" title="Dantivarman">Dantivarman</a> (775–825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandivarman_III" title="Nandivarman III">Nandivarman III</a> (825–869)</li> <li>Nirupathungan (869–882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparajitavarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparajitavarman">Aparajitavarman</a> (882–896)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genealogy_of_Māmallapuram_Praśasti"><span id="Genealogy_of_M.C4.81mallapuram_Pra.C5.9Basti"></span>Genealogy of Māmallapuram Praśasti</h3></div> <p>The genealogy of Pallavas mentioned in the <i>Māmallapuram Praśasti</i> is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-RMD_189-241_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMD_189-241-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Vishnu</li> <li>Brahma</li> <li>Unknown / undecipherable</li> <li>Unknown / undecipherable</li> <li>Bharadvaja</li> <li>Drona</li> <li>Ashvatthaman</li> <li>Pallava</li> <li>Unknown / undecipherable</li> <li>Unknown / undecipherable</li> <li>Simhavarman I (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 275)</li> <li>Unknown / undecipherable</li> <li>Unknown / undecipherable</li> <li>Simhavarman IV (436–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 460)</li> <li>Unknown / undecipherable</li> <li>Unknown / undecipherable</li> <li>Skandashishya</li> <li>Unknown / undecipherable</li> <li>Unknown / undecipherable</li> <li>Simhavisnu (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 550–585)</li> <li>Mahendravarman I (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 571–630)</li> <li>Maha-malla Narasimhavarman I (630–668)</li> <li>Unknown / undecipherable</li> <li>Paramesvaravarman I (669–690)</li> <li>Rajasimha Narasimhavaram II (690–728)</li> <li>Unknown / undecipherable</li> <li>Pallavamalla Nandivarman II (731–796)</li> <li>Unknown / undecipherable</li> <li>Nandivarman III (846–869)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_with_the_Cholas">Relation with the Cholas</h3></div> <p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/S._Krishnaswami_Aiyangar" title="S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar">S. Krishnaswami Aiyengar</a>, the Pallavas were natives of <a href="/wiki/Tondaimandalam" title="Tondaimandalam">Tondaimandalam</a> and the name Pallava is identical with the word Tondaiyar.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> Prince <a href="/wiki/Ilandiraiyan" title="Ilandiraiyan">Ilandiraiyan</a> is traditionally regarded as the founder of the Pallava dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamaswamy200780_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamaswamy200780-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ilandiraiyan is referred to in the literature of the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Pathupattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathupattu">Pathupattu</a>. In the Sangam epic <a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a>, he is depicted as the son of <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> king Killi and the Naga princess Pilivalai, the daughter of king Valaivanan of <a href="/wiki/Nainativu" title="Nainativu">Manipallavam</a>. When the boy grew up the princess wanted to send her son to the Chola kingdom. So she entrusted the prince to a merchant who dealt in woolen blankets called Kambala Chetty when his ship stopped in the island of Manipallavam. During the voyage to the Chola kingdom, the ship was wrecked due to rough weather and the boy was lost. He was later found washed ashore with a Tondai twig (creeper) around his leg. So he came to be called Tondaiman Ilam Tiraiyan meaning <i>the young one of the seas or waves</i>. When he grew up the northern part of the Chola kingdom was entrusted to him and the area he governed came to be called <a href="/wiki/Tondaimandalam" title="Tondaimandalam">Tondaimandalam</a> after him.He was a poet himself and four of his songs are extant even today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1961126_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1961126-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He ruled from <a href="/wiki/Tondaimandalam" title="Tondaimandalam">Tondaimandalam</a> and was known as "Tondaman."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamaswamy200780_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamaswamy200780-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_relationships">Other relationships</h2></div> <p>Pallava royal lineages were influential in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">old kingdom of Kedah</a> of the Malay Peninsula under Rudravarman I, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Champa" title="History of Champa">Champa</a> under <a href="/wiki/Bhadravarman_I" title="Bhadravarman I">Bhadravarman I</a> and the Kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a> in Cambodia.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some historians have claimed the present Palli <a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a> caste are descendants of the Pallavas who ruled the Andhra and Tamil countries between the 6th and 9th centuries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> Tamil scholar M. Srinivasa Iyengar claimed claimed the Pallis were one of the communities who served often in Pallava armies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVenkatasubramanian198635_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenkatasubramanian198635-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The similarity of the name ending "-<a href="/wiki/Varman_(surname)" title="Varman (surname)">varman</a>" of Pallava rulers with that of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu kings</a> during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia#Hindu-Buddhist_civilisations" title="History of Indonesia">Hindu/Buddhist era</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> such as king <a href="/wiki/Mulavarman" title="Mulavarman">Mulavarman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai Martadipura Kingdom</a>, king <a href="/wiki/Purnawarman" title="Purnawarman">Purnawarman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a> kingdom, king <a href="/wiki/Adityawarman" title="Adityawarman">Adityawarman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagaruyung Kingdom">Malayapura</a> kingdom, etc. has been commented upon by historians since discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There have been possible high relations and connections of the Hindu kingdoms of Indonesia with the Pallava dynasty and other Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms of India back then. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_feudatories">List of feudatories</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salankayana_dynasty" title="Salankayana dynasty">Salankayana dynasty</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_monarchs" title="List of Tamil monarchs">List of Tamil monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadava_dynasty" title="Kadava dynasty">Kadava dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallar" title="Pallar">Pallar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolamba_dynasty" title="Nolamba dynasty">Nolamba dynasty</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.&#160;146, map XIV.2 (e). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.pages=146%2C+map+XIV.2+%28e%29&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.isbn=0226742210&amp;rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D183&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_E.M._Houben2023" class="citation book cs1">Jan E.M. Houben (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOP7EAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Pallava+Prakrit&amp;pg=PA251"><i>Ideology and Status of Sanskrit - Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language</i></a>. Brill. p.&#160;251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-64477-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-64477-9"><bdi>978-90-04-64477-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ideology+and+Status+of+Sanskrit+-+Contributions+to+the+History+of+the+Sanskrit+Language&amp;rft.pages=251&amp;rft.pub=Brill&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-64477-9&amp;rft.au=Jan+E.M.+Houben&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOP7EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DPallava%2BPrakrit%26pg%3DPA251&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.16652/page/n298/mode/1up">Vaidya C.V., Medieval History of Hindu India Volume 1, pg.281</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ancient Jaffna: Being a Research Into the History of Jaffna from Very Early Times to the Portuguese Period, C. Rasanayagam, p.241, Asian Educational Services 1926</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2021" class="citation cs2">Sen, Aloka Parasher (28 February 2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003155607-2">"Defining the Early Deccan: A Re-think*"</a>, <i>Settlement and Local Histories of the Early Deccan</i>, Routledge, pp.