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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>The Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaideha_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaideha_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Vaideha institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaideha_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_emergency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_emergency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>State of emergency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_emergency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> 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class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>The army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>The police</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Licchavis of Vaishali</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_(%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%80)" title="লিচ্ছবি (গোষ্ঠী) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিচ্ছবি (গোষ্ঠী)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licchavi" title="Licchavi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Licchavi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C4%8D%C4%8Dhaviov%C3%A9" title="Liččhaviové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Liččhaviové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licchavi" title="Licchavi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Licchavi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licchavi" title="Licchavi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Licchavi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Licchavi" title="Clan Licchavi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clan Licchavi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B0%A8%EB%B9%84%EC%A1%B1" title="리차비족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리차비족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF" title="लिच्छवि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लिच्छवि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Licchavi_dari_Vaishali" title="Orang Licchavi dari Vaishali – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Licchavi dari Vaishali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9B%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF" title="ಲಿಚ್ಛವಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಿಚ್ಛವಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licchhavi%27s" title="Licchhavi's – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Licchhavi's" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A1%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93_(%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA)" title="ලිච්ඡවී (වංශය) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලිච්ඡවී (වංශය)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licchavi" title="Licchavi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Licchavi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licchavi" title="Licchavi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Licchavi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="லிச்சாவிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லிச்சாவிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9B%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF_(%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82)" title="లిచ్ఛవి (వంశం) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లిచ్ఛవి (వంశం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%87%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Лічхави – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лічхави" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Indo-Aryan tribe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the branch of the Licchavikas that conquered Nepal in the 4th century CE, see <a href="/wiki/Licchavis_of_Nepal" title="Licchavis of Nepal">Licchavis of Nepal</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Licchavi Republic</div><div class="ib-country-names">Licchavis of Vaishali</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">c. 7th century BCE–c. 468 BCE</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gana_Sanghas_(c._500_BCE).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Licchavi among the Gaṇasaṅghas"><img alt="Licchavi among the Gaṇasaṅghas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gana_Sanghas_%28c._500_BCE%29.jpg/250px-Gana_Sanghas_%28c._500_BCE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gana_Sanghas_%28c._500_BCE%29.jpg/375px-Gana_Sanghas_%28c._500_BCE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gana_Sanghas_%28c._500_BCE%29.jpg/500px-Gana_Sanghas_%28c._500_BCE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1630" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Licchavi among the <a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇasaṅgha</i></span>s</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahajanapadas_(c._500_BCE).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Vajji (the Vajjika League), of which Licchavi was a constituent, and other Mahajanapadas in the Post Vedic period"><img alt="Vajji (the Vajjika League), of which Licchavi was a constituent, and other Mahajanapadas in the Post Vedic period" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/250px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/375px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/500px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="771" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Vajji (the Vajjika League), of which Licchavi was a constituent, and other <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a> in the Post Vedic period</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Republic of the <a href="/wiki/Vajjika_League" title="Vajjika League">Vajjika League</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vesālī</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prākrit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Licchavika</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ganasangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganasangha">Aristocratic Republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇa Mukhya</i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sabh%C4%81" title="Sabhā">Sabhā</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">c. 7th century BCE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Conquered by <a href="/wiki/Ajatashatru" title="Ajatashatru">Ajātasattu</a> of Magadha in 484–468 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data">c. 468 BCE</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" 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/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0.5em; font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asia">History of South Asia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_(orthographic_projection)_without_national_boundaries.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="South Asia (orthographic projection)"><img alt="South Asia (orthographic projection)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/150px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/225px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/300px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history" title="Outline of South Asian history">Outline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Palaeolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(2,500,000–250,000 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(10,800–3300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (7570–6200 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (7000–3300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Edakkal_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakkal Caves">Edakkal culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (5000–3000 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(3500–1500 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anarta_tradition" title="Anarta tradition">Anarta tradition</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3950</span>–1900 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahar%E2%80%93Banas_culture" title="Ahar–Banas culture">Ahar-Banas culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (3000–1500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandu_culture" title="Pandu culture">Pandu culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–750 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malwa_culture" title="Malwa culture">Malwa culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jorwe_culture" title="Jorwe culture">Jorwe culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1400–700 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age</a> <span class="nobold">(3300–1300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Early_Harappan" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Early Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–2600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Mature_Harappan" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Mature Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2600–1900 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Late Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1900–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–1600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Swat culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1600–500 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">Iron Age</a> <span class="nobold">(1500–200 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1500–500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Janapada" title="Janapada">Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1500–600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Black_and_red_ware" title="Black and red ware">Black and Red ware culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1300–1000 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1200–600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (700–200 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (799–684 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (684–424 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">Three Crowned Kingdoms</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span> – AD 1600)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Maha Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>–300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (550–330 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Ror Dynasty</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (450 BC – 489 AD)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (424–345 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (380–321 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (330–323 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (321–184 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (312–303 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 AD</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1345)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1102)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1279)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 AD</span> – AD 800)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 500</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (247 BC – AD 224)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle Kingdoms</a> <span class="nobold">(230 BC – AD 1206)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (230 BC – AD 220)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (200 BC – AD 300)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Mathura)" title="Mitra dynasty (Mathura)">Mitra Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50 BC</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (185–73 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (180 BC – AD 10)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (75–26 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (50 BC – AD 400)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 21 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satrap Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 35–405 )</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 60–240)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Bharshiva Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (170–350)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Nagas of Padmavati</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (210–340)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (224–651)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanid Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (230–360)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhras Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (280–550)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (345–525)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (350–1000)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (350–1100)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundina Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (420–624)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maitraka_dynasty" title="Maitraka dynasty">Maitraka Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475–767)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475–576)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (489–632)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Kabul Shahi Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span> – 1026)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (543–753)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maukhari_dynasty" title="Maukhari dynasty">Maukhari Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (606–647)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (618–841)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (624–1075)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (632–661)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (650–1036)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (661–750)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (694–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhauma-Kara_dynasty" title="Bhauma-Kara dynasty">Bhauma-Kara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (736–916)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (750–1174)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (753–982)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (800–1327)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Yadava Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (850–1334)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Somavamshi_dynasty" title="Somavamshi dynasty">Somavamshi Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (882–1110)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (942–1244)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (973–1189)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lohara_dynasty" title="Lohara dynasty">Lohara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1003–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1040–1347)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1070–1230)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1078–1434)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1083–1323)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1102–1766)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri">Kalachuris of Tripuri</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (675–1210)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Kalyani" title="Kalachuris of Kalyani">Kalachuris of Kalyani</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1156–1184)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chutia_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutia Kingdom">Chutiya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1187–1673)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span>)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Late medieval period</a> <span class="nobold">(1206–1526)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (977–1186)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1170–1206)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1206–1526)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1206–1290)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1290–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1320–1414)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1414–1451)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1451–1526)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1228–1826)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Chitradurga Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1300–1779)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Reddi_Kingdom" title="Reddi Kingdom">Reddy Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1325–1448)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1336–1646)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1352–1576)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Garhwal Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1358–1803)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1399–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Empire" title="Gajapati Empire">Gajapati Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1434–1541)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Ladakh Kingdom </a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1470–1842)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1596)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1636)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Berar_sultanate" title="Berar sultanate">Berar sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1574)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate" title="Bidar Sultanate">Bidar Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1492–1619)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1492–1686)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Golkonda_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Golkonda Sultanate">Golkonda Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1518–1687)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1499–1763)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Koch_dynasty" title="Koch dynasty">Koch Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1515–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a> <span class="nobold">(1526–1858)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1526–1858)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1540–1556)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_dynasty" title="Madurai Nayak dynasty">Madurai Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1529–1736)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayak_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Nayak kingdom">Thanjavur Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1532–1673)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhoi_dynasty" title="Bhoi dynasty">Bhoi dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1541–1804)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1576–1757)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramnad_estate" title="Ramnad estate">Marava Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–1750)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1642–1975)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tondaiman" title="Tondaiman">Thondaiman Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1650–1948)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1674–1818)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1707–1799)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1729–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1799–1849)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial states</a> <span