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aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rashtrakutas</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" > 39 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="سلالة راشتراكوتا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة راشتراكوتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="راشترکوته شاه‌لیلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="راشترکوته شاه‌لیلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="রাষ্ট্রকূট রাজবংশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাষ্ট্রকূট রাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakuta" title="Rashtrakuta – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rashtrakuta" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raixtrakuta" title="Raixtrakuta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Raixtrakuta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakuta" title="Rashtrakuta – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rashtrakuta" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakuta" title="Rashtrakuta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rashtrakuta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%87" title="دودمان راشترکوته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان راشترکوته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakuta" title="Rashtrakuta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rashtrakuta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%9F_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B6" title="રાષ્ટ્રકૂટ વંશ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રાષ્ટ્રકૂટ વંશ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="राश्ट्रकूट राजवंश – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="राश्ट्रकूट राजवंश" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%88%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%BF%A0%ED%83%80" title="라슈트라쿠타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라슈트라쿠타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="राष्ट्रकूट राजवंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राष्ट्रकूट राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Rashtrakuta" title="Dinasti Rashtrakuta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Rashtrakuta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakuta" title="Rashtrakuta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rashtrakuta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%94" title="שושלת רשטראקוטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת רשטראקוטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F" title="ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="რაშტრაკუტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რაშტრაკუტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1trakut%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Raštrakutų dinastija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raštrakutų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC" title="രാഷ്ട്രകൂടർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാഷ്ട്രകൂടർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87" title="राष्ट्रकूट राजघराणे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राष्ट्रकूट राजघराणे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Rashtrakuta" title="Dinasti Rashtrakuta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Rashtrakuta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakutadynastie" title="Rashtrakutadynastie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rashtrakutadynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="राष्ट्रकुट वंश – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="राष्ट्रकुट वंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E6%9C%9D" title="ラーシュトラクータ朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラーシュトラクータ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakuta-dynastiet" title="Rashtrakuta-dynastiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rashtrakuta-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%B6" title="ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରକୁଟ ରାଜବଂଶ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରକୁଟ ରାଜବଂଶ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਕੂਟ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਕੂਟ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%B9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="راشٹرکوٹ شاہی خاندان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="راشٹرکوٹ شاہی خاندان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Раштракуты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Раштракуты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="राष्ट्रकूटवंशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="राष्ट्रकूटवंशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%A7_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="රාෂ්ට්‍රකූට රාජවංශය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රාෂ්ට්‍රකූට රාජවංශය" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">753–982</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Rashtrakuta_Empire_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rashtrakuta control around 790 AD, during the Tripartite Struggle[1]"><img alt="Rashtrakuta control around 790 AD, during the Tripartite Struggle[1]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indian_Rashtrakuta_Empire_map.svg/250px-Indian_Rashtrakuta_Empire_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indian_Rashtrakuta_Empire_map.svg/375px-Indian_Rashtrakuta_Empire_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indian_Rashtrakuta_Empire_map.svg/500px-Indian_Rashtrakuta_Empire_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Rashtrakuta control around 790 AD, during the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Tripartite Struggle</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manyakheta" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyakheta">Manyakheta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><a href="#cite_note-buddha-2">[2]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 735–756 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dantidurga" title="Dantidurga">Dantidurga</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 973–982 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indra_IV" title="Indra IV">Indra IV</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Earliest Rashtrakuta records </div></th><td class="infobox-data">753 CE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">753</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 March 982</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dantidurga" title="Dantidurga">Dantidurga</a> <div style="float:right;">735–756</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_I" title="Krishna I">Krishna I</a> <div style="float:right;">756–774</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govinda_II" title="Govinda II">Govinda II</a> <div style="float:right;">774–780</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhruva_Dharavarsha" title="Dhruva Dharavarsha">Dhruva Dharavarsha</a> <div style="float:right;">780–793</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govinda_III" title="Govinda III">Govinda III</a> <div style="float:right;">793–814</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha" title="Amoghavarsha">Amoghavarsha</a> <div style="float:right;">814–878</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_II" title="Krishna II">Krishna II</a> <div style="float:right;">878–914</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_III" title="Indra III">Indra III</a> <div style="float:right;">914–929</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha_II" title="Amoghavarsha II">Amoghavarsha II</a> <div style="float:right;">929–930</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govinda_IV" title="Govinda IV">Govinda IV</a> <div style="float:right;">930–936</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha_III" title="Amoghavarsha III">Amoghavarsha III</a> <div style="float:right;">936–939</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_III" title="Krishna III">Krishna III</a> <div style="float:right;">939–967</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khottiga" title="Khottiga">Khottiga</a> <div style="float:right;">967–972</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karka_II" title="Karka II">Karka II</a> <div style="float:right;">972–973</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_IV" title="Indra IV">Indra IV</a> <div style="float:right;">973–982</div></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> The Rashtrakutas<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> were a royal Indian <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a> ruling large parts of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> between the 6th and 10th centuries. The earliest known Rashtrakuta <a href="/wiki/Indian_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian inscriptions">inscription</a> is a 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Copper_plate_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper plate grant">copper plate grant</a> detailing their rule from Manapur, a city in Central or West India. Other ruling Rashtrakuta clans from the same period mentioned in inscriptions were the kings of <a href="/wiki/Achalpur" title="Achalpur">Achalapur</a> and the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a>. Several controversies exist regarding the origin of these early Rashtrakutas, their native homeland and their language. The Elichpur clan was a <a href="/wiki/Feudatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudatory">feudatory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a>, and during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Dantidurga" title="Dantidurga">Dantidurga</a>, it overthrew Chalukya <a href="/wiki/Kirtivarman_II" title="Kirtivarman II">Kirtivarman II</a> and went on to build an empire with the <a href="/wiki/Gulbarga" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulbarga">Gulbarga</a> region in modern <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> as its base. This clan came to be known as the Rashtrakutas of <a href="/wiki/Manyakheta" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyakheta">Manyakheta</a>, rising to power in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> in 753 AD. At the same time the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prathihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Prathihara">Prathihara dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gurjaratra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjaratra">Gurjaratra</a> were gaining force in eastern and northwestern India respectively. An Arabic text, Silsilat al-Tawarikh (851), called the Rashtrakutas one of the four principal empires of the world.<a href="#cite_note-siraf-4">[3]</a> This period, between the 8th and the 10th centuries, saw a <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite struggle">tripartite struggle</a> for the resources of the rich <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Gangetic plains</a>, each of these three empires annexing the seat of power at Kannauj for short periods of time. At their peak the Rashtrakutas of <a href="/wiki/Manyakheta" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyakheta">Manyakheta</a> ruled a vast empire stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamuna River">Yamuna River</a> <a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">doab</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a> in the south, a fruitful time of political expansion, architectural achievements and famous literary contributions. The early kings of this dynasty were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and the later kings by <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>. During their rule, <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> mathematicians and scholars contributed important works in <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoghavarsha I">Amoghavarsha I</a>, the most famous king of this dynasty wrote <a href="/wiki/Kavirajamarga" title="Kavirajamarga">Kavirajamarga</a>, a landmark literary work in the Kannada language. Architecture reached a milestone in the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a> style, the finest example of which is seen in the <a href="/wiki/Kailasa_Temple,_Ellora" title="Kailasa Temple, Ellora">Kailasanatha Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>. Other important contributions are the Kashivishvanatha temple and the Jain Narayana temple at <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a> in modern Karnataka, both of which are <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the Rashtrakuta dynasty">Origin of the Rashtrakuta dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty">Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_expansion" title="Carnatic expansion">Carnatic expansion</a></div> The origin of the Rashtrakuta dynasty has been a controversial topic of Indian history. These issues pertain to the origin of the earliest ancestors of the Rashtrakutas during the time of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> in the 2nd century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>,<a href="#cite_note-arattas-5">[4]</a> and the connection between the several Rashtrakuta dynasties that ruled small kingdoms in northern and central India and the Deccan between the 6th and 7th centuries. The relationship of these medieval Rashtrakutas to the most famous later dynasty, the Rashtrakutas of <a href="/wiki/Manyakheta" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyakheta">Manyakheta</a> (present-day Malkhed in the <a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_district" title="Kalaburagi district">Kalaburagi district</a>, Karnataka state), who ruled between the 8th and 10th centuries has also been debated.<a href="#cite_note-connect-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-connect1-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-study1-8">[7]</a> The sources for Rashtrakuta history include medieval <a href="/wiki/Indian_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian inscriptions">inscriptions</a>, ancient literature in the <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> language,<a href="#cite_note-pali-9">[8]</a> contemporaneous literature in Sanskrit and <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> and the notes of the Arab travellers.<a href="#cite_note-sources-10">[9]</a> Theories about the dynastic lineage (<a href="/wiki/Suryavansha" class="mw-redirect" title="Suryavansha">Surya Vamsa</a>—Solar line and <a href="/wiki/Chandravansha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandravansha">Chandra Vamsa</a>—Lunar line), the native region and the ancestral home have been proposed, based on information gleaned from inscriptions, royal emblems, the ancient clan names such as "Rashtrika", epithets (Ratta, Rashtrakuta, Lattalura Puravaradhiswara), the names of princes and princesses of the dynasty, and clues from relics such as coins.<a href="#cite_note-study1-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-study-11">[10]</a> Scholars debate over which ethnic/linguistic groups can claim the early Rashtrakutas. Possibilities include the <a href="/wiki/Kannadiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannadiga">Kannadiga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kanisetti-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-kann-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-kann2-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-latur-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-banavasi-16">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reddi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reddi">Reddi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-red-17">[16]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mar-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-mar1-19">[18]</a> the tribes from the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pun-20">[19]</a> or other north western ethnic groups of India.<a href="#cite_note-raj-21">[20]</a> Scholars however concur that the rulers of the imperial dynasty in the 8th to 10th century made the <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada language</a> as important as Sanskrit. Rashtrakuta inscriptions use both Kannada and Sanskrit (historians <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Pollock" title="Sheldon Pollock">Sheldon Pollock</a> and Jan Houben claim they are mostly in Kannada),<a href="#cite_note-language-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-language1-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-houb-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-language2-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-dal-26">[25]</a> and the rulers encouraged literature in both languages. The earliest existing Kannada literary writings are credited to their court poets and royalty.<a href="#cite_note-credit-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaina_literature-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaina_literature1-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaina_literature2-30">[29]</a> Though these Rashtrakutas were <a href="/wiki/Kannadiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannadiga">Kannadigas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-banavasi-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-study1-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-kanna-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-kanna1-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-mas-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-ravi-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kanisetti-12">[11]</a> they were conversant in a northern Deccan language as well.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> The heart of the Rashtrakuta empire included nearly all of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, an area which the Rashtrakutas ruled for over two centuries. The Samangadh copper plate grant (753) confirms that the feudatory King <a href="/wiki/Dantidurga" title="Dantidurga">Dantidurga</a>, who probably ruled from Achalapura in <a href="/wiki/Berar_Province" title="Berar Province">Berar</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Achalpur" title="Achalpur">Elichpur</a> in Maharashtra), defeated the great Karnatic army (referring to the army of the <a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a>) of Kirtivarman II of <a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a> in 753 and took control of the northern regions of the Chalukya empire.<a href="#cite_note-karnatik-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-karnata-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-achala-38">[37]</a> He then helped his son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Pallava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava">Pallava</a> King <a href="/wiki/Nandivarman_II" title="Nandivarman II">Nandivarman II</a> regain <a href="/wiki/Kanchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanchi">Kanchi</a> from the Chalukyas and defeated the Gurjaras, and the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Kalinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Srisailam" title="Srisailam">Srisailam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-srisila-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gulbarga-40">[39]</a> Dantidurga's successor <a href="/wiki/Krishna_I" title="Krishna I">Krishna I</a> brought major portions of present-day Karnataka and <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> under his control.<a href="#cite_note-kon-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-secure-42">[41]</a> During the rule of <a href="/wiki/Dhruva_Dharavarsha" title="Dhruva Dharavarsha">Dhruva Dharavarsha</a> who took control in 780, the kingdom expanded into an empire that encompassed all of the territory between the <a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaveri River">Kaveri River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kon-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-abdication-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-abd-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-panindia-45">[44]</a> He led successful expeditions to Kannauj, the seat of northern Indian power where he defeated the <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Pratiharas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Palas</a> of Bengal, gaining him fame and vast booty but not more territory. He also brought the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangas">Gangas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Talakad" class="mw-redirect" title="Talakad">Talakad</a> under his control.<a href="#cite_note-kon-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-effectively-46">[45]</a> According to Altekar and Sen, the Rashtrakutas became a pan-India power during his rule.