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href="#Rare_oxidation_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Rare oxidation states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rare_oxidation_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Origin </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Origin subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gold_production_in_the_universe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gold_production_in_the_universe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Gold production in the universe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gold_production_in_the_universe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asteroid_origin_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asteroid_origin_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Asteroid origin theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asteroid_origin_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mantle_return_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mantle_return_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Mantle return theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mantle_return_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Occurrence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Occurrence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seawater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seawater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Seawater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seawater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mining_and_prospecting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining_and_prospecting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Mining and prospecting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining_and_prospecting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraction_and_refining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraction_and_refining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Extraction and refining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraction_and_refining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Recycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Consumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monetary_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monetary_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Monetary use </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Monetary_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Monetary use subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Monetary_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Price" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Price"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Price </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Price-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Other applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewelry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewelry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Jewelry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewelry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Electronics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellanea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellanea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Miscellanea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellanea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Toxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Gold</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 232 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-232" aria-hidden="true" > 232 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuih" title="Meuih – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Meuih" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goud" title="Goud – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Goud" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gold" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Алтын – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Алтын" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%88%AD%E1%89%85" title="ወርቅ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ወርቅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolle" title="Kolle – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kolle" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="सोना – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सोना" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gold" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8" title="ذهب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذهب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro" title="Oro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Oro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%95%DC%97%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܕܗܒܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܕܗܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Ոսկի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ոսկի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malam%C3%A2" title="Malamâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Malamâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A3" title="সোণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সোণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru" title="Oru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Oru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepotiju" title="Kuarepotiju – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepotiju" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Месед – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Месед" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quri" title="Quri – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Quri" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1l" title="Qızıl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qızıl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="قیزیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قیزیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas" title="Mas – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mas" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="সোনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সোনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amas" title="Amas – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Amas" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim" title="Kim – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kim" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Алтын – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алтын" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Золата – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Золата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Золата – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Золата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="सोना – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सोना" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulawan" title="Bulawan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bulawan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Злато – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Злато" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goid" title="Goid – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Goid" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="གསེར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གསེར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zlato" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aour" title="Aour – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aour" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Алтан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Алтан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or" title="Or – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Or" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%BB%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BD" title="Ылтăн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ылтăн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulawan" title="Bulawan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bulawan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zlato" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru" title="Oru – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Oru" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro" title="Oro – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Oro" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndarama" title="Ndarama – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ndarama" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru" title="Oru – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Oru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur" title="Aur – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guld" title="Guld – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Guld" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A8" title="دهب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="دهب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golli" title="Golli – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Golli" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gold" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ola" title="Óola – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Óola" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuld" title="Kuld – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuld" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Χρυσός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χρυσός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94r" title="Ôr – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ôr" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сырне – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Сырне" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro" title="Oro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro" title="Oro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru" title="Oru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Oru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urre" title="Urre – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="طلا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طلا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sona" title="Sona – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sona" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull" title="Gull – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Gull" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or" title="Or – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Or" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goud" title="Goud – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Goud" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur" title="Aur – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Aur" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93r" title="Ór – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airh" title="Airh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Airh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92r" title="Òr – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Òr" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouro" title="Ouro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ouro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2" title="Дошув – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дошув" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="金" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Gold" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82" title="સોનું – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સોનું" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AEm" title="Kîm – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kîm" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Алтын – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Алтын" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%88" title="금 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="금" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinare" title="Zinare – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Zinare" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Ոսկի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ոսկի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="सोना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सोना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82oto" title="Złoto – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Złoto" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zlato" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro" title="Oro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balitok" title="Balitok – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Balitok" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emas" title="Emas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Emas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auro" title="Auro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Auro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_kaviqsuaq" title="Manik kaviqsuaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Manik kaviqsuaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B7%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Сыгъзæрин – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сыгъзæрин" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igolide" title="Igolide – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Igolide" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igolide" title="Igolide – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Igolide" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull" title="Gull – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gull" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro" title="Oro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%94%D7%91" title="זהב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זהב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emas" title="Emas – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Emas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%CC%84%C9%A9%C9%A3l%C9%A9m_sika" title="N̄ɩɣlɩm sika – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="N̄ɩɣlɩm sika" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuulti" title="Kuulti – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Kuulti" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8" title="ಚಿನ್ನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಿನ್ನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gint%C3%BB" title="Gintû – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Gintû" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="ოქრო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოქრო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%84%D9%86" title="سۄن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سۄن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82oto" title="Złoto – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Złoto" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Алтын – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алтын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owr" title="Owr – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Owr" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhahabu" title="Dhahabu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dhahabu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Зарни – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Зарни" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolo" title="Wolo – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Wolo" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2" title="Lò – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lò" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2" title="Lò – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lò" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AAr" title="Zêr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zêr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Алтын – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Алтын" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%A7%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8C%D3%B9" title="Шӧртньӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шӧртньӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92r" title="Òr – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Òr" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Муси – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Муси" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B3" title="ທອງຄຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທອງຄຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurum" title="Aurum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aurum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelts" title="Zelts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zelts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gold" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Къизил – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Къизил" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auksas" title="Auksas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Auksas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96o" title="Öo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Öo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goud" title="Goud – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Goud" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3lo" title="Wólo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Wólo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuldu" title="Kuldu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kuldu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/solji" title="solji – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="solji" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zzaabu" title="Zzaabu – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Zzaabu" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or" title="Or – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Or" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arany_(k%C3%A9miai_elem)" title="Arany (kémiai elem) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arany (kémiai elem)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="सोना – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सोना" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Злато – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Злато" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volamena" title="Volamena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Volamena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="സ്വർണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വർണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87" title="सोने – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सोने" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D" title="ორქო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ორქო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A8" title="دهب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دهب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emas" title="Emas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Emas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯁꯅꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯅꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ADng" title="Gĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouro" title="Ouro – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ouro" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Зирня – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Зирня" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Алт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Алт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1" title="ရွှေ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရွှေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocuitlatl" title="Teocuitlatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Teocuitlatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koula" title="Koula – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Koula" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goud" title="Goud – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Goud" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Gold" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8" title="सुन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82" title="लुं – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लुं" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="金" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gul" title="Gul – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gul" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull" title="Gull – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gull" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull" title="Gull – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gull" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or" title="Or – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Or" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore" title="Ore – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Ore" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur" title="Aur – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aur" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%A7%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8C%D3%A7" title="Шӧртньӧ – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шӧртньӧ" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE" title="ସୁନା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସୁନା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warqee" title="Warqee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Warqee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oltin" title="Oltin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oltin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸੋਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੋਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="औरियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="औरियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="سونا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سونا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro" title="Oro – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Oro" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="سره زر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سره زر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guol" title="Guol – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Guol" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Зарни – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Зарни" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F" title="មាស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មាស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92r_(element)" title="Òr (element) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Òr (element)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gold" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82oto" title="Złoto – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Złoto" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouro" title="Ouro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ouro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt%C4%B1n" title="Altın – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Altın" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt%C4%B1n" title="Altın – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Altın" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jold" title="Jold – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Jold" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur" title="Aur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur" title="Aur – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Aur" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quri" title="Quri – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Quri" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Золото – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Золото" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Золото – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Золото" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%81" title="Көмүс – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Көмүс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="सुवर्णम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सुवर्णम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱥᱚᱱᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱚᱱᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro" title="Oro – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Oro" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowd" title="Gowd – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gowd" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gould" title="Gould – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Gould" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari" title="Ari – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru" title="Oru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Oru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="රන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gold" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="سون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zlato" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zlato" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%99%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Ꙁлато – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ꙁлато" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahab" title="Dahab – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dahab" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8E%DA%95" title="زێڕ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زێڕ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowtu" title="Gowtu – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Gowtu" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Злато – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Злато" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zlato" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emas" title="Emas – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Emas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulta" title="Kulta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kulta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guld" title="Guld – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Guld" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginto" title="Ginto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ginto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தங்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தங்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ure%C9%A3" title="Ureɣ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ureɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Алтын – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алтын" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="బంగారం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బంగారం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3" title="ทองคำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทองคำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Тило – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тило" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%95%E1%8E%B8_%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A8" title="ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9hone-ma%27kaata" title="Véhone-ma'kaata – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Véhone-ma'kaata" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬಂಗಾರ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಬಂಗಾರ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt%C4%B1n" title="Altın – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Altın" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1na-a%CC%B1shong" title="A̱na-a̱shong – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱na-a̱shong" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Алдын – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Алдын" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Золото – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Золото" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="سونا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سونا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%87%D9%86" title="ئالتۇن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالتۇن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gim" title="Gim – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gim" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro" title="Oro – Venetian" lang="vec" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the element. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gold_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gold (disambiguation)">Gold (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Element 79" redirects here. For the anthology, see <a href="/wiki/Element_79_(anthology)" title="Element 79 (anthology)">Element 79 (anthology)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 79 (Au)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Gold, 79Au</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold-crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gold-crystals.jpg/220px-Gold-crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gold-crystals.jpg/330px-Gold-crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gold-crystals.jpg/440px-Gold-crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4788" data-file-height="3102" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Gold</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">Metallic yellow</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Au)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>196.966570±0.000004<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>196.97±0.01 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Gold in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> ↑ Au ↓ <a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> ← gold → <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">79</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">group 11</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">period 6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4f14 5d10 6s1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1337.33 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1064.18 °C, 1947.52 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3243 K (2970 °C, 5378 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">19.283 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">17.31 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12.55 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">342 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25.418 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>1646 </td> <td>1814 </td> <td>2021 </td> <td>2281 </td> <td>2620 </td> <td>3078 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +3 −3,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> −2,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> −1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> 0, +1,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> +2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +5<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 2.54 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 890.1 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1980 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 144 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">136±6 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">166 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gold_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Gold_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gold_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Gold_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gold_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Gold_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of gold</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">face-centered cubic</a> (fcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cF4</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-face-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Face centered cubic crystal structure for gold" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1002" /></a></div>a = 407.86 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14.13×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">318 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22.14 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−28.0×10−6 cm3/mol (at 296 K)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength" title="Ultimate tensile strength">Tensile strength</a></th><td class="infobox-data">120 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">79 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">180 GPa<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">2030 m/s (at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.4 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.5 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">188–216 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">188–245 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-57-5 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> aurum 'gold'</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data">In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> (before <a href="/wiki/6000_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="6000 BCE">6000 BCE</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">"Au": from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aurum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:aurum">aurum</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_gold" title="Isotopes of gold">Isotopes of gold</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_gold_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox gold isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_gold_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox gold isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">195Au </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">186.01 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum-195" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum-195">195Pt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">196Au </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">6.165 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum-196" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum-196">196Pt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury-196" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury-196">196Hg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">197Au </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">100% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Gold-198" title="Gold-198">198Au</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.69464 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury-198" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury-198">198Hg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">199Au </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">3.139 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury-199" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury-199">199Hg</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gold" title="Category:Gold">Category: Gold</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_gold" title="Template:Infobox gold">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_gold" title="Template talk:Infobox gold">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_gold" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox gold">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Gold is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">chemical symbol</a> Au (from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> aurum) and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 79. In its pure form, it is a <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">bright</a>, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, <a href="/wiki/Malleable" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleable">malleable</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ductile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductile">ductile</a> <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>. Chemically, gold is a <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">group 11 element</a>, and one of the <a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble metals</a>. It is one of the least <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)" title="Reactivity (chemistry)">reactive</a> chemical elements, being the second-lowest in the <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_series" title="Reactivity series">reactivity series</a>. It is solid under <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard conditions</a>. Gold often occurs in <a href="/wiki/Free_element" title="Free element">free elemental</a> (<a href="/wiki/Native_state_(metallurgy)" title="Native state (metallurgy)">native state</a>), as <a href="/wiki/Gold_nugget" title="Gold nugget">nuggets</a> or grains, in <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">veins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_deposit" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial deposit">alluvial deposits</a>. It occurs in a <a href="/wiki/Solid_solution" title="Solid solution">solid solution</a> series with the native element <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a>), naturally <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloyed</a> with other metals like <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mineral_inclusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral inclusion">mineral inclusions</a> such as within <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a>. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_telluride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold telluride">gold tellurides</a>). Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a> (a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>), forming a soluble <a href="/wiki/Tetrachloroaurate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrachloroaurate">tetrachloroaurate</a> <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anion</a>. Gold is insoluble in nitric acid alone, which dissolves silver and <a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">base metals</a>, a property long used to <a href="/wiki/Refining_(metallurgy)" title="Refining (metallurgy)">refine</a> gold and confirm the presence of gold in metallic substances, giving rise to the term '<a href="/wiki/Acid_test_(gold)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid test (gold)">acid test</a>'. Gold dissolves in <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> solutions of <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a>, which are used in <a href="/wiki/Gold_cyanidation" title="Gold cyanidation">mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a>. Gold also dissolves in <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, forming <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a> alloys, and as the gold acts simply as a solute, this is not a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a>. A relatively rare element,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> gold is a <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metal</a> that has been used for <a href="/wiki/Gold_coin" title="Gold coin">coinage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry">jewelry</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Works_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Works of art">works of art</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a>. In the past, a <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> was often implemented as a <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a>. Gold coins ceased to be minted as a circulating currency in the 1930s, and the world gold standard was abandoned for a <a href="/wiki/Fiat_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat currency">fiat currency</a> system after the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a> measures of 1971. In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_gold_production" title="List of countries by gold production">world's largest gold producer</a> was China, followed by Russia and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Gold_Production-2023-12">[12]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold&action=edit">[update]</a>, a total of around 201,296 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> of gold exist above ground.