class="nobold">(1510–1961)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1510–1961)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1605–1825)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Danish_India" title="Danish India">Danish India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1620–1869)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1759–1954)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a></td><td 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India (1947–present)">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Regional histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Assam" title="History of Assam">Assam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Balochistan" title="History of Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">Bengal</a></li><li><a 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title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_studies" title="Pakistan studies">Pakistan studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Physical culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions#History" title="Indian religions">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_South_Asian_history" title="Timeline of South Asian history">Timeline</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_South_Asia" title="Template:History of South Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_South_Asia" title="Template talk:History of South Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_South_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of South Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Licchavis of Vaishali</b> (<a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Māgadhī Prakrit</a>: <span title="Prakrit languages collective text"><span lang="pra">𑀮𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀯𑀺</span></span> <span title="Prakrit languages romanization"><i lang="pra-Latn">Licchavi</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a>: <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Licchavi</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: ऋक्षवी <i>Ṛkṣavī</i>; <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: "<a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">Bear</a> Clan") were an ancient <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribe</a> and dynasty of north-eastern <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> whose existence is attested from the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">Iron Age</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Classical Age</a>. The population of Licchavi, the <b>Licchavikas</b>, were organised into a <a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">gaṇasaṅgha</i></span></a> (an <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>), presently referred to as the <b>Licchavi Republic</b>, which was the leading state of the larger <a href="/wiki/Vajjika_League" title="Vajjika League">Vajjika League</a>. </p><p>Following their eventual subjugation in the <a href="/wiki/Magadha-Vajji_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha-Vajji war">Magadha-Vajji war</a>, the Licchavis continued to reside in the region of Vaishali. The fourth century A.D. Gupta Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a> was the son of a Licchavi princess and referred to himself as a <i>Licchavi-Dauhitra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Licchavikas lived in the southwest part of the <a href="/wiki/Vajjika_League" title="Vajjika League">Vajjika League</a>, which was itself bounded to the north, east, south, and west, respectively, by the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himālaya mountains</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mahananda_River" title="Mahananda River">Mahānadī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Gaṅgā</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Sadānirā</a> rivers. The Sadānirā river was the Licchavikas' western border, and the Gaṅgā river as their border with the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> in the south. The capital of the Licchavikas was located at <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vesālī</a> (Vaishali), which also acted as the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Vajjika_League" title="Vajjika League">Vajjika League</a> led by Licchavi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anandastupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Anandastupa.jpg/250px-Anandastupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Anandastupa.jpg/375px-Anandastupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Anandastupa.jpg/500px-Anandastupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Ananda Stupa, with an <a href="/wiki/Asokan_pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Asokan pillar">Asokan pillar</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vesālī</a>, the capital city.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha%27s_ashes_Stupa,_Vaishali,_Bihar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Buddha%27s_ashes_Stupa%2C_Vaishali%2C_Bihar.jpg/250px-Buddha%27s_ashes_Stupa%2C_Vaishali%2C_Bihar.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Buddha%27s_ashes_Stupa%2C_Vaishali%2C_Bihar.jpg/375px-Buddha%27s_ashes_Stupa%2C_Vaishali%2C_Bihar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Buddha%27s_ashes_Stupa%2C_Vaishali%2C_Bihar.jpg/500px-Buddha%27s_ashes_Stupa%2C_Vaishali%2C_Bihar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>Buddha's ashes Stupa built by the <i>Licchavikas</i>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vesālī</a> (Vaishali).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tribal name <span title="Prakrit languages romanization"><i lang="pra-Latn">Licchavi</i></span> (<span title="Prakrit languages collective text"><span lang="pra">𑀮𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀯𑀺</span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Māgadhī Prākrit</a> derivation of the word <span title="Prakrit languages romanization"><i lang="pra-Latn">liccha</i></span>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a>". Attested variations of the name include <span title="Prakrit languages romanization"><i lang="pra-Latn">Licchivi</i></span>, <span title="Prakrit languages romanization"><i lang="pra-Latn">Lecchavi</i></span>, and <span title="Prakrit languages romanization"><i lang="pra-Latn">Licchaī</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885-135_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885-135-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> form of the name <span title="Prakrit languages romanization"><i lang="pra-Latn">Licchavi</i></span> would have been <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ṛkṣavī</i></span> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ऋक्षवी</span></span>), from the Sanskrit word for bear, <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṛkṣa</i></span> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ऋक्ष</span></span>). This Sanskrit form of the name was however not commonly used, and both Sanskrit and <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a> instead borrowed and used the Māgadhī Prakrit form <span title="Prakrit languages romanization"><i lang="pra-Latn">Licchavi</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This use of a tribal name derived from the name of the bear might have had a totemic significance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968208_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1968208-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Licchavikas were an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> tribe in the eastern Gangetic plain in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a> cultural region.<sup id="cite_ref-Levman_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They conquered the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Videha" title="Videha">Mahā-Videha kingdom</a>, and temporarily occupied the Vaideha capital of <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(ancient_city)" title="Mithila (ancient city)">Mithilā</a>, from where they could best administer the territory of Mahā-Videha. The consequence of the occupation of Mahā-Videha by the republican Licchavikas was that the latter relatively peacefully overthrew the already weakened Vaideha monarchical system and replaced it by a republican system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968136–158_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1968136–158-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Facing the rising power of Magadha to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Gaṅgā</a>, the Licchavikas established their republic in the southern part of the former Mahā-Videha kingdom and moved their political centre to the until then marginal location of <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vesālī</a>, which the Licchavikas turned into their largest city as well as their capital and stronghold. Meanwhile, the new Videha republic existed in a limited territory centred around Mithilā and located to the north of the Licchavikas. Many members of the Vaideha aristocracy who had submitted to the Licchavikas joined them in moving to Vesālī, and therefore became members of the Licchavika ruling aristocratic <a href="#The_Assembly">Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968136–158_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1968136–158-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statehood">Statehood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Statehood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once settled around Vesālī, the Licchavikas formed a state organised as a <a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">gaṇasaṅgha</i></span></a> (an <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>). The Licchavikas themselves henceforth became the leading power within the territory of the former Mahā-Videha kingdom, with the Licchavika Assembly holding the sovereign