<a href="#cite_note-panindia-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-All-India-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Tripartite Struggle</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:290px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rashtrakutas is located in South Asia"><img alt="Rashtrakutas is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/290px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/435px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/580px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a><div id="annotation_230x5" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:5px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/800" title="800">South Asia 800 CE</a></div><div id="annotation_170x45" style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:45px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">TIBETAN EMPIRE</a></div><div id="annotation_160x155" style="position:absolute; left:160px; top:155px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">KALINGAS</a></div><div id="annotation_135x115" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:115px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri">KALA CHURIS</a></div><div id="annotation_185x138" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:138px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bhauma-Kara_dynasty" title="Bhauma-Kara dynasty">BHAUMA- KARAS</a></div><div id="annotation_135x185" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:185px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">PALLAVAS</a></div><div id="annotation_145x165" style="position:absolute; left:145px; top:165px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">EASTERN CHALUKYAS</a></div><div id="annotation_120x230" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:230px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">PANDYAS</a></div><div id="annotation_130x205" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:205px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">CHOLAS</a></div><div id="annotation_115x215" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:215px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">CHERAS</a></div><div id="annotation_215x98" style="position:absolute; left:215px; top:98px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">KAMARUPA</a></div><div id="annotation_105x40" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:40px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Karkota_dynasty" title="Karkota dynasty">KASHMIR</a></div><div id="annotation_75x125" style="position:absolute; left:75px; top:125px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chavda_dynasty" title="Chavda dynasty">CHAVDAS</a></div><div id="annotation_65x135" style="position:absolute; left:65px; top:135px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Saindhava" title="Saindhava">SAINDAVAS</a></div><div id="annotation_85x155" style="position:absolute; left:85px; top:155px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Shilahara" title="Shilahara">SHILA- HARAS</a></div><div id="annotation_110x195" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:195px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Alupa_dynasty" title="Alupa dynasty">ALUPAS</a></div><div id="annotation_90x95" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:95px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">GURJARA PRATIHARAS</a></div><div id="annotation_140x92" style="position:absolute; left:140px; top:92px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kannauj" title="Kingdom of Kannauj">KANNAUJ</a></div><div id="annotation_200x106" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:106px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">PALA EMPIRE</a></div><div id="annotation_110x150" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:150px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">RASHTRA- KUTAS</a></div><div id="annotation_165x125" style="position:absolute; left:165px; top:125px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gondwana_(India)" title="Gondwana (India)">Aboriginal tribes</a></div><div id="annotation_1x40" style="position:absolute; left:1px; top:40px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">ABBASID CALIPHATE</a></div><div id="annotation_97x56" style="position:absolute; left:97px; top:56px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">KABUL SHAHI</a></div><div id="annotation_52x52" style="position:absolute; left:52px; top:52px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Zunbils" title="Zunbils">ZUNBILS</a></div><div id="annotation_140x5" style="position:absolute; left:140px; top:5px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">TANG DYNASTY</a></div><div id="annotation_55x85" style="position:absolute; left:55px; top:85px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Caliphal_province_of_Sind" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphal province of Sind">CALIPHAL SIND</a></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" title="File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Rashtrakutas and neighbouring polities in South Asia circa 800 CE.<a href="#cite_note-JES-48">[47]</a></div></div></div> The ascent of Dhruva Dharavarsha's third son, <a href="/wiki/Govinda_III" title="Govinda III">Govinda III</a>, to the throne heralded an era of success like never before.<a href="#cite_note-era-49">[48]</a> There is uncertainty about the location of the early capital of the Rashtrakutas at this time.<a href="#cite_note-earlycapital-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-earlycapital1-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-earlycapital2-52">[51]</a> During his rule there was a three way conflict between the Rashtrakutas, the Palas and the Pratiharas for control over the Gangetic plains. Describing his victories over the Pratihara Emperor Nagabhatta II and the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_of_Bengal" title="Dharmapala of Bengal">Dharmapala</a>,<a href="#cite_note-kon-41">[40]</a> the Sanjan inscription states the horses of Govinda III drank from the icy waters of the Himalayan streams and his war elephants tasted the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">sacred waters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-icy-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Himalayas-54">[53]</a> His military exploits have been compared to those of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-arjuna-55">[54]</a> Having conquered Kannauj, he travelled south, took firm hold over Gujarat, Kosala (<a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kaushal</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Gangavadi</a>, humbled the <a href="/wiki/Pallavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallavas">Pallavas</a> of Kanchi, installed a ruler of his choice in <a href="/wiki/Vengi" title="Vengi">Vengi</a> and received two statues as an act of submission from the king of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a> (one statue of the king and another of his minister). The Cholas, the <a href="/wiki/Pandyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyas">Pandyas</a> and the Kongu Cheras of Karur all paid him tribute.<a href="#cite_note-kerela-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-kerela1-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-statue-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-peru-59">[58]</a> As one historian puts it, the drums of the Deccan were heard from the Himalayan caves to the shores of the Malabar Coast.<a href="#cite_note-arjuna-55">[54]</a> The Rashtrakutas empire now spread over the areas from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Comorin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Comorin">Cape Comorin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Banaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Banaras">Banaras</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Bharuch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hima-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-lord-61">[60]</a> The successor of Govinda III, <a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoghavarsha I">Amoghavarsha I</a> made <a href="/wiki/Manyakheta" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyakheta">Manyakheta</a> his capital and ruled a large empire. Manyakheta remained the Rashtrakutas' regal capital until the end of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-newcapital-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-newcapital1-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-newcapital2-64">[63]</a> He came to the throne in 814 but it was not until 821 that he had suppressed revolts from <a href="/wiki/Feudatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudatory">feudatories</a> and ministers. Amoghavarsha I made peace with the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga dynasty</a> by giving them his two daughters in marriage, and then defeated the invading <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a> at Vingavalli and assumed the title Viranarayana.<a href="#cite_note-vira-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-vinga-66">[65]</a> His rule was not as militant as that of Govinda III as he preferred to maintain friendly relations with his neighbours, the Gangas, the Eastern Chalukyas and the Pallavas with whom he also cultivated marital ties. His era was an enriching one for the arts, literature and religion. Widely seen as the most famous of the Rashtrakuta Emperors, <a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoghavarsha I">Amoghavarsha I</a> was an accomplished scholar in Kannada and Sanskrit.<a href="#cite_note-scholar-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-rhetoric-68">[67]</a> His Kavirajamarga is considered an important landmark in Kannada poetics and Prashnottara Ratnamalika in Sanskrit is a writing of high merit and was later translated into the Tibetan language.<a href="#cite_note-rhetoric1-69">[68]</a> Because of his religious temperament, his interest in the arts and literature and his peace-loving nature, he has been compared to the emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> and called "Ashoka of the South".<a href="#cite_note-Ashoka-70">[69]</a> During the rule of <a href="/wiki/Krishna_II" title="Krishna II">Krishna II</a>, the empire faced a revolt from the Eastern Chalukyas and its size decreased to the area including most of the Western <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> and Gujarat.<a href="#cite_note-reduce-71">[70]</a> Krishna II ended the independent status of the Gujarat branch and brought it under direct control from Manyakheta. <a href="/wiki/Indra_III" title="Indra III">Indra III</a> recovered the dynasty's fortunes in central India by defeating the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Malwa" title="Kingdom of Malwa">Kingdom of Malwa</a> and then invaded the <a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">doab</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamuna River">Jamuna</a> rivers. He also defeated the dynasty's traditional enemies, the Pratiharas and the Palas, while maintaining his influence over <a href="/wiki/Vengi" title="Vengi">Vengi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reduce-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-pala-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-regain-73">[72]</a> The effect of his victories in Kannauj lasted several years according to the 930 copper plate inscription of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Govinda_IV" title="Govinda IV">Govinda IV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-control-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-control1-75">[74]</a> After a succession of weak kings during whose reigns the empire lost control of territories in the north and east, <a href="/wiki/Krishna_III" title="Krishna III">Krishna III</a> the last great ruler consolidated the empire so that it stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaveri River">Kaveri River</a> and included the northern Tamil country (Tondaimandalam) while levying tribute on the king of Ceylon.<a href="#cite_note-kanchi-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-kanchi11-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-kanchi100-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-tanjai-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-last-80">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3></div> In 972 CE.,<a href="#cite_note-Chandra-81">[80]</a> during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Khottiga_Amoghavarsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Khottiga Amoghavarsha">Khottiga Amoghavarsha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Malwa" title="Kingdom of Malwa">Malwa</a> King <a href="/wiki/Siyaka" title="Siyaka">Siyaka</a> Harsha attacked the empire and plundered Manyakheta, the capital of the Rashtrakutas. This seriously undermined the reputation of the Rastrakuta Empire and consequently led to its downfall.<a href="#cite_note-Amoghavarsha_IV-82">[81]</a> The final decline was sudden as <a href="/wiki/Tailapa_II" title="Tailapa II">Tailapa II</a>, a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta ruling from Tardavadi province in modern <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_district,_Karnataka" title="Bijapur district, Karnataka">Bijapur district</a>, declared himself independent by taking advantage of this defeat.<a href="#cite_note-Tailapa-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-tailapa1-84">[83]</a> Indra IV, the last emperor, committed <a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a> (fasting unto death practised by Jain monks) at <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a>. With the fall of the Rashtrakutas, their feudatories and related clans in the Deccan and northern India declared independence. The <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Chalukyas">Western Chalukyas</a> annexed Manyakheta and made it their capital until 1015 and built an impressive empire in the Rashtrakuta heartland during the 11th century. The focus of dominance shifted to the <a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna River</a> – <a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari River</a> doab called <a href="/wiki/Vengi" title="Vengi">Vengi</a>. The former feudatories of the Rashtrakutas in western Deccan were brought under control of the Chalukyas, and the hitherto-suppressed Cholas of Tanjore became their arch enemies in the south.<a href="#cite_note-yadgir-85">[84]</a> In conclusion, the rise of Rashtrakutas of <a href="/wiki/Manyakheta" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyakheta">Manyakheta</a> had a great impact on India, even on India's north. Sulaiman (851), <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a> (944) and Ibn Khurdadba (912) wrote that their empire was the largest in contemporary India and Sulaiman further called it one among the four great contemporary empires of the world.<a href="#cite_note-contemp-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-reded-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Imperial-88">[87]</a> According to the travelogues of the Arabs Al Masudi and Ibn Khordidbih of the 10th century, "most of the kings of Hindustan turned their faces towards the Rashtrakuta king while they were praying, and they prostrated themselves before his ambassadors. The Rashtrakuta king was known as the "King of kings" (Rajadhiraja) who possessed the mightiest of armies and whose domains extended from Konkan to Sind."<a href="#cite_note-Burjor-89">[88]</a> Some historians have called these times an "Age of Imperial Kannauj". Since the Rashtrakutas successfully captured Kannauj, levied tribute on its rulers and presented themselves as masters of North India, the era could also be called the "Age of Imperial Karnataka".<a href="#cite_note-Imperial-88">[87]</a> During their political expansion into central and northern India in the 8th to the 10th centuries, the Rashtrakutas or their relatives created several kingdoms that either ruled during the reign of the parent empire or continued to rule for centuries after its fall or came to power much later. Well known among these were the Rashtrakutas of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> (757–888),<a href="#cite_note-guj-90">[89]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ratta_dynasty" title="Ratta dynasty">Rattas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saundatti" title="Saundatti">Saundatti</a> (875–1230) in modern Karnataka,<a href="#cite_note-kar-91">[90]</a> the Gahadavalas of Kannauj (1068–1223),<a href="#cite_note-gaha-92">[91]</a> the Rashtrakutas of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> (known as Rajputana) and ruling from Hastikundi or Hathundi (893–996),<a href="#cite_note-has-93">[92]</a> Dahal (near <a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Dah-94">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rathore_dynasty" title="Rathore dynasty">Rathores</a> of Mandore (near <a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Rathore_dynasty" title="Rathore dynasty">Rathores</a> of Dhanop,<a href="#cite_note-dhan-95">[94]</a> Rashtraudha dynasty of Mayuragiri in modern Maharashtra<a href="#cite_note-mayur-96">[95]</a> and Rashtrakutas of Kannauj.<a href="#cite_note-kannau-97">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajadhiraja_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajadhiraja Chola">Rajadhiraja Chola</a>'s conquest of the island of Ceylon in the early 11th century CE led to the fall of four kings there. According to historian K. Pillay, one of them, King Madavarajah of the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a>, was an usurper from the Rashtrakuta dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background:lightyellow"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Karnataka" title="Category:History of Karnataka">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0 5px; background: #EEDC82; font-size:135%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">History of Karnataka</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:GBerunda.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/GBerunda.JPG/135px-GBerunda.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/GBerunda.JPG/203px-GBerunda.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/GBerunda.JPG/270px-GBerunda.JPG 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="335" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_medieval_Karnataka" title="Political history of medieval Karnataka">Political history of medieval Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Karnataka" title="Etymology of Karnataka">Origin of Karnataka's name</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Polities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadambas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Gangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Kalyani" title="Kalachuris of Kalyani">Southern Kalachuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Kingdom" title="Hoysala Kingdom">Hoysala Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bijapur" title="Sultanate of Bijapur">Sultanate of Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Nayakas of Keladi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Nayakas of Chitradurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleri_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Haleri Kingdom">Haleri Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Karnataka" title="Unification of Karnataka">Unification of Karnataka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Architecture of Karnataka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Forts in Karnataka">Forts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_economies_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Historical economies of Karnataka">Economies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_Societies_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Historical Societies of Karnataka">Societies</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Karnataka_History" title="Template:Karnataka History"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Karnataka_History" title="Template talk:Karnataka History"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka_History" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka History"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Inscriptions and other literary records indicate the Rashtrakutas selected the crown prince based on heredity. The crown did not always pass on to the eldest son. Abilities were considered more important than age and chronology of birth, as exemplified by the crowning of Govinda III who was the third son of king Dhruva Dharavarsha. The most important position under the king was the Chief Minister (Mahasandhivigrahi) whose position came with five insignia commensurate with his position namely, a flag, a conch, a fan, a white umbrella, a large drum and five musical instruments called Panchamahashabdas. Under him was the commander (Dandanayaka), the foreign minister (Mahakshapataladhikrita) and a prime minister (Mahamatya or Purnamathya), all of whom were usually associated with one of the feudatory kings and must have held a position in government equivalent to a premier.<a href="#cite_note-archive-99">[98]</a> A Mahasamantha was a feudatory or higher ranking regal officer. All cabinet ministers were well versed in political science (Rajneeti) and possessed military training. There were cases where women supervised significant areas as when Revakanimaddi, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoghavarsha I">Amoghavarsha I</a>, administered Edathore Vishaya. The kingdom was divided into Mandala or Rashtras (provinces). A Rashtra was ruled by a Rashtrapathi who on occasion was the emperor himself. Amoghavarsha I's empire had sixteen Rashtras. Under a Rashtra was a <a href="/wiki/Vishaya" title="Vishaya">Vishaya</a> (district) overseen by a Vishayapathi. Trusted ministers sometimes ruled more than a Rashtra. For example, Bankesha, a commander of <a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoghavarsha I">Amoghavarsha I</a> headed several Rashtras, besides ruling <a href="/wiki/Banavasi" title="Banavasi">Banavasi</a> which included 12,000 villages in that territory, lesser Rashtras included: Kunduru (500), Belvola (300), Puligere (300) and Kundarge (70). Below the Vishaya was the Nadu looked after by the Nadugowda (or Nadugavunda); sometimes there were two such officials, one assuming the position through heredity and another appointed centrally. The lowest division was a Grama or village administered by a Gramapathi or Prabhu Gavunda.<a href="#cite_note-mandala-100">[99]</a> The Rashtrakuta army consisted of large contingents of infantry, horsemen, and elephants. A standing army was always ready for war in a cantonment (Sthirabhuta Kataka) in the regal capital of Manyakheta. Large armies were also maintained by the feudatory kings who were expected to contribute to the defense of the empire in case of war. Chieftains and all the officials also served as commanders whose postings were transferable if the need arose.<a href="#cite_note-army-101">[100]</a> The Rashtrakutas issued coins (minted in an Akkashale) such as Suvarna, Drammas in silver and gold weighing 65 <a href="/wiki/Grain_(measure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain (measure)">grains</a>, Kalanju weighing 48 grains, Gadyanaka weighing 96 grains, Kasu weighing 15 grains, Manjati with 2.5 grains and Akkam of 1.25 grain.