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We argue that this arises as a consequence of a natural phase transition in the" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://oxford.academia.edu/rdunbar" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/BruceWest3" /> <meta name="description" content="Extensive empirical evidence suggests that there is a maximal number of people with whom an individual can maintain stable social relationships (the Dunbar number). We argue that this arises as a consequence of a natural phase transition in the" /> <title>(PDF) Relating size and functionality in human social networks through complexity | robin dunbar and Bruce West - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/81284004/Relating_size_and_functionality_in_human_social_networks_through_complexity" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '92477ec68c09d28ae4730a4143c926f074776319'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732775629000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732775629000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Extensive empirical evidence suggests that there is a maximal number of people with whom an individual can maintain stable social relationships (the Dunbar number). We argue that this arises as a consequence of a natural phase transition in the dynamic selforganization among N individuals within a social system. We present the calculated size dependence of the scaling properties of complex social network models to argue that this collective behavior is an enhanced form of collective intelligence. Direct calculation establishes that the complexity of social networks as measured by their scaling behavior is nonmonotonic, peaking around 150, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the value of the Dunbar number. Thus, we establish a theory-based bridge spanning the gap between sociology and psychology.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"robin dunbar"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Bruce West"}],"contributor":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Bruce West"}],"dateCreated":"2022-06-12","dateModified":"2022-06-12","datePublished":"2020-01-01","headline":"Relating size and functionality in human social networks through 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[{"id":87382304,"identifier":"Attachment_87382304","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":81284004,"created_at":"2022-06-12T02:37:16.603-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2022-08-08T03:35:19.847-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"Extensive empirical evidence suggests that there is a maximal\nnumber of people with whom an individual can maintain stable\nsocial relationships (the Dunbar number). We argue that this arises\nas a consequence of a natural phase transition in the dynamic selforganization\namong N individuals within a social system. We present\nthe calculated size dependence of the scaling properties of\ncomplex social network models to argue that this collective behavior\nis an enhanced form of collective intelligence. Direct calculation\nestablishes that the complexity of social networks as measured by\ntheir scaling behavior is nonmonotonic, peaking around 150,\nthereby providing a theoretical basis for the value of the Dunbar\nnumber. Thus, we establish a theory-based bridge spanning the\ngap between sociology and psychology.","publication_date":"2020,,","publication_name":"PNAS "},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Relating size and functionality in human social networks through complexity","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [66220250,12767910]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":87382304,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Relating size and functionality in human social networks through complexity”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/87382304/mini_magick20220612-19829-1iwwsa6.png?1655026668" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Relating size and functionality in human social networks through complexity</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66220250" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BruceWest3"><img alt="Profile image of Bruce West" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/66220250/142573984/132077699/s65_bruce.west.jpg" />Bruce West</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12767910" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/rdunbar"><img alt="Profile image of robin dunbar" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/12767910/161559196/151286537/s65_robin.dunbar.jpg" />robin dunbar</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2020, PNAS </p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Extensive empirical evidence suggests that there is a maximal number of people with whom an individual can maintain stable social relationships (the Dunbar number). We argue that this arises as a consequence of a natural phase transition in the dynamic selforganization among N individuals within a social system. We present the calculated size dependence of the scaling properties of complex social network models to argue that this collective behavior is an enhanced form of collective intelligence. Direct calculation establishes that the complexity of social networks as measured by their scaling behavior is nonmonotonic, peaking around 150, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the value of the Dunbar number. Thus, we establish a theory-based bridge spanning the gap between sociology and psychology.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":87382304,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/81284004/Relating_size_and_functionality_in_human_social_networks_through_complexity"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":87382304,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/81284004/Relating_size_and_functionality_in_human_social_networks_through_complexity"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="87382304" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/81284004/Relating_size_and_functionality_in_human_social_networks_through_complexity" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="16756412" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16756412/Social_Complexity_can_it_be_analyzed_and_modelled">Social Complexity: can it be analyzed and modelled?