and supreme rights over this territory while the Videha republic was ruled by an Assembly of the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">kṣatriya</i></span>s</a> residing in and around Mithilā, and governing in the name of the Licchavika Assembly. The Videha republic was thus under significant influence of the Licchavi republic, which it joined as one of the two most important members of the <a href="/wiki/Vajjika_League" title="Vajjika League">Vajjika League</a>, which was a temporary league led by Licchavi within which the latter held nine of the eighteen seats of the Vajjika Council, while the Vaidehas held a smaller number of seats among the remaining none ones. Within the Vajjika League, Videha maintained limited autonomy concerning its domestic administration under the supervision of Licchavi, who fully controlled Vaideha foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968136–158_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1968136–158-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ya" title="Nāya">Nāyikas</a>, who were a sub-group of the Vaidehas who formed an independent tribe, were another constituent republic of the Licchavi-led <a href="/wiki/Vajjika_League" title="Vajjika League">Vajjika League</a>, and hence they held autonomy in matters of internal policy while their war and foreign policies were handled by the Vajjika Council, in which the <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇa Mukhya</i></span> ("head of the republic") of the Nāyikas held a seat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968159–168_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1968159–168-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 6th century BCE, the <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇa Mukhya</i></span> ("head of the republic") of the Licchavikas, that is the head of state of the Licchavikas and of their Council, was <a href="/wiki/Chetaka" title="Chetaka">Ceṭaka</a> or Ceḍaga, which also made him the head of the Council of the Vajjika League.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceḍaga's sister <a href="/wiki/Trishala" title="Trishala">Trisalā</a> was married to the Nāyika <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇa Mukhya</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_of_Kundagrama" title="Siddhartha of Kundagrama">Siddhārtha</a>, with this marriage having been contracted because of Siddhārtha's political importance due to the important geographical location close to Vesālī of the Nāya tribe he headed, as well as due to Siddhārtha's membership in the Vajjika Council. The son of Siddhārtha and Trisalā, that is Ceḍaga's nephew, was <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahāvīra</a>, the 24th <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tīrthaṅkara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968159–168_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1968159–168-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceṭaka became an adept of the teachings of his nephew <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahāvīra</a> and adopted <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, thus making the Licchavika and Vajjika capital of <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vesālī</a> a bastion of Jainism, and his sixth daughter, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sujye%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sujyeṣṭhā (page does not exist)">Sujyeṣṭhā</a>, became a Jain nun,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeo195671_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeo195671-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the diplomatic marriages of his other daughters to various leaders, in turn, contributed to the spreading of Jainism across northern South Asia:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain197467_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain197467-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prabh%C4%81vat%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prabhāvatī (page does not exist)">Prabhāvatī</a> was married to the king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ud%C4%81yana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Udāyana (page does not exist)">Udāyana</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sindhu-Sauv%C4%ABra" title="Sindhu-Sauvīra">Sindhu-Sauvīra</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESikdar1964388–464_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESikdar1964388–464-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeo195671_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeo195671-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Padm%C4%81vat%C4%AB" title="Padmāvatī">Padmāvatī</a> was married to king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadhiv%C4%81hana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadhivāhana (page does not exist)">Dadhivāhana</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Aṅga</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeo195671_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeo195671-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%E1%B9%9Bg%C4%81vat%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mṛgāvatī (page does not exist)">Mṛgāvatī</a> was married to the king <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Aat%C4%81n%C4%ABka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śatānīka (page does not exist)">Śatānīka</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vatsa" title="Vatsa">Vatsa</a>, with their son being the famous <a href="/wiki/Udayana_(king)" title="Udayana (king)">Udayana</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESikdar1964388–464_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESikdar1964388–464-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeo195671_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeo195671-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Aiv%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śivā (page does not exist)">Śivā</a> was married to king <a href="/wiki/Pradyota" class="mw-redirect" title="Pradyota">Pradyota</a> of <a href="/wiki/Avanti_(Ancient_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avanti (Ancient India)">Avanti</a>; <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain197466_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain197466-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeo195671_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeo195671-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jye%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jyeṣṭhā (page does not exist)">Jyeṣṭhā</a> was married to Ceṭaka's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Nandivardhana_of_Kundagrama" title="Nandivardhana of Kundagrama">Nandivardhana</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ku%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dag%C4%81ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuṇḍagāma">Kuṇḍagāma</a>, who was the son of Trisalā and the elder brother of Mahāvīra;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeo195671_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeo195671-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cella%E1%B9%87%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cellaṇā (page does not exist)">Cellaṇā</a> was married to the king <a href="/wiki/Bimbisara" title="Bimbisara">Bimbisāra</a> of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968159–168_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1968159–168-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeo195671_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeo195671-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Licchavikas and the <a href="/wiki/Malla_(tribe)" title="Malla (tribe)">Mallakas</a> were considered to be the republican states of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Kashi">Kāsī</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a> by Jain sources, and both Mallaka republics joined the Licchavi-led Vajjika League to deal with danger they might have faced in common during periods of instability, and within which they held friendly relations with the Licchavikas, the Vaidehas, and the Nāyikas who were the other members of this league, although occasional quarrels did break out between these republics. Unlike the other confederate tribes such as the Vaidehas and Nāyikas, who had no sovereign rights of their own because they were dependencies of Licchavi, the Mallakas maintained their own sovereign rights within the Vajjika League.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968169–181_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1968169–181-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Licchavikas' relations with the Kosala kingdom of the king <a href="/wiki/Pasenadi" title="Pasenadi">Pasenadi</a> were friendly, although quarrels occasionally arose among them, such as when the wife of the Mallaka general Bandhula, who was himself in the service of Kosala, decided to have a bath in the sacred tank of the Licchavikas in which only Licchavika <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span>s were allowed to bathe. </p><p>After the death of the Buddha, the Licchavikas, the Mallakas, and the <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (tribe)">Sakyas</a> claimed shares of his relics while the Vaidehas and the Nāyikas did not appear among the list of states claiming a share because they were dependencies of the Licchavikas without their own sovereignty, and therefore could not put forth their own claim while Licchavi could.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968136–158_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1968136–158-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_eastern_Gangetic_plain_before_Ajatasattu%27s,_Vidudabha%27s_and_Udayana%27s_conquests.