<a href="#cite_note-coins-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rashtrakuta_empire_of_Manyakheta" title="Economy of Rashtrakuta empire of Manyakheta">Economy of Rashtrakuta empire of Manyakheta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasivisvanatha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kasivisvanatha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg/220px-Kasivisvanatha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kasivisvanatha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg/330px-Kasivisvanatha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kasivisvanatha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg/440px-Kasivisvanatha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption>Kashivishvanatha temple at <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a>, Karnataka</figcaption></figure> The Rashtrakuta economy was sustained by its natural and agricultural produce, its manufacturing revenues and moneys gained from its conquests. Cotton was the chief crop of the regions of southern Gujarat, <a href="/wiki/Khandesh" title="Khandesh">Khandesh</a> and Berar. Minnagar, Gujarat, <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paithan" title="Paithan">Paithan</a> and Tagara were important centres of textile industry. <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Muslin</a> cloth were manufactured in Paithan and <a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a>. The cotton yarn and cloth was exported from <a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Bharoch</a>. White <a href="/wiki/Calico_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calico (textile)">calicos</a> were manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Burhanpur" title="Burhanpur">Burhanpur</a> and Berar and exported to <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khazaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazaria">Khazaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-trade-103">[102]</a> The Konkan region, ruled by the feudatory Silharas, produced large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">betel</a> leaves, coconut and rice while the lush forests of Mysore, ruled by the feudatory <a href="/wiki/Gangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangas">Gangas</a>, produced such woods as sandal, timber, teak and ebony. Incense and perfumes were exported from the ports of <a href="/wiki/Thane" title="Thane">Thana</a> and Saimur.<a href="#cite_note-trade1-104">[103]</a> The Deccan was rich in minerals, though its soil was not as fertile as that of the Gangetic plains. The copper mines of <a href="/wiki/Cudappah" class="mw-redirect" title="Cudappah">Cudappah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellary" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellary">Bellary</a>, Chanda, Buldhana, Narsingpur, <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadnagar">Ahmadnagar</a>, Bijapur and <a href="/wiki/Dharwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharwar">Dharwar</a> were an important source of income and played an important role in the economy.<a href="#cite_note-trade2-105">[104]</a> Diamonds were mined in Cudappah, Bellary, <a href="/wiki/Kurnool" title="Kurnool">Kurnool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golconda" title="Golconda">Golconda</a>; the capital Manyakheta and Devagiri were important diamond and jewellery trading centres. The leather industry and tanning flourished in Gujarat and some regions of northern Maharashtra. <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> with its vast elephant herds was important for the ivory industry.<a href="#cite_note-trade3-106">[105]</a> The Rashtrakuta empire controlled most of the western sea board of the subcontinent which facilitated its maritime trade.<a href="#cite_note-trade1-104">[103]</a> The Gujarat branch of the empire earned a significant income from the port of Bharoch, one of the most prominent ports in the world at that time.<a href="#cite_note-trade4-107">[106]</a> The empire's chief exports were cotton yarn, cotton cloth, muslins, hides, mats, indigo, incense, perfumes, <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Betel nut">betel nuts</a>, coconuts, sandal, teak, timber, sesame oil and ivory. Its major imports were pearls, gold, dates from Arabia, slaves, <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> wines, tin, lead, <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storax" class="mw-redirect" title="Storax">storax</a>, sweet clover, flint glass, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, gold and silver coins, singing boys and girls (for the entertainment of the royalty) from other lands. Trading in horses was an important and profitable business, monopolised by the Arabs and some local merchants.<a href="#cite_note-trade5-108">[107]</a> The Rashtrakuta government levied a shipping tax of one golden Gadyanaka on all foreign vessels embarking to any other ports and a fee of one silver Ctharna ( a coin) on vessels travelling locally.<a href="#cite_note-trade21-109">[108]</a> Artists and craftsman operated as corporations (guilds) rather than as individual business. Inscriptions mention guilds of weavers, oilmen, artisans, basket and mat makers and fruit sellers. A <a href="/wiki/Saundatti" title="Saundatti">Saundatti</a> inscription refers to an assemblage of all the people of a district headed by the guilds of the region.<a href="#cite_note-trade7-110">[109]</a> Some guilds were considered superior to others, just as some corporations were, and received royal charters determining their powers and privileges. Inscriptions suggest these guilds had their own militia to protect goods in transit and, like village assemblies, they operated banks that lent money to traders and businesses.<a href="#cite_note-trade9-111">[110]</a> The government's income came from five principal sources: regular taxes, occasional taxes, fines, income taxes, miscellaneous taxes and tributes from feudatories.<a href="#cite_note-trade10-112">[111]</a> An emergency tax was imposed occasionally and were applicable when the kingdom was under duress, such as when it faced natural calamities, or was preparing for war or overcoming war's ravages. Income tax included taxes on <a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">crown land</a>, wasteland, specific types of trees considered valuable to the economy, mines, salt, treasures unearthed by prospectors.<a href="#cite_note-trade11-113">[112]</a> Additionally, customary presents were given to the king or royal officers on such festive occasions as marriage or the birth of a son.<a href="#cite_note-trade23-114">[113]</a> The king determined the tax levels based on need and circumstances in the kingdom while ensuring that an undue burden was not placed on the peasants.<a href="#cite_note-trade14-115">[114]</a> The land owner or tenant paid a variety of taxes, including land taxes, produce taxes and payment of the overhead for maintenance of the Gavunda (village head). Land taxes were varied, based on type of land, its produce and situation and ranged from 8% to 16%. A Banavasi inscription of 941 mentions reassessment of land tax due to the drying up of an old irrigation canal in the region.<a href="#cite_note-trade15-116">[115]</a> The land tax may have been as high as 20% to pay for expenses of a military frequently at war.<a href="#cite_note-trade16-117">[116]</a> In most of the kingdom, land taxes were paid in goods and services and rarely was cash accepted.<a href="#cite_note-trade18-118">[117]</a> A portion of all taxes earned by the government (usually 15%) was returned to the villages for maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-trade15-116">[115]</a> Taxes were levied on artisans such as potters, sheep herders, weavers, oilmen, shopkeepers, stall owners, brewers and gardeners. Taxes on perishable items such as fish, meat, honey, medicine, fruits and essentials like fuel was as high as 16%.<a href="#cite_note-trade21-109">[108]</a> Taxes on salt and minerals were mandatory although the empire did not claim sole ownership of mines, implying that private mineral prospecting and the quarrying business may have been active.<a href="#cite_note-trade26-119">[118]</a> The state claimed all such properties whose deceased legal owner had no immediate family to make an inheritance claim.<a href="#cite_note-trade27-120">[119]</a> Other miscellaneous taxes included ferry and house taxes. Only Brahmins and their temple institutions were taxed at a lower rate.<a href="#cite_note-trade22-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> The Rashtrakuta kings supported the popular religions of the day in the traditional spirit of religious tolerance.<a href="#cite_note-tole-122">[121]</a> Scholars have offered various arguments regarding which specific religion the Rashtrakutas favoured, basing their evidence on <a href="/wiki/Indian_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian inscriptions">inscriptions</a>, coins and contemporary literature. Some claim the Rashtrakutas were inclined towards <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> since many of the scholars who flourished in their courts and wrote in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> and a few in <a href="/wiki/Apabhramsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Apabhramsha">Apabhramsha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> were Jains.<a href="#cite_note-writer-123">[122]</a> The Rashtrakutas built well-known Jain temples at locations such as Lokapura in <a href="/wiki/Bagalkot_district" title="Bagalkot district">Bagalkot district</a> and their loyal feudatory, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a>, built Jain monuments at <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kambadahalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Kambadahalli">Kambadahalli</a>. Scholars have suggested that Jainism was a principal religion at the very heart of the empire, modern Karnataka, accounting for more than 30% of the population and dominating the culture of the region.<a href="#cite_note-population-124">[123]</a> King Amoghavarsha I was a disciple of the Jain <a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">acharya</a> <a href="/wiki/Jinasena" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinasena">Jinasena</a> and wrote in his religious writing, Prashnottara Ratnamalika, "having bowed to Varaddhamana (<a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>), I write Prashnottara Ratnamalika". The mathematician <a href="/wiki/Mahavira_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavira (mathematician)">Mahaviracharya</a> wrote in his Ganita Sarasangraha, "The subjects under Amoghavarsha are happy and the land yields plenty of grain. May the kingdom of King Nripatunga Amoghavarsha, follower of Jainism ever increase far and wide." Amoghavarsha may have taken up Jainism in his old age.<a href="#cite_note-grain-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-grain1-126">[125]</a> However, the Rashtrakuta kings also patronized <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>'s followers of the <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta</a> faiths. Almost all of their inscriptions begin with an invocation to god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> or god <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sanjan_(Gujarat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjan (Gujarat)">Sanjan</a> inscriptions tell of King Amoghavarsha I sacrificing a finger from his left hand at the <a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Temple_(Kolhapur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalakshmi Temple (Kolhapur)">Lakshmi temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kolhapur" title="Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a> to avert a calamity in his kingdom. King Dantidurga performed the Hiranyagarbha (horse sacrifice) and the Sanjan and <a href="/wiki/Khambhat" title="Khambhat">Cambay</a> plates of King <a href="/wiki/Govinda_IV" title="Govinda IV">Govinda IV</a> mention <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> performing such rituals as <a href="/wiki/Rajasuya" title="Rajasuya">Rajasuya</a>, Vajapeya and Agnishtoma.<a href="#cite_note-ritual-127">[126]</a> An early <a href="/wiki/Copper_plate_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper plate grant">copper plate grant</a> of King Dantidurga (753) shows an image of god Shiva and the coins of his successor, King Krishna I (768), bear the legend Parama Maheshwara (another name for Shiva). The kings' titles such as Veeranarayana showed their Vaishnava leanings. Their flag had the sign of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers, perhaps copied from the Badami Chalukyas.<a href="#cite_note-ganga-128">[127]</a> The famous Kailasnatha temple at Ellora and other rock-cut caves attributed to them show that the Hinduism was flourishing.<a href="#cite_note-ritual-127">[126]</a> Their family deity was a goddess by name Latana (also known as Rashtrashyena, Manasa Vindyavasini) who took the form of a falcon to save the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-falcon-129">[128]</a> They built temples with icons and ornamentation that satisfied the needs of different faiths. The temple at Salotgi was meant for followers of Shiva and Vishnu and the temple at Kargudri was meant for worshipers of Shiva, Vishnu and Bhaskara (<a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a>, the sun god).<a href="#cite_note-writer-123">[122]</a> In short, the Rashtrakuta rule was tolerant to multiple popular religions, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, Vaishnavaism and Shaivism. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> too found support and was popular in places such as <a href="/wiki/Dambal" title="Dambal">Dambal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balligavi" title="Balligavi">Balligavi</a>, although it had declined significantly by this time.<a href="#cite_note-buddha-2">[2]</a> The decline of Buddhism in South India began in the 8th century with the spread of <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-decrease-130">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> contact with South India began as early as the 7th century, a result of trade between the Southern kingdoms and <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> lands. <a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumma</a> <a href="/wiki/Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid">Masjids</a> existed in the Rashtrakuta empire by the 10th century<a href="#cite_note-jumma-131">[130]</a> and many Muslims lived and mosques flourished on the coasts, specifically in towns such as <a href="/wiki/Kayalpattanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayalpattanam">Kayalpattanam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagore" title="Nagore">Nagore</a>. Muslim settlers married local women; their children were known as <a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappilas</a> (Moplahs) and were actively involved in <a href="/wiki/Horse_trading" title="Horse trading">horse trading</a> and manning shipping fleets.<a href="#cite_note-jumma1-132">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society">Society</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Rashtrakuta_empire_of_Manyakheta" title="Society of Rashtrakuta empire of Manyakheta">Society of Rashtrakuta empire of Manyakheta</a></div> Chronicles mention more <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a> than the four commonly known castes in the Hindu social system, some as many as seven castes.<a href="#cite_note-caste-133">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a>, the famed 10th century Persian / central Asian <a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indologist</a> mentions sixteen castes including the four basic castes of <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudras" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudras">Sudras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-caste1-134">[133]</a> The Zakaya or Lahud caste consisted of communities specialising in dance and acrobatics.<a href="#cite_note-caste3-135">[134]</a> People in the professions of sailing, hunting, weaving, cobblery, basket making and fishing belonged to specific castes or subcastes. The Antyajas caste provided many menial services to the wealthy. Brahmins enjoyed the highest status in Rashtrakuta society; only those Kshatriyas in the Sat-Kshatriya sub-caste (noble Kshatriyas) were higher in status.<a href="#cite_note-caste4-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-caste10-137">[136]</a> The careers of Brahmins usually related to education, the judiciary, astrology, mathematics, poetry and philosophy<a href="#cite_note-caste6-138">[137]</a> or the occupation of hereditary administrative posts.<a href="#cite_note-caste7-139">[138]</a> Also Brahmins increasingly practiced non-Brahminical professions (agriculture, trade in betel nuts and martial posts).<a href="#cite_note-caste8-140">[139]</a> Capital punishment, although widespread, was not given to the royal Kshatriya sub-castes or to Brahmins found guilty of heinous crimes (as the killing of a Brahmin in medieval Hindu India was itself considered a heinous crime). As an alternate punishment to enforce the law a Brahmin's right hand and left foot was severed, leaving that person disabled.<a href="#cite_note-caste9-141">[140]</a> By the 9th century, kings from all the four castes had occupied the highest seat in the monarchical system in Hindu India.<a href="#cite_note-caste11-142">[141]</a> Admitting Kshatriyas to <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic</a> schools along with Brahmins was customary, but the children of the Vaishya and <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a> castes were not allowed. Landownership by people of all castes is recorded in inscriptions<a href="#cite_note-caste12-143">[142]</a> Intercaste marriages in the higher castes were only between highly placed Kshatriya girls and Brahmin boys,<a href="#cite_note-caste15-144">[143]</a> but was relatively frequent among other castes.<a href="#cite_note-caste16-145">[144]</a> Intercaste functions were rare and dining together between people of various castes was avoided.<a href="#cite_note-caste17-146">[145]</a> Joint families were the norm but legal separations between brothers and even father and son have been recorded in inscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-caste18-147">[146]</a> Women and daughters had rights over property and land as there are inscriptions recording the sale of land by women.<a href="#cite_note-caste19-148">[147]</a> The arranged marriage system followed a strict policy of early marriage for women. Among Brahmins, boys married at or below 16 years of age and the brides chosen for them were 12 or younger. This age policy was not strictly followed by other castes.<a href="#cite_note-caste20-149">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a> (a custom in which a dead man's widow would <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">immolate</a> herself on her husband's funeral <a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">pyre</a>) was practiced but the few examples noted in inscriptions were mostly in the royal families.<a href="#cite_note-caste22-150">[149]</a> The system of shaving the heads of widows was infrequent as epigraphs note that widows were allowed to grow their hair but decorating it was discouraged.<a href="#cite_note-caste23-151">[150]</a> The remarriage of a widow was rare among the upper castes and more accepted among the lower castes.<a href="#cite_note-caste24-152">[151]</a> In the general population men wore two simple pieces of cloth, a loose garment on top and a garment worn like a <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a> for the lower part of the body. Only kings could wear <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turbans</a>, a practice that spread to the masses much later.<a href="#cite_note-caste26-153">[152]</a> Dancing was a popular entertainment and inscriptions speak of royal women being charmed by dancers, both male and female, in the king's palace. <a href="/wiki/Devadasi" title="Devadasi">Devadasis</a> (girls were "married" to a deity or temple) were often present in temples.<a href="#cite_note-caste27-154">[153]</a> Other recreational activities included attending animal fights of the same or different species. The <a href="/wiki/Atakur_inscription" title="Atakur inscription">Atakur inscription</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hero_stone" title="Hero stone">hero stone</a>, virgal) was made for the favourite hound of the feudatory Western Ganga King Butuga II that died fighting a wild boar in a hunt.<a href="#cite_note-caste29-155">[154]</a> There are records of game preserves for hunting by royalty. Astronomy and astrology were well developed as subjects of study,<a href="#cite_note-caste29-155">[154]</a> and there were many superstitious beliefs such as catching a snake alive proved a woman's chastity. Old persons suffering from incurable diseases preferred to end their lives by drowning in the sacred waters of a pilgrim site or by a ritual burning.<a href="#cite_note-caste30-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_literature" title="Rashtrakuta literature">Rashtrakuta literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Narayana_temple1_at_Pattadakal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Jain_Narayana_temple1_at_Pattadakal.jpg/220px-Jain_Narayana_temple1_at_Pattadakal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Jain_Narayana_temple1_at_Pattadakal.jpg/330px-Jain_Narayana_temple1_at_Pattadakal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Jain_Narayana_temple1_at_Pattadakal.jpg/440px-Jain_Narayana_temple1_at_Pattadakal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Jain Narayana temple at <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a> became more prominent as a literary language during the Rashtrakuta rule with its script and literature showing remarkable growth, dignity and productivity.<a href="#cite_note-language2-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaina_literature-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaina_literature2-30">[29]</a> This period effectively marked the end of the classical Prakrit and Sanskrit era. Court poets and royalty created eminent works in Kannada and Sanskrit that spanned such literary forms as prose, poetry, rhetoric, the Hindu epics and the life history of Jain <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankars</a>. Bilingual writers such as <a href="/wiki/Asaga" title="Asaga">Asaga</a> gained fame,<a href="#cite_note-asaga-157">[156]</a> and noted scholars such as the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%ABra_(mathematician)" title="Mahāvīra (mathematician)">Mahaviracharya</a> wrote on pure mathematics in the court of King Amoghavarsha I.<a href="#cite_note-mahavira-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-ganita-159">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavirajamarga" title="Kavirajamarga">Kavirajamarga</a> (850) by King <a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoghavarsha I">Amoghavarsha I</a> is the earliest available book on rhetoric and poetics in Kannada,<a href="#cite_note-rhetoric-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-rhetoric1-69">[68]</a> though it is evident from this book that native styles of Kannada composition had already existed in previous centuries.