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> This is equal to a cube, with each side measuring roughly 21.7 meters (71 ft). The world's consumption of new gold produced is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investments</a>, and 10% in <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Soos-2011-14">[14]</a> Gold's high malleability, ductility, resistance to corrosion and most other chemical reactions, as well as conductivity of electricity have led to its continued use in corrosion-resistant <a href="/wiki/Electrical_connector" title="Electrical connector">electrical connectors</a> in all types of computerized devices (its chief industrial use). Gold is also used in <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> shielding, the production of <a href="/wiki/Colored_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Colored glass">colored glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leafing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Restorative_dentistry" title="Restorative dentistry">tooth restoration</a>. Certain <a href="/wiki/Gold_salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold salts">gold salts</a> are still used as <a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">anti-inflammatory</a> agents in medicine. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Au_atomic_wire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Au_atomic_wire.jpg/220px-Au_atomic_wire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Au_atomic_wire.jpg/330px-Au_atomic_wire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Au_atomic_wire.jpg/440px-Au_atomic_wire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="1971" /></a><figcaption>Gold can be drawn into a monatomic wire, and then stretched more before it breaks.<a href="#cite_note-Kizuka-2008-15">[15]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_gold_nugget_5mm_dia_and_corresponding_foil_surface_of_half_sq_meter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Small_gold_nugget_5mm_dia_and_corresponding_foil_surface_of_half_sq_meter.jpg/220px-Small_gold_nugget_5mm_dia_and_corresponding_foil_surface_of_half_sq_meter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Small_gold_nugget_5mm_dia_and_corresponding_foil_surface_of_half_sq_meter.jpg/330px-Small_gold_nugget_5mm_dia_and_corresponding_foil_surface_of_half_sq_meter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Small_gold_nugget_5mm_dia_and_corresponding_foil_surface_of_half_sq_meter.jpg/440px-Small_gold_nugget_5mm_dia_and_corresponding_foil_surface_of_half_sq_meter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A gold nugget of 5 mm (0.20 in) in size can be hammered into a <a href="/wiki/Gold_foil" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold foil">gold foil</a> of about 0.5 m2 (5.4 sq ft) in area.</figcaption></figure> Gold is the most <a href="/wiki/Malleable" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleable">malleable</a> of all metals. It can be drawn into a wire of single-atom width, and then stretched considerably before it breaks.<a href="#cite_note-Kizuka-2008-15">[15]</a> Such nanowires distort via the formation, reorientation, and migration of <a href="/wiki/Dislocation" title="Dislocation">dislocations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">crystal twins</a> without noticeable hardening.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> A single gram of gold can be beaten into a sheet of 1 square metre (11 sq ft), and an <a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoirdupois ounce">avoirdupois ounce</a> into 28 square metres (300 sq ft). Gold leaf can be beaten thin enough to become semi-transparent. The transmitted light appears greenish-blue because gold strongly reflects yellow and red.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Such semi-transparent sheets also strongly reflect <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> light, making them useful as infrared (radiant heat) shields in the visors of heat-resistant suits and in sun visors for <a href="/wiki/Spacesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacesuit">spacesuits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Gold is a good <a href="/wiki/Conduction_(heat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduction (heat)">conductor of heat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">electricity</a>. Gold has a density of 19.3 g/cm3, almost identical to that of <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> at 19.25 g/cm3; as such, tungsten has been used in the <a href="/wiki/Counterfeiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfeiting">counterfeiting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gold_bar" title="Gold bar">gold bars</a>, such as by plating a tungsten bar with gold.<a href="#cite_note-Gray-2008-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> By comparison, the density of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> is 11.34 g/cm3, and that of the densest element, <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>, is 22.588±0.015 g/cm3.<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster-1995-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color">Color</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_bullion_ap_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gold_bullion_ap_001.JPG/220px-Gold_bullion_ap_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gold_bullion_ap_001.JPG/330px-Gold_bullion_ap_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gold_bullion_ap_001.JPG/440px-Gold_bullion_ap_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1462" data-file-height="1879" /></a><figcaption>Gold bars, also called ingots or bullion</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg/220px-Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg/330px-Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg/440px-Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>Different colors of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a>–Au–<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> alloys</figcaption></figure> Whereas most metals are gray or silvery white, gold is slightly reddish-yellow.<a href="#cite_note-Lippincott-1880-24">[24]</a> This color is determined by the frequency of <a href="/wiki/Plasma_oscillation" title="Plasma oscillation">plasma oscillations</a> among the metal's valence electrons, in the ultraviolet range for most metals but in the visible range for gold due to <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_chemistry" title="Relativistic quantum chemistry">relativistic effects</a> affecting the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">orbitals</a> around gold atoms.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Similar effects impart a golden hue to metallic <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a>. Common colored gold alloys include the distinctive eighteen-karat <a href="/wiki/Rose_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose gold">rose gold</a> created by the addition of copper. Alloys containing <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> are also important in commercial jewelry as these produce white gold alloys. Fourteen-karat gold-copper alloy is nearly identical in color to certain <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> alloys, and both may be used to produce police and other <a href="/wiki/Badge" title="Badge">badges</a>. Fourteen- and eighteen-karat gold alloys with silver alone appear greenish-yellow and are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Green_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Green gold">green gold</a>. Blue gold can be made by alloying with <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, and purple gold can be made by alloying with <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>. Less commonly, addition of <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>, and other elements can produce more unusual colors of gold for various applications.<a href="#cite_note-WorldGoldCouncil-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Colloidal_gold" title="Colloidal gold">Colloidal gold</a>, used by electron-microscopists, is red if the particles are small; larger particles of colloidal gold are blue.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_gold" title="Isotopes of gold">Isotopes of gold</a></div> Gold has only one stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a>, 197 Au, which is also its only naturally occurring isotope, so gold is both a <a href="/wiki/Mononuclidic_element" title="Mononuclidic element">mononuclidic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monoisotopic_element" title="Monoisotopic element">monoisotopic element</a>. Thirty-six <a href="/wiki/Radioisotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotopes">radioisotopes</a> have been synthesized, ranging in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic mass</a> from 169 to 205. The most stable of these is 195 Au with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 186.1 days. The least stable is 171 Au, which decays by <a href="/wiki/Proton_emission" title="Proton emission">proton emission</a> with a half-life of 30 μs. Most of gold's radioisotopes with atomic masses below 197 decay by some combination of <a href="/wiki/Proton_emission" title="Proton emission">proton emission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α decay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%CE%92%2B_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Β+ decay">β+ decay</a>. The exceptions are 195 Au, which decays by electron capture, and 196 Au, which decays most often by electron capture (93%) with a minor <a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E2%88%92_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Β− decay">β− decay</a> path (7%).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> All of gold's radioisotopes with atomic masses above 197 decay by β− decay.<a href="#cite_note-Audi-2003-30">[30]</a> At least 32 <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomers</a> have also been characterized, ranging in atomic mass from 170 to 200. Within that range, only 178 Au, 180 Au, 181 Au, 182 Au, and 188 Au do not have isomers. Gold's most stable isomer is 198m2 Au with a half-life of 2.27 days. Gold's least stable isomer is 177m2 Au with a half-life of only 7 ns. 184m1 Au has three decay paths: β+ decay, <a href="/wiki/Isomeric_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomeric transition">isomeric transition</a>, and alpha decay. No other isomer or isotope of gold has three decay paths.