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_eastern_Gangetic_plain_before_Ajatasattu%27s%2C_Vidudabha%27s_and_Udayana%27s_conquests.jpg/238px-The_eastern_Gangetic_plain_before_Ajatasattu%27s%2C_Vidudabha%27s_and_Udayana%27s_conquests.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_eastern_Gangetic_plain_before_Ajatasattu%27s%2C_Vidudabha%27s_and_Udayana%27s_conquests.jpg/357px-The_eastern_Gangetic_plain_before_Ajatasattu%27s%2C_Vidudabha%27s_and_Udayana%27s_conquests.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_eastern_Gangetic_plain_before_Ajatasattu%27s%2C_Vidudabha%27s_and_Udayana%27s_conquests.jpg/476px-The_eastern_Gangetic_plain_before_Ajatasattu%27s%2C_Vidudabha%27s_and_Udayana%27s_conquests.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="891" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Map of the eastern Gangetic plain before Ajātasattu's conquests<br />(Malla shown within the Vajjika League)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_eastern_Gangetic_plain_after_Ajatasattu%27s,_Vidudabha%27s_and_Udayana%27s_conquests.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/The_eastern_Gangetic_plain_after_Ajatasattu%27s%2C_Vidudabha%27s_and_Udayana%27s_conquests.jpg/238px-The_eastern_Gangetic_plain_after_Ajatasattu%27s%2C_Vidudabha%27s_and_Udayana%27s_conquests.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/The_eastern_Gangetic_plain_after_Ajatasattu%27s%2C_Vidudabha%27s_and_Udayana%27s_conquests.jpg/357px-The_eastern_Gangetic_plain_after_Ajatasattu%27s%2C_Vidudabha%27s_and_Udayana%27s_conquests.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/The_eastern_Gangetic_plain_after_Ajatasattu%27s%2C_Vidudabha%27s_and_Udayana%27s_conquests.jpg/476px-The_eastern_Gangetic_plain_after_Ajatasattu%27s%2C_Vidudabha%27s_and_Udayana%27s_conquests.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="891" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Map of the eastern Gangetic plain after Ajātasattu's conquest of the Vajjika League and of Moriya</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_by_Magadha">Conquest by Magadha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conquest by Magadha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Magadha-Vajji_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha-Vajji war">Magadha-Vajji war</a></div> <p>The relations of the Licchavikas with their southern neighbour, the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>, were initially good, and the wife of the Māgadhī king <a href="/wiki/Bimbisara" title="Bimbisara">Bimbisāra</a> was the Vesālia princess Vāsavī, who was the daughter of the Licchavika <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Nāyaka</i></span> Sakala's son Siṃha. There were nevertheless occasional tensions between Licchavi and Magadha, such as the competition at the Mallaka capital of <a href="/wiki/Kusin%C4%81r%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusinārā">Kusinārā</a> over acquiring the relics of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another case, the Licchavikas once invaded Māgadhī territory from across the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Gaṅgā</a>, and at some point the relations between Magadha and Licchavi permanently deteriorated as result of a grave offence committed by the Licchavikas towards the Māgadhī king Bimbisāra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hostilities between Licchavi and Magadha continued under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ajatashatru" title="Ajatashatru">Ajātasattu</a>, who was Bimbisāra's son with another Licchavika princess, Vāsavī, after he had killed Bimbisāra and usurped the throne of Magadha. Eventually Licchavi supported a revolt against Ajātasattu by his younger step-brother and the governor of <a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Aṅga</a>, Vehalla, who was the son of Bimbisāra by another Licchavika wife of his, Cellanā, a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Chetaka" title="Chetaka">Ceḍaga</a>, who was the head of both the Licchavi republic and the Vajjika League; Bimbisāra had chosen Vehalla as his successor following Ajātasattu's falling out of his favour after the latter had been caught conspiring against him, and the Licchavikas had attempted to place Vehalla on the throne of Magadha after Ajātasattu's usurpation and had allowed Vehalla to use their capital Vesālī as base for his revolt. After the failure of this rebellion, Vehalla sought refuge at his grandfather's place in the Licchavika and Vajjika capital of Vesālī, following which Ajātasattu repeatedly attempted to negotiate with the Licchavikas-Vajjikas. After Ajātasattu's repeated negotiation attempts ended in failure, he declared war on the Vajjika League in 484 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tensions between Licchavi and Magadha were exacerbated by the handling of the joint Māgadhī-Licchavika border post of Koṭigāma on the Gaṅgā by the Licchavika-led Vajjika League who would regularly collect all valuables from Koṭigāma and leave none to the Māgadhīs. Therefore Ajātasattu decided to destroy the Vajjika League in retaliation, but also because, as an ambitious empire-builder whose mother Vāsavī was Licchavika princess of Vaidehī descent, he was interested in the territory of the former Mahā-Videha kingdom which by then was part of the Vajjika League. Ajātasattu's hostility towards the Vajjika League was also the result of the differing forms of political organisation between Magadha and the Vajjika League, with the former being monarchical and the latter being republican, not unlike the opposition of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> to the democratic form of government in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">hostilities</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">ancient Macedonian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a> to the Athenian and <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Theban</a> republics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As members of the Vajjika League, the Vaidehas, Nāyikas, and Mallakas were also threatened by Ajātasattu, and the Vajjika <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇa Mukhya</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Chetaka" title="Chetaka">Ceḍaga</a> held war consultations with the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span>s of the Licchavikas and Mallikas before the fight started. The Vaidehas, Nāyikas, and Mallakas therefore fought on the side of the League against Magadha. The military forces of the Vajjika League were initially too strong for Ajātasattu to be successful against them, and it required him having recourse to diplomacy and intrigues over the span of a decade to finally defeat the Vajjika League by 468 BCE and annex its territories, including Licchavi, Videha, and Nāya to the kingdom of Magadha, while the Mallakas also became part of Ajātasattu's Māgadhī empire but were allowed a limited degree of autonomy in terms of their internal administration. The Licchavikas nevertheless survived their defeat by Ajātasattu, and the structures of the older Licchavi republic subsisted within a degree local autonomy under Māgadhī rule, as attested by how the Licchavika Council instituted a festival in the memory of the decease of the <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tīrthaṅkara</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahāvīra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968136–158_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1968136–158-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968169–181_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1968169–181-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_periods">Later periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Licchavikas survived as a distinct political and ethnic entity for centuries after their defeat by the Māgadhīs, and they became powerful again after the disintegration of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>. During this period, the Licchavika sacred tank of <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Abhiseka-Pokkharaṇī</i></span> was enlarged and surrounded with a wall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg/250px-Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg/375px-Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg/500px-Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>Licchavika Queen Kumaradevi and King <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_I" title="Chandragupta I">Chandragupta I</a>, depicted on a coin of their son <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a>, 350–380 CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Licchavikas are mentioned for the last time during the early period of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>, when the Licchavika princess Kumāradevī married <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_I" title="Chandragupta I">Chandragupta I</a>, as attested on the legends of the coinage of their son <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a>, who called himself <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Licchavi-dauhitra</i></span> ("maternal grandson of the Licchavikas") in his inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That the Licchavikas survived beyond this period is however evidenced by how a branch of this people formed a <a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">Licchavi kingdom in Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_political_organisation">Social and political organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social and political organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_institutions">Republican institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Republican institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Licchavi republic was organised into a <a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">gaṇasaṅgha</i></span></a>, that is a tribal <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republican</a> organisation