<a href="#cite_note-amog-160">[159]</a> Kavirajamarga is a guide to poets (Kavishiksha) that aims to standardize these various styles. The book refers to early Kannada prose and poetry writers such as <a href="/wiki/Durvinita" title="Durvinita">Durvinita</a>, perhaps the 6th-century monarch of <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-earlyprose-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-earlyprose1-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-earlyprose2-163">[162]</a> The Jain writer <a href="/wiki/Adikavi_Pampa" title="Adikavi Pampa">Adikavi Pampa</a>, widely regarded as one of the most influential <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> writers, became famous for <a href="/wiki/Adipurana" class="mw-redirect" title="Adipurana">Adipurana</a> (941). Written in <a href="/wiki/Champu" title="Champu">champu</a> (mixed prose-verse style) style, it is the life history of the first Jain tirthankara <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rishabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rishabha">Rishabhadeva</a>. Pampa's other notable work was <a href="/wiki/Vikramarjuna_Vijaya" title="Vikramarjuna Vijaya">Vikramarjuna Vijaya</a> (941), the author's version of the Hindu epic, <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> as the hero.<a href="#cite_note-bharata-164">[163]</a> Also called Pampa Bharata, it is a eulogy of the writer's patron, King <a href="/wiki/Chalukyas_of_Vemulavada" title="Chalukyas of Vemulavada">Chalukya</a> Arikeseri of <a href="/wiki/Vemulwada,_Karimnagar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Vemulwada, Karimnagar District">Vemulawada</a> (a Rashtrakuta feudatory), comparing the king's virtues favorably to those of Arjuna. Pampa demonstrates such a command of classical Kannada that scholars over the centuries have written many interpretations of his work.<a href="#cite_note-kanepic-165">[164]</a> Another notable Jain writer in Kannada was <a href="/wiki/Sri_Ponna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Ponna">Sri Ponna</a>, patronised by King Krishna III and famed for Shantipurana, his account of the life of Shantinatha, the 16th Jain tirthankara. He earned the title Ubhaya Kavichakravathi (supreme poet in two languages) for his command over both Kannada and Sanskrit. His other writings in Kannada were Bhuvanaika-ramaabhyudaya, Jinaksharamale and Gatapratyagata.<a href="#cite_note-rhetoric-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-ubhaya-166">[165]</a> Adikavi Pampa and Sri Ponna are called "gems of Kannada literature".<a href="#cite_note-bharata-164">[163]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanza_from_Kavirajamarga.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Stanza_from_Kavirajamarga.svg/220px-Stanza_from_Kavirajamarga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Stanza_from_Kavirajamarga.svg/330px-Stanza_from_Kavirajamarga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Stanza_from_Kavirajamarga.svg/440px-Stanza_from_Kavirajamarga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>A stanza from the 9th century Kannada classic <a href="/wiki/Kavirajamarga" title="Kavirajamarga">Kavirajamarga</a>, praising the people for their literary skills</figcaption></figure> Prose works in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> was prolific during this era as well.<a href="#cite_note-Jaina_literature-28">[27]</a> Important mathematical theories and axioms were postulated by <a href="/wiki/Mahavira_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavira (mathematician)">Mahaviracharya</a>, a native of <a href="/wiki/Gulbarga" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulbarga">Gulbarga</a>, who belonged to the Karnataka mathematical tradition and was patronised by King Amoghavarsha I.<a href="#cite_note-mahavira-158">[157]</a> His greatest contribution was Ganitasarasangraha, a writing in 9 chapters. Somadevasuri of 950 wrote in the court of <a href="/wiki/Arikesari_II" title="Arikesari II">Arikesari II</a>, a feudatory of Rashtrakuta <a href="/wiki/Krishna_III" title="Krishna III">Krishna III</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vemulwada,_Karimnagar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Vemulwada, Karimnagar District">Vemulavada</a>. He was the author of <a href="/wiki/Yashastilaka" title="Yashastilaka">Yasastilaka champu</a>, Nitivakyamrita and other writings. The main aim of the champu writing was to propagate Jain tenets and ethics. The second writing reviews the subject matter of Arthashastra from the standpoint of Jain morals in a clear and pithy manner.<a href="#cite_note-artha-167">[166]</a> Ugraditya, a Jain ascetic from Hanasoge in the modern Mysore district wrote a medical treatise called Kalyanakaraka. He delivered a discourse in the court of Amoghavarsha I encouraging abstinence from animal products and alcohol in medicine.<a href="#cite_note-cuisine-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-veg-169">[168]</a> Trivikrama was a noted scholar in the court of King Indra III. His classics were Nalachampu (915), the earliest in champu style in Sanskrit, Damayanti Katha, Madalasachampu and Begumra plates. Legend has it that Goddess <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> helped him in his effort to compete with a rival in the king's court.<a href="#cite_note-artha-167">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jinasena" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinasena">Jinasena</a> was the spiritual preceptor and <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoghavarsha I">Amoghavarsha I</a>. A theologian, his contributions are Dhavala and Jayadhavala (written with another theologian <a href="/wiki/Virasena" title="Virasena">Virasena</a>). These writings are named after their patron king who was also called Athishayadhavala. Other contributions from Jinasena were Adipurana, later completed by his disciple Gunabhadra, Harivamsha and Parshvabhyudaya.<a href="#cite_note-mahavira-158">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kailasha_temple_at_ellora.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kailasha_temple_at_ellora.JPG/249px-Kailasha_temple_at_ellora.JPG" decoding="async" width="249" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kailasha_temple_at_ellora.JPG/374px-Kailasha_temple_at_ellora.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kailasha_temple_at_ellora.JPG/498px-Kailasha_temple_at_ellora.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Kailasanath Temple at Ellora, Maharashtra</figcaption></figure> The Rashtrakutas contributed much to the architectural heritage of the Deccan. Art historian Adam Hardy categorizes their building activity into three schools: Ellora, around Badami, Aihole and Pattadakal, and at Sirval near Gulbarga.<a href="#cite_note-hardy1-170">[169]</a> The Rashtrakuta contributions to art and architecture are reflected in the splendid rock-cut cave temples at Ellora and Elephanta, areas also occupied by Jain monks, located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>. The Ellora site was originally part of a complex of 34 Buddhist caves probably created in the first half of the 6th century whose structural details show <a href="/wiki/Pandyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan">Pandyan</a> influence. Cave temples occupied by Hindus are from later periods.<a href="#cite_note-rockcut-171">[170]</a> The Rashtrakutas renovated these Buddhist caves and re-dedicated the rock-cut shrines. Amoghavarsha I espoused Jainism and there are five Jain cave temples at <a href="/wiki/Ellora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellora">Ellora</a> ascribed to his period.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> The most extensive and sumptuous of the Rashtrakuta works at <a href="/wiki/Ellora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellora">Ellora</a> is their creation of the monolithic <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Kailasanathar_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellora Kailasanathar Temple">Kailasanath Temple</a>, a splendid achievement confirming the "Balhara" status as "one among the four principal Kings of the world".<a href="#cite_note-reded-87">[86]</a> The walls of the temple have marvellous sculptures from Hindu mythology including <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parvathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvathi">Parvathi</a> while the ceilings have paintings. The Kailasanath Temple project was commissioned by King Krishna I after the Rashtrakuta rule had spread into South India from the Deccan. The architectural style used is Karnata Dravida according to Adam Hardy. It does not contain any of the Shikharas common to the Nagara style and was built on the same lines as the Virupaksha temple at <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a> in Karnataka.<a href="#cite_note-Dravidian-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-hardy2-174">[173]</a> According to art historian Vincent Smith, the achievement at the Kailasanath temple is considered an architectural consummation of the monolithic rock-cut temple and deserves to be considered one of the wonders of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Freak-175">[174]</a> According to art historian Percy Brown, as an accomplishment of art, the Kailasanath temple is considered an unrivalled work of rock architecture, a monument that has always excited and astonished travellers.<a href="#cite_note-rocky-176">[175]</a><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuknur_Navalinga_temples.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kuknur_Navalinga_temples.JPG/292px-Kuknur_Navalinga_temples.JPG" decoding="async" width="292" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kuknur_Navalinga_temples.JPG/438px-Kuknur_Navalinga_temples.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kuknur_Navalinga_temples.JPG/584px-Kuknur_Navalinga_temples.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1698" /></a><figcaption>Dravidian style architecture. Top view of Navalinga Temples at <a href="/wiki/Kuknur" title="Kuknur">Kuknur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></figcaption></figure>While some scholars have claimed the architecture at <a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta</a> is attributable to the <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Mahishmati" title="Kalachuris of Mahishmati">Kalachuri</a>, others claim that it was built during the Rashtrakuta period.<a href="#cite_note-others-177">[176]</a> Some of the sculptures such as Nataraja and Sadashiva excel in beauty and craftsmanship even that of the Ellora sculptures.<a href="#cite_note-trinity-178">[177]</a> Famous sculptures at Elephanta include Ardhanarishvara and Maheshamurthy. The latter, a three faced bust of Lord Shiva, is 25 feet (8 m) tall and considered one of the finest pieces of sculpture in India. It is said that, in the world of sculpture, few works of art depicting a divinity are as balanced.<a href="#cite_note-trinity-2-179">[178]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> their most famous temples are the Kashivishvanatha temple and the Jain Narayana temple at <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> World Heritage site.<a href="#cite_note-karnataka_whs-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-hardy10-181">[180]</a> Other well-known temples are the Parameshwara temple at Konnur, Brahmadeva temple at Savadi, the Settavva, Kontigudi II, Jadaragudi and Ambigeragudi temples at <a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a>, Mallikarjuna temple at Ron, Andhakeshwara temple at Huli (<a href="/wiki/Hooli" title="Hooli">Hooli</a>), Someshwara temple at <a href="/wiki/Sogal" title="Sogal">Sogal</a>, Jain temples at Lokapura, <a href="/wiki/Navalinga_Temple_(Kukkanur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Navalinga Temple (Kukkanur)">Navalinga temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kuknur" title="Kuknur">Kuknur</a>, Kumaraswamy temple at Sandur, numerous temples at Shirival in <a href="/wiki/Gulbarga" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulbarga">Gulbarga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hardy1000-182">[181]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trikuteshwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Trikuteshwara">Trikuteshwara</a> temple at <a href="/wiki/Gadag" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadag">Gadag</a> which was later expanded by <a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyani Chalukyas">Kalyani Chalukyas</a>. Archeological study of these temples show some have the stellar (multigonal) plan later to be used profusely by the <a href="/wiki/Hoysalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysalas">Hoysalas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka" title="Belur, Karnataka">Belur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Halebidu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-karnatakatemples-183">[182]</a> One of the richest traditions in Indian architecture took shape in the Deccan during this time which Adam Hardy calls Karnata dravida style as opposed to traditional Dravida style.<a href="#cite_note-Karnatadravida-184">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Kannada_inscription_in_the_mantapa_of_Navalinga_temple_at_Kuknur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Old_Kannada_inscription_in_the_mantapa_of_Navalinga_temple_at_Kuknur.jpg/159px-Old_Kannada_inscription_in_the_mantapa_of_Navalinga_temple_at_Kuknur.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Old_Kannada_inscription_in_the_mantapa_of_Navalinga_temple_at_Kuknur.jpg/239px-Old_Kannada_inscription_in_the_mantapa_of_Navalinga_temple_at_Kuknur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Old_Kannada_inscription_in_the_mantapa_of_Navalinga_temple_at_Kuknur.jpg/319px-Old_Kannada_inscription_in_the_mantapa_of_Navalinga_temple_at_Kuknur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1447" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>9th century <a href="/wiki/Old_Kannada" title="Old Kannada">Old Kannada</a> inscription at Navalinga temple in <a href="/wiki/Kuknur" title="Kuknur">Kuknur</a>, Karnataka</figcaption></figure> With the ending of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta dynasty">Gupta dynasty</a> in northern India in the early 6th century, major changes began taking place in the Deccan south of the Vindyas and in the southern regions of India. These changes were not only political but also linguistic and cultural. The royal courts of peninsular India (outside of <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a>) interfaced between the increasing use of the local <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada language</a> and the expanding Sanskritic culture. Inscriptions, including those that were bilingual, demonstrate the use of Kannada as the primary administrative language in conjunction with Sanskrit.<a href="#cite_note-language1-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-houb-24">[23]</a> Government archives used Kannada for recording pragmatic information relating to grants of land.<a href="#cite_note-grant-185">[184]</a> The local language formed the desi (popular) literature while literature in Sanskrit was more marga (formal). Educational institutions and places of higher learning (ghatikas) taught in Sanskrit, the language of the learned Brahmins, while Kannada increasingly became the speech of personal expression of devotional closeness of a worshipper to a private deity. The patronage Kannada received from rich and literate Jains eventually led to its use in the <a href="/wiki/Devotional_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Devotional movements">devotional movements</a> of later centuries.<a href="#cite_note-rich-186">[185]</a> Contemporaneous literature and inscriptions show that Kannada was not only popular in the modern Karnataka region but had spread further north into present day southern Maharashtra and to the northern Deccan by the 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-change-187">[186]</a> Kavirajamarga, the work on poetics, refers to the entire region between the <a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaveri River">Kaveri River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari River</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> country".<a href="#cite_note-country-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-god1-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-god2-190">[189]</a> Higher education in Sanskrit included the subjects of <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Veda</a>, Vyakarana (grammar), Jyotisha (astronomy and astrology), Sahitya (literature), Mimansa (Exegesis), Dharmashastra (law), Puranas (ritual), and Nyaya (logic). An examination of inscriptions from this period shows that the <a href="/wiki/Kavya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavya">Kavya</a> (classical) style of writing was popular. The awareness of the merits and defects in inscriptions by the archivists indicates that even they, though mediocre poets, had studied standard classical literature in Sanskrit.<a href="#cite_note-defect-191">[190]</a> An inscription in Kannada by King <a href="/wiki/Krishna_III" title="Krishna III">Krishna III</a>, written in a poetic Kanda metre, has been found as far away as <a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-language-22">[21]</a> Kavirajamarga, a work on poetics in Kannada by <a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoghavarsha I">Amoghavarsha I</a>, shows that the study of poetry was popular in the Deccan during this time. Trivikrama's Sanskrit writing, Nalachampu, is perhaps the earliest in the champu style from the Deccan.<a href="#cite_note-vikram-192">[191]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <li class="gallerycaption"><a href="/wiki/Kailasa_temple,_Ellora" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailasa temple, Ellora">Kailasa temple, Ellora</a></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 317.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 315.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ellora_Caves,_India,_Kailash_Temple,_Majestic_Interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior and arcades"><img alt="Interior and arcades" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ellora_Caves%2C_India%2C_Kailash_Temple%2C_Majestic_Interior.jpg/473px-Ellora_Caves%2C_India%2C_Kailash_Temple%2C_Majestic_Interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="316" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ellora_Caves%2C_India%2C_Kailash_Temple%2C_Majestic_Interior.jpg/710px-Ellora_Caves%2C_India%2C_Kailash_Temple%2C_Majestic_Interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ellora_Caves%2C_India%2C_Kailash_Temple%2C_Majestic_Interior.jpg/945px-Ellora_Caves%2C_India%2C_Kailash_Temple%2C_Majestic_Interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior and arcades</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 284px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 282px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ellora_Cave_16_si0308.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kailasa temple, is one of the largest rock-cut ancient Hindu temples located in Ellora."><img alt="Kailasa temple, is one of the largest rock-cut ancient Hindu temples located in Ellora." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ellora_Cave_16_si0308.jpg/423px-Ellora_Cave_16_si0308.jpg" decoding="async" width="282" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ellora_Cave_16_si0308.jpg/635px-Ellora_Cave_16_si0308.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ellora_Cave_16_si0308.jpg/846px-Ellora_Cave_16_si0308.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1571" data-file-height="1170" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kailasa_temple,_Ellora" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailasa temple, Ellora">Kailasa temple</a>, is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Indian_rock-cut_architecture" title="Indian rock-cut architecture">rock-cut</a> ancient <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indra_Sabha_Ellora_Temple_Maharashtra_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shikhara of Indra Sabha at Ellora."><img alt="Shikhara of Indra Sabha at Ellora." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Indra_Sabha_Ellora_Temple_Maharashtra_India.jpg/272px-Indra_Sabha_Ellora_Temple_Maharashtra_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Indra_Sabha_Ellora_Temple_Maharashtra_India.jpg/409px-Indra_Sabha_Ellora_Temple_Maharashtra_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Indra_Sabha_Ellora_Temple_Maharashtra_India.jpg/545px-Indra_Sabha_Ellora_Temple_Maharashtra_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shikhara" title="Shikhara">Shikhara</a> of Indra Sabha at Ellora.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gadag" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadag">Gadag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyani Chalukyas">Kalyani Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuknur" title="Kuknur">Kuknur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi-vallabha" title="Prithvi-vallabha">Prithvi-vallabha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKeay2000" class="citation book cs1">Keay, John (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tarbo7OzEO8C">India: A History</a>. Grove Publication. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802137970" title="Special:BookSources/0802137970"><bdi>0802137970</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+History&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Grove+Publication&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0802137970&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTarbo7OzEO8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-buddha-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buddha_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-buddha_2-1">b</a> The Rise and Decline of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in India, K.L. Hazara, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1995, pp288–294 </li> <li id="cite_note-siraf-4"><a href="#cite_ref-siraf_4-0">^</a> Reu (1933), p39 </li> <li id="cite_note-arattas-5"><a href="#cite_ref-arattas_5-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bisheshwar_Nath_Reu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisheshwar Nath Reu">Reu</a> (1933), pp1–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-connect-6"><a href="#cite_ref-connect_6-0">^</a> Altekar (1934), pp1–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-connect1-7"><a href="#cite_ref-connect1_7-0">^</a> Reu (1933), pp6–9, pp47–53 </li> <li id="cite_note-study1-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-study1_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-study1_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-study1_8-2">c</a> Kamath (2001), p72–74 </li> <li id="cite_note-pali-9"><a href="#cite_ref-pali_9-0">^</a> Reu (1933), p1 </li> <li id="cite_note-sources-10"><a href="#cite_ref-sources_10-0">^</a> Kamath (2001), p72 </li> <li id="cite_note-study-11"><a href="#cite_ref-study_11-0">^</a> Reu (1933), pp1–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kanisetti-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kanisetti_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanisetti_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnirudh_Kanisetti2022" class="citation book cs1">Anirudh Kanisetti (2022). Lords of the Deccan: Southern India from the Chalukyas to the Cholas. India: Juggernaut. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-91165-0-55" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-91165-0-55"><bdi>978-93-91165-0-55</bdi></a>. <q>It is most likely that they were Kannada-speaking military aristocrats settled at a strategic point in modern-day Maharasthra by the Chalukyas or some other powerful group, perhaps to keep an eye on trade routes and various tribal peoples.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lords+of+the+Deccan%3A+Southern+India+from+the+Chalukyas+to+the+Cholas&rft.place=India&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Juggernaut&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-93-91165-0-55&rft.au=Anirudh+Kanisetti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kann-13"><a href="#cite_ref-kann_13-0">^</a> A Kannada dynasty was created in <a href="/wiki/Berar_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Berar Sultanate">Berar</a> under the rule of Badami Chalukyas (Altekar 1934, p21–26) </li> <li id="cite_note-kann2-14"><a href="#cite_ref-kann2_14-0">^</a> Kamath 2001, p72–3 </li> <li id="cite_note-latur-15"><a href="#cite_ref-latur_15-0">^</a> Singh (2008), p556 </li> <li id="cite_note-banavasi-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-banavasi_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-banavasi_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShetty1994" class="citation book cs1">Shetty, Sadanand Ramakrishna (1994). Banavasi Through the Ages. Banavasi (India): Printwell. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banavasi+Through+the+Ages&rft.place=Banavasi+%28India%29&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Printwell&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Shetty&rft.aufirst=Sadanand+Ramakrishna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988">:"The community of the land tillers or agriculturists was known as Vokkaligas. The importance given to the cultivation of land is amply demonstrated by the fact that numerous tanks were dug and irrigation facilities were provided at various places. Some of the Rashtrakuta inscriptions found in the Banavasi province have the depiction of a plow. It is viewed that the Rashtrakutas were originally prosperous cultivators who later dominated the political scene. Some of the inscriptions refer to them as "Kutumbinah" which is interpreted as cultivators." </li> <li id="cite_note-red-17"><a href="#cite_ref-red_17-0">^</a> A.C. Burnell in Pandit Reu (1933), p4 </li> <li id="cite_note-mar-18"><a href="#cite_ref-mar_18-0">^</a> C.V. Vaidya (1924), p171 </li> <li id="cite_note-mar1-19"><a href="#cite_ref-mar1_19-0">^</a> D.R.Bhandarkar in Reu, (1933), p1, p7 </li> <li id="cite_note-pun-20"><a href="#cite_ref-pun_20-0">^</a> Hultzsch and Reu in Reu (1933), p2, p4 </li> <li id="cite_note-raj-21"><a href="#cite_ref-raj_21-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Faithfull_Fleet" title="John Faithfull Fleet">J. F. Fleet</a> in Reu (1933), p6 </li> <li id="cite_note-language-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-language_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-language_22-1">b</a> Kamath (2001), p73 </li> <li id="cite_note-language1-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-language1_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-language1_23-1">b</a> Pollock 2006, p332 </li> <li id="cite_note-houb-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-houb_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-houb_24-1">b</a> Houben(1996), p215 </li> <li id="cite_note-language2-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-language2_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-language2_25-1">b</a> Altekar (1934), p411–3 </li> <li id="cite_note-dal-26"><a href="#cite_ref-dal_26-0">^</a> Dalby (1998), p300 </li> <li id="cite_note-credit-27"><a href="#cite_ref-credit_27-0">^</a> Sen (1999), pp380-381 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaina_literature-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaina_literature_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaina_literature_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaina_literature_28-2">c</a> During the rule of the Rashtrakutas, literature in Kannada and Sanskrit flowered (Kamath 2001, pp 88–90) </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaina_literature1-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Jaina_literature1_29-0">^</a> Even royalty of the empire took part in poetic and literary activities – Thapar (2003), p334 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaina_literature2-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaina_literature2_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaina_literature2_30-1">b</a> Narasimhacharya (1988), pp17–18, p68 </li> <li id="cite_note-kanna-31"><a href="#cite_ref-kanna_31-0">^</a> Altekar (1934), pp21–24 </li> <li id="cite_note-kanna1-32"><a href="#cite_ref-kanna1_32-0">^</a> Possibly Dravidian Kannada origin (Karmarkar 1947 p26) </li> <li id="cite_note-mas-33"><a href="#cite_ref-mas_33-0">^</a> Masica (1991), p45-46 </li> <li id="cite_note-ravi-34"><a href="#cite_ref-ravi_34-0">^</a> Rashtrakutas are described as Kannadigas from Lattaluru who encouraged the Kannada language (Chopra, Ravindran, Subrahmanian 2003, p87) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoiberg_and_Ramchandani2000" class="citation book cs1">Hoiberg and Ramchandani (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&q=Rashtrakuta&pg=PA286">Rashtrakuta Dynasty</a>. Students Britannica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5"><bdi>978-0-85229-760-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rashtrakuta+Dynasty&rft.pub=Students+Britannica&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-760-5&rft.au=Hoiberg+and+Ramchandani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISFBJarYX7YC%26q%3DRashtrakuta%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-karnatik-36"><a href="#cite_ref-karnatik_36-0">^</a> Reu (1933), p54 </li> <li id="cite_note-karnata-37"><a href="#cite_ref-karnata_37-0">^</a> From Rashtrakuta inscriptions call the Badami Chalukya army Karnatabala (power of Karnata) (Kamath 2001, p57, p65) </li> <li id="cite_note-achala-38"><a href="#cite_ref-achala_38-0">^</a> Altekar in Kamath (2001), p72 </li> <li id="cite_note-srisila-39"><a href="#cite_ref-srisila_39-0">^</a> Sastri (1955), p141 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gulbarga-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Gulbarga_40-0">^</a> Thapar (2003), p333 </li> <li id="cite_note-kon-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kon_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kon_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kon_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kon_41-3">d</a> Sastri (1955), p143 </li> <li id="cite_note-secure-42"><a href="#cite_ref-secure_42-0">^</a> Sen (1999), p368 </li> <li id="cite_note-abdication-43"><a href="#cite_ref-abdication_43-0">^</a> Desai and Aiyar in Kamath (2001), p75 </li> <li id="cite_note-abd-44"><a href="#cite_ref-abd_44-0">^</a> Reu (1933), p62 </li> <li id="cite_note-panindia-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-panindia_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-panindia_45-1">b</a> Sen (1999), p370 </li> <li id="cite_note-effectively-46"><a href="#cite_ref-effectively_46-0">^</a> The Rashtrakutas interfered effectively in the politics of Kannauj (Thapar 2003), p333 </li> <li id="cite_note-All-India-47"><a href="#cite_ref-All-India_47-0">^</a> From the Karda inscription, a <a href="/wiki/Digvijaya_(conquest)" title="Digvijaya (conquest)">digvijaya</a> (Altekar in Kamath 2001, p75) </li> <li id="cite_note-JES-48"><a href="#cite_ref-JES_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=068">A Historical atlas of South Asia</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 31, 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=31%2C+146&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-era-49"><a href="#cite_ref-era_49-0">^</a> The ablest of the Rashtrakuta kings (Altekar in Kamath 2001, p77) </li> <li id="cite_note-earlycapital-50"><a href="#cite_ref-earlycapital_50-0">^</a> Modern Morkhandi (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayurkhandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayurkhandi (page does not exist)">Mayurkhandi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bidar_district" title="Bidar district">Bidar district</a> (Kamath 2001, p76) </li> <li id="cite_note-earlycapital1-51"><a href="#cite_ref-earlycapital1_51-0">^</a> modern Morkhand in Maharashtra (Reu 1933, p65) </li> <li id="cite_note-earlycapital2-52"><a href="#cite_ref-earlycapital2_52-0">^</a> Sooloobunjun near Ellora (Couseris in Altekar 1934, p48). Perhaps Elichpur remained the capital until Amoghavarsha I built Manyakheta. From the Wani-Dmdori, Radhanpur and Kadba plates, Morkhand in Maharashtra was only a military encampment, from the Dhulia and Pimpen plates it seems Nasik was only a seat of a viceroy, and the Paithan plates of Govinda III indicate that neither Latur nor Paithan was the early capital.(Altekar, 1934, pp47–48) </li> <li id="cite_note-icy-53"><a href="#cite_ref-icy_53-0">^</a> Kamath 2001, MCC, p76 </li> <li id="cite_note-Himalayas-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Himalayas_54-0">^</a> From the Sanjan inscriptions, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Jyotsna_Kamat" class="citation web cs1">Dr. Jyotsna Kamat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/rashtrakutas/">"The Rashrakutas"</a>. 1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 20 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rashrakutas&rft.pub=1996%E2%80%932006+Kamat%27s+Potpourri&rft.au=Dr.+Jyotsna+Kamat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kamat.com%2Fkalranga%2Fdeccan%2Frashtrakutas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-arjuna-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arjuna_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-arjuna_55-1">b</a> Keay (2000), p199 </li> <li id="cite_note-kerela-56"><a href="#cite_ref-kerela_56-0">^</a> From the Nesari records (Kamath 2001, p76) </li> <li id="cite_note-kerela1-57"><a href="#cite_ref-kerela1_57-0">^</a> Reu (1933), p65 </li> <li id="cite_note-statue-58"><a href="#cite_ref-statue_58-0">^</a> Sastri (1955), p144 </li> <li id="cite_note-peru-59"><a href="#cite_ref-peru_59-0">^</a> Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013), p95, Perumāḷs of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy: Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cēra Perumāḷs of Makōtai (c. AD 800 – AD 1124). Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks </li> <li id="cite_note-hima-60"><a href="#cite_ref-hima_60-0">^</a> "The victorious march of his armies had literally embraced all the territory between the Himalayas and Cape Comorin" (Altekar in Kamath 2001, p77) </li> <li id="cite_note-lord-61"><a href="#cite_ref-lord_61-0">^</a> Sen (1999), p371 </li> <li id="cite_note-newcapital-62"><a href="#cite_ref-newcapital_62-0">^</a> Which could put to shame even the capital of gods-From Karda plates (Altekar 1934, p47) </li> <li id="cite_note-newcapital1-63"><a href="#cite_ref-newcapital1_63-0">^</a> A capital city built to excel that of <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> (Sastri, 1955, p4, p132, p146) </li> <li id="cite_note-newcapital2-64"><a href="#cite_ref-newcapital2_64-0">^</a> Reu 1933, p71 </li> <li id="cite_note-vira-65"><a href="#cite_ref-vira_65-0">^</a> from the Cambay and Sangli records. The Bagumra record claims that Amoghavarsha saved the "Ratta" kingdom which was drowned in an "ocean of Chalukyas" (Kamath 2001, p78) </li> <li id="cite_note-vinga-66"><a href="#cite_ref-vinga_66-0">^</a> Sastri (1955), p145 </li> <li id="cite_note-scholar-67"><a href="#cite_ref-scholar_67-0">^</a> Narasimhacharya (1988), p1 </li> <li id="cite_note-rhetoric-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rhetoric_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhetoric_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhetoric_68-2">c</a> Kamath (2001), p90 </li> <li id="cite_note-rhetoric1-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rhetoric1_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhetoric1_69-1">b</a> Reu (1933), p38 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashoka-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Ashoka_70-0">^</a> Panchamukhi in Kamath (2001), p80 </li> <li id="cite_note-reduce-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reduce_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reduce_71-1">b</a> Sastri (1955), p161 </li> <li id="cite_note-pala-72"><a href="#cite_ref-pala_72-0">^</a> From the writings of <a href="/wiki/Adikavi_Pampa" title="Adikavi Pampa">Adikavi Pampa</a> (Kamath 2001, p81) </li> <li id="cite_note-regain-73"><a href="#cite_ref-regain_73-0">^</a> Sen (1999), pp373-374 </li> <li id="cite_note-control-74"><a href="#cite_ref-control_74-0">^</a> Kamath (2001), p82 </li> <li id="cite_note-control1-75"><a href="#cite_ref-control1_75-0">^</a> The Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta gained control over Kannauj for a brief period during the early 10th century (Thapar 2003, p333) </li> <li id="cite_note-kanchi-76"><a href="#cite_ref-kanchi_76-0">^</a> From the Siddalingamadam record of 944 – Krishna III captured Kanchi and Tanjore as well and had full control over northern Tamil regions (Aiyer in Kamath 2001, pp82–83) </li> <li id="cite_note-kanchi11-77"><a href="#cite_ref-kanchi11_77-0">^</a> From the Tirukkalukkunram inscription – Kanchi and Tanjore were annexed by Krishna III. From the Deoli inscription – Krishna III had feudatories from Himalayas to Ceylon. From the Laksmeshwar inscription – Krishna III was an incarnation of death for the Chola Dynasty (Reu 1933, p83) </li> <li id="cite_note-kanchi100-78"><a href="#cite_ref-kanchi100_78-0">^</a> Conqueror of Kanchi, (Thapar 2003, p334) </li> <li id="cite_note-tanjai-79"><a href="#cite_ref-tanjai_79-0">^</a> Conqueror of Kanchi and Tanjore (Sastri 1955, p162) </li> <li id="cite_note-last-80"><a href="#cite_ref-last_80-0">^</a> Sen 1999), pp374-375 </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandra-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Chandra_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2009" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Satish (2009). History of Medieval India. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan Private Limited. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-3226-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-3226-7"><bdi>978-81-250-3226-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan+Private+Limited&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-250-3226-7&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amoghavarsha_IV-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Amoghavarsha_IV_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050671/Manyakheta">"Amoghavarsha IV"</a>. 2007 Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amoghavarsha+IV&rft.pub=2007+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9050671%2FManyakheta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tailapa-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Tailapa_83-0">^</a> The province of Tardavadi in the very heart of the Rashtrakuta empire was given to Tailapa II as a fief (provincial grant) by Rashtrakuta <a href="/wiki/Krishna_III" title="Krishna III">Krishna III</a> for services rendered in war (Sastri 1955, p162) </li> <li id="cite_note-tailapa1-84"><a href="#cite_ref-tailapa1_84-0">^</a> Kamath (2001), p101 </li> <li id="cite_note-yadgir-85"><a href="#cite_ref-yadgir_85-0">^</a> Kamath (2001), pp100–103 </li> <li id="cite_note-contemp-86"><a href="#cite_ref-contemp_86-0">^</a> Reu (1933), p39–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-reded-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reded_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reded_87-1">b</a> Keay (2000), p200 </li> <li id="cite_note-Imperial-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Imperial_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imperial_88-1">b</a> Kamath (2001), p94 </li> <li id="cite_note-Burjor-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Burjor_89-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Burjor_Avari" title="Burjor Avari">Burjor Avari</a> (2007), India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Sub-Continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200, pp.207–208, Routledge, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35615-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35615-2">978-0-415-35615-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-guj-90"><a href="#cite_ref-guj_90-0">^</a> Reu (1933), p93 </li> <li id="cite_note-kar-91"><a href="#cite_ref-kar_91-0">^</a> Reu (1933), p100 </li> <li id="cite_note-gaha-92"><a href="#cite_ref-gaha_92-0">^</a> Reu (1933), p113 </li> <li id="cite_note-has-93"><a href="#cite_ref-has_93-0">^</a> Reu (1933), p110 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dah-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Dah_94-0">^</a> Jain (2001), pp67–75 </li> <li id="cite_note-dhan-95"><a href="#cite_ref-dhan_95-0">^</a> Reu (1933), p112 </li> <li id="cite_note-mayur-96"><a href="#cite_ref-mayur_96-0">^</a> De Bruyne (1968) </li> <li id="cite_note-kannau-97"><a href="#cite_ref-kannau_97-0">^</a> Majumdar (1966), pp50–51 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillay1963" class="citation book cs1">Pillay, K. (1963). South India and Ceylon. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/250247191">250247191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+India+and+Ceylon&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F250247191&rft.aulast=Pillay&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive-99"><a href="#cite_ref-archive_99-0">^</a> whose main responsibility was to draft and maintain inscriptions or Shasanas as would an archivist. (Altekar in Kamath (2001), p85 </li> <li id="cite_note-mandala-100"><a href="#cite_ref-mandala_100-0">^</a> Kamath (2001), p86 </li> <li id="cite_note-army-101"><a href="#cite_ref-army_101-0">^</a> From the notes of Al Masudi (Kamath 2001, p88) </li> <li id="cite_note-coins-102"><a href="#cite_ref-coins_102-0">^</a> Kamath (2001), p88 </li> <li id="cite_note-trade-103"><a href="#cite_ref-trade_103-0">^</a> Altekar (1934), p356 </li> <li id="cite_note-trade1-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trade1_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trade1_104-1">b</a> Altekar (1934), p354 </li> <li id="cite_note-trade2-105"><a href="#cite_ref-trade2_105-0">^</a> Altekar (1934), p355 </li> <li id="cite_note-trade3-106"><a href="#cite_ref-trade3_106-0">^</a> From notes of Periplus, Al Idrisi and Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p357) </li> <li id="cite_note-trade4-107"><a href="#cite_ref-trade4_107-0">^</a> Altekar (1934), p358 </li> <li id="cite_note-trade5-108"><a href="#cite_ref-trade5_108-0">^</a> Altekar (1934), p358–359 </li> <li id="cite_note-trade21-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trade21_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trade21_109-1">b</a> Altekar (1934), p230 </li> <li id="cite_note-trade7-110"><a href="#cite_ref-trade7_110-0">^</a> Altekar (1934), p368 </li> <li id="cite_note-trade9-111"><a href="#cite_ref-trade9_111-0">^</a> Altekar (1934), p370–371 </li> <li id="cite_note-trade10-112"><a href="#cite_ref-trade10_112-0">^</a> Altekar (1934), p223 </li> <li id="cite_note-trade11-113"><a href="#cite_ref-trade11_113-0">^</a> Altekar (1934), p213 </li> <li id="cite_note-trade23-114"><a href="#cite_ref-trade23_114-0">^</a> From the Davangere inscription of Santivarma of Banavasi-12000 province (Altekar 1934, p234 </li> <li id="cite_note-trade14-115"><a href="#cite_ref-trade14_115-0">^</a> From the writings of Chandesvara (Altekar 1934, p216) </li> <li id="cite_note-trade15-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trade15_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trade15_116-1">b</a> Altekar (1934), p222 </li> <li id="cite_note-trade16-117"><a href="#cite_ref-trade16_117-0">^</a> From the notes of Al Idrisi (Altekar (1934), p223 </li> <li id="cite_note-trade18-118"><a href="#cite_ref-trade18_118-0">^</a> From the Begumra plates of Krishna II (Altekar 1934, p227 </li> <li id="cite_note-trade26-119"><a href="#cite_ref-trade26_119-0">^</a> Altekar (1934), p242 </li> <li id="cite_note-trade27-120"><a href="#cite_ref-trade27_120-0">^</a> From the writings of Somadeva (Altekar 1934, p244) </li> <li id="cite_note-trade22-121"><a href="#cite_ref-trade22_121-0">^</a> From the Hebbal inscriptions and Torkhede inscriptions of Govinda III (Altekar 1934, p232 </li> <li id="cite_note-tole-122"><a href="#cite_ref-tole_122-0">^</a> "Wide and sympathetic tolerance" in general characterised the Rashtrakuta rule (Altekar in Kamath 2001, p92) </li> <li id="cite_note-writer-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-writer_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-writer_123-1">b</a> Kamath (2001), p92 </li> <li id="cite_note-population-124"><a href="#cite_ref-population_124-0">^</a> Altekar in Kamath (2001), p92 </li> <li id="cite_note-grain-125"><a href="#cite_ref-grain_125-0">^</a> Reu (1933), p36 </li> <li id="cite_note-grain1-126"><a href="#cite_ref-grain1_126-0">^</a> The Vaishnava Rashtrakutas patronised Jainism (Kamath 2001, p92) </li> <li