<a href="#cite_note-Audi-2003-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Synthesis_of_precious_metals" title="Synthesis of precious metals">Synthesis of precious metals</a></div> The possible production of gold from a more common element, such as <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, has long been a subject of human inquiry, and the ancient and medieval discipline of <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> often focused on it; however, the transmutation of the chemical elements did not become possible until the understanding of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a> in the 20th century. The first synthesis of gold was conducted by Japanese physicist <a href="/wiki/Hantaro_Nagaoka" title="Hantaro Nagaoka">Hantaro Nagaoka</a>, who synthesized gold from <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> in 1924 by neutron bombardment.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> An American team, working without knowledge of Nagaoka's prior study, conducted the same experiment in 1941, achieving the same result and showing that the <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_gold" title="Isotopes of gold">isotopes of gold</a> produced by it were all <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a> transmuted several thousand atoms of bismuth into gold at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Gold can be manufactured in a nuclear reactor, but doing so is highly impractical and would cost far more than the value of the gold that is produced.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gold_compounds" title="Gold compounds">Gold compounds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold(III)_chloride_solution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gold%28III%29_chloride_solution.jpg/220px-Gold%28III%29_chloride_solution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gold%28III%29_chloride_solution.jpg/330px-Gold%28III%29_chloride_solution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gold%28III%29_chloride_solution.jpg/440px-Gold%28III%29_chloride_solution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Gold(III) chloride solution in water</figcaption></figure> Although gold is the most noble of the noble metals,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> it still forms many diverse compounds. The <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> of gold in its compounds ranges from −1 to +5, but Au(I) and Au(III) dominate its chemistry. Au(I), referred to as the aurous ion, is the most common oxidation state with soft <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligands</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Thioether" class="mw-redirect" title="Thioether">thioethers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiolate">thiolates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organophosphine" title="Organophosphine">organophosphines</a>. Au(I) compounds are typically linear. A good example is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><a href="/wiki/Gold_cyanidation" title="Gold cyanidation">Au(CN)−2</a>, which is the soluble form of gold encountered in mining. The binary <a href="/wiki/Gold_halide" title="Gold halide">gold halides</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Gold(I)_chloride" title="Gold(I) chloride">AuCl</a>, form zigzag polymeric chains, again featuring linear coordination at Au. Most <a href="/wiki/Gold-containing_drugs" title="Gold-containing drugs">drugs based on gold</a> are Au(I) derivatives.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Au(III) (referred to as auric) is a common oxidation state, and is illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_chloride" title="Gold(III) chloride">gold(III) chloride</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Au2Cl6. The gold atom centers in Au(III) complexes, like other d8 compounds, are typically <a href="/wiki/Square_planar" class="mw-redirect" title="Square planar">square planar</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonds</a> that have both <a href="/wiki/Covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent">covalent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionic</a> character. <a href="/wiki/Gold(I,III)_chloride" title="Gold(I,III) chloride">Gold(I,III) chloride</a> is also known, an example of a <a href="/wiki/Mixed-valence_complex" title="Mixed-valence complex">mixed-valence complex</a>. Gold does not react with oxygen at any temperature<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and, up to 100 °C, is resistant to attack from ozone:<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Au + O2 ->}}({\text{no reaction}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Au</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>no reaction</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Au + O2 ->}}({\text{no reaction}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1042f66a95a991a8ce4c2e86c7748fd4afc327d4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:26.179ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Au + O2 ->}}({\text{no reaction}})}"> <math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Au{}+O3->[{} \atop {t<100^{\circ }{\text{C}}}]}}({\text{no reaction}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Au</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> <mo><</mo> <msup> <mn>100</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>no reaction</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Au{}+O3->[{} \atop {t<100^{\circ }{\text{C}}}]}}({\text{no reaction}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/15de1bb6553c547be049cb1fcc9c63c2de6f0f1d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.374ex; width:29.541ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Au{}+O3->[{} \atop {t<100^{\circ }{\text{C}}}]}}({\text{no reaction}})}"> Some free <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a> react to form the corresponding gold halides.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Gold is strongly attacked by fluorine at dull-red heat<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_fluoride" title="Gold(III) fluoride">gold(III) fluoride</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">AuF3. Powdered gold reacts with chlorine at 180 °C to form <a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_chloride" title="Gold(III) chloride">gold(III) chloride</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">AuCl3.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Gold reacts with bromine at 140 °C to form a combination of <a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_bromide" title="Gold(III) bromide">gold(III) bromide</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">AuBr3 and <a href="/wiki/Gold(I)_bromide" title="Gold(I) bromide">gold(I) bromide</a> AuBr, but reacts very slowly with iodine to form <a href="/wiki/Gold(I)_iodide" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold(I) iodide">gold(I) iodide</a> AuI: <math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+3F2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuF3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Au</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>F</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> </mfrac> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>AuF</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+3F2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuF3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a5ec545264fef0a0abf4c09d5ffec587e9e919db" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.45ex; width:22.987ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+3F2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuF3}}}"> <math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+3Cl2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuCl3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Au</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> </mfrac> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>AuCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+3Cl2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuCl3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7637609dc04da97bf24afe9c25062b02a88d1e05" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.45ex; width:24.601ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+3Cl2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuCl3}}}"> <math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+2Br2->[{} \atop \Delta ]AuBr3{}+AuBr}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Au</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>Br</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> </mfrac> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>AuBr</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>AuBr</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+2Br2->[{} \atop \Delta ]AuBr3{}+AuBr}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/340466f370c6d89ba2884d7e05ef60976bf50cb5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.45ex; width:31.949ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+2Br2->[{} \atop \Delta ]AuBr3{}+AuBr}}}"> <math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+I2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuI}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Au</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>I</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> </mfrac> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>AuI</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+I2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuI}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/78c9bd40b7a429514a3a1e848b3886039c71e1b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.45ex; width:19.027ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+I2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuI}}}"> Gold does not react with sulfur directly,<a href="#cite_note-Emery-1961-44">[44]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_sulfide" title="Gold(III) sulfide">gold(III) sulfide</a> can be made by passing <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> through a dilute solution of gold(III) chloride or <a href="/wiki/Chlorauric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorauric acid">chlorauric acid</a>. Unlike sulfur, phosphorus reacts directly with gold at elevated temperatures to produce <a href="/wiki/Gold_phosphide" title="Gold phosphide">gold phosphide</a> (Au2P3).<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Gold readily dissolves in <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> at room temperature to form an <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a>, and forms <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> with many other metals at higher temperatures. These alloys can be produced to modify the hardness and other metallurgical properties, to control <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> or to create exotic colors.