according to which the final power and the absolute authority of the state were shared among a large section of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Assembly">The Assembly</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Out of the total estimated 200,000 to 300,000 population of Licchavi, the tribe's governing class was composed of 7,707 unelected members (called <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span>, meaning "ruler") who were constituted into the Licchavi republic's Assembly, which was the sovereign power of the state. Reflecting the Licchavikas' tribal nature, the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span>s held the status of <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">kṣatriya</i></span>s</a>, similarly to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> system of the aristocracy of heads of houses, and they were automatically accorded membership to the Licchavika Assembly. Thus, the Licchavikas, like their Mallaka, Vaideha, and Nāyika confederates within the Vajjika League, were a <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">kṣatriya</i></span> tribe, and their <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span>s were the heads of the <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">kṣatriya</i></span> ruling families of Licchavi living in and near Vesālī, who held their titles for life unless they were physically disabled or had been found guilty of serious crimes, and had full political rights at the Assembly of Vesālī, which they had the right to attend and within which they held seats, although they were not obligated to always attend its sessions. Power was shared evenly by these <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span>s and was exercised by the majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968136–158_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1968136–158-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968169–181_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1968169–181-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The status of the Licchavika <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span>s was hereditary and they were succeeded by their eldest sons, who were called <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Licchavi-kumāra</i></span> ("princes of Licchavi"), held the title of <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">uparājā</i></span> ("viceroy"), and represented their fathers in situations when the latter were ill or otherwise unable to attend an Assembly session. These <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Licchavi-kumāra</i></span>s officially would, during the General Assembly of Vesālī, succeed their fathers who had died during the preceding year or had become too old to continue exercising their duties. This ceremony consisted of the representatives of the Licchavika <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">kṣatriya</i></span> families taking a sacred bath before being anointed as <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span>s, and was held at the sacred tank, named <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Abhiseka-Pokkharaṇī</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a> (<span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Abhiṣeka-Puṣkariṇī</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>), where only the Licchavika rulers were allowed to bathe. Before being anointed as <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span>s, these <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Licchavi-kumāra</i></span>s were instructed on the discipline of government by their fathers, who encouraged them to maintain their traditional republican political organisation, although despite also being the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span>s' <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">uparājā</i></span>s, they had no voting rights unless they were representing a <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span> or had themselves been appointed as <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span>s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-<span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">kṣatriya</i></span>s had no political rights in the Licchavi republic, similarly to how only the <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a> held political power during the earlier periods of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. On rare occasions, some <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">brāhmaṇa</i></span>s</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">vaiśya</i></span>s</a> were granted full political rights and were appointed to high positions, but these were exceptions granted to unusually distinguished men, such as in the case of the Māgadhī minister Vassakāra who became a judge at Vesālī, the Vaideha chief minister Khaṇḍa who resigned from his post due to his colleagues' jealousy and settled at Vesālī where he quickly became the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">senāpati</i></span> of Licchavi's army, and the Vaideha minister Sakala who had to flee from his colleagues' jealousy and moved to Vesālī where he became a prominent citizen and was elected <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Nāyaka</i></span>; Sakala had two sons, Gopāla and Siṃha, who both married Vesālia women, and Siṃha's daughter Vāsavī married the Māgadhī king <a href="/wiki/Bimbisara" title="Bimbisara">Bimbisāra</a>. Otherwise, non-citizens who held complaints or grievances had to approach the Assembly or the <a href="#The_Council">Council</a> directly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Licchavika Assembly functioned like the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)#Athenian_boule" title="Boule (ancient Greece)"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">boulē</i></span></a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">magistracy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)"><span title="Germanic languages romanization"><i lang="gem-Latn">thing</i></span></a>. Like the Germanic <span title="Germanic languages romanization"><i lang="gem-Latn">thing</i></span>, the Assembly of the Licchavikas had no division between the legislative, executive, and judicial functions, and it tried legal cases and elected the <a href="#The_Gaṇa_Mukhya_(Consul)">consul and the general-in-chief</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In normal times, the General Assembly of Vesālī met only once a year during the annual spring festival for important and serious issues, and otherwise the full Assembly's meetings would have been held only on the occasion of specific military, social, and economic events. A smaller body of the Licchavika <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span>s instead met more often for administrative purposes in the <a href="/wiki/Santhagara" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhagara"><span title="Prakrit languages romanization"><i lang="pra-Latn">santhāgāra</i></span></a>, a mote-hall-like meeting place located in the capital and the large cities of the Licchavi republic. Similarly to the earlier Vedic <a href="/wiki/Sabh%C4%81" title="Sabhā"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">sabhā</i></span></a>, the <span title="Prakrit languages romanization"><i lang="pra-Latn">santhāgāra</i></span> was a political institution, as well as the venue for religious and social functions. Among the officials of the Assembly was the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">āsana-paññāpaka</i></span> ("regulator of seats") who was elected by the Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Functioning_of_the_Assembly">Functioning of the Assembly</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Functioning of the Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meetings of the Assembly were called by the sound of a drum, after which the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span>s assembled in the <span title="Prakrit languages romanization"><i lang="pra-Latn">santhāgāra</i></span>, and voting (called <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">chaṇḍa</i></span>, meaning "free choice") was done through the means of pieces of wood called <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">salākā</i></span>s. The <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">salākā-gāhāpaka</i></span> ("collector of the wood pieces") was an important office whose holder was elected because of his known honesty and impartiality, and his consent as to whether he would accept the post was required, after which whoever had proposed this candidate had to demand the approval of the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">saṅgha</i></span>: those who supported the candidature remained silent while those opposed to it spoke and proposed other candidates, after which a quorum was required.