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36035013" href="https://vmwork.academia.edu/KKaski">Kimmo K Kaski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Social Complexity: can it be analyzed and modelled?","attachmentId":39166320,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16756412/Social_Complexity_can_it_be_analyzed_and_modelled","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16756412/Social_Complexity_can_it_be_analyzed_and_modelled"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="124453769" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124453769/The_social_brain_scale_invariant_layering_of_Erd%C5%91s_R%C3%A9nyi_networks_in_small_scale_human_societies">The social brain: scale-invariant layering of Erdős–Rényi networks in small-scale human societies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58323834" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelHarr%C3%A9">Michael Harré</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The cognitive ability to form social links that can bind individuals together into large cooperative groups for safety and resource sharing was a key development in human evolutionary and social history. 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Reexamining the Social Brain Hypothesis From a Social Network Perspective</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="68891639" href="https://independent.academia.edu/thira2">Taro Hirashima</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">One central question in social science and evolutionary anthropology is how humans can form and maintain large social networks. The social brain hypothesis argues that humans use their mentalizing ability to read others’ minds for the development of dyadic relationships in layered social networks. However, previous empirical studies have not directly examined the association between mentalizing and the size of the active network located at the outermost layer. By introducing a social network perspective, we predicted that individuals use their mentalizing ability not only to form and maintain dyadic relationships but also to belong to multiple communities, which indirectly expands the active network size. We collected data from undergraduates in Japan (N = 175) to examine how mentalizing is linked to the size of online social networks. Mentalizing was positively associated with the number of dyads but not with the number of communities and the active network size. These findings sug...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Is Mentalizing Essential to Predict Human Network Size? Reexamining the Social Brain Hypothesis From a Social Network Perspective","attachmentId":96063810,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93284665/Is_Mentalizing_Essential_to_Predict_Human_Network_Size_Reexamining_the_Social_Brain_Hypothesis_From_a_Social_Network_Perspective","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93284665/Is_Mentalizing_Essential_to_Predict_Human_Network_Size_Reexamining_the_Social_Brain_Hypothesis_From_a_Social_Network_Perspective"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="94817551" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/94817551/Small_scale_A_new_model_of_social_networks">Small-scale: A new model of social networks</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="252972006" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EricssonMarin2">Ericsson Marin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013 Winter Simulations Conference (WSC), 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Small-scale: A new model of social networks","attachmentId":97171383,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94817551/Small_scale_A_new_model_of_social_networks","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94817551/Small_scale_A_new_model_of_social_networks"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="57107097" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57107097/Complexity_and_state_transitions_in_social_dependence_networks">Complexity and state-transitions in social dependence networks</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="179585633" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PierluigiModesti">Pierluigi Modesti</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society - DISCRETE DYN NAT SOC, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Complexity and state-transitions in social dependence networks","attachmentId":72164920,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/57107097/Complexity_and_state_transitions_in_social_dependence_networks","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/57107097/Complexity_and_state_transitions_in_social_dependence_networks"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="3790222" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3790222/Processing_power_limits_social_group_size_computational_evidence_for_the_cognitive_costs_of_sociality">Processing power limits social group size: computational evidence for the cognitive costs of sociality</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47304" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/TamasDavidBarrett">Tamas David-Barrett</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Sociality is primarily a coordination problem. However, the social (or communication) complexity hypothesis suggests that the kinds of information that can be acquired and processed may limit the size and/or complexity of social groups that a species can maintain. We use an agent-based model to test the hypothesis that the complexity of information processed influences the computational demands involved. We show that successive increases in the kinds of information processed allow organisms to break through the glass ceilings that otherwise limit the size of social groups: larger groups can only be achieved at the cost of more sophisticated kinds of information processing that are disadvantageous when optimal group size is small. These results simultaneously support both the social brain and the social complexity hypotheses.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Processing power limits social group size: computational evidence for the cognitive costs of sociality","attachmentId":35756932,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3790222/Processing_power_limits_social_group_size_computational_evidence_for_the_cognitive_costs_of_sociality","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3790222/Processing_power_limits_social_group_size_computational_evidence_for_the_cognitive_costs_of_sociality"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":87382304,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":87382304,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_87382304" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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