<a href="#cite_note-WorldGoldCouncil-27">[27]</a> Gold is unaffected by most acids. It does not react with <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrobromic_acid" title="Hydrobromic acid">hydrobromic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydriodic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydriodic acid">hydriodic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>. It does react with <a href="/wiki/Selenic_acid" title="Selenic acid">selenic acid</a>, and is dissolved by <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a>, a 1:3 mixture of <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>. Nitric acid oxidizes the metal to +3 ions, but only in minute amounts, typically undetectable in the pure acid because of the chemical equilibrium of the reaction. However, the ions are removed from the equilibrium by hydrochloric acid, forming <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">AuCl−4 ions, or <a href="/wiki/Chloroauric_acid" title="Chloroauric acid">chloroauric acid</a>, thereby enabling further oxidation: <math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+6H2SeO4->[{} \atop {200^{\circ }{\text{C}}}]Au2(SeO4)3{}+3H2SeO3{}+3H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Au</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SeO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>200</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>Au</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>SeO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SeO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+6H2SeO4->[{} \atop {200^{\circ }{\text{C}}}]Au2(SeO4)3{}+3H2SeO3{}+3H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/71cbeede6cfa81718a8252d5ce67d63065357027" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.398ex; width:57.408ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+6H2SeO4->[{} \atop {200^{\circ }{\text{C}}}]Au2(SeO4)3{}+3H2SeO3{}+3H2O}}}"> <math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Au{}+4HCl{}+HNO3->HAuCl4{}+NO\uparrow +2H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Au</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>HCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>HNO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>HAuCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Au{}+4HCl{}+HNO3->HAuCl4{}+NO\uparrow +2H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/927c524a984069045f198eed04c352d5263c6d5c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:50.744ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Au{}+4HCl{}+HNO3->HAuCl4{}+NO\uparrow +2H2O}}}"> Gold is similarly unaffected by most bases. It does not react with <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Molten" class="mw-redirect" title="Molten">molten</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a>. It does however, react with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">sodium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">potassium cyanide</a> under alkaline conditions when <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> is present to form soluble complexes.<a href="#cite_note-Emery-1961-44">[44]</a> Common <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> of gold include +1 (gold(I) or aurous compounds) and +3 (gold(III) or auric compounds). Gold ions in solution are readily <a href="/wiki/Reduction_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduction (chemistry)">reduced</a> and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitated</a> as metal by adding any other metal as the <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reducing agent</a>. The added metal is <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidized</a> and dissolves, allowing the gold to be displaced from solution and be recovered as a solid precipitate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rare_oxidation_states">Rare oxidation states</h3></div> Less common oxidation states of gold include −1, +2, and +5. The −1 oxidation state occurs in aurides, compounds containing the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Au− <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Caesium_auride" title="Caesium auride">Caesium auride</a> (CsAu), for example, crystallizes in the <a href="/wiki/Caesium_chloride" title="Caesium chloride">caesium chloride</a> motif;<a href="#cite_note-Jansen-2005-46">[46]</a> rubidium, potassium, and <a href="/wiki/Tetramethylammonium" title="Tetramethylammonium">tetramethylammonium</a> aurides are also known.<a href="#cite_note-Holleman-2001-47">[47]</a> Gold has the highest <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">electron affinity</a> of any metal, at 222.8 kJ/mol, making <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Au− a stable species,<a href="#cite_note-Jansen-2008-48">[48]</a> analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halides</a>. Gold also has a –1 oxidation state in covalent complexes with the <a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">group 4</a> transition metals, such as in titanium tetraauride and the analogous zirconium and hafnium compounds. These chemicals are expected to form gold-bridged <a href="/wiki/Dimer_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimer (chemistry)">dimers</a> in a manner similar to <a href="/wiki/Titanium(IV)_hydride" title="Titanium(IV) hydride">titanium(IV) hydride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Gold(II) compounds are usually <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a> with Au–Au bonds such as [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Au(CH2)2P(C6H5)2]2Cl2. The evaporation of a solution of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Au(OH)3 in concentrated <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2SO4 produces red crystals of <a href="/wiki/Gold(II)_sulfate" title="Gold(II) sulfate">gold(II) sulfate</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Au2(SO4)2. Originally thought to be a mixed-valence compound, it has been shown to contain <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Au4+2 cations, analogous to the better-known <a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury(I)">mercury(I)</a> ion, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Hg2+2.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> A gold(II) complex, the <a href="/wiki/Tetraxenonogold(II)" title="Tetraxenonogold(II)">tetraxenonogold(II)</a> cation, which contains <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> as a ligand, occurs in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[AuXe4](Sb2F11)2.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In September 2023, a novel type of <a href="/wiki/Perovskite_(structure)" title="Perovskite (structure)">metal-halide perovskite material</a> consisting of Au3+ and Au2+ cations in its crystal structure has been found.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> It has been shown to be unexpectedly stable at normal conditions. <a href="/wiki/Gold_pentafluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold pentafluoride">Gold pentafluoride</a>, along with its derivative anion, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">AuF−6, and its <a href="/wiki/Difluorine_complex" title="Difluorine complex">difluorine complex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_heptafluoride" title="Gold heptafluoride">gold heptafluoride</a>, is the sole example of gold(V), the highest verified oxidation state.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Some gold compounds exhibit <a href="/wiki/Aurophilicity" title="Aurophilicity">aurophilic bonding</a>, which describes the tendency of gold ions to interact at distances that are too long to be a conventional Au–Au bond but shorter than <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force" title="Van der Waals force">van der Waals bonding</a>. The interaction is estimated to be comparable in strength to that of a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bond</a>. Well-defined cluster compounds are numerous.<a href="#cite_note-Holleman-2001-47">[47]</a> In some cases, gold has a fractional oxidation state. A representative example is the octahedral species <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">{Au(<a href="/wiki/Triphenylphosphine" title="Triphenylphosphine">P(C6H5)3</a>)}2+6. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gold_production_in_the_universe">Gold production in the universe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vredefort_crater_cross_section_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vredefort_crater_cross_section_2.png/400px-Vredefort_crater_cross_section_2.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vredefort_crater_cross_section_2.png/600px-Vredefort_crater_cross_section_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vredefort_crater_cross_section_2.png/800px-Vredefort_crater_cross_section_2.png 2x" data-file-width="3324" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of a NE (left) to SW (right) cross-section through the 2.020-billion-year-old <a href="/wiki/Vredefort_impact_structure" title="Vredefort impact structure">Vredefort impact structure</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and how it distorted the contemporary geological structures. The present erosion level is shown. <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> is located where the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Witwatersrand Basin">Witwatersrand Basin</a> (the yellow layer) is exposed at the "present surface" line, just inside the crater rim, on the left. Not to scale.</figcaption></figure> Gold is thought to have been produced in <a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">supernova nucleosynthesis</a>, and from the <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star_merger" title="Neutron star merger">collision of neutron stars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and to have been present in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar nebula">dust</a> from which the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> formed.