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To ensure the presence and completion of the quorum, the Assembly had another officer titled the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">gaṇa-pūraka</i></span>, who was a member of the Assembly either volunteered his services or was appointed by the Council to inform the members of the Assembly of proceedings to be held in the Assembly hall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Licchavikas held elections, the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">āsana-paññāpaka</i></span> announced that elections were to be held in the Assembly hall, where the gathered members of the Assembly put names forward and <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">salākā</i></span>s were distributed. The <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">gaṇa-pūraka</i></span> counted the participants and determined whether the quorum had been filled or not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Gaṇa_Mukhya_(Consul)"><span id="The_Ga.E1.B9.87a_Mukhya_.28Consul.29"></span>The <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇa Mukhya</i></span> (Consul)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Gaṇa Mukhya (Consul)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇa Mukhya</i></span> was the Licchavi republic's chief officer, that is the supreme <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span>, who was both the head of the state and the supreme judge, and was elected by the General Assembly of Vesālī for a limited period of time generally lasting between 10 and 15 years. This consul <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span>, the <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇa Mukhya</i></span>, was elected from among the 7,707 <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span>s in the Assembly: when the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">āsana-paññāpaka</i></span> announced that elections were to be held for the title of the <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇa Mukhya</i></span>, the members of the Assembly put names forward and <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">salākā</i></span>s were distributed; the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">gaṇa-pūraka</i></span> counted the participants and determined whether the quorum had been filled or not. The criteria for election to the post of <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇa Mukhya</i></span> like his age, political wisdom, strength of character, bravery in battle, eloquence in the Assembly, and popularity among the citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once elected, the <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇa Mukhya</i></span> presided over the Assembly in whose name he wielded supreme power in the republic, and shared his power with a <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">uparājā</i></span> (viceroy), a <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">senāpati</i></span> (general-in-chief), and a <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">bhaṇḍāgārika</i></span> (treasurer). The <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">uparājā</i></span> was elected for a limited period of time like the supreme <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span>, while the holder of the office of <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">bhaṇḍāgārika</i></span> was likely replaced less often, while the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">senāpati</i></span> was appointed for life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Council">The Council</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In practice, the legislative, executive, and judicial functions of the Assembly were performed by a small senate-like body, that is the Assembly's inner council, the Licchavika Council, made up of nine <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span>s, consisting of the <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇa Mukhya</i></span> and the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">aṭṭhakulika</i></span>s, that is eight councillor <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span>s elected from among members of the Assembly by the eight clans of the Licchavikas. The <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">aṭṭhakulika</i></span>s were elected following the same procedure through which the <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇa Mukhya</i></span> was elected, although nominations of names for the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">aṭṭhakulika</i></span>s were done separately, one for each of the eight Licchavika clans, and the election for the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">aṭṭhakulika</i></span> might have taken place among each clan independently, with only members of the Assembly being allowed to vote. Once the successful candidates had been elected, they were solemnly consecrated by being honoured with a traditional ceremonial bath and anointed at the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Abhiseka-Pokkharaṇī</i></span> during the spring festival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This Council met regularly to administer the public affairs of the Licchavi republic and had to answer for its actions to the Assembly; the Council was thus in charge of planning and policy of the Licchavi republic, and had to demand the approval of the Licchavika Assembly for important matters. Other tasks of the Council would have included preparing the agenda for the Licchavi republic's annual General Assembly, the consecration of the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">uparājā</i></span>s, and handling other important issues, as well as arranging for filling posts and ranks whose holders had died or could not otherwise perform their duties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Council's judicial role, only the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">aṭṭhakulika</i></span>s, that is the eight councillor <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">rājā</i></span>s representing the eight Licchavika clans, tried judicial cases while the <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇa Mukhya</i></span> was not a member of the jury: according to the normal judicial process among the Licchavikas, if a criminal had not been exonerated by lesser institutions of the republic, they were sent to be tried by the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">aṭṭhakulika</i></span>s who, if they found the criminal to be guilty, would hand them over to the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">senāpati</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vaideha_institutions">Vaideha institutions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vaideha institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since Videha was a dependency of Licchavi, the Vaideha Council, which was the body with the supreme authority of the internal administration of the Videha republic, held the supreme power of Videha under the administration of the Licchavikas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_of_emergency">State of emergency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: State of emergency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In normal situations, the Licchavika Council carried out the administration of the Licchavi republic without much difficulty without needing to call emergency meetings of the Assembly. However during the periods of hostilities with Magadha, both the Council and the Assembly met frequently more than once a year, and the Council often consulted with the Assembly, with the importance of the measures of the Assembly gaining in importance during the continued states of emergency and war, similarly to how the power and prestige of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> increased during the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Greek_wars" title="Roman–Greek wars">Roman–Greek wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under these circumstances, the Assembly was the supreme authority in all governmental domains while the role of the Council was only to implements its requests and commands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villages">Villages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Villages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within Licchavika territory, artisans such as carpenters, smiths and potters, and who possibly did not ethnically belong to the Licchavi tribe, as well as <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">brāhmaṇa</i></span>s, had villages of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_women">Role of women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Role of women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women in the Licchavi republic held no citizen rights at Vesālī, and were largely reduced to the role of being housewives. Although women participated in Licchavika social life, they were not allowed to participate in the political assemblies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ambapālī"><span id="Ambap.C4.81l.C4.AB"></span>Ambapālī</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ambapālī"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The elected courtesan <a href="/wiki/Amrapali" title="Amrapali">Ampabālī</a> was the woman held to be the most beautiful in Licchavi and was elected for life to be the wife (<a href="/wiki/Nagarvadhu" title="Nagarvadhu"><span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Nagaravadhu</i></span></a>) of the Licchavi republic itself. The Licchavikas honoured Ambapālī during the week of the spring festival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_army">The army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Licchavikas possessed a strong army which also acted as the army of the <a href="/wiki/Vajjika_League" title="Vajjika League">Vajjika League</a>, and with which they were able to fight against the rising power of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>. When not engaged in warfare, the soldiers would be cultivating their own farms or amusing themselves at Vesālī.