id="cite_note-ritual-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ritual_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ritual_127-1">b</a> Kamath (2001), p91 </li> <li id="cite_note-ganga-128"><a href="#cite_ref-ganga_128-0">^</a> Reu (1933), p34 </li> <li id="cite_note-falcon-129"><a href="#cite_ref-falcon_129-0">^</a> Reu (1933, p34 </li> <li id="cite_note-decrease-130"><a href="#cite_ref-decrease_130-0">^</a> A 16th-century Buddhist work by Lama Taranatha speaks disparagingly of Shankaracharya as close parallels in some beliefs of Shankaracharya with Buddhist philosophy was not viewed favourably by Buddhist writers (Thapar 2003, pp 349–350, 397) </li> <li id="cite_note-jumma-131"><a href="#cite_ref-jumma_131-0">^</a> From the notes of 10th-century Arab writer Al-Ishtakhri (Sastri 1955, p396) </li> <li id="cite_note-jumma1-132"><a href="#cite_ref-jumma1_132-0">^</a> From the notes of Masudi (916) (Sastri 1955, p396) </li> <li id="cite_note-caste-133"><a href="#cite_ref-caste_133-0">^</a> From the notes of Magasthenesis and Strabo from Greece and Ibn Khurdadba and Al Idrisi from Arabia (Altekar 1934, p317) </li> <li id="cite_note-caste1-134"><a href="#cite_ref-caste1_134-0">^</a> From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p317) </li> <li id="cite_note-caste3-135"><a href="#cite_ref-caste3_135-0">^</a> Altekar (1934), p318 </li> <li id="cite_note-caste4-136"><a href="#cite_ref-caste4_136-0">^</a> From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p324) </li> <li id="cite_note-caste10-137"><a href="#cite_ref-caste10_137-0">^</a> From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, pp330–331) </li> <li id="cite_note-caste6-138"><a href="#cite_ref-caste6_138-0">^</a> From the notes of Alberuni, Altekar (1934) p325 </li> <li id="cite_note-caste7-139"><a href="#cite_ref-caste7_139-0">^</a> From the notes of Abuzaid (Altekar 1934, p325) </li> <li id="cite_note-caste8-140"><a href="#cite_ref-caste8_140-0">^</a> From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p326) </li> <li id="cite_note-caste9-141"><a href="#cite_ref-caste9_141-0">^</a> Altekar (1934), p329 </li> <li id="cite_note-caste11-142"><a href="#cite_ref-caste11_142-0">^</a> From the notes of Yuan Chwang, Altekar (1934), p331 </li> <li id="cite_note-caste12-143"><a href="#cite_ref-caste12_143-0">^</a> From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p332, p334) </li> <li id="cite_note-caste15-144"><a href="#cite_ref-caste15_144-0">^</a> From the notes of Ibn Khurdadba (Altekar 1934, p337) </li> <li id="cite_note-caste16-145"><a href="#cite_ref-caste16_145-0">^</a> From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p337) </li> <li id="cite_note-caste17-146"><a href="#cite_ref-caste17_146-0">^</a> From the notes of Al Masudi and Al Idrisi (Altekar 1934, p339) </li> <li id="cite_note-caste18-147"><a href="#cite_ref-caste18_147-0">^</a> From the Tarkhede inscription of Govinda III, (Altekar 1934, p339) </li> <li id="cite_note-caste19-148"><a href="#cite_ref-caste19_148-0">^</a> Altekar (1934), p341 </li> <li id="cite_note-caste20-149"><a href="#cite_ref-caste20_149-0">^</a> From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p342) </li> <li id="cite_note-caste22-150"><a href="#cite_ref-caste22_150-0">^</a> From the notes of Sulaiman and Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p343) </li> <li id="cite_note-caste23-151"><a href="#cite_ref-caste23_151-0">^</a> Altekar (1934), p345 </li> <li id="cite_note-caste24-152"><a href="#cite_ref-caste24_152-0">^</a> From the notes of Ibn Khurdadba (Altekar 1934, p346) </li> <li id="cite_note-caste26-153"><a href="#cite_ref-caste26_153-0">^</a> Altekar (1934), p349 </li> <li id="cite_note-caste27-154"><a href="#cite_ref-caste27_154-0">^</a> Altekar (1934), p350 </li> <li id="cite_note-caste29-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caste29_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-caste29_155-1">b</a> Altekar (1934), p351 </li> <li id="cite_note-caste30-156"><a href="#cite_ref-caste30_156-0">^</a> From the notes of Ibn Kurdadba (Altekar 1934, p353) </li> <li id="cite_note-asaga-157"><a href="#cite_ref-asaga_157-0">^</a> Warder A.K. (1988), p. 248 </li> <li id="cite_note-mahavira-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mahavira_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahavira_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahavira_158-2">c</a> Kamath (2001), p89 </li> <li id="cite_note-ganita-159"><a href="#cite_ref-ganita_159-0">^</a> "Mathematical Achievements of Pre-modern Indian Mathematicians", Putta Swamy T.K., 2012, chapter=Mahavira, p.231, Elsevier Publications, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-397913-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-397913-1">978-0-12-397913-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-amog-160"><a href="#cite_ref-amog_160-0">^</a> The Bedande and Chattana type of composition (Narasimhacharya 1988, p12) </li> <li id="cite_note-earlyprose-161"><a href="#cite_ref-earlyprose_161-0">^</a> It is said Kavirajamarga may have been co-authored by Amoghavarsha I and court poet Sri Vijaya (Sastri 1955, pp355–356) </li> <li id="cite_note-earlyprose1-162"><a href="#cite_ref-earlyprose1_162-0">^</a> Other early writers mentioned in Kavirajamarga are Vimala, Udaya, Nagarjuna, Jayabhandu for Kannada prose and Kavisvara, Pandita, Chandra and Lokapala in <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> poetry (Narasimhacharya 1988, p2) </li> <li id="cite_note-earlyprose2-163"><a href="#cite_ref-earlyprose2_163-0">^</a> Warder A.K. (1988), p240 </li> <li id="cite_note-bharata-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bharata_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bharata_164-1">b</a> Sastri (1955), p356 </li> <li id="cite_note-kanepic-165"><a href="#cite_ref-kanepic_165-0">^</a> L.S. Seshagiri Rao in Amaresh Datta (1988), p1180 </li> <li id="cite_note-ubhaya-166"><a href="#cite_ref-ubhaya_166-0">^</a> Narasimhacharya (1988, p18 </li> <li id="cite_note-artha-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-artha_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-artha_167-1">b</a> Sastri (1955), p314 </li> <li id="cite_note-cuisine-168"><a href="#cite_ref-cuisine_168-0">^</a> S.K. Ramachandra Rao, (1985), Encyclopedia of Indian Medicine: Historical perspective, pp100-101, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7154-255-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7154-255-7">81-7154-255-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-veg-169"><a href="#cite_ref-veg_169-0">^</a> Narasimhachar (1988), p11 </li> <li id="cite_note-hardy1-170"><a href="#cite_ref-hardy1_170-0">^</a> Hardy (1995), p111 </li> <li id="cite_note-rockcut-171"><a href="#cite_ref-rockcut_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajan1998" class="citation book cs1">Rajan, K.V. Soundara (1998). Rock-cut Temple Styles'. Mumbai, India: Somaily Publications. pp. 19, 115–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7039-218-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7039-218-7"><bdi>81-7039-218-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock-cut+Temple+Styles%27&rft.place=Mumbai%2C+India&rft.pages=19%2C+115-116&rft.pub=Somaily+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=81-7039-218-7&rft.aulast=Rajan&rft.aufirst=K.V.+Soundara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakeo_Kamiya" class="citation web cs1">Takeo Kamiya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indoarch.org/place.php?placelink=R%3D4%2BS%3D15%2BP%3D180%2BM%3D962">"Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent"</a>. Gerard da Cunha-Architecture Autonomous, India. Retrieved 18 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pub=Gerard+da+Cunha-Architecture+Autonomous%2C+India&rft.au=Takeo+Kamiya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indoarch.org%2Fplace.php%3Fplacelink%3DR%253D4%252BS%253D15%252BP%253D180%252BM%253D962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dravidian-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Dravidian_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakeo_Kamiya" class="citation web cs1">Takeo Kamiya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indoarch.org/place.php?placelink=R%3D4%2BS%3D15%2BP%3D180%2BM%3D0">"Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent,20 September 1996"</a>. Gerard da Cunha-Architecture Autonomous, Bardez, Goa, India. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm">the original</a> on 4 November 2006. Retrieved 20 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Society%2C+Religion+and+Economic+condition+in+the+period+of+Rashtrakutas&rft.pub=1998%E2%80%932000+OurKarnataka.Com%2C+Inc&rft.au=Arthikaje%2C+Mangalore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourkarnataka.com%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rocky-176"><a href="#cite_ref-rocky_176-0">^</a> Percy Brown and James Fergusson in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthikaje,_Mangalore" class="citation web cs1">Arthikaje, Mangalore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061104095148/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm">"Society, Religion and Economic condition in the period of Rashtrakutas"</a>. 1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm">the original</a> on 4 November 2006. 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Deccan Herald. Spectrum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/feb272007/spectrum1437452007226.asp">the original</a> on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 27 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Reclaiming+past+glory&rft.au=Vijapur%2C+Raju+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Farchives%2Ffeb272007%2Fspectrum1437452007226.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hardy10-181"><a href="#cite_ref-hardy10_181-0">^</a> Hardy (1995), p.341 </li> <li id="cite_note-hardy1000-182"><a href="#cite_ref-hardy1000_182-0">^</a> Hardy (1995), p344-345 </li> <li id="cite_note-karnatakatemples-183"><a href="#cite_ref-karnatakatemples_183-0">^</a> Sundara and Rajashekar, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthikaje,_Mangalore" class="citation web cs1">Arthikaje, Mangalore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061104095148/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm">"Society, Religion and Economic condition in the period of Rashtrakutas"</a>. 1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm">the original</a> on 4 November 2006. Retrieved 20 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Society%2C+Religion+and+Economic+condition+in+the+period+of+Rashtrakutas&rft.pub=1998%E2%80%932000+OurKarnataka.Com%2C+Inc&rft.au=Arthikaje%2C+Mangalore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourkarnataka.com%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karnatadravida-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Karnatadravida_184-0">^</a> Hardy (1995), p5 (introduction) </li> <li id="cite_note-grant-185"><a href="#cite_ref-grant_185-0">^</a> Thapar (2002), pp393–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-rich-186"><a href="#cite_ref-rich_186-0">^</a> Thapar (2002), p396 </li> <li id="cite_note-change-187"><a href="#cite_ref-change_187-0">^</a> Vaidya (1924), p170 </li> <li id="cite_note-country-188"><a href="#cite_ref-country_188-0">^</a> Sastri (1955), p355 </li> <li id="cite_note-god1-189"><a href="#cite_ref-god1_189-0">^</a> Rice, E.P. 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New York: Grove Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3797-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3797-0"><bdi>0-8021-3797-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grove+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8021-3797-0&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1966" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, R.C. (1966) [1966]. The Struggle for Empire. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Empire&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasica1991" class="citation book cs1">Masica, Colin P. (1991) [1991]. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29944-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29944-6"><bdi>0-521-29944-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-521-29944-6&rft.aulast=Masica&rft.aufirst=Colin+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasimhacharya1988" class="citation book cs1">Narasimhacharya, R (1988) [1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059">History of Kannada Literature</a>. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0303-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0303-6"><bdi>81-206-0303-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Kannada+Literature&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+Madras&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=81-206-0303-6&rft.aulast=Narasimhacharya&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.489059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReu1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bishweshwar_Nath_Reu" title="Bishweshwar Nath Reu">Reu</a>, Pandit Bisheshwar Nath (1997) [1933]. History of the Rashtrakutas (Rathodas). Jaipur: Publication Scheme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-86782-12-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-86782-12-5"><bdi>81-86782-12-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Rashtrakutas+%28Rathodas%29&rft.place=Jaipur&rft.pub=Publication+Scheme&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=81-86782-12-5&rft.aulast=Reu&rft.aufirst=Pandit+Bisheshwar+Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2006" class="citation book cs1">Pollock, Sheldon (2006) [2006]. The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24500-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24500-8"><bdi>0-520-24500-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+the+Gods+in+the+World+of+Men%3A+Sanskrit%2C+Culture%2C+and+Power+in+Premodern+India&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-520-24500-8&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao1988" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Seshagiri, L.S (1988) [1988]. "Epic (Kannada)". In Amaresh Datta (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2. Sahitya Akademi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-260-1194-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-260-1194-7"><bdi>81-260-1194-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epic+%28Kannada%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+literature+%E2%80%93+vol+2&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=81-260-1194-7&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Seshagiri%2C+L.S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1982" class="citation book cs1">Rice, E.P. (1982) [1921]. Kannada Literature. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0063-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0063-0"><bdi>81-206-0063-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kannada+Literature&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=81-206-0063-0&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=E.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2001" class="citation book cs1">Rice, B.L. (2001) [1897]. Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0977-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0977-8"><bdi>81-206-0977-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mysore+Gazetteer+Compiled+for+Government-vol+1&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+Madras&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=81-206-0977-8&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=B.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri2002" class="citation book cs1">Sastri, Nilakanta K.A. (2002) [1955]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-560686-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-560686-8"><bdi>0-19-560686-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+South+India+from+prehistoric+times+to+the+fall+of+Vijayanagar&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Indian+Branch%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-560686-8&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=Nilakanta+K.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999) [1999]. Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-224-1198-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-224-1198-3"><bdi>81-224-1198-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pub=New+Age+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-224-1198-3&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008) [2008]. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India:From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. India: Pearsons Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3AFrom+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.place=India&rft.pub=Pearsons+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1120-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar2003" class="citation book cs1">Thapar, Romila (2003) [2003]. Penguin History of Early India: From origins to AD 1300. New Delhi: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-302989-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-302989-4"><bdi>0-14-302989-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penguin+History+of+Early+India%3A+From+origins+to+AD+1300&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-14-302989-4&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaidya1979" class="citation book cs1">Vaidya, C.V. (1979) [1924]. History of Mediaeval Hindu India (Being a History of India from 600 to 1200 A.D.). Poona: Oriental Book Supply Agency. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6814734">6814734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mediaeval+Hindu+India+%28Being+a+History+of+India+from+600+to+1200+A.D.%29&rft.place=Poona&rft.pub=Oriental+Book+Supply+Agency&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6814734&rft.aulast=Vaidya&rft.aufirst=C.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarder1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._K._Warder" title="A. K. Warder">Warder, A.K.</a> (1988) [1988]. Indian Kavya Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0450-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0450-3"><bdi>81-208-0450-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Kavya+Literature&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=81-208-0450-3&rft.aulast=Warder&rft.aufirst=A.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> Web <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthikaje" class="citation web cs1">Arthikaje. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061104123203/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka18.htm">"The Rashtrakutas"</a>. History of karnataka. OurKarnataka.Com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka18.htm">the original</a> on 4 November 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+karnataka&rft.atitle=The+Rashtrakutas&rft.au=Arthikaje&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourkarnataka.com%2Fstates%2Fhistory%2Fhistoryofkarnataka18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamat" class="citation web cs1">Kamat, Jyotsna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/deckings.htm">"The Rashtrakutas"</a>. Dynasties of the Deccan. Retrieved 3 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dynasties+of+the+Deccan&rft.atitle=The+Rashtrakutas&rft.aulast=Kamat&rft.aufirst=Jyotsna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kamat.com%2Fkalranga%2Fdeccan%2Fdeckings.