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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>French Revolution and Napoleon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Revolution_and_Napoleon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baden_in_the_German_Confederation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baden_in_the_German_Confederation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Baden in the German Confederation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baden_in_the_German_Confederation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1849_Baden_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1849_Baden_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1849 Baden Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1849_Baden_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towards_the_German_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towards_the_German_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Towards the German Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towards_the_German_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kulturkampf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kulturkampf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span><i>Kulturkampf</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kulturkampf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_German_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_German_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In the German Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_German_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Constitution and government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Industries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Education and religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Leaders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leaders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leaders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grand_Dukes_(1806–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Dukes_(1806–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Grand Dukes (1806–1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Dukes_(1806–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ministers-President_(1809–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministers-President_(1809–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Ministers-President (1809–1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministers-President_(1809–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>In German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grand Duchy of Baden</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden" title="Großherzogtum Baden – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Großherzogtum Baden" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="دوقية بادن الكبرى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوقية بادن الكبرى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Duc%C3%A1u_de_Baden" title="Gran Ducáu de Baden – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gran Ducáu de Baden" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Вялікае Герцагства Бадэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікае Герцагства Бадэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Велико херцогство Баден – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Велико херцогство Баден" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugelezh-veur_Baden" title="Dugelezh-veur Baden – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dugelezh-veur Baden" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Ducat_de_Baden" title="Gran Ducat de Baden – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gran Ducat de Baden" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1densk%C3%A9_velkov%C3%A9vodstv%C3%AD" title="Bádenské velkovévodství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bádenské velkovévodství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storhertugd%C3%B8mmet_Baden" title="Storhertugdømmet Baden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Storhertugdømmet Baden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden" title="Großherzogtum Baden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Großherzogtum Baden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badeni_suurhertsogiriik" title="Badeni suurhertsogiriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Badeni suurhertsogiriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Μεγάλο Δουκάτο της Βάδης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεγάλο Δουκάτο της Βάδης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Ducado_de_Baden" title="Gran Ducado de Baden – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran Ducado de Baden" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandduklando_Badeno" title="Grandduklando Badeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grandduklando Badeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badengo_Dukerri_Handia" title="Badengo Dukerri Handia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Badengo Dukerri Handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%86" title="دوک‌نشین بزرگ بادن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوک‌نشین بزرگ بادن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-duch%C3%A9_de_Bade" title="Grand-duché de Bade – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grand-duché de Bade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rd-di%C3%B9cachd_Bhaden" title="Àrd-diùcachd Bhaden – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Àrd-diùcachd Bhaden" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%8D%B4_%EB%8C%80%EA%B3%B5%EA%B5%AD" title="바덴 대공국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바덴 대공국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliko_Vojvodstvo_Baden" title="Veliko Vojvodstvo Baden – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Veliko Vojvodstvo Baden" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keharyapatihan_Baden" title="Keharyapatihan Baden – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keharyapatihan Baden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granducato_di_Baden" title="Granducato di Baden – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Granducato di Baden" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9F" title="הדוכסות הגדולה של באדן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הדוכסות הגדולה של באדן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D" title="ბადენის დიდი საჰერცოგო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბადენის დიდი საჰერცოგო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badeno_did%C5%BEioji_hercogyst%C4%97" title="Badeno didžioji hercogystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Badeno didžioji hercogystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badeni_Nagyhercegs%C3%A9g" title="Badeni Nagyhercegség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Badeni Nagyhercegség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Големо Војводство Баден – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Големо Војводство Баден" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="دوقية بادين الكبرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دوقية بادين الكبرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdemangan_Agung_Baden" title="Perdemangan Agung Baden – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perdemangan Agung Baden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%98%D1%85_%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Бадены Их Гүнт Улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бадены Их Гүнт Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groothertogdom_Baden" title="Groothertogdom Baden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Groothertogdom Baden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3_(%E9%A0%98%E9%82%A6)" title="バーデン (領邦) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バーデン (領邦)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storhertugd%C3%B8mmet_Baden" title="Storhertugdømmet Baden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Storhertugdømmet Baden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielkie_Ksi%C4%99stwo_Badenii" title="Wielkie Księstwo Badenii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielkie Księstwo Badenii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o-Ducado_de_Baden" title="Grão-Ducado de Baden – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grão-Ducado de Baden" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marele_Ducat_de_Baden" title="Marele Ducat de Baden – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marele Ducat de Baden" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Великое герцогство Баден – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великое герцогство Баден" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grand Duchy of Baden" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Велико војводство Баден – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велико војводство Баден" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badenin_suurherttuakunta" title="Badenin suurherttuakunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Badenin suurherttuakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storhertigd%C3%B6met_Baden" title="Storhertigdömet Baden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Storhertigdömet Baden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_D%C3%BCkal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Baden Büyük Dükalığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baden Büyük Dükalığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Велике герцогство Баденське – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Велике герцогство Баденське" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badenan_sur%27gercogkund" title="Badenan sur'gercogkund – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Badenan sur'gercogkund" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_c%C3%B4ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Baden" title="Đại công quốc Baden – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại công quốc Baden" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="巴登大公國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴登大公國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q186320#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&params=49_1_N_8_24_E_source:ptwiki_region:DE_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°1′N</span> <span class="longitude">8°24′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.017°N 8.400°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.017; 8.400</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in southwest Germany (1806–1918)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Grand+Duchy+of+Baden%22">"Grand Duchy of Baden"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Grand+Duchy+of+Baden%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Grand+Duchy+of+Baden%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Grand+Duchy+of+Baden%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Grand Duchy of Baden</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Großherzogtum Baden</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1806–1918</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_(1891%E2%80%931918).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Baden"><img alt="Flag of Baden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/125px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/188px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/250px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Baden" title="Flag of Baden">Flag</a><br />(1891–1918)</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_1877-1918.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Baden"><img alt="Coat of arms of Baden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_1877-1918.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_1877-1918.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_1877-1918.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_1877-1918.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_1877-1918.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_1877-1918.