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968159–168_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1968159–168-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_police">The police</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The police"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Licchavikas possessed a body of peons or police. Although <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">kṣatriya</i></span>s were not forbidden from joining this police force, the ruling families did not participate in this lower ranking form of service, and the members of the Licchavi police were recruited primarily from the artisan classes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">The Licchavi kingdom of Nepal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrautmann1972" class="citation journal cs1">Trautmann, Thomas (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203320">"Licchavi-Dauhitra"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>104</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X0012951X">10.1017/S0035869X0012951X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203320">25203320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Licchavi-Dauhitra&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X0012951X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25203320%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Trautmann&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25203320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALicchavis+of+Vaishali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885–135_2-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1968">Sharma 1968</a>, p. 85–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma196885-135-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma196885-135_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1968">Sharma 1968</a>, p. 85-135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1968208-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968208_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1968">Sharma 1968</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levman-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levman_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Levman, Bryan G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276914202">"Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures"</a>. <i>Buddhist Studies Review</i>. <b>30</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fbsrv.v30i2.145">10.1558/bsrv.v30i2.145</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buddhist+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Cultural+Remnants+of+the+Indigenous+Peoples+in+the+Buddhist+Scriptures&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fbsrv.v30i2.145&rft.aulast=Levman&rft.aufirst=Bryan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F276914202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALicchavis+of+Vaishali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBronkhorst2007" class="citation book cs1">Bronkhorst, Johannes (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416"><i>Bronkhorst, J. (2007). Greater Magadha, Studies in the culture of Early India, p. 6. Leiden, Boston, MA: Brill</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004157194.i-416">10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047419655" title="Special:BookSources/9789047419655"><bdi>9789047419655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bronkhorst%2C+J.+%282007%29.+Greater+Magadha%2C+Studies+in+the+culture+of+Early+India%2C+p.+6.+Leiden%2C+Boston%2C+MA%3A+Brill.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004157194.i-416&rft.isbn=9789047419655&rft.aulast=Bronkhorst&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004157194.i-416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALicchavis+of+Vaishali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i>. New Delhi: Pearson Longman. 2008. pp. <span class="nowrap">268–</span>289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131716779" title="Special:BookSources/9788131716779"><bdi>9788131716779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E268-%3C%2Fspan%3E289&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788131716779&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALicchavis+of+Vaishali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1968136–158-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968136–158_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968136–158_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968136–158_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968136–158_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968136–158_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968136–158_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1968">Sharma 1968</a>, p. 136–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1968159–168-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968159–168_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968159–168_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968159–168_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968159–168_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1968">Sharma 1968</a>, p. 159–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeo195671-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeo195671_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeo195671_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeo195671_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeo195671_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeo195671_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeo195671_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeo195671_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeo1956">Deo 1956</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain197467-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain197467_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJain1974">Jain 1974</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESikdar1964388–464-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESikdar1964388–464_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESikdar1964388–464_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSikdar1964">Sikdar 1964</a>, p. 388–464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain197466-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain197466_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJain1974">Jain 1974</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1968169–181-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968169–181_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968169–181_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1968169–181_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1968">Sharma 1968</a>, p. 169–181.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licchavis_of_Vaishali&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeo1956" class="citation book cs1">Deo, Shantaram Bhalchandra (1956). <i>History of Jaina Monachism from Inscriptions and Literature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>: <a href="/wiki/Deccan_College_Post-Graduate_and_Research_Institute" title="Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute">Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-333-68377-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-333-68377-7"><bdi>978-9-333-68377-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Jaina+Monachism+from+Inscriptions+and+Literature&rft.place=Pune%2C+India&rft.pub=Deccan+College+Post-Graduate+and+Research+Institute&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-9-333-68377-7&rft.aulast=Deo&rft.aufirst=Shantaram+Bhalchandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALicchavis+of+Vaishali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJain1974" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Kailash Chand (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385"><i>Lord Mahāvīra and His Times</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-120-80805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-120-80805-8"><bdi>978-8-120-80805-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Mah%C4%81v%C4%ABra+and+His+Times&rft.place=Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-8-120-80805-8&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Kailash+Chand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.72385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALicchavis+of+Vaishali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharma1968" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, J. P. (1968). <i>Republics in Ancient India, C. 1500 B.C.–500 B.C</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">E. J. Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-02015-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-02015-3"><bdi>978-9-004-02015-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republics+in+Ancient+India%2C+C.+1500+B.C.%E2%80%93500+B.C.&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-9-004-02015-3&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALicchavis+of+Vaishali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSikdar1964" class="citation book cs1">Sikdar, Jogendra Chandra (1964). <i>Studies in the Bhagawatīsūtra</i>. <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur" title="Muzaffarpur">Muzaffarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>: Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology & Ahimsa. pp. <span class="nowrap">388–</span>464.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Bhagawat%C4%ABs%C5%ABtra&rft.place=Muzaffarpur%2C+Bihar%2C+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E388-%3C%2Fspan%3E464&rft.pub=Research+Institute+of+Prakrit%2C+Jainology+%26+Ahimsa&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Sikdar&rft.aufirst=Jogendra+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALicchavis+of+Vaishali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUpinder_Singh2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Upinder_Singh" title="Upinder Singh">Singh, Upinder</a> (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearson_PLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson PLC">Pearson</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9"><bdi>978-81-317-1677-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1677-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPq2iCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALicchavis+of+Vaishali" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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