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri_&_Rao" class="citation web cs1">Sastri & Rao, Shama & Lakshminarayan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_9/rashtrakutas.html">"South Indian Inscriptions-Miscellaneous Inscriptions in Kannada"</a>. Rashtrakutas. Retrieved 3 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rashtrakutas&rft.atitle=South+Indian+Inscriptions-Miscellaneous+Inscriptions+in+Kannada&rft.aulast=Sastri+%26+Rao&rft.aufirst=Shama+%26+Lakshminarayan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whatisindia.com%2Finscriptions%2Fsouth_indian_inscriptions%2Fvolume_9%2Frashtrakutas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2">Timeline and cultural period </td> <td rowspan="2">Northwestern India (<a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sapta_Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapta Sindhu">Sapta Sindhu</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Central India </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cdcdcd"> <td>Upper Gangetic Plain (<a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Ganga-Yamuna doab</a>) </td> <td>Middle Gangetic Plain </td> <td>Lower Gangetic Plain </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">IRON AGE</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td>Culture </td> <td colspan="1">Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a> </td> <td colspan="1">Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Srauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Srauta">Srauta</a> culture)<a href="#cite_note-193">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Shramanic culture</a>)<a href="#cite_note-194">[c]</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 6th century BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a> </td> <td>Magadha </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td>Culture </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Persian_and_Greek_conquests" title="History of India">Persian-Greek influences</a> </td> <td colspan="3">"<a href="/wiki/History_of_India#"Second_urbanisation"_(800-200_BCE)" title="History of India">Second Urbanisation</a>" <a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Rise of Shramana movements</a> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> - <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a> - <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 5th century BCE </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Persian conquests</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 4th century BCE </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Greek_conquests_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek conquests in India">Greek conquests</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Dynasty">Nanda empire</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">HISTORICAL AGE</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td>Culture </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Spread of Buddhism</a> </td> <td>Pre-history </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 3rd century BCE </td> <td colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> (300 BCE – 200 CE) <a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td>Culture </td> <td colspan="5">Preclassical Hinduism<a href="#cite_note-195">[d]</a> - "Hindu Synthesis"<a href="#cite_note-196">[e]</a> (ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)<a href="#cite_note-197">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[g]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Epics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> - <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a> - <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta Tradition</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 2nd century BCE </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Maha-Meghavahana_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty">Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> (300 BCE – 200 CE) <a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 1st century BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td> 1st century CE </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthians</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 2nd century </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 3rd century </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td>Culture </td> <td colspan="6">"Golden Age of Hinduism"(ca. CE 320-650)<a href="#cite_note-199">[h]</a> <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism </td></tr> <tr> <td> 4th century </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvakus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra Ikshvakus">Andhra Ikshvakus</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadamba Dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 5th century </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 6th century </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a> <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maitraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitraka">Maitraka</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a> <a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td>Culture </td> <td colspan="6">Late-Classical Hinduism (ca. CE 650-1100)<a href="#cite_note-200">[i]</a> <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> - <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">Decline of Buddhism in India</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 7th century </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sassanids">Indo-Sassanids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Empire of Harsha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mlechchha_dynasty" title="Mlechchha dynasty">Mlechchha dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a> <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom (revival)</a> <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 8th century </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a> <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Mahishmati" title="Kalachuris of Mahishmati">Kalachuri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 9th century </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a> <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a> <a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty#Chera_Perumals_of_Makkotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10th century </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty_(Kamarupa)" title="Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)">Pala dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamboja-Pala_Dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboja-Pala Dynasty of Bengal">Kamboja-Pala dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyani Chalukyas">Kalyani Chalukyas</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a> <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a> <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">References and sources for table</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> References <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: rāṣṭrakūṭa </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Samuel </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Samuel </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Michaels (2004) p.39 </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Hiltebeitel (2002) </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Michaels (2004) p.39 </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Hiltebeitel (2002) </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Michaels (2004) p.40 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Michaels (2004) p.41 </li> </ol></div> Sources <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=nl#v=onepage&q&f=false">Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"</a>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfyzAAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dnl%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+Past+and+present&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra.+Indic+Religions+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashtrakutas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Karnataka_topics" title="Template:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Karnataka_topics" title="Template talk:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Seal_of_Karnataka_State_of_Karnataka" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Karnataka,_India.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Karnataka"><img alt="Seal of Karnataka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/25px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/38px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/50px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /></a> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_state_symbols" title="List of Karnataka state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Karnataka" title="Emblem of Karnataka">Emblem of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Song</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Bharata_Jananiya_Tanujate" title="Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate">Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indian_roller" title="Indian roller">Indian roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Santalum_album" title="Santalum album">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">Fruit</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mangifera_indica" title="Mangifera indica">Mango</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Hypselobarbus_carnaticus" title="Hypselobarbus carnaticus">Carnatic carp</a></li> <li>Insect: <a href="/wiki/Troides_minos" title="Troides minos">Southern birdwing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka" title="Category:Karnataka">Overviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Karnataka" title="Architecture of Karnataka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka#Climate" title="Karnataka">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Karnataka" title="Demographics of Karnataka">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Karnataka" title="Education in Karnataka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_arts_of_Karnataka" title="Folk arts of Karnataka">Folk arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in Karnataka">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Karnataka" title="Sports in Karnataka">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Karnataka" title="Transport in Karnataka">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Karnataka" title="Wildlife of Karnataka">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Karnataka" title="Category:History of Karnataka">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alupa_dynasty" title="Alupa dynasty">Alupa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha" title="Amoghavarsha">Amoghavarsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banavasi" title="Banavasi">Banavasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balligavi" title="Balligavi">Balligavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka" title="Belur, Karnataka">Belur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Chitradurga Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya_II" title="Deva Raya II">Deva Raya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvinita" title="Durvinita">Durvinita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Halebidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Coorg" title="Kingdom of Coorg">Kingdom of Coorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmidi" title="Halmidi">Halmidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Kalyani Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivappa_Nayaka" title="Shivappa Nayaka">Shivappa Nayaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittur_Chennamma" title="Kittur Chennamma">Kittur Chennamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayurasharma" title="Mayurasharma">Mayurasharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_II" title="Pulakeshin II">Pulakeshin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Karnataka" title="Unification of Karnataka">Unification of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuvardhana" title="Vishnuvardhana">Vishnuvardhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veera_Ballala_II" title="Veera Ballala II">Veera Ballala II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI" title="Vikramaditya VI">Vikramaditya VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka" title="List of districts of Karnataka">Districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Karnataka" title="Administrative divisions of Karnataka">divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_division" title="Bangalore division">Bangalore division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Urban_district" title="Bangalore Urban district">Bangalore Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Rural_district" title="Bangalore Rural district">Bangalore Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitradurga_district" title="Chitradurga district">Chitradurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davanagere_district" title="Davanagere district">Davanagere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolar_district" title="Kolar district">Kolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimoga_district" title="Shimoga district">Shimoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumakuru_district" title="Tumakuru district">Tumakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanagara_district" title="Ramanagara district">Ramanagara </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikkaballapura_district" title="Chikkaballapura district">Chikkaballapura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Belagavi_division" title="Belagavi division">Belagavi division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagalkot_district" title="Bagalkot district">Bagalkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belagavi_district" title="Belagavi district">Belagavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijapur_district,_Karnataka" title="Bijapur district, Karnataka">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharwad_district" title="Dharwad district">Dharwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveri_district" title="Haveri district">Haveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadag_district" title="Gadag district">Gadag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_division" title="Kalaburagi division">Kalaburagi division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballari_district" title="Ballari district">Ballari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidar_district" title="Bidar district">Bidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_district" title="Kalaburagi district">Kalaburagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koppal_district" title="Koppal district">Koppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raichur_district" title="Raichur district">Raichur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_district" title="Vijayanagara district">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadgir_district" title="Yadgir district">Yadgir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mysore_division" title="Mysore division">Mysore division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamarajanagar_district" title="Chamarajanagar district">Chamarajanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikmagalur_district" title="Chikmagalur district">Chikmagalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_district" title="Hassan district">Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandya_district" title="Mandya district">Mandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_district" title="Mysore district">Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_district" title="Udupi district">Udupi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Cities and towns in Karnataka">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka" title="List of districts of Karnataka">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Rivers of Karnataka">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Karnataka" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Karnataka">Dams and reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Karnataka" title="List of taluks of Karnataka">Taluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Villages in Karnataka">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullayyana_Giri" title="Mullayyana Giri">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayalu_Seeme" title="Bayalu Seeme">Bayalu Seeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malenadu" title="Malenadu">Malenadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanara" title="Kanara">Kanara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Culture of Karnataka">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buta_Kola" title="Buta Kola">Buta Kola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidriware" title="Bidriware">Bidriware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channapatna_toys" title="Channapatna toys">Channapatna toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Chitrakala_Parishath" title="Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath">Chitrakala Parishat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaarudi_Gombe" title="Gaarudi Gombe">Gaarudi Gombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkal_sari" title="Ilkal sari">Ilkal sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamsale" title="Kamsale">Kamsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Karnatik music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasuti" title="Kasuti">Kasuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedda" title="Khedda">Khedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_Dasara" title="Mysore Dasara">Mysore Dasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togalu_gombeyaata" title="Togalu gombeyaata">Togalu gombeyaata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_cuisine" title="Udupi cuisine">Udupi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeragase" title="Veeragase">Veeragase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Musicians of the Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Literature of Karnataka">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_milestones_in_Kannada_literature" title="List of milestones in Kannada literature">Milestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epics_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of epics in the Kannada language">Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Kannada_literature" title="Medieval Kannada literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_literature" title="Rashtrakuta literature">Rashtrakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_literature" title="Western Ganga literature">Western Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_literature_in_Kannada" title="Western Chalukya literature in Kannada">Western Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_literature" title="Hoysala literature">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_literature_in_Kannada" title="Vijayanagara literature in Kannada">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachana_sahitya" title="Vachana sahitya">Vachana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_literature_in_Kannada" title="Mysore literature in Kannada">Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yakshagana_plays_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of Yakshagana plays in the Kannada language">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Kannada_literature" title="Modern Kannada literature">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Parishat" title="Kannada Sahitya Parishat">Kannada Sahitya Parishat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Sammelana" title="Kannada Sahitya Sammelana">Kannada Sahitya Sammelana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_literature" title="List of Karnataka literature">Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kannada_poets" title="Category:Kannada poets">Noted poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaga" title="Asaga">Asaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunavarma_I" title="Gunavarma I">Gunavarma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adikavi_Pampa" title="Adikavi Pampa">Adikavi Pampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponna_(poet)" title="Ponna (poet)">Sri Ponna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranna_(Kannada_poet)" title="Ranna (Kannada poet)">Ranna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devar_Dasimayya" title="Devar Dasimayya">Devar Dasimayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddharama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harihara_(poet)" title="Harihara (poet)">Harihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavanka" title="Raghavanka">Raghavanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrabhatta" title="Rudrabhatta">Rudrabhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janna" title="Janna">Janna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumara_Vyasa" title="Kumara Vyasa">Kumara Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamarasa" title="Chamarasa">Chamarasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijaguna_Shivayogi" title="Nijaguna Shivayogi">Nijaguna Shivayogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnakaravarni" title="Ratnakaravarni">Ratnakaravarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Dasa" title="Vijaya Dasa">Vijaya Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_Dasa" title="Gopala Dasa">Gopala Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Kannada_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmisa" title="Lakshmisa">Lakshmisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvajna" title="Sarvajna">Sarvajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishunala_Sharif" title="Shishunala Sharif">Shishunala Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnaraja Wadiyar III">Krishnaraja Wadiyar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._R._Bendre" title="D. R. Bendre">D. R. Bendre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalakrishna_Adiga" title="Gopalakrishna Adiga">Gopalakrishna Adiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Seetharamaiah" title="V. Seetharamaiah">V. Seetharamaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Narasimhaswamy" title="K. S. Narasimhaswamy">K. S. Narasimhaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Govinda_Pai" title="M. Govinda Pai">M. Govinda Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._V._Gundappa" title="D. V. Gundappa">D. V. Gundappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._S._Shivarudrappa" title="G. S. Shivarudrappa">G. S. Shivarudrappa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Karnataka" title="Category:People from Karnataka">People</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka_society" title="Category:Karnataka society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka ethnic groups">Karnataka ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Karnataka" title="List of people from Karnataka">List of people from Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Karnataka" title="Tourism in Karnataka">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Karnataka" title="List of beaches in Karnataka">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Dams in Karnataka">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Forts in Karnataka">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Karnataka" title="Category:National parks in Karnataka">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Hindu temples in Karnataka">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jain_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Jain temples in Karnataka">Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Waterfalls of Karnataka">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_awards_and_decorations_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Civil awards and decorations of Karnataka">Awards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Ratna" title="Karnataka Ratna">Karnataka Ratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampa_Award" title="Pampa Award">Pampa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nrupatunga_Award" title="Nrupatunga Award">Nrupatunga Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava_Puraskara" title="Basava Puraskara">Basava Puraskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajyotsava_Prashasti" title="Rajyotsava Prashasti">Rajyotsava Prashasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakanachari_Award" title="Jakanachari Award">Jakanachari Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnashilpi_Venkatappa_Award" title="Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award">Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempegowda_Award" title="Kempegowda Award">Kempegowda Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in Karnataka">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_newspapers" title="List of Kannada-language newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_magazines" title="List of Kannada-language magazines">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_television_channels" title="List of Kannada-language television channels">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_radio_stations" title="List of Kannada-language radio