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="1058" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Baden" title="Coat of arms of Baden"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/Badnerlied" title="Badnerlied">Badnerlied</a><br /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Baden_in_the_German_Reich_(1871).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Grand Duchy of Baden within the German Empire"><img alt="The Grand Duchy of Baden within the German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Baden_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg/250px-Baden_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Baden_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg/375px-Baden_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Baden_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg/500px-Baden_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1133" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Grand Duchy of Baden within the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Baden_(1819-1945).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Grand Duchy of Baden (orange)"><img alt="Map of the Grand Duchy of Baden (orange)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Map_of_Baden_%281819-1945%29.png/250px-Map_of_Baden_%281819-1945%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Map_of_Baden_%281819-1945%29.png/375px-Map_of_Baden_%281819-1945%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Map_of_Baden_%281819-1945%29.png/500px-Map_of_Baden_%281819-1945%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="2881" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of the Grand Duchy of Baden (orange)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="text-indent:-1em; margin-left:1em;"> <ul><li>State of the:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Rhine Confederation</a> (1806–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (1815–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> <span class="nowrap">(1871–1918)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-lang">Common languages</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatinate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> (majority)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Baden" title="Protestant Church in Baden">Protestantism</a><br />(Official)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Baden" title="List of monarchs of Baden">Grand Duke</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1806–1811 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" title="Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden">Charles Frederick</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(first)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1907–1918 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" title="Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden">Friedrich II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(last)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers-president_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg#Ministers-President_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_(1809–1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ministers-president of Baden-Württemberg">Minister-President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1809–1810 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_von_Reitzenstein" title="Sigismund von Reitzenstein">Sigismund Reitzenstein</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(first)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1917–1918 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Bodman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Bodman (page does not exist)">Heinrich Bodman</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(last)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erste_Kammer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erste Kammer (page does not exist)">Erste Kammer</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zweite_Kammer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zweite Kammer (page does not exist)">Zweite Kammer</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Establishment</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Baden" title="Electorate of Baden">Electorate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 1803</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Grand Duchy </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 October 1806</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">German Unification</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 January 1871</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 November 1918</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1806</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1918</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">15,082 km<sup>2</sup> (5,823 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1803 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">210,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1905 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,009,320</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden_thaler" title="Baden thaler">Baden thaler</a> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_gulden" title="Baden gulden">Baden gulden</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_gold_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German gold mark">Goldmark</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Papiermark" class="mw-redirect" title="German Papiermark">Papiermark</a> (1914)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg/20px-Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg/30px-Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg/40px-Banner_of_Baden_%283%5E2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Baden" title="Electorate of Baden">Electorate of Baden</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Baden" title="Republic of Baden">Republic of Baden</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Grand Duchy of Baden</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Großherzogtum Baden</i>) was a state in south-west Germany on the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. It originally existed as a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> from 1806 to 1871 and later as part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> until 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-edmundcclingan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmundcclingan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The duchy's 12th-century origins were as a <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Baden" title="Margraviate of Baden">margraviate</a> that eventually split into two, <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Baden-Durlach" title="Margraviate of Baden-Durlach">Baden-Durlach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Baden-Baden" title="Margraviate of Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a>, before being reunified in 1771. The territory grew and assumed its ducal status after the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> but suffered a <a href="/wiki/Baden_Revolution" title="Baden Revolution">revolution</a> in 1848, whose demands had been formulated in <a href="/wiki/Offenburg" title="Offenburg">Offenburg</a> the previous year at a meeting now considered the first-ever democratic program in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the collapse of the German Empire it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> under the name <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Baden" title="Republic of Baden">Republic of Baden</a>. </p><p>The Grand Duchy of Baden was bordered to the north by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a>, to the west by the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, to the south by <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and to the east mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Kingdom of Württemberg</a>. Its unofficial anthem has been the <a href="/wiki/Badnerlied" title="Badnerlied">Badnerlied</a>, or Song of the People of Baden, which has four or five traditional verses and many more added: there are collections with up to 591 verses. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation">Creation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baden came into existence in the 12th century as the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Baden" title="Margraviate of Baden">Margraviate of Baden</a> and subsequently split into various smaller territories that were unified in 1771. In 1803 Baden was raised to <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Baden" title="Electorate of Baden">Electoral dignity</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, with ecclesiastical and secular territories added to it during the <a href="/wiki/German_mediatisation" title="German mediatisation">German mediatisation</a>. Upon the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1806, Baden became the much-enlarged Grand Duchy of Baden. In 1815 it joined the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_Revolution_and_Napoleon">French Revolution and Napoleon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: French Revolution and Napoleon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> in 1792 saw Baden joining the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a> against <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a>. The conflict devastated the margraviate's countryside. Baden was defeated in 1796 with Margrave <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" title="Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden">Charles Frederick</a> being compelled to pay an <a href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">indemnity</a> and cede his territories on the left bank of the Rhine to France. In 1803, largely owing to the good offices of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Tsar Alexander I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, Charles Frederick received the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Constance" title="Prince-Bishopric of Constance">Prince-Bishopric of Constance</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate" title="Electoral Palatinate">Rhenish Palatinate</a>, and other smaller districts, together with the dignity of a <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-elector</a>. Baden then changed sides in 1805 to join France under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a>. France and its allies won the war, and in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Peace of Pressburg</a> the same year, Baden obtained the <a href="/wiki/Breisgau" title="Breisgau">Breisgau</a> and other territories in <a href="/wiki/Further_Austria" title="Further Austria">Further Austria</a> at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>. In 1806, Charles Frederick joined the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>, declared himself a sovereign prince and <a href="/wiki/Grand_duke" title="Grand duke">grand duke</a>, and received additional territory.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baden continued to assist France militarily, and by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Treaty of Schönbrunn</a> in 1809, it was rewarded with accessions of territory at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Kingdom of Württemberg</a>. Having quadrupled the area of Baden, Charles Frederick died in June 1811, and was succeeded by his grandson <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" title="Charles, Grand Duke of Baden">Charles</a>, who was married to <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phanie_de_Beauharnais" title="Stéphanie de Beauharnais">Stéphanie de Beauharnais</a> (1789–1860) a cousin of French empress <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Josephine's first husband</a> and adopted daughter of Napoleon.