&#160;39–60, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003155607-2">10.4324/9781003155607-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-15560-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-15560-7"><bdi>978-1-003-15560-7</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229492642">229492642</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Settlement+and+Local+Histories+of+the+Early+Deccan&amp;rft.atitle=Defining+the+Early+Deccan%3A+A+Re-think%2A&amp;rft.pages=39-60&amp;rft.date=2021-02-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229492642%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003155607-2&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-003-15560-7&amp;rft.aulast=Sen&amp;rft.aufirst=Aloka+Parasher&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781003155607-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2021" class="citation journal cs1">Francis, Emmanuel (28 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00499">"Pallavas"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Ancient History</i>: 1–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119399919.eahaa00499">10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00499</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-39991-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-39991-9"><bdi>978-1-119-39991-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240189630">240189630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+History&amp;rft.atitle=Pallavas&amp;rft.pages=1-4&amp;rft.date=2021-10-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240189630%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781119399919.eahaa00499&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-119-39991-9&amp;rft.aulast=Francis&amp;rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%2F9781119399919.eahaa00499&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The journal of the Numismatic Society of India, Volume 51, p.109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alī Jāvīd and Tabassum Javeed. 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World heritage monuments and related edifices in India, p.107 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=54XBlIF9LFgC&amp;pg=PA107">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_Jouveau-Dubreuil" class="citation cs2">Gabriel Jouveau-Dubreuil, <i>The Pallavas</i>, Asian Educational Services, 1995 - Art, Indic - 86 pages, p.&#160;83</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Pallavas&amp;rft.pages=83&amp;rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services%2C+1995+-+Art%2C+Indic+-+86+pages&amp;rft.au=Gabriel+Jouveau-Dubreuil&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/manasara-english-translation"><i>Past and present: Manasara (English translation)</i></a>, 14 May 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Past+and+present%3A+Manasara+%28English+translation%29&amp;rft.date=2020-05-14&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fhinduism%2Fbook%2Fmanasara-english-translation&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proceedings-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Proceedings_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouth_Indian_History_Congress.1980" class="citation cs2">South Indian History Congress. (17 February 1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9gpuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Tondai+means+a+creeper+and+Pallava+conveyed+a+similar+meaning%22"><i>Proceedings of the First Annual Conference</i></a>, vol.&#160;1, The Congress and The Madurai Kamaraj University Co-op Printing Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+First+Annual+Conference&amp;rft.pub=The+Congress+and+The+Madurai+Kamaraj+University+Co-op+Printing+Press&amp;rft.date=1980-02-17&amp;rft.au=South+Indian+History+Congress.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9gpuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Tondai%2Bmeans%2Ba%2Bcreeper%2Band%2BPallava%2Bconveyed%2Ba%2Bsimilar%2Bmeaning%2522&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Ramesan" class="citation cs2">N. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.tn.gov.in&amp;rft.atitle=About+Tamil+Nadu+%7C+Tamil+Nadu+Government+Portal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tn.gov.in%2Ftamilnadustate&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESathianathaier1970255–256-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESathianathaier1970255–256_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESathianathaier1970255–256_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESathianathaier1970255–256_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSathianathaier1970">Sathianathaier 1970</a>, pp.&#160;255–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAiyangarNilakanta_Sastri1960">Aiyangar &amp; Nilakanta Sastri 1960</a>, pp.&#160;315–316<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SRF#LINKING" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SRF"><span title="A full citation is required as a target to link this short citation to. See &#39;Help:Shortened footnotes&#39;. (July 2023)">missing long citation</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>: "This view, which till recently was no more than an intelligent guess, seems to gain support from a Prakrit Brahmi inscription recently discovered in the Palnad taluk of the Guntur district. In spite of its mutilated condition, it clearly mentions Sihavamma <a href="/wiki/Simhavarman_I" title="Simhavarman I">Simhavarman I</a> of the <i>Palava</i> dynasty and Bharadaya gotta... This is the earliest Pallava inscription so far known."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRama_Rao1967">Rama Rao 1967</a>, pp.&#160;47–48<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRama_Rao1967 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>: "The Manchikallu Prakrt inscription mentions a Simhavamma or Simhavarman of the Pallava family and the Bharadvaja gotra and registers gifts made by him after performing <i>Santi</i> and <i>Svastyayana</i> for his victory and increase of strength."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyangarNilakanta_Sastri1960315–316-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyangarNilakanta_Sastri1960315–316_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAiyangarNilakanta_Sastri1960">Aiyangar &amp; Nilakanta Sastri 1960</a>, pp.&#160;315–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanian1989" class="citation cs2">Subramanian, K. R. (1989) [1932], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vnO2BMPdYEoC&amp;pg=PA71"><i>Buddhist Remains in Andhra and the History of Andhra Between 225 and 610 A.D.</i></a>, Asian Educational Services, p.&#160;71, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0444-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0444-5"><bdi>978-81-206-0444-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Buddhist+Remains+in+Andhra+and+the+History+of+Andhra+Between+225+and+610+A.D.&amp;rft.pages=71&amp;rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-206-0444-5&amp;rft.aulast=Subramanian&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvnO2BMPdYEoC%26pg%3DPA71&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopalachari1957" class="citation cs2">Gopalachari, K. (1957), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532644/page/n5">"The Satavahana Empire"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri" title="K. A. Nilakanta Sastri">K. A. Nilakanta Sastri</a> (ed.), <i>A Comprehensive History of India, II: The Mauryas and Satavahanas 325 SC.-AD 300</i>, Calcutta: Indian History Congress/Orient Longman, pp.&#160;296–297, note 1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Satavahana+Empire&amp;rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+India%2C+II%3A+The+Mauryas+and+Satavahanas+325+SC.-AD+300&amp;rft.place=Calcutta&amp;rft.pages=pp.-296-297%2C+note+1&amp;rft.pub=Indian+History+Congress%2FOrient+Longman&amp;rft.date=1957&amp;rft.aulast=Gopalachari&amp;rft.aufirst=K.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.532644%2Fpage%2Fn5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span>: "The Andhradesa of our period was limited in the north by Kalinga and in the east by the sea; in the south it did not extend far beyond the northern part of the Nellore district (the Pallava <i>Karmarashtra</i>), in the west it extended far into the interior."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAiyangarNilakanta_Sastri1960">Aiyangar &amp; Nilakanta Sastri 1960</a>, pp.&#160;314–316: "There is much in favour of the thesis that the Pallavas rose into prominence in the service of the Satavahanas in the south-eastern division of their empire, and attained independence when that power declined."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyangarNilakanta_Sastri1960314–316-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyangarNilakanta_Sastri1960314–316_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAiyangarNilakanta_Sastri1960">Aiyangar &amp; Nilakanta Sastri 1960</a>, pp.&#160;314–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSathianathaier1970">Sathianathaier 1970</a>, p.&#160;256: "S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar regards the Pallavas as the feudatories of the Satavahanas—officers and governors of the south-eastern part of their empire, equates the term Pallava with the terms Tondaiyar and Tondaman (people and rulers of Tonda-mandalam), and says that, after the fall of the Satavahana Empire, those feudatories 'founded the new dynasty of the Pallavas, as distinct from the older chieftains, the Tondamans of the region.'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._V._Mahalingam" class="citation book cs1">T. V. Mahalingam. <i>Kāñcīpuram in early South Indian history</i>. Asia Pub. House, 1969. p.&#160;22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=K%C4%81%C3%B1c%C4%ABpuram+in+early+South+Indian+history&amp;rft.pages=22&amp;rft.pub=Asia+Pub.+House%2C+1969&amp;rft.au=T.