stations">Radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Andhra_Pradesh" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Andhra_Pradesh" title="Template:Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Andhra_Pradesh" title="Template talk:Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Andhra_Pradesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Andhra_Pradesh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" />  <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: none; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Andhra Pradesh">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="History of Andhra Pradesh">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Geography of Andhra Pradesh">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Government of Andhra Pradesh">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Demographics of Andhra Pradesh">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Culture of Andhra Pradesh">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Politics of Andhra Pradesh">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Education in Andhra Pradesh">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Andhra_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Andhra Pradesh">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Tourism in Andhra Pradesh">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Sports in Andhra Pradesh">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Transport in Andhra Pradesh">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Song</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maa_Telugu_Thalliki" title="Maa Telugu Thalliki">Maa Telugu Thalliki</a></dd> <dt>Language</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></dd> <dt>Dance</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></dd> <dt>Sport</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></dd> <dt>Animal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck</a></dd> <dt>Bird</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rose-ringed_parakeet" title="Rose-ringed parakeet">Rose-ringed parakeet</a></dd> <dt>Fish</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Channa_marulius" title="Channa marulius">Great Snakehead</a></dd> <dt>Flower</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_officinale" title="Jasminum officinale">Jasmine</a></dd> <dt>Fruit</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Banganapalle_(mango)" title="Banganapalle (mango)">Banginapalli Mango</a></dd> <dt>Tree</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Azadirachta_indica" title="Azadirachta indica">Neem</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Andhra" title="North Andhra">North Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Andhra" title="Coastal Andhra">Coastal Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayalaseema" title="Rayalaseema">Rayalaseema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of districts of Andhra Pradesh">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitharama_Raju_district" title="Alluri Sitharama Raju district">Alluri Sitharama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anakapalli_district" title="Anakapalli district">Anakapalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantapur_district" title="Anantapur district">Anantapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annamayya_district" title="Annamayya district">Annamayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bapatla_district" title="Bapatla district">Bapatla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittoor_district" title="Chittoor district">Chittoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Godavari_district" title="East Godavari district">East Godavari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluru_district" title="Eluru district">Eluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntur_district" title="Guntur district">Guntur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadapa_district" title="Kadapa district">Kadapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakinada_district" title="Kakinada district">Kakinada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konaseema_district" title="Konaseema district">Konaseema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_district" title="Krishna district">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurnool_district" title="Kurnool district">Kurnool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandyal_district" title="Nandyal district">Nandyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTR_district" title="NTR district">NTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palnadu_district" title="Palnadu district">Palnadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvathipuram_Manyam_district" title="Parvathipuram Manyam district">Parvathipuram Manyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakasam_district" title="Prakasam district">Prakasam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellore_district" title="Nellore district">Nellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikakulam_district" title="Srikakulam district">Srikakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sathya_Sai_district" title="Sri Sathya Sai district">Sri Sathya Sai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupati_district" title="Tirupati district">Tirupati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam_district" title="Visakhapatnam district">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizianagaram_district" title="Vizianagaram district">Vizianagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Godavari_district" title="West Godavari district">West Godavari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Metropolis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Andhra_Pradesh_by_population" title="List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoni" title="Adoni">Adoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantapur" title="Anantapur">Anantapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimavaram" title="Bhimavaram">Bhimavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilakaluripet" title="Chilakaluripet">Chilakaluripet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittoor" title="Chittoor">Chittoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmavaram,_Sri_Sathya_Sai_district" title="Dharmavaram, Sri Sathya Sai district">Dharmavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadiri" title="Kadiri">Kadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluru" title="Eluru">Eluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudivada" title="Gudivada">Gudivada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntakal" title="Guntakal">Guntakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntur" title="Guntur">Guntur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindupur" title="Hindupur">Hindupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadapa" title="Kadapa">Kadapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakinada" title="Kakinada">Kakinada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurnool" title="Kurnool">Kurnool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Machilipatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madanapalle" title="Madanapalle">Madanapalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandyal" title="Nandyal">Nandyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasaraopet" title="Narasaraopet">Narasaraopet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellore" title="Nellore">Nellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuzvid" title="Nuzvid">Nuzvid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongole" title="Ongole">Ongole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakollu" title="Palakollu">Palakollu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proddatur" title="Proddatur">Proddatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajahmundry" title="Rajahmundry">Rajahmundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikakulam" title="Srikakulam">Srikakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadepalligudem" title="Tadepalligudem">Tadepalligudem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadipatri" title="Tadipatri">Tadipatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenali" title="Tenali">Tenali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuni" title="Tuni">Tuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizianagaram" title="Vizianagaram">Vizianagaram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Transport in Andhra Pradesh">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Airports_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Airports in Andhra Pradesh">Airports</a></li> <li>Railways</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:State_highways_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:State highways in Andhra Pradesh">Roadways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Ports and harbours of Andhra Pradesh">Seaports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Tourism in Andhra Pradesh">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Dams in Andhra Pradesh">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Forts in Andhra Pradesh">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Lakes of Andhra Pradesh">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:National parks in Andhra Pradesh">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_temples_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Churches in Andhra Pradesh">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wildlife_sanctuaries_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh">Wildlife sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Waterfalls of Andhra Pradesh">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="History of Andhra Pradesh">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvaku" title="Andhra Ikshvaku">Andhra Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Gotrika" title="Ananda Gotrika">Ananda Gotrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salankayana_dynasty" title="Salankayana dynasty">Salankayana dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundina dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velanati_Chodas" title="Velanati Chodas">Velanati Chodas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musunuri_Nayakas" title="Musunuri Nayakas">Musunuri Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reddi_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reddi kingdom">Reddi kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb Shahi dynasty">Qutb Shahi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaf_Jahi_dynasty" title="Asaf Jahi dynasty">Asaf Jahi dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Related lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Andhra_Pradesh_by_population" title="List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population">List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_agglomerations_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh">List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revenue_divisions_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh">List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_local_bodies_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh">List of urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mandals_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh">List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Telangana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telangana" title="Template:Telangana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telangana" title="Template talk:Telangana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telangana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telangana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Telangana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Telangana" title="Architecture of Telangana">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Telangana" title="Culture of Telangana">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Telangana" title="Demographics of Telangana">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Telangana" title="Education in Telangana">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana#Geography" title="Telangana">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Telangana" title="Government of Telangana">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Telangana" title="History of Telangana">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Language_Day" title="Telangana Language Day">Language day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Telangana" title="Politics of Telangana">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Telangana" title="List of people from Telangana">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Telangana" title="Tourism in Telangana">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rastrakutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musunuri_Nayakas" title="Musunuri Nayakas">Musunuri Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Golconda" title="Sultanate of Golconda">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Asaf Jahi dynasty (Nizams)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Telangana" title="List of districts of Telangana">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adilabad_district" title="Adilabad district">Adilabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komaram_Bheem_Asifabad_district" title="Komaram Bheem Asifabad district">Komaram Bheem Asifabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadradri_Kothagudem_district" title="Bhadradri Kothagudem district">Bhadradri Kothagudem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanamkonda_district" title="Hanamkonda district">Hanamkonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_district,_India" title="Hyderabad district, India">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagtial_district" title="Jagtial district">Jagtial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangaon_district" title="Jangaon district">Jangaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayashankar_Bhupalpally_district" title="Jayashankar Bhupalpally district">Jayashankar Bhupalpally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogulamba_Gadwal_district" title="Jogulamba Gadwal district">Jogulamba Gadwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamareddy_district" title="Kamareddy district">Kamareddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimnagar_district" title="Karimnagar district">Karimnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khammam_district" title="Khammam district">Khammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabubabad_district" title="Mahabubabad district">Mahabubabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabubnagar_district" title="Mahabubnagar district">Mahabubnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mancherial_district" title="Mancherial district">Mancherial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medak_district" title="Medak district">Medak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medchal-Malkajgiri_district" title="Medchal-Malkajgiri district">Medchal-Malkajgiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulugu_district" title="Mulugu district">Mulugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarkurnool_district" title="Nagarkurnool district">Nagarkurnool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalgonda_district" title="Nalgonda district">Nalgonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayanpet_district" title="Narayanpet district">Narayanapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_district" title="Nirmal district">Nirmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamabad_district" title="Nizamabad district">Nizamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peddapalli_district" title="Peddapalli district">Peddapalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajanna_Sircilla_district" title="Rajanna Sircilla district">Rajanna Sircilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranga_Reddy_district" title="Ranga Reddy district">Ranga Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangareddy_district" title="Sangareddy district">Sangareddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddipet_district" title="Siddipet district">Siddipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suryapet_district" title="Suryapet district">Suryapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikarabad_district" title="Vikarabad district">Vikarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanaparthy_district" title="Wanaparthy district">Wanaparthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warangal_district" title="Warangal district">Warangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadadri_Bhuvanagiri" title="Yadadri Bhuvanagiri">Y.Bhuvanagiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">Commissionerates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_City_Police" title="Hyderabad City Police">Hyderabad central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachakonda_Police_Commissionerate" title="Rachakonda Police Commissionerate">Rachakonda-Bhuvanagiri, Hyderabad East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberabad_Metropolitan_Police" title="Cyberabad Metropolitan Police">Cyberabad-Hyderabad West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimnagar_Police_Commissionerate" title="Karimnagar Police Commissionerate">Karimnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khammam_Police_Commissionerate" title="Khammam Police Commissionerate">Khammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamabad_Police" title="Nizamabad Police">Nizamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramagundam_Police_Commissionerate" title="Ramagundam Police Commissionerate">Ramagundam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddipet_Police_Commissionerate" title="Siddipet Police Commissionerate">Siddipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warangal_Police_Commissionerate" title="Warangal Police Commissionerate">Warangal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Telangana" title="List of cities and towns in Telangana">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamabad,_Telangana" title="Nizamabad, Telangana">Nizamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khammam" title="Khammam">Khammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimnagar" title="Karimnagar">Karimnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramagundam" title="Ramagundam">Ramagundam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahbubnagar" title="Mahbubnagar">Mahbubnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalgonda" title="Nalgonda">Nalgonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adilabad" title="Adilabad">Adilabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secunderabad" title="Secunderabad">Secunderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suryapet" title="Suryapet">Suryapet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Telangana" title="Tourism in Telangana">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_in_Telangana" title="Category:Churches in Telangana">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Telangana" title="Category:Dams in Telangana">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Telangana" title="Category:Forts in Telangana">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Temples_in_Telangana" title="Category:Temples in Telangana">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Telangana" title="Category:Mosques in Telangana">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Telangana" title="Category:Lakes of Telangana">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Telangana" title="Category:National parks in Telangana">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Telangana" title="Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of Telangana">Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Telangana" title="Category:Waterfalls of Telangana">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Municipal corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Hyderabad_Municipal_Corporation" title="Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimnagar_Municipal_Corporation" title="Karimnagar Municipal Corporation">Karimnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khammam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Khammam Municipal Corporation">Khammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamabad_Municipal_Corporation" title="Nizamabad Municipal Corporation">Nizamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramagundam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Ramagundam Municipal Corporation">Ramagundam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Warangal_Municipal_Corporation" title="Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation">Warangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boduppal" title="Boduppal">Boduppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerzadiguda" title="Peerzadiguda">Peerzadiguda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharnagar,_Telangana" title="Jawaharnagar, Telangana">Jawaharnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizampet" title="Nizampet">Nizampet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badangpet" title="Badangpet">Badangpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandlaguda_Jagir" title="Bandlaguda Jagir">Bandlaguda Jagir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerpet%E2%80%93Jillelguda" title="Meerpet–Jillelguda">Meerpet–Jillelguda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Telangana" title="List of cities and towns in Telangana">List of cities in Telangana by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Telangana" title="List of cities and towns in Telangana">List of cities in Telangana by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_agglomerations_in_Telangana" title="List of urban agglomerations in Telangana">List of urban agglomerations in Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Telangana" title="List of districts of Telangana">List of districts in Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_local_bodies_in_Telangana" title="List of urban local bodies in Telangana">List of urban local bodies in Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rashtrakutas&oldid=1257428176">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rashtrakutas&oldid=1257428176</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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