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a> was adopted in 1810, and remained in force until the adoption of the <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch</a></i> in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidgall201218_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidgall201218-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles fought for his father-in-law until after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a> in 1813, when he joined the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baden_in_the_German_Confederation">Baden in the German Confederation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Baden in the German Confederation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karlsruhe_Constitution_Obelisk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Karlsruhe_Constitution_Obelisk.JPG/220px-Karlsruhe_Constitution_Obelisk.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Karlsruhe_Constitution_Obelisk.JPG/330px-Karlsruhe_Constitution_Obelisk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Karlsruhe_Constitution_Obelisk.JPG/440px-Karlsruhe_Constitution_Obelisk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="1744" /></a><figcaption>Monument to the Constitution of Baden (and the Grand Duke for granting it), in Rondellplatz, Karlsruhe, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1815 Baden became a member of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> established by the Act of 8 June, annexed to the Final Act of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> of 9 June. However, in the haste of winding up the Congress, the question of the succession to the grand duchy did not get settled, a matter that would soon become acute.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Munich_(1816)" title="Treaty of Munich (1816)">treaty of 16 April 1816</a>, by which the territorial disputes between <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> were settled, also supported Bavaria's claim to the Palatine parts of Baden on the east bank of the Rhine and reaffirmed the succession rights of King <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a> and his <a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Birkenfeld" title="House of Palatinate-Birkenfeld">House of Palatinate-Birkenfeld</a> to all of Baden, upon the expected event of the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" title="House of Zähringen">House of Zähringen</a>. As a counter to this, in 1817, the Grand Duke Charles issued a <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_sanction" title="Pragmatic sanction">pragmatic sanction</a> (<i>Hausgesetz</i>) declaring the counts of Hochberg, the issue of a <a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">morganatic marriage</a> between the Grand Duke Charles Frederick and <a href="/wiki/Luise_Geyer_von_Geyersberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Luise Geyer von Geyersberg">Luise Geyer von Geyersberg</a> (created countess Hochberg), capable of succeeding to the crown. A controversy between Bavaria and Baden ensued, which was only decided in favour of the Hochberg claims by a treaty signed by Baden and the four great powers at <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> on 10 July 1819.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the dispute had wide-ranging effects. In order to secure popular support for the Hochberg heir, in 1818 Grand Duke Charles granted to the grand duchy, under Article XIII of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Constitution of the German Confederation">Act of Confederation</a>, a liberal <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, under which two chambers were constituted and their assent declared necessary for <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a>. The outcome was important far beyond the narrow limits of the duchy, as all of Germany watched the constitutional experiments in the southern states.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Baden, the conditions were not favourable for success. During the revolutionary period, the people had fallen completely under the influence of French ideas, and this was sufficiently illustrated by the temper of the new chambers, which tended to model their activity on the proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> (1792–1795) in the earlier days of the French Revolution. Additionally, the new Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" title="Louis I, Grand Duke of Baden">Louis I</a> (ruled 1818–1830), who had succeeded in 1818, was unpopular, and the administration was in the hands of hide-bound and inefficient <a href="/wiki/Bureaucrat" title="Bureaucrat">bureaucrats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The result was a deadlock. Even before the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a> in October 1819, the grand duke had <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prorogue" class="extiw" title="wikt:prorogue">prorogued</a> the chambers after three months of unproductive debate. The reaction that followed was as severe in Baden as elsewhere in Germany, and culminated in 1823 when, on the refusal of the chambers to vote on the military budget, the grand duke dissolved them and levied the taxes on his own authority. In January 1825, owing to official pressure, only three Liberals were returned to the chamber. A law was passed making the budget presentable only every three years, and the constitution ceased to have any active existence.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1830 Grand Duke Louis was succeeded by his half-brother Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Leopold,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" title="Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden">Leopold</a> (ruled 1830–1852), the first of the Höchberg line. The <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> (1830) in France did not cause any disturbances in Baden, but the new grand duke showed liberal tendencies from the beginning. The elections of 1830 proceeded without interference, and resulted in the return of a Liberal majority. The next few years saw the introduction, under successive ministries, of liberal reforms in the constitution, in criminal and civil law, and in education. In 1832, the adhesion of Baden to the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a></i> did much for the material prosperity of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1849_Baden_Revolution">1849 Baden Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1849 Baden Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baden_Revolution" title="Baden Revolution">Baden Revolution</a></div> <p>By 1847, <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radicalism</a> once more began to raise its head in Baden. On 12 September 1847, a popular demonstration held at <a href="/wiki/Offenburg" title="Offenburg">Offenburg</a> passed resolutions demanding the conversion of the regular army into a national <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a>, which should take an oath to the constitution, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_income_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive income tax">progressive income tax</a>, and a fair adjustment of the interests of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labour_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour (economics)">labour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The news of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">revolution of February 1848 in Paris</a> brought agitation to a head. Numerous public meetings were held and the Offenburg programme was adopted. On 4 March 1848, under the influence of popular excitement, the lower chamber accepted this programme almost unanimously. As in other German states, the government bowed to the storm, proclaimed an <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> and promised reforms. The ministry remodelled itself in a more liberal direction, and sent a new delegate to the federal diet at <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, empowered to vote for the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">united Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disorder, fomented by republican agitators, continued nonetheless. The efforts of the government to suppress the agitators with the aid of federal troops led to an armed insurrection, which was mastered without much difficulty. The <a href="/wiki/Hecker_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Hecker Uprising">uprising</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hecker" title="Friedrich Hecker">Friedrich Hecker</a> and Franz Joseph <a href="/wiki/Trefzger" title="Trefzger">Trefzger</a>, was lost at <a href="/wiki/Kandern" title="Kandern">Kandern</a> on 20 April 1848. <a href="/wiki/Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiburg">Freiburg</a>, which they held, fell on 24 April and, on 27 April, a Franco–German <i>legion</i>, which had invaded Baden from <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, was routed at Dossenbach.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the beginning of 1849, however, the issue of a new constitution in accordance with the resolutions of the Frankfurt parliament, led to more serious trouble. It did little to satisfy the radicals, angered by the refusal of the second chamber to agree to their proposal for the summoning of a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Assembly">constituent assembly</a> on 10 February, 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new <a href="/wiki/Insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurrection">insurrection</a> that broke out proved a more formidable affair than the first. A military <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rastatt" title="Rastatt">Rastatt</a> on 11 May showed that the army sympathised with the revolution, which was proclaimed two days later at Offenburg amid tumultuous scenes. Also, on 13 May a mutiny at <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a> forced Grand Duke Leopold to flee, and the next day his ministers followed. Meanwhile, a committee of the <a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">diet</a> under <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Brentano" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenz Brentano">Lorenz Brentano</a> (1813–1891), who represented the more moderate radicals against the republicans, established itself in the capital in an attempt to direct affairs pending the establishment of a provisional government.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was accomplished on 1 June and, on 10 June, the <i>constituent diet</i>, consisting entirely of the most "advanced" politicians, assembled. It had little chance of doing more than make speeches. The country remained in the hands of an armed mob of civilians and mutinous soldiers. Meanwhile, the Grand Duke of Baden had joined with Bavaria in requesting the armed intervention of Prussia, which <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> granted on the condition that Baden would join the <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Union" title="Erfurt Union">Alliance of the Three Kings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From this moment, the revolution in Baden was doomed, and with it the revolution across Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a>, under Prince William (afterwards <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I, German Emperor</a>), invaded Baden in the middle of June 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afraid of a military escalation, Brentano reacted hesitantly – too hesitantly for the more radical <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Struve" title="Gustav Struve">Gustav Struve</a> and his followers, who overthrew him and established a Pole, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mieroslawski" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Mieroslawski">Ludwig Mieroslawski</a> (1814–1878), in his place. </p><p>Mieroslawski reduced the insurgents to some semblance of order. On 20 June, 1849, he met the Prussians at <a href="/wiki/Waghausel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waghausel">Waghausel</a>, and suffered complete defeat. On 25 June, Prince William entered Karlsruhe and, at the end of the month, the members of the provisional government, who had taken refuge at <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg</a>, dispersed. The insurgent leaders who were caught, notably the ex-officers, suffered military execution. The army was dispersed among Prussian garrison towns, and Prussian troops occupied Baden for a time.