+V.+Mahalingam&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamaswamy200780-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamaswamy200780_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamaswamy200780_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamaswamy200780_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamaswamy2007">Ramaswamy 2007</a>, p.&#160;80.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRamaswamy2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESircar1970275–276-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESircar1970275–276_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESircar1970275–276_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSircar1970">Sircar 1970</a>, pp.&#160;275–276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004120-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004120_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke &amp; Rothermund 2004</a>, p.&#160;120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2016" class="citation journal cs1">Stein, Burton (2016). "Book Reviews&#160;: Kancipuram in Early South Indian History, by T. V. Mahalingam (Madras&#160;: Asia Publishing House, 1969), pp. vii-243". <i>The Indian Economic &amp; Social History Review</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 317–321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001946467000700208">10.1177/001946467000700208</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-4646">0019-4646</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144817627">144817627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Economic+%26+Social+History+Review&amp;rft.atitle=Book+Reviews+%3A+Kancipuram+in+Early+South+Indian+History%2C+by+T.+V.+Mahalingam+%28Madras+%3A+Asia+Publishing+House%2C+1969%29%2C+pp.+vii-243&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=317-321&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144817627%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=0019-4646&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001946467000700208&amp;rft.aulast=Stein&amp;rft.aufirst=Burton&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span>: "...the rather well argued and plausible stand that the Palavas were indigenous to the central Tamil plain, Tondaimandalam..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSircar1935" class="citation cs2">Sircar, Dines Chandra (1935), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlypallavas035062mbp/page/n5"><i>The Early Pallavas</i></a>, Calcutta: Jitendra Nath De, pp.&#160;5–6</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Early+Pallavas&amp;rft.place=Calcutta&amp;rft.pages=5-6&amp;rft.pub=Jitendra+Nath+De&amp;rft.date=1935&amp;rft.aulast=Sircar&amp;rft.aufirst=Dines+Chandra&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlypallavas035062mbp%2Fpage%2Fn5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span>: "There can hardly be any doubt that this Aruvanadu between the Northern and Southern Pennars is the Arouarnoi of Ptolemy's Geography. This Arouarnoi is practically the same as the Kanci-mandala, i.e. the district round Kanci."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiyangar1928" class="citation cs2">Aiyangar, S. K. (1928), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfThePallavasOfKanchi">"Introduction"</a>, in R. Gopalan (ed.), <i>History of the Pallavas of Kanchi</i>, University of Madras, pp.&#160;xi–xii</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+the+Pallavas+of+Kanchi&amp;rft.pages=xi-xii&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Madras&amp;rft.date=1928&amp;rft.aulast=Aiyangar&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+K.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHistoryOfThePallavasOfKanchi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span>: "... River South Pennar where began the division known as <i>Aruvānādu</i>, which extended northwards along the coast almost as far as the Northern Pennar."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESathianathaier1970256–257-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESathianathaier1970256–257_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSathianathaier1970">Sathianathaier 1970</a>, pp.&#160;256–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.V._NanjundayyaL.K._Anathakrishna1988" class="citation book cs1">H.V. Nanjundayya; L.K. Anathakrishna (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38701/page/n57/mode/2up?q=Kuruba+pallava"><i>The Mysore tribes and castes, Vol 4</i></a>. Mysore, Mysore University. p.&#160;30. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/830766457">830766457</a>. <q>The following extract from the Census Report of Madras for 1891, gives them a higher status than they usually claim&#160;:— "They (the Kurubas) are the modern representatives of the ancient Kurumbas or Pallavas, who were once so powerful, throughout South India, but very little trace of their greatness now remains.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Mysore+tribes+and+castes%2C+Vol+4&amp;rft.pages=30&amp;rft.pub=Mysore%2C+Mysore+University&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F830766457&amp;rft.au=H.V.+Nanjundayya&amp;rft.au=L.K.+Anathakrishna&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.38701%2Fpage%2Fn57%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3DKuruba%2Bpallava&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhere-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dhere_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhere2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Chintaman_Dhere" title="Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere">Dhere, Ramchandra Chintaman</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jUeeAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA243"><i>Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur, South Asia Research</i></a>. Feldhaus, Anne (trans.). Oxford University Press. p.&#160;243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19977-764-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19977-764-8"><bdi>978-0-19977-764-8</bdi></a>. <q>The history of South India shows clearly that all the southern royal dynasties who arose from pastoralist, cowherd groups gained Kshatriya status by claiming to be Moon lineage Kshatriyas, by taking Yadu as their ancestor, and by continually keeping alive their pride in being 'Yadavas'. Many dynasties in South India, from the Pallavas to the Yadavarayas, were originally members of pastoralist, cowherd groups and belonged to Kuruba lineages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Rise+of+a+Folk+God%3A+Vitthal+of+Pandharpur%2C+South+Asia+Research&amp;rft.pages=243&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19977-764-8&amp;rft.aulast=Dhere&amp;rft.aufirst=Ramchandra+Chintaman&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjUeeAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA243&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EJRapsonKannada-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EJRapsonKannada_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapson1897" class="citation book cs1">Rapson, Edward James (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjcEAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=canarese"><i>Indian Coins-Numismatics</i></a>. K.J. Trübner. p.&#160;37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Indian+Coins-Numismatics&amp;rft.pages=37&amp;rft.pub=K.J.+Tr%C3%BCbner&amp;rft.date=1897&amp;rft.aulast=Rapson&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward+James&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjcEAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dcanarese&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=062"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.&#160;25, 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.pages=25%2C+145&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.isbn=0226742210&amp;rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D062&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgrawal1989" class="citation book cs1">Agrawal, Ashvini (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&amp;q=Satrubhanja+Asanpat&amp;pg=PA60">"Chapter II: THE POLITICAL CONDITION OF INDIA BEFORE THE RISE OF GUPTAS - EASTERN INDIA"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC"><i>Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas</i></a>. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. pp.&#160;60, 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0592-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0592-5"><bdi>81-208-0592-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+II%3A+THE+POLITICAL+CONDITION+OF+INDIA+BEFORE+THE+RISE+OF+GUPTAS+-+EASTERN+INDIA&amp;rft.btitle=Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Imperial+Guptas&amp;rft.place=New+Delhi&amp;rft.pages=60%2C+61&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.isbn=81-208-0592-5&amp;rft.aulast=Agrawal&amp;rft.aufirst=Ashvini&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhRjC5IaJ2zcC%26q%3DSatrubhanja%2BAsanpat%26pg%3DPA60&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HH_1931-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HH_1931_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rev. H Heras, SJ (1931) Pallava Genealogy: An attempt to unify the Pallava Pedigrees of the Inscriptions, Indian Historical Research Institute</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKR_106-109-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SKR_106-109_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">KR Subramanian. (1989). Buddhist remains in Āndhra and the history of Āndhra between 224 &amp; 610 A.D, p.106-109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sen-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sen_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation cs2">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&amp;pg=PA445"><i>Ancient Indian History And Civilization</i></a>, New Age International, p.