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franz Trefzger managed to escape to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. In the months following, no fewer than 80,000 people left Baden for America.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these migrants would later participate in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> as abolitionists and union soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grand Duke Leopold returned on 10 August and at once dissolved the diet. The following elections resulted in a majority favourable to the new ministry, which passed a series of laws of a reactionary tendency with a view to strengthening the government.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Towards_the_German_Empire">Towards the German Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Towards the German Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grand Duke Leopold died on 24 April 1852 and was succeeded by his second son, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" title="Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden">Frederick</a>, as regent, since the eldest, <a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" title="Louis II, Grand Duke of Baden">Louis II, Grand Duke of Baden</a> (died 22 January 1858), was incapable of ruling. The internal affairs of Baden during the period that followed have little general interest. </p><p>Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" title="Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden">Frederick I</a> (ruled 1856–1907) opposed the war with Prussia from the first, but yielded to popular resentment at the policy of Prussia on the <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> question. The ministry, as one, resigned. In the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> of 1866, Austria's contingents, under Prince William, had two sharp engagements with the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Main" title="Campaign of the Main">Army of the Main</a>. However, on 24 July 1866, two days before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Werbach" title="Battle of Werbach">Battle of Werbach</a>, the second chamber petitioned the grand duke to end the war and enter into an offensive and defensive alliance with Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baden announced her withdrawal from the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> and, on 17 August 1866, signed a treaty of peace and alliance with Prussia. <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a> himself resisted the adhesion of Baden to the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a>. He had no wish to give <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> a good excuse for intervention, but the opposition of Baden to the formation of a South German confederation made the union inevitable. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baden_army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baden army (page does not exist)">Baden army</a> took a conspicuous share in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870, and it was Grand Duke Frederick of Baden, who, in the historic assembly of the German princes at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a>, was the first to hail the king of Prussia as <a href="/wiki/German_Emperor" title="German Emperor">German Emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kulturkampf"><i>Kulturkampf</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kulturkampf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The internal politics of Baden, both before and after 1870, centered in the main around the question of <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>. The signing on 28 June 1859 of a <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordat</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, which placed <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> under the oversight of the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> and facilitated the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institutes</a>, led to a constitutional struggle. This struggle ended in 1863 with the victory of <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> principles, making the <a href="/wiki/Commune_(subnational_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commune (subnational entity)">communes</a> responsible for education, though admitting the priests to a share in the management. The quarrel between secularism and <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, however, did not end. In 1867, on the accession to the premiership of Julius von Jolly (1823–1891), several constitutional changes in a secular direction occurred: <a href="/wiki/Social_responsibility" title="Social responsibility">responsibility</a> of ministers, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>, and compulsory education. On 6 September 1867, a law compelled all candidates for the priesthood to pass government examinations. <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Vicari" title="Hermann von Vicari">The archbishop of Freiburg</a> resisted, and, on his death in April 1868, <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Freiburg">the see</a> remained vacant.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1869, the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">civil marriage</a> did not allay the strife, which reached its climax after the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> of <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a> in 1870. The <i><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></i> raged in Baden, as in the rest of Germany, and, here as elsewhere, the government encouraged the formation of <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Catholic">Old Catholic</a> communities. Not until 1880, after the fall of the ministry of Jolly, did Baden reconcile with Rome. In 1882 the archbishopric of Freiburg was again filled.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_German_Empire">In the German Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In the German Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The political tendency of Baden, meanwhile, mirrored that of all Germany. In 1892 the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)" title="National Liberal Party (Germany)">National Liberals</a> had a majority of just one in the diet. From 1893, they could stay in power only with the aid of the Conservatives and, in 1897, a coalition of the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialists">Socialists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals</a> (<i>Freisinnige</i>) won a majority for the opposition in the chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amid all these contests, the statesmanlike moderation of Grand Duke Frederick won him universal esteem. By the treaty under which Baden had become an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871, he had reserved only the exclusive right to tax beer and <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">spirits</a>. The army, the post office, railways and the conduct of foreign relations passed to the effective control of Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his relations with the German Empire, too, Frederick proved himself more of a great German noble than a sovereign prince actuated by <a href="/wiki/Political_particularism" title="Political particularism">particularist</a> ambitions. His position as husband of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a>'s only daughter, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Prussia" title="Princess Louise of Prussia">Louise</a> (whom he had married in 1856), gave him a peculiar influence in the councils of Berlin. When, on 20 September 1906, the Grand Duke celebrated at once the jubilee of his reign and his golden wedding anniversary, all Europe honoured him. King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> appointed him, by the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Duke of Connaught</a>, a Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a>. But more significant, perhaps, was the tribute paid by <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Temps" title="Le Temps">Le Temps</a></i>, the leading Parisian paper:<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Nothing more clearly demonstrates the sterile paradox of the Napoleonic work than the history of the Grand Duchy. It was <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, and he alone, who created this whole state in 1803 to reward in the person of the little margrave of Baden a relative of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">emperor of Russia</a>. It was he who after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a> aggrandized the margravate at the expense of Austria; transformed it into a sovereign principality and raised it to a Grand Duchy. It was he too who, by the secularization on the one hand and by the dismemberment of <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a> on the other, gave the Grand Duke 500,000 new subjects. He believed that the recognition of the prince and the artificial ethnical formation of the principality would be pledges of security for France. But in 1813 Baden joined the coalition, and since then that nation created of odds and ends (<i>de bric et de broc</i>) and always handsomely treated by us, had not ceased to take a leading part in the struggles against our country. The Grand Duke Frederick, Grand Duke by the will of Napoleon, has done France all the harm he could. But French opinion itself renders justice to the probity of his character and to the ardour of his patriotism, and nobody will feel surprise at the homage with which Germany feels bound to surround his old age.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Grand Duke Frederick I died at <a href="/wiki/Mainau" title="Mainau">Mainau</a> on 28 September 1907. He was succeeded by his son, Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" title="Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden">Frederick II</a><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ruled 1907–1918, died 1928). His wife, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Hilda_of_Nassau" title="Princess Hilda of Nassau">Princess Hilda of Nassau</a>, was popular due her supports of artistic endeavors and treatment of the wounded soldiers during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidgall2012123_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidgall2012123-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>22,000 industrial workers in <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> went on strike in January 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidgall201288_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidgall201288-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the garrisons of Lahr and Offenburg formed a soldiers' council on 8 November 1918. <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Engelbert_Oeftering" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm Engelbert Oeftering">Wilhelm Engelbert Oeftering</a> stated that a member of Replacement Battalion 171 who returned from <a href="/wiki/Kiel_mutiny" title="Kiel mutiny">Kiel</a> initiated the demonstration. Another soldiers' council was formed in Mannheim on 9 November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidgall2012100-102_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidgall2012100-102-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_II_abdication_certificate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Abdication certificate of Frederick II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Frederick_II_abdication_certificate.png/220px-Frederick_II_abdication_certificate.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Frederick_II_abdication_certificate.png/330px-Frederick_II_abdication_certificate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Frederick_II_abdication_certificate.png/440px-Frederick_II_abdication_certificate.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>The abdication certificate of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" title="Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden">Frederick II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The NLP, Centre, and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Progressive People's Party (Germany)">Progressive</a> (FVP) parties requested President <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Bodman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Bodman (page does not exist)">Heinrich Bodman</a>'s resignation on 9 November, due to fears that violence would break out in Mannheim. Kaiser <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> abdicated the same day while the mayors of <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a> formed Welfare Committees. The Karlsruhe Welfare Committee and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviets</a> formed a provisional government, with Bodman's recognition, on 10 November. Five SPD members, two <a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany">Independent Social Democrats</a>, two Centrists, and two National Liberals made up the government. <a href="/wiki/Anton_Geiss" title="Anton Geiss">Anton Geiss</a>, the chair of the SPD in Baden and vice-president of the Landtag, chaired the provisional government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEExner2016291-294_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEExner2016291-294-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrill198315-16_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrill198315-16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 10 to 14 November, soldiers' councils called for the government to declare a republic and remove Frederick II. Frederick II called this government unconstitutional, but did not contest it and dismissed his ministers. He renounced his governmental powers on 13 November, and abdicated on 22 November, ending 600 years of rule by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" title="House of Zähringen">House of Zähringen</a>. He was one of the last German monarchs to abdicate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidgall2012123-127_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidgall2012123-127-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEExner2016291-294_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEExner2016291-294-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Baden" title="Republic of Baden">Free People's Republic of Baden</a> was formed on 14 November, and elections scheduled on 5 January 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrill198316_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrill198316-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the French military government created the <a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">State of Baden</a>, at first called South Baden, out of the southern half of the former duchy, with <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg</a> as its capital; this area was declared in its 1947 constitution to be the true successor of the duchy. The northern half was combined with northern <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, becoming part of the <a href="/wiki/American-occupied_zone_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="American-occupied zone of Germany">American-occupied zone</a> and forming the state of <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a>. Both Baden and Württemberg-Baden became states of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> upon the latter's formation in 1949, but in 1952 they merged with each other and with <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a>, which was southern Württemberg and a former <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> exclave, to form <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> – still the only merger of states to have taken place in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitution_and_government">Constitution and government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Constitution and government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A constitution was adopted on 22 August 1814, and existed with some changes until the end of the duchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidgall201219_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidgall201219-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Grand Duchy of Baden was a hereditary <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> with executive power vested in the Grand Duke; legislative authority was shared between him and a <a href="/wiki/Representative_assembly" title="Representative assembly">representative assembly</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a></i>) consisting of two chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The upper chamber included all the princes of the ruling family of full age, the heads of all the mediatized families, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Freiburg">Archbishop of Freiburg</a>, the president of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Baden" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church in Baden">Protestant Evangelical Church of Baden</a>, a deputy from each of the universities and the technical high school, eight members elected by the territorial nobility for four years, three representatives elected by the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce" title="Chamber of commerce">chamber of commerce</a>, two by that of agriculture, one by the trades, two mayors of municipalities, and eight members (two of them legal functionaries) nominated by the Grand Duke.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lower chamber consisted of 73 popular representatives, of whom 24 were elected by the burgesses of certain communities, and 49 by rural communities. Every citizen of 25 years of age, who had not been convicted and was not a <a href="/wiki/Pauper" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauper">pauper</a>, had a vote. The elections were, however, indirect. The citizens selected the <i>Wahlmänner</i> (deputy <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">electors</a>), the latter selecting the representatives. The chambers met at least every two years. The lower chambers were elected for four years, half the members retiring every two years.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The executive consisted of four departments: the interior, foreign and grand-ducal affairs; finance; justice; and ecclesiastical affairs and education.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chief sources of revenue were direct and indirect <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_State_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Baden State Railways">railways</a> and domains. The railways were operated by the state, and formed the only source of major public debt, about 22 million pounds sterling.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The supreme courts lay in <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiburg">Freiburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Offenburg" title="Offenburg">Offenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosbach" title="Mosbach">Mosbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waldshut-Tiengen" title="Waldshut-Tiengen">Waldshut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>, from which appeals passed to the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsgericht" title="Reichsgericht">Reichsgericht</a></i> (the supreme tribunal) in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the 19th century, Baden was a <a href="/wiki/Margraviate" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate">margraviate</a>, with an area of barely 1,300 sq mi (3,400 km<sup>2</sup>) and a population of 210,000. Subsequently, the grand duchy acquired more territory so that, by 1905, it had 5,823 sq mi (15,082 km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a population of 2,010,728.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of that number, 61% were <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a>, 37% <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a>, 1.5% <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jews</a>, and the remainder of other religions. At that time, about half of the population was rural, living in communities of less than 2,000; the density of the rest was about 330/sq mi (130/km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The country was divided into the following districts:<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> district had the towns Mannheim, and <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_(district)" title="Karlsruhe (district)">Karlsruhe</a> district included <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a> district included Freiburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstanz_(district)" title="Konstanz (district)">Konstanz</a> district had <a href="/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a></li></ul> <p>The capital of the duchy was Karlsruhe, and important towns other than those listed included <a href="/wiki/Rastatt" title="Rastatt">Rastatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruchsal" title="Bruchsal">Bruchsal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahr" title="Lahr">Lahr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Offenburg" title="Offenburg">Offenburg</a>. The population was most thickly clustered in the north and near the Swiss city of <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>. The inhabitants of Baden are of various origins, those to the south of <a href="/wiki/Murg_(Northern_Black_Forest)" title="Murg (Northern Black Forest)">Murg</a> being descended from the <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> and those to the north from the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, while the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swabian_Plateau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swabian Plateau (page does not exist)">Swabian Plateau</a> derives its name from the adjacent German tribe (<a href="/wiki/Schwaben" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwaben">Schwaben</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who lived in <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Baden_(1819-1945).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Map_of_Baden_%281819-1945%29.png/220px-Map_of_Baden_%281819-1945%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Map_of_Baden_%281819-1945%29.png/330px-Map_of_Baden_%281819-1945%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Map_of_Baden_%281819-1945%29.png/440px-Map_of_Baden_%281819-1945%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="2881" /></a><figcaption>Baden from 1819 to 1945: <hr /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ee9a69; color:black;"> </span>  Grand Duchy of Baden </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#99ae6a; color:black;"> </span>  <a href="/wiki/County_Palatine_of_the_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="County Palatine of the Rhine">County Palatine of the Rhine</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bavaria#Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="History of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a>) </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b8db7c; color:black;"> </span>  <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8e84b7; color:black;"> </span>  <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> from 1850) </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fffcc8; color:black;"> </span>  <a href="/wiki/History_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg#The_Kingdom_of_Württemberg_(1806–1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Württemberg">Kingdom of Württemberg</a> </div> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c0a062; color:black;"> </span>  <i><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Kingdom</a> from 1814–48, etc)</i> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e3556a; color:black;"> </span>  <i><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss Confederation</a></i> </div> </figcaption></figure> <p>The grand duchy had an area of 15,081 km<sup>2</sup> (5,823 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consisted of a considerable portion of the eastern half of the fertile valley of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and of the mountains which