&#160;445, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788122411980" title="Special:BookSources/9788122411980"><bdi>9788122411980</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+And+Civilization&amp;rft.pages=445&amp;rft.pub=New+Age+International&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=9788122411980&amp;rft.aulast=Sen&amp;rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26pg%3DPA445&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HM_&amp;_PMI_109-130-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HM_&amp;_PMI_109-130_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marilyn Hirsh (1987) Mahendravarman I Pallava: Artist and Patron of Māmallapuram, Artibus Asiae, Vol. 48, Number 1/2 (1987), pp. 109-130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RMD_189-241-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RMD_189-241_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RMD_189-241_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabe1997" class="citation journal cs1">Rabe, Michael D (1997). 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(2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/28091/5/05_chapter%202.pdf">"Political History of Ancient South India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/28091"><i>Caste system in ancient South India</i></a>, Gulbarga University/Shodhganga, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10603%2F28091">10603/28091</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Political+History+of+Ancient+South+India&amp;rft.btitle=Caste+system+in+ancient+South+India&amp;rft.pub=Gulbarga+University%2FShodhganga&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10603%2F28091&amp;rft.aulast=Arunkumar&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fbitstream%2F10603%2F28091%2F5%2F05_chapter%25202.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kulke and Rothermund, p.120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sen2-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sen2_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sen2_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sen2_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sen2_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sen2_64-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sen2_64-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sen2_64-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sen2_64-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sen2_64-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sen2_64-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2013" class="citation cs2">Sen, Sailendra (2013), <i>A Textbook of Medieval Indian History</i>, Primus Books, pp.&#160;41–42, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4"><bdi>978-9-38060-734-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Medieval+Indian+History&amp;rft.pages=41-42&amp;rft.pub=Primus+Books&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-9-38060-734-4&amp;rft.aulast=Sen&amp;rft.aufirst=Sailendra&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kulke111-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kulke111_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kulke and Rothermund, p111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kadavakula-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kadavakula_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadavakula_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadavakula_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._Ramamurthy" class="citation cs2">V. Ramamurthy, <i>History of Kongu, Volume 1</i>, International Society for the Investigation of Ancient Civilization, 1986, p.&#160;172</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+Kongu%2C+Volume+1&amp;rft.pages=172&amp;rft.pub=International+Society+for+the+Investigation+of+Ancient+Civilization%2C+1986&amp;rft.au=V.+Ramamurthy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugen_Hultzsch" class="citation cs2">Eugen Hultzsch, <i>South Indian Inscriptions, Volume 12</i>, Manager of Publications, 1986, p.&#160;viii</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=South+Indian+Inscriptions%2C+Volume+12&amp;rft.pages=viii&amp;rft.pub=Manager+of+Publications%2C+1986&amp;rft.au=Eugen+Hultzsch&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aiyangar-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aiyangar_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.Krishnaswami Aiyangar. Some Contributions Of South India To Indian Culture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chestofbooks.com/history/india/South-India-Culture/Chapter-VIII-Early-History-Of-The-Pallavas.html">Early History of the Pallavas</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1961126-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1961126_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri1961">Sastri 1961</a>, p.&#160;126.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSastri1961 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCœdès1968" class="citation cs2">Cœdès, George (1 January 1968), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC"><i>The Indianized States of South-East Asia</i></a>, University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824803681" title="Special:BookSources/9780824803681"><bdi>9780824803681</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Indianized+States+of+South-East+Asia&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&amp;rft.date=1968-01-01&amp;rft.isbn=9780824803681&amp;rft.aulast=C%C5%93d%C3%A8s&amp;rft.aufirst=George&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDyJBFTdiwoC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenkatasubramanian198635-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVenkatasubramanian198635_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVenkatasubramanian1986">Venkatasubramanian 1986</a>, p.&#160;35.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVenkatasubramanian1986 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVOGEL1918" class="citation journal cs1">VOGEL, J. Ph. (1918). "The Yupa Inscriptions of King Mulavarman, from Koetei (East Borneo)". <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië</i>. <b>74</b> (1/2): 167–232. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1383-5408">1383-5408</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20769898">20769898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde+van+Nederlandsch-Indi%C3%AB&amp;rft.atitle=The+Yupa+Inscriptions+of+King+Mulavarman%2C+from+Koetei+%28East+Borneo%29&amp;rft.volume=74&amp;rft.issue=1%2F2&amp;rft.pages=167-232&amp;rft.date=1918&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20769898%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.issn=1383-5408&amp;rft.aulast=VOGEL&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+Ph.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiyangarNilakanta_Sastri1960" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/S._Krishnaswami_Aiyangar" title="S. 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(eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108270"><i>The Classical Age</i></a>, History and Culture of Indian People (Third&#160;ed.), Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp.&#160;255–275</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Dynasties+of+South+India&amp;rft.btitle=The+Classical+Age&amp;rft.series=History+and+Culture+of+Indian+People&amp;rft.pages=255-275&amp;rft.edition=Third&amp;rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.aulast=Sathianathaier&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.108270%2Fpage%2Fn315&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSircar1970" class="citation cs2">Sircar, D. C. (1970) [first published 1954], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108270/page/n335">"Genealogy and Chronology of the Pallavas"</a>, in Majumdar, R. C.; Pusalkar, A. D. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108270"><i>The Classical Age</i></a>, History and Culture of Indian People (Third&#160;ed.), Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp.&#160;275–290</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Genealogy+and+Chronology+of+the+Pallavas&amp;rft.btitle=The+Classical+Age&amp;rft.series=History+and+Culture+of+Indian+People&amp;rft.pages=275-290&amp;rft.edition=Third&amp;rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.aulast=Sircar&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.108270%2Fpage%2Fn335&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghava_Iyengar1949" class="citation cs2">Raghava Iyengar, R (1949), <i>Perumbanarruppatai, a commentary</i>, Chidambaram, India: Annamalai University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Perumbanarruppatai%2C+a+commentary&amp;rft.place=Chidambaram%2C+India&amp;rft.pub=Annamalai+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1949&amp;rft.aulast=Raghava+Iyengar&amp;rft.aufirst=R&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tribes_and_kingdoms_of_the_Mahabharata" title="Template:Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tribes_and_kingdoms_of_the_Mahabharata" title="Template talk:Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tribes_and_kingdoms_of_the_Mahabharata" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tribes_and_kingdoms_mentioned_in_the_Mahabharata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tribes and kingdoms mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhira_kingdom" title="Abhira kingdom">Abhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra kingdom">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarta_kingdom" title="Anarta kingdom">Anarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anga kingdom">Anga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupa_kingdom" title="Anupa kingdom">Anupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmaka_kingdom" title="Asmaka kingdom">Asmaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanti_kingdom_(Mahabharata)" title="Avanti kingdom (Mahabharata)">Avanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_dynasty" title="Ay dynasty">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahlikas" title="Bahlikas">Bahlika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatas_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatas (tribe)">Bhārata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chedi_kingdom" title="Chedi kingdom">Chedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola kingdom">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinas" title="Chinas">Chinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kosala" title="Dakshina Kosala">Dakshina Kosala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakshinatya_kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dakshinatya kingdom (page does not exist)">Dakshinatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danda_kingdom" title="Danda kingdom">Danda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasarna_kingdom" title="Dasarna kingdom">Dasarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasharna" title="Dasharna">Dasharna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dasherka_kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dasherka kingdom (page does not exist)">Dasherka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dwaraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garga_kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Garga kingdom (page does not exist)">Garga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomanta_kingdom" title="Gomanta kingdom">Gomanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopa_Rashtra" title="Gopa Rashtra">Gopa Rashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara_Huna_kingdom" title="Hara Huna kingdom">Hara Huna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haihaya_kingdom" title="Haihaya kingdom">Haihaya kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalaya_kingdom" title="Himalaya kingdom">Himalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huna_kingdom" title="Huna kingdom">Huna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchi_kingdom" title="Kanchi kingdom">Kanchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasmira_kingdom" title="Kasmira kingdom">Kasmira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalakuta_kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalakuta kingdom (page does not exist)">Kalakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(Mahabharata)" title="Kalinga (Mahabharata)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnata_kingdom" title="Karnata kingdom">Karnata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karusha_kingdom" title="Karusha kingdom">Karusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashi_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashi kingdom">Kashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekeya_kingdom" title="Kekeya kingdom">Kekeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_kingdom" title="Kerala kingdom">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasas_(Mahabharata)" title="Khasas (Mahabharata)">Khasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikata_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kikata kingdom">Kikata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimpurusha_kingdom" title="Kimpurusha kingdom">Kimpurusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnara_kingdom" title="Kinnara kingdom">Kinnara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirata" title="Kirata">Kirata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishkindha" title="Kishkindha">Kishkindha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkana_kingdom" title="Konkana kingdom">Konkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosala_kingdom" title="Kosala kingdom">Kosala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_kingdom" title="Kuninda kingdom">Kuninda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunti_kingdom" title="Kunti kingdom">Kunti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madra_kingdom" title="Madra kingdom">Madra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madraka_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Madraka kingdom">Madraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maha_Chinas_kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maha Chinas kingdom (page does not exist)">Maha Chinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahisha_kingdom" title="Mahisha kingdom">Mahisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla_kingdom" title="Malla kingdom">Malla </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malava_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Malava kingdom">Malava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_(Mahabharata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipur (Mahabharata)">Manipura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_kingdom" title="Matsya kingdom">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mekhalas_kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mekhalas kingdom (page does not exist)">Mekhalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mleccha" title="Mleccha">Mleccha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudgala_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudgala kingdom">Mudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushika_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushika kingdom">Mushika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasikya_kingdom" title="Nasikya kingdom">Nasikya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepa_kingdom" title="Nepa kingdom">Nepa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niharas_kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Niharas kingdom (page does not exist)">Niharas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishadas" title="Nishadas">Nishadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odra_kingdom" title="Odra kingdom">Odra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchala_Kingdom_(Mahabharata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)">Panchala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parada_kingdom" title="Parada kingdom">Parada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parama_Kamboja_kingdom" title="Parama Kamboja kingdom">Parama Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasika_kingdom" title="Parasika kingdom">Parasika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parvartaka_kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Parvartaka kingdom (page does not exist)">Parvartaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvata_kingdom" title="Parvata kingdom">Parvata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauravas" title="Pauravas">Paurava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pishacha_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pishacha kingdom">Pishacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragjyotisha_kingdom" title="Pragjyotisha kingdom">Pragjyotisha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyagratha_kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pratyagratha kingdom (page does not exist)">Pratyagratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasthala" title="Prasthala">Prasthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundra_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pundra kingdom">Pundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulinda" title="Pulinda">Pulinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakas_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Sakas in the Mahabharata">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salva_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Salva kingdom">Salva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salveya_kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Salveya kingdom (page does not exist)">Salveya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwa_kingdom" title="Salwa kingdom">Salwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswata_kingdom" title="Saraswata kingdom">Saraswata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_kingdom" title="Saurashtra kingdom">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvira_kingdom" title="Sauvira kingdom">Sauvira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhu kingdom">Sindhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_kingdom" title="Sinhala kingdom">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivi_kingdom" title="Sivi kingdom">Sivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonita_kingdom" title="Sonita kingdom">Sonita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudra_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudra kingdom">Sudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhma_kingdom" title="Suhma kingdom">Suhma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surparaka_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Surparaka kingdom">Surparaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surasena" title="Surasena">Surasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamraparni" title="Tamraparni">Tamraparni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangana_kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tangana kingdom (page does not exist)">Tangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigarta_kingdom" title="Trigarta kingdom">Trigarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulu kingdom">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushara" title="Tushara">Tushara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ursa_kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ursa kingdom (page does not exist)">Ursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kuru_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttara Kuru kingdom">Uttara Kuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Madra_kingdom" title="Uttara Madra kingdom">Uttara Madra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkala_kingdom" title="Utkala kingdom">Utkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatadhana_kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vatadhana kingdom (page does not exist)">Vatadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatsa" title="Vatsa">Vatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videha" title="Videha">Videha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidarbha_kingdom" title="Vidarbha kingdom">Vidarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavana_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana kingdom">Yavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaudheya_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaudheya kingdom">Yaudheya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_kingdoms_of_India" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Template:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Template talk:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_kingdoms_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:100%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2">Timeline and<br />cultural period </td> <td rowspan="2">Northwestern India<br />(<a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sapta_Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapta Sindhu">Sapta Sindhu</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Central India </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cdcdcd"> <td>Upper Gangetic Plain <br />(<a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Ganga-Yamuna doab</a>) </td> <td>Middle Gangetic Plain </td> <td>Lower Gangetic Plain </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">IRON AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Srauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Srauta">Srauta</a> culture)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Shramanic culture</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>&#160;6th century BCE</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a> </td> <td>Magadha </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Persian_and_Greek_conquests" title="History of India">Persian-Greek influences</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>"<a href="/wiki/History_of_India#&quot;Second_urbanisation&quot;_(800-200_BCE)" title="History of India">Second Urbanisation</a>"</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Rise of Shramana movements</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> - <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a> - <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>&#160;5th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Persian conquests</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>&#160;4th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Greek_conquests_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek conquests in India">Greek conquests</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Dynasty">Nanda empire</a></b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">HISTORICAL AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Spread of Buddhism</a></b> </td> <td><b>Pre-history</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>&#160;3rd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="5"><b>Preclassical Hinduism</b><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> - <b>"Hindu Synthesis"</b><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Epics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> - <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a> - <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta Tradition</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>&#160;2nd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maha-Meghavahana_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty">Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>&#160;1st century BCE</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>&#160;1st century CE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"> <p><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthians</a> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>&#160;2nd century</b> </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>&#160;3rd century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>"Golden Age of Hinduism"</b>(ca. CE 320-650)<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a><br />Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>&#160;4th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvakus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra Ikshvakus">Andhra Ikshvakus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadamba Dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>&#160;5th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>&#160;6th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maitraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitraka">Maitraka</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>Late-Classical Hinduism</b> (ca. CE 650-1100)<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> - <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">Decline of Buddhism in India</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>&#160;7th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sassanids">Indo-Sassanids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Empire of Harsha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mlechchha_dynasty" title="Mlechchha dynasty">Mlechchha dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom (revival)</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pallava</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>&#160;8th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Mahishmati" title="Kalachuris of Mahishmati">Kalachuri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>&#160;9th century</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty#Chera_Perumals_of_Makkotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty_(Kamarupa)" title="Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)">Pala dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kamboja-Pala_Dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboja-Pala Dynasty of Bengal">Kamboja-Pala dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyani Chalukyas">Kalyani Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">References and sources for table</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p><b>References</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.41</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Flood, Gavin D. (1996), <i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.aulast=Flood&amp;rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=nl#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"</i></a>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hinduism.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&amp;rft.aufirst=Alf&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfyzAAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dnl%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Michaels, Axel (2004), <i>Hinduism. Past and present</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hinduism.+Past+and+present&amp;rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.aulast=Michaels&amp;rft.aufirst=Axel&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), <i>The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra.+Indic+Religions+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.aulast=Samuel&amp;rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallava+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&amp;#124;border_&amp;#124;alt=&amp;#124;link=_State_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tamil_Nadu" title="Template:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tamil_Nadu" title="Template talk:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil_Nadu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&amp;#124;border_&amp;#124;alt=&amp;#124;link=_State_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></span></span></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_Nadu_state_symbols" title="List of Tamil Nadu state symbols">State <br />symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Seal: <a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur_Andal_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivilliputhur Andal temple">Srivilliputhur Andal temple tower</a></li> <li>Animal: <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr</a></li> <li>Bird: <a href="/wiki/Common_emerald_dove" title="Common emerald dove">Emerald dove</a></li> <li>Flower: <a href="/wiki/Gloriosa_superba" title="Gloriosa superba">Gloriosa lily</a></li> <li>Fruit: <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li>Tree: <a href="/wiki/Borassus_flabellifer" title="Borassus flabellifer">Palm tree</a></li> <li>Butterfly: <a href="/wiki/Cirrochroa_thais" title="Cirrochroa thais">Cirrochroa Thais</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TamilNadu_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/80px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/120px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/160px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="867" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of governors of Tamil Nadu">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of deputy chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Deputy chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu">Political parties</a></li> <li>Raj Bhavan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Chennai" title="Raj Bhavan, Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Ooty" title="Raj Bhavan, Ooty">Ooty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Police" title="Tamil Nadu Police">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Tamil Nadu">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu#History" title="Tamil Nadu">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Education in Tamil Nadu">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Sports in Tamil Nadu">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Politics of Tamil Nadu">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_temples_in_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of temples in Tamil Nadu">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of protected areas of Tamil Nadu">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_radio_on_internet" title="Tamil radio on internet">Radio on Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doddabetta" title="Doddabetta">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Wildlife of Tamil Nadu">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_sexual_minorities" title="Tamil sexual minorities">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Tourism in Tamil Nadu">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River_water_dispute" title="Kaveri River water dispute">Kaveri River water dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Day" title="Tamil Nadu Day">State Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur" title="Tiruppur">Tiruppur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of districts of Tamil Nadu">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariyalur_district" title="Ariyalur district">Ariyalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengalpattu_district" title="Chengalpattu district">Chengalpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_district" title="Chennai district">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_district" title="Coimbatore district">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuddalore_district" title="Cuddalore district">Cuddalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmapuri_district" title="Dharmapuri district">Dharmapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dindigul_district" title="Dindigul district">Dindigul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erode_district" title="Erode district">Erode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallakurichi_district" title="Kallakurichi district">Kallakurichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram_district" title="Kanchipuram district">Kanchipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karur_district" title="Karur district">Karur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnagiri_district" title="Krishnagiri district">Krishnagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_district" title="Madurai district">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayiladuthurai_district" title="Mayiladuthurai district">Mayiladuthurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam_district" title="Nagapattinam district">Nagapattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namakkal_district" title="Namakkal district">Namakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambalur_district" title="Perambalur district">Perambalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai_district" title="Pudukkottai district">Pudukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanathapuram_district" title="Ramanathapuram district">Ramanathapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranipet_district" title="Ranipet district">Ranipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_district" title="Salem district">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivaganga_district" title="Sivaganga district">Sivaganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkasi_district" title="Tenkasi district">Tenkasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_district" title="Thanjavur district">Thanjavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theni_district" title="Theni district">Theni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi_district" title="Thoothukudi district">Thoothukudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_district" title="Tiruchirappalli district">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli_district" title="Tirunelveli district">Tirunelveli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupathur_district" title="Tirupathur district">Tirupathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_district" title="Tiruppur district">Tiruppur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvallur_district" title="Tiruvallur district">Tiruvallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvannamalai_district" title="Tiruvannamalai district">Tiruvannamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvarur_district" title="Tiruvarur district">Tiruvarur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_district" title="Vellore district">Vellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viluppuram_district" title="Viluppuram district">Viluppuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virudhunagar_district" title="Virudhunagar district">Virudhunagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu-related_lists" title="Category:Tamil Nadu-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of districts in Tamil Nadu by Human Development Index">Districts in Tamil Nadu by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population">Cities in Tamil Nadu by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of towns in Tamil Nadu by population">Towns in Tamil Nadu by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revenue_divisions_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of revenue divisions of Tamil Nadu">Revenue divisions in Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/16px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/24px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India&#32;portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&amp;#124;_&amp;#124;alt=&amp;#124;link=_State_of_Andhra_Pradesh" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Andhra_Pradesh" title="Template:Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Andhra_Pradesh" title="Template talk:Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Andhra_Pradesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&amp;#124;_&amp;#124;alt=&amp;#124;link=_State_of_Andhra_Pradesh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span> &#160;<a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: none; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div>Capital: <b><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Andhra Pradesh">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="History of Andhra Pradesh">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Geography of Andhra Pradesh">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Government of Andhra Pradesh">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Demographics of Andhra Pradesh">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Culture of Andhra Pradesh">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Politics of Andhra Pradesh">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Education in Andhra Pradesh">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Andhra_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Andhra Pradesh">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Tourism in Andhra Pradesh">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Sports in Andhra Pradesh">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Transport in Andhra Pradesh">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Song</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maa_Telugu_Thalliki" title="Maa Telugu Thalliki">Maa Telugu Thalliki</a></dd> <dt>Language</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></dd> <dt>Dance</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></dd> <dt>Sport</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></dd> <dt>Animal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck</a></dd> <dt>Bird</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rose-ringed_parakeet" title="Rose-ringed