form its boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mountainous part was by far the most extensive, forming nearly 80% of the whole area. From <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a> in the south to the river <a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar</a> in the north is a portion of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Schwarzwald</i>), which is divided by the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Kinzig_(Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinzig (Baden-Württemberg)">Kinzig</a> into two districts of different elevation. To the south of the Kinzig the mean height is 945 m (3,100 ft)), and the highest summit, the <a href="/wiki/Feldberg_(Black_Forest)" title="Feldberg (Black Forest)">Feldberg</a>, reaches about 1,493 m (4,898 ft), while to the north the mean height is only 640 metres (2,100 ft), and the <a href="/wiki/Hornisgrinde" title="Hornisgrinde">Hornisgrinde</a>, the culminating point of the whole, does not exceed 1,164 metres (3,819 ft). To the north of the Neckar is the <a href="/wiki/Odenwald" title="Odenwald">Odenwald</a> Range, with a mean of 439 metres (1,440 ft), and in the <a href="/wiki/Katzenbuckel" title="Katzenbuckel">Katzenbuckel</a>, an extreme of 603 metres (1,978 ft). Lying between the Rhine and the <a href="/wiki/Dreisam" title="Dreisam">Dreisam</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Kaiserstuhl_(Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Kaiserstuhl (Baden-Württemberg)">Kaiserstuhl</a>, an independent <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> group, nearly 16 km in length and 8 km in breadth, the highest point of which is 536 metres (1,759 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The greater part of Baden belongs to the basin of the Rhine, which receives upwards of twenty tributaries from the highlands; the north-eastern portion of the territory is also watered by the <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a> and the Neckar. A part, however, of the eastern slope of the Black Forest belongs to the basin of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, which there takes its rise in a number of mountain streams. Among the numerous lakes which belonged to the duchy are the <a href="/wiki/Mummelsee" title="Mummelsee">Mummelsee</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildersee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildersee (page does not exist)">Wildersee</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eichenersee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eichenersee (page does not exist)">Eichenersee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schluchsee" title="Schluchsee">Schluchsee</a>, but none of them is of any significant size. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a> (<i>Bodensee</i>) belongs partly to the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German federal states</a> (<i>Länder</i>) of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, and partly to <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owing to its physical configuration, Baden presents great extremes of heat and cold. The Rhine valley is the warmest district in Germany, but the higher elevations of the Black Forest record the greatest degrees of cold experienced in the south. The mean temperature of the Rhine valley is approximately 10 °C (50 °F) and that of the high <a href="/wiki/Table_(landform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Table (landform)">table-land</a> 6 °C (43 °F). July is the hottest month and January the coldest.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> wealth of Baden was not great, but <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> of excellent quality were produced; <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitriol" title="Vitriol">vitriol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> were obtained in small quantities. <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a> was found in abundance, as well as <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, china <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potter%27s_earth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potter's earth (page does not exist)">potter's earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mineral_spring" title="Mineral spring">mineral springs</a> of Baden are still very numerous and have acquired great celebrity, those of <a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badenweiler" title="Badenweiler">Badenweiler</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antogast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antogast (page does not exist)">Antogast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Griesbach_(Rottal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad Griesbach (Rottal)">Griesbach</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friersbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friersbach (page does not exist)">Friersbach</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peterthal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peterthal (page does not exist)">Peterthal</a> being the most frequented.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the valleys the soil is particularly fertile, yielding luxuriant crops of wheat, maize, barley, <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beetroot" title="Beetroot">beetroot</a> and tobacco; and even in the more mountainous part, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, wheat and <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a> are extensively cultivated. There is a considerable extent of pasture-land, and the rearing of cattle, sheep, pigs and <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a> is extensively practised. Of <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">game</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Boar">boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snipe" title="Snipe">snipe</a> and wild <a href="/wiki/Partridge" title="Partridge">partridges</a> are fairly abundant, while the mountain streams yield <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a> of excellent quality. Viticulture is increasing, and the <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wines</a> continue to sell well. The <a href="/wiki/Baden_(wine_region)" title="Baden (wine region)">Baden wine region</a> is Germany's third largest in terms of vineyard surface. The <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">gardens</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchards</a> supply an abundance of fruit, especially <a href="/wiki/Sweet_cherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet cherry">sweet cherries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnuts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bee-keeping" class="mw-redirect" title="Bee-keeping">bee-keeping</a> is practised throughout the country. A greater proportion of Baden than any other south German state is occupied by forests. In these, the predominant trees are <a href="/wiki/European_beech" class="mw-redirect" title="European beech">European beech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abies_alba" title="Abies alba">silver fir</a>, but many others, such as <a href="/wiki/Sweet_chestnut" title="Sweet chestnut">sweet chestnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scots_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots pine">Scots pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway_spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway spruce">Norway spruce</a> and the exotic <a href="/wiki/Coast_Douglas-fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Douglas-fir">coast Douglas-fir</a>, are well represented. A third, at least, of the annual <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a> production is exported.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industries">Industries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Industries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 1910, 56.8% of the region's land mass was cultivated and 38% was <a href="/wiki/Forested" class="mw-redirect" title="Forested">forested</a>. Before 1870, the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural sector">agricultural sector</a> was responsible for the bulk of the grand duchy's wealth, but this was superseded by industrial production. The chief products were <a href="/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">machinery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">woollen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> goods, <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> ribbons, <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="China (material)">china</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">clocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemicals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beet_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Beet sugar">Beet sugar</a> was also manufactured on a large scale, as were wooden <a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">ornaments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">toys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_box" title="Music box">music boxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">exports</a> of Baden consisted mostly of the above goods and were considerable, but the bulk of its trade consisted of transit. The grand duchy had many <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railways</a> and roads,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> for transporting goods by ship. Railways were run by the state as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_State_Railway" title="Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway">Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway</a> (<i>Großherzoglich Badische Staatseisenbahnen</i>). A rail-line ran mostly parallel with the Rhine, with oblique branches from East to West. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> was the great market centre for exports down the Rhine and had substantial river traffic. It was also the chief manufacturing town for the duchy and an important administrative centre for its northern region.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_religion">Education and religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Education and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were numerous educational institutions in Baden. There were three universities, one <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">Freiburg im Breisgau</a>, and a research university in <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_Institute_of_Technology" title="Karlsruhe Institute of Technology">Karlsruhe</a>. </p><p>The grand-duke was a Protestant; under him, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Church in Germany">Evangelical Church</a> was governed by a nominated council and a <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> consisting of a prelate, 48 elected and 7 nominated lay and clerical members. The Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Freiburg" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Freiburg">Archbishop of Freiburg</a> is <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a> of the Upper Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leaders">Leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Dukes_(1806–1918)"><span id="Grand_Dukes_.281806.E2.80.931918.29"></span>Grand Dukes (1806–1918)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Grand Dukes (1806–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Baden" title="List of monarchs of Baden">List of monarchs of Baden</a></div> <ul><li>1806–1811: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" title="Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden">Charles Frederick</a> (1728–1811)</li> <li>1811–1818: <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" title="Charles, Grand Duke of Baden">Charles</a> (1786–1818)</li> <li>1818–1830: <a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" title="Louis I, Grand Duke of Baden">Louis I</a> (1763–1830)</li> <li>1830–1852: <a href="/wiki/Leopold,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" title="Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden">Leopold</a> (1790–1852)</li> <li>1852–1858: <a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" title="Louis II, Grand Duke of Baden">Louis II</a> (1824–1858)</li> <li>1858–1907: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" title="Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden">Frederick I</a> (1826–1907), (since 1852 Regent, since 1856 with the title <i>Grand Duke</i>)</li> <li>1907–1918: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" title="Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden">Frederick II</a> (1857–1928)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ministers-President_(1809–1918)"><span id="Ministers-President_.281809.E2.80.931918.29"></span>Ministers-President (1809–1918)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ministers-President (1809–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers-president_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg#Ministers-President_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_(1809–1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ministers-president of Baden-Württemberg">List of ministers-president of Baden-Württemberg § Ministers-President of the Grand Duchy of Baden (1809–1918)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>1809–1810: <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_von_Reitzenstein" title="Sigismund von Reitzenstein">Sigismund von Reitzenstein</a></li> <li>1810–1810: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conrad_Karl_Friedrich_von_Andlau-Birseck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conrad Karl Friedrich von Andlau-Birseck (page does not exist)">Conrad Karl Friedrich von Andlau-Birseck</a></li> <li>1810–1812: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Heinrich_Gayling_von_Altheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Heinrich Gayling von Altheim (page does not exist)">Christian Heinrich Gayling von Altheim</a></li> <li>1812–1817: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Christian_von_Berckheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Christian von Berckheim (page does not exist)">Karl Christian von Berckheim</a></li> <li>1817–1818: Sigismund von Reitzenstein</li> <li>1818–1831: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Ludwig_Leopold_Reinhard_von_Berstett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Ludwig Leopold Reinhard von Berstett (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Ludwig Leopold Reinhard von Berstett</a></li> <li>1832–1833: Sigismund von Reitzenstein</li> <li>1833–1838: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Georg_von_Winter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Georg von Winter (page does not exist)">Ludwig Georg von Winter</a></li> <li>1838–1839: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Nebenius" title="Karl Friedrich Nebenius">Karl Friedrich Nebenius</a></li> <li>1839–1843: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Landolin_Karl_von_Blittersdorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Landolin Karl von Blittersdorf (page does not exist)">Friedrich Landolin Karl von Blittersdorf</a></li> <li>1843–1845: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Friedrich_von_Boeckh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Friedrich von Boeckh (page does not exist)">Christian Friedrich von Boeckh</a></li> <li>1845–1846: Karl Friedrich Nebenius</li> <li>1846–1848: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Baptist_Bekk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Baptist Bekk (page does not exist)">Johann Baptist Bekk</a></li> <li>1848–1849: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Georg_Hoffmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Georg Hoffmann (page does not exist)">Karl Georg Hoffmann</a></li> <li>1849–1850: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Adolf_Kl%C3%BCber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Adolf Klüber (page does not exist)">Friedrich Adolf Klüber</a></li> <li>1850–1856: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_R%C3%BCdt_von_Collenberg-B%C3%B6digheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Rüdt von Collenberg-Bödigheim (page does not exist)">Ludwig Rüdt von Collenberg-Bödigheim</a></li> <li>1856–1860: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_von_Stengel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz von Stengel (page does not exist)">Franz von Stengel</a></li> <li>1861–1866: <a href="/wiki/Anton_von_Stabel" title="Anton von Stabel">Anton von Stabel</a></li> <li>1866–1868: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mathy" title="Karl Mathy">Karl Mathy</a></li> <li>1868–1876: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Jolly_(politician)" title="Julius Jolly (politician)">Julius Jolly</a></li> <li>1876–1893: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Karl_Friedrich_Turban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Karl Friedrich Turban (page does not exist)">Ludwig Karl Friedrich Turban</a></li> <li>1893–1901: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Wilhelm_Nokk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Wilhelm Nokk (page does not exist)">Franz Wilhelm Nokk</a></li> <li>1901–1905: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ludwig_Wilhelm_Arthur_von_Brauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Ludwig Wilhelm Arthur von Brauer (page does not exist)">Carl Ludwig Wilhelm Arthur von Brauer</a></li> <li>1905–1917: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_von_Dusch_(Staatsminister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander von Dusch (Staatsminister) (page does not exist)">Alexander von Dusch</a></li> <li>1917–1918: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_von_und_zu_Bodman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich von und zu Bodman (page does not exist)">Heinrich von Bodman</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a> (territory)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_Army" title="Baden Army">Baden Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1918_in_Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 in Alsace-Lorraine">November 1918 in Alsace-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011696/Baden#232042.hook">"Baden"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baden&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9011696%2FBaden%23232042.hook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Baden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edmundcclingan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edmundcclingan_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmund_C._Clingan2010" class="citation book cs1">Edmund C. Clingan (2010). <i>The Lives of Hans Luther, 1879 - 1962: German Chancellor, Reichsbank President, and Hitler's Ambassador</i>. Lexington Books. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+Hans+Luther%2C+1879+-+1962%3A+German+Chancellor%2C+Reichsbank+President%2C+and+Hitler%27s+Ambassador&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Edmund+C.+Clingan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Baden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.offenburg.de/en/dear-guests-welcome-to-offenburg/tourism-information/what-is-worth-seeing/the-salmen-a-monument-of-national-significance/">"The Salmen – a monument of national significance"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Salmen+%E2%80%93+a+monument+of+national+significance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.offenburg.de%2Fen%2Fdear-guests-welcome-to-offenburg%2Ftourism-information%2Fwhat-is-worth-seeing%2Fthe-salmen-a-monument-of-national-significance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Baden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Baden,_Grand_Duchy_of" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Baden, Grand Duchy of">Baden, Grand Duchy of</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baden%2C+Grand+Duchy+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Baden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidgall201218-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidgall201218_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidgall2012">Schmidgall 2012</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2016" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J. (2016). <i>The Pursuit of Power</i> ((paperback) ed.). Penguin Books. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143110422" title="Special:BookSources/9780143110422"><bdi>9780143110422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pursuit+of+Power&rft.pages=212&rft.edition=%28paperback%29&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780143110422&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Baden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLonn1950" class="citation book cs1">Lonn, Ella (1950). "VII. The Forty-Eighters in the Civil War". In Zucker, A. E. (ed.). <i>The Forty-Eighters: Political Refugees of the German Revolution of 1848</i> (Reissued, 1967, by Russell & Russell ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/66-27186">66-27186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VII.+The+Forty-Eighters+in+the+Civil+War&rft.btitle=The+Forty-Eighters%3A+Political+Refugees+of+the+German+Revolution+of+1848&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Reissued%2C+1967%2C+by+Russell+%26+Russell&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F66-27186&rft.aulast=Lonn&rft.aufirst=Ella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Baden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidgall2012123-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidgall2012123_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidgall2012">Schmidgall 2012</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidgall201288-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidgall201288_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidgall2012">Schmidgall 2012</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidgall2012100-102-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidgall2012100-102_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidgall2012">Schmidgall 2012</a>, p. 100-102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEExner2016291-294-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEExner2016291-294_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEExner2016291-294_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFExner2016">Exner 2016</a>, p. 291-294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrill198315-16-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrill198315-16_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrill1983">Grill 1983</a>, p. 15-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngehausen" class="citation web cs1">Engehausen, Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpb-bw.de/novemberrevolution-im-suedwesten">"Novemberrevolution im Südwesten"</a>. <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landeszentrale_f%C3%BCr_politische_Bildung_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="extiw" title="de:Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg">State Center for Political Education Baden-Württemberg</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240201011433/https://www.lpb-bw.de/novemberrevolution-im-suedwesten">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Center+for+Political+Education+Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft.atitle=Novemberrevolution+im+S%C3%BCdwesten&rft.aulast=Engehausen&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpb-bw.de%2Fnovemberrevolution-im-suedwesten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Baden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidgall2012123-127-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidgall2012123-127_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidgall2012">Schmidgall 2012</a>, p. 123-127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrill198316-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrill198316_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrill1983">Grill 1983</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidgall201219-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidgall201219_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidgall2012">Schmidgall 2012</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02194a.htm">"Baden"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baden&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F02194a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Baden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExner2016" class="citation journal cs1">Exner, Konrad (2016). "Die politischen und wirtschaftlichen Ereignisse der Republik Baden in der Zeit der Weimarer Republik". <i>Badische Heimat</i>. <b>96</b> (2). Landesverein Badische Heimat: 291–300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Badische+Heimat&rft.atitle=Die+politischen+und+wirtschaftlichen+Ereignisse+der+Republik+Baden+in+der+Zeit+der+Weimarer+Republik&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=291-300&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Exner&rft.aufirst=Konrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Baden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrill1983" class="citation book cs1">Grill, Johnpeter (1983). <i>The Nazi Movement in Baden, 1920-1945</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807814725" title="Special:BookSources/0807814725"><bdi>0807814725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Movement+in+Baden%2C+1920-1945&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0807814725&rft.aulast=Grill&rft.aufirst=Johnpeter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Baden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidgall2012" class="citation book cs1">Schmidgall, Markus (2012). <i>Die Revolution 1918/19 in Baden</i>. <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_Institute_of_Technology" title="Karlsruhe Institute of Technology">Karlsruhe Institute of Technology</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783866447271" title="Special:BookSources/9783866447271"><bdi>9783866447271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Revolution+1918%2F19+in+Baden&rft.pub=Karlsruhe+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783866447271&rft.aulast=Schmidgall&rft.aufirst=Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Baden" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (9th ed.) article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/The_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" class="extiw" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/The Grand Duchy of Baden">The Grand Duchy of Baden</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1879 <i><a href="/wiki/American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="American Cyclopædia">American Cyclopædia</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Baden_(grand_duchy)" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Baden (grand duchy)">Baden (grand duchy)</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Grill, Johnpeter Horst. <i>The Nazi Movement in Baden, 1920–1945</i> (Univ of North Carolina Press, 1983).</li> <li>Lee, Loyd E. <i>The Politics of Harmony: Civil Service, Liberalism, and Social Reform in Baden, 1800–1850</i> (University of Delaware Press, 1980).</li> <li>Liebel, Helen P. "Enlightened bureaucracy versus enlightened despotism in Baden, 1750–1792." <i>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</i> 55.5 (1965): 1–132.</li> <li>Selgert, Felix. "Performance, pay and promotion: implementing a Weberian bureaucracy in nineteenth century Baden." <i>Cliometrica</i> 8.1 (2014): 79–113.</li> <li>Tuchman, Arleen. <i>Science, Medicine, and the State in Germany: The Case of Baden, 1815–1871</i> (Oxford University Press, 1993).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_German">In German</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Schwarzmaier, Hansmartin, ed. <i>Geschichte Badens in Bildern, 1100–1918</i> (Kohlhammer, 1993), heavily illustrated history.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Template:States of the Confederation of the Rhine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Template talk:States of the Confederation of the Rhine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the Confederation of the Rhine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine_(1806–1813)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">States of the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> (1806–1813)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rank elevated<br />by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Grand Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rheinbund_1812,_political_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Confederation of the Rhine"><img alt="Map of the Confederation of the Rhine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/175px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/263px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/350px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="1420" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States created</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Grand Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Berg" title="Grand Duchy of Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Frankfurt" title="Grand Duchy of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Grand Duchy of Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Aschaffenburg" title="Principality of Aschaffenburg">Aschaffenburg</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Leyen" title="Principality of Leyen">Leyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Regensburg" title="Principality of Regensburg">Regensburg</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-existing<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Saxon duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Gotha-Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Saxe-Hildburghausen">Hildburghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar" title="Saxe-Weimar">Weimar</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Eisenach">Eisenach</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Anhalt-Bernburg">Bernburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Dessau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-K%C3%B6then" title="Anhalt-Köthen">Köthen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arenberg" title="Arenberg">Arenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hechingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Isenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Isenburg">Isenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe-Detmold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss (state)">Reuss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Ebersdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Greiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Lobenstein" title="Reuss-Lobenstein">Lobenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Schleiz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salm" title="Principality of Salm">Salm</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldeck_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck (state)">Waldeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> from 1810</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> until 1810</li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> until 1809</li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> from 1809</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> until 1811</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_German_Confederation_(1815–1866)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Template:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Template talk:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_German_Confederation_(1815–1866)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">States of the German Confederation</a> (1815–1866)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutscher_Bund.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the German Confederation"><img alt="Map of the German Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/175px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/263px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/350px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="969" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse-Kassel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grand duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%931867)" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)">Limburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1839)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">Anhalt (Ascania)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Anhalt-Bernburg">Bernburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Dessau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-K%C3%B6then" title="Anhalt-Köthen">Köthen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1847)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Coburg-Saalfeld</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Gotha-Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Saxe-Hildburghausen">Hildburghausen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesse-Homburg" title="Hesse-Homburg">Hesse-Homburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldeck_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck (state)">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County_of_Reuss" title="Imperial County of Reuss">Reuss</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Reuss-Ebersdorf</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1824)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Lobenstein" title="Reuss-Lobenstein">Reuss-Lobenstein</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1824)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf </a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1824-1848)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <small>(Junior Line)</small></a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1848)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <small>(Elder Line)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Schleiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss-Schleiz">Reuss-Schleiz</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1848)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hechingen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> partially</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Template:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Template talk:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Empire" title="States of the German Empire">States of the German Empire</a> (1871–1918)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> as a whole <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hesse-Nassau" title="Province of Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(including the <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a> and the former <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Posen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Reich_(1871-1918)-en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the German Empire"><img alt="Map of the German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/175px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/263px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/350px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <span style="font-size:85%;">(Junior Line)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elder Line)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imperial Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace–Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mittelafrika" title="Mittelafrika">Mittelafrika</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186320#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186320#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186320#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/124366426">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4069065-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82244059">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15376623k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15376623k">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027463028">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grand_Duchy_of_Baden&params=49_1_N_8_24_E_source:ptwiki_region:DE_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°1′N</span> <span 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