parakeet">Rose-ringed parakeet</a></dd> <dt>Fish</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Channa_marulius" title="Channa marulius">Great Snakehead</a></dd> <dt>Flower</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_officinale" title="Jasminum officinale">Jasmine</a></dd> <dt>Fruit</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Banganapalle_(mango)" title="Banganapalle (mango)">Banginapalli Mango</a></dd> <dt>Tree</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Azadirachta_indica" title="Azadirachta indica">Neem</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Andhra" title="North Andhra">North Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Andhra" title="Coastal Andhra">Coastal Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayalaseema" title="Rayalaseema">Rayalaseema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of districts of Andhra Pradesh">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitharama_Raju_district" title="Alluri Sitharama Raju district">Alluri Sitharama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anakapalli_district" title="Anakapalli district">Anakapalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantapur_district" title="Anantapur district">Anantapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annamayya_district" title="Annamayya district">Annamayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bapatla_district" title="Bapatla district">Bapatla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittoor_district" title="Chittoor district">Chittoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Godavari_district" title="East Godavari district">East Godavari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluru_district" title="Eluru district">Eluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntur_district" title="Guntur district">Guntur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadapa_district" title="Kadapa district">Kadapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakinada_district" title="Kakinada district">Kakinada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konaseema_district" title="Konaseema district">Konaseema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_district" title="Krishna district">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurnool_district" title="Kurnool district">Kurnool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandyal_district" title="Nandyal district">Nandyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTR_district" title="NTR district">NTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palnadu_district" title="Palnadu district">Palnadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvathipuram_Manyam_district" title="Parvathipuram Manyam district">Parvathipuram Manyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakasam_district" title="Prakasam district">Prakasam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellore_district" title="Nellore district">Nellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikakulam_district" title="Srikakulam district">Srikakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sathya_Sai_district" title="Sri Sathya Sai district">Sri Sathya Sai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupati_district" title="Tirupati district">Tirupati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam_district" title="Visakhapatnam district">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizianagaram_district" title="Vizianagaram district">Vizianagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Godavari_district" title="West Godavari district">West Godavari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Metropolis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Andhra_Pradesh_by_population" title="List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoni" title="Adoni">Adoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantapur" title="Anantapur">Anantapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimavaram" title="Bhimavaram">Bhimavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilakaluripet" title="Chilakaluripet">Chilakaluripet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittoor" title="Chittoor">Chittoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmavaram,_Sri_Sathya_Sai_district" title="Dharmavaram, Sri Sathya Sai district">Dharmavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadiri" title="Kadiri">Kadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluru" title="Eluru">Eluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudivada" title="Gudivada">Gudivada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntakal" title="Guntakal">Guntakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntur" title="Guntur">Guntur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindupur" title="Hindupur">Hindupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadapa" title="Kadapa">Kadapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakinada" title="Kakinada">Kakinada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurnool" title="Kurnool">Kurnool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Machilipatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madanapalle" title="Madanapalle">Madanapalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandyal" title="Nandyal">Nandyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasaraopet" title="Narasaraopet">Narasaraopet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellore" title="Nellore">Nellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuzvid" title="Nuzvid">Nuzvid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongole" title="Ongole">Ongole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakollu" title="Palakollu">Palakollu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proddatur" title="Proddatur">Proddatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajahmundry" title="Rajahmundry">Rajahmundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikakulam" title="Srikakulam">Srikakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadepalligudem" title="Tadepalligudem">Tadepalligudem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadipatri" title="Tadipatri">Tadipatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenali" title="Tenali">Tenali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuni" title="Tuni">Tuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizianagaram" title="Vizianagaram">Vizianagaram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Transport in Andhra Pradesh">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Airports_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Airports in Andhra Pradesh">Airports</a></li> <li>Railways</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:State_highways_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:State highways in Andhra Pradesh">Roadways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Ports and harbours of Andhra Pradesh">Seaports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Tourism in Andhra Pradesh">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Dams in Andhra Pradesh">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Forts in Andhra Pradesh">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Lakes of Andhra Pradesh">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:National parks in Andhra Pradesh">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_temples_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Churches in Andhra Pradesh">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wildlife_sanctuaries_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh">Wildlife sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Waterfalls of Andhra Pradesh">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="History of Andhra Pradesh">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvaku" title="Andhra Ikshvaku">Andhra Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Gotrika" title="Ananda Gotrika">Ananda Gotrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salankayana_dynasty" title="Salankayana dynasty">Salankayana dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundina dynasty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pallava dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velanati_Chodas" title="Velanati Chodas">Velanati Chodas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musunuri_Nayakas" title="Musunuri Nayakas">Musunuri Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reddi_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reddi kingdom">Reddi kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb Shahi dynasty">Qutb Shahi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaf_Jahi_dynasty" title="Asaf Jahi dynasty">Asaf Jahi dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Related lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Andhra_Pradesh_by_population" title="List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population">List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_agglomerations_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh">List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revenue_divisions_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh">List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_local_bodies_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh">List of urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mandals_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh">List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><span 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