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Traditionally, gold in the universe is thought to have formed by the <a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a> (rapid neutron capture) in <a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">supernova nucleosynthesis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> but more recently it has been suggested that gold and other elements heavier than <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> may also be produced in quantity by the r-process in the <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star_merger" title="Neutron star merger">collision</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In both cases, satellite spectrometers at first only indirectly detected the resulting gold.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> However, in August 2017, the spectroscopic signatures of heavy elements, including gold, were observed by electromagnetic observatories in the <a href="/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817">GW170817</a> neutron star merger event, after <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational wave</a> detectors confirmed the event as a neutron star merger.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Current astrophysical models suggest that this single neutron star merger event generated between 3 and 13 <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">Earth masses</a> of gold. This amount, along with estimations of the rate of occurrence of these neutron star merger events, suggests that such mergers may produce enough gold to account for most of the abundance of this element in the universe.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asteroid_origin_theories">Asteroid origin theories</h3></div> Because the Earth was molten <a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">when it was formed</a>, almost all of the gold present in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Earth" title="Early Earth">early Earth</a> probably sank into the <a href="/wiki/Core_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Core (geology)">planetary core</a>. Therefore, as hypothesized in one model, most of the gold in the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> is thought to have been delivered to Earth by <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroid impact">asteroid impacts</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a>, about 4 billion years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Willbold-2011-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Battison-2011-63">[63]</a> Gold which is reachable by humans has, in one case, been associated with a particular asteroid impact. The asteroid that formed <a href="/wiki/Vredefort_impact_structure" title="Vredefort impact structure">Vredefort impact structure</a> 2.020 billion years ago is often credited with seeding the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Witwatersrand basin">Witwatersrand basin</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> with the richest gold deposits on earth.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> However, this scenario is now questioned. The gold-bearing <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a> rocks were laid down between 700 and 950 million years before the Vredefort impact.<a href="#cite_note-McCarthy-2005-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norman-2006-69">[69]</a> These gold-bearing rocks had furthermore been covered by a thick layer of Ventersdorp lavas and the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Basin" title="Transvaal Basin">Transvaal Supergroup</a> of rocks before the meteor struck, and thus the gold did not actually arrive in the asteroid/meteorite. What the Vredefort impact achieved, however, was to distort the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Witwatersrand basin">Witwatersrand basin</a> in such a way that the gold-bearing rocks were brought to the present <a href="/wiki/Erosion_surface" title="Erosion surface">erosion surface</a> in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a>, just inside the rim of the original 300 km (190 mi) diameter crater caused by the meteor strike. The discovery of the deposit in 1886 launched the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a>. Some 22% of all the gold that is ascertained to exist today on Earth has been extracted from these Witwatersrand rocks.<a href="#cite_note-Norman-2006-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mantle_return_theories">Mantle return theories</h3></div> Much of the rest of the gold on Earth is thought to have been incorporated into the planet since its very beginning, as <a href="/wiki/Planetesimals" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetesimals">planetesimals</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>. In 2017, an international group of scientists established that gold "came to the Earth's surface from the deepest regions of our planet",<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> the mantle, as evidenced by their findings at <a href="/wiki/Deseado_Massif" title="Deseado Massif">Deseado Massif</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Argentinian_Patagonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentinian Patagonia">Argentinian Patagonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_nugget_(Australia)_4_(16848647509).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gold_nugget_%28Australia%29_4_%2816848647509%29.jpg/150px-Gold_nugget_%28Australia%29_4_%2816848647509%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gold_nugget_%28Australia%29_4_%2816848647509%29.jpg/225px-Gold_nugget_%28Australia%29_4_%2816848647509%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gold_nugget_%28Australia%29_4_%2816848647509%29.jpg/300px-Gold_nugget_%28Australia%29_4_%2816848647509%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3531" data-file-height="2278" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native gold</a></figcaption></figure> On Earth, gold is found in <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a> in rock formed from the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> time onward.<a href="#cite_note-La_Niece-2009-72">[72]</a> It most often occurs as a <a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">native metal</a>, typically in a metal <a href="/wiki/Solid_solution" title="Solid solution">solid solution</a> with silver (i.e. as a gold/silver <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a>). Such alloys usually have a silver content of 8–10%. <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a> is elemental gold with more than 20% silver, and is commonly known as <a href="/wiki/White_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="White gold">white gold</a>. Electrum's color runs from golden-silvery to silvery, dependent upon the silver content. The more silver, the lower the <a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold-Pyrite-263192.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gold-Pyrite-263192.jpg/150px-Gold-Pyrite-263192.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gold-Pyrite-263192.jpg/225px-Gold-Pyrite-263192.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gold-Pyrite-263192.jpg/300px-Gold-Pyrite-263192.jpg 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Gold in pyrite</figcaption></figure> Native gold occurs as very small to microscopic particles embedded in rock, often together with <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sulfide_mineral" title="Sulfide mineral">sulfide minerals</a> such as "<a href="/wiki/Fool%27s_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Fool's gold">fool's gold</a>", which is a <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> These are called <a href="/wiki/Lode" title="Lode">lode</a> deposits. The metal in a native state is also found in the form of free flakes, grains or larger <a href="/wiki/Gold_nugget" title="Gold nugget">nuggets</a><a href="#cite_note-La_Niece-2009-72">[72]</a> that have been eroded from rocks and end up in <a href="/wiki/Alluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial">alluvial</a> deposits called <a href="/wiki/Placer_deposit" title="Placer deposit">placer deposits</a>. Such free gold is always richer at the exposed surface of gold-bearing veins, owing to the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> of accompanying minerals followed by weathering; and by washing of the dust into streams and rivers, where it collects and can be welded by water action to form nuggets. Gold sometimes occurs combined with <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> <a href="/wiki/Calaverite" title="Calaverite">calaverite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krennerite" title="Krennerite">krennerite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagyagite" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagyagite">nagyagite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petzite" title="Petzite">petzite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sylvanite" title="Sylvanite">sylvanite</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Telluride_mineral" title="Telluride mineral">telluride minerals</a>), and as the rare bismuthide maldonite (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Au2Bi) and antimonide <a href="/wiki/Aurostibite" title="Aurostibite">aurostibite</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">AuSb2). Gold also occurs in rare alloys with <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>: the minerals <a href="/wiki/Auricupride" title="Auricupride">auricupride</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Cu3Au), novodneprite (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">AuPb3) and weishanite (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">(Au,Ag)3Hg2). A 2004 research paper suggests that microbes can sometimes play an important role in forming gold deposits, transporting and precipitating gold to form grains and nuggets that collect in alluvial deposits.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> A 2013 study has claimed water in faults vaporizes during an earthquake, depositing gold. When an earthquake strikes, it moves along a <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault</a>. Water often lubricates faults, filling in fractures and jogs. About 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) below the surface, under very high temperatures and pressures, the water carries high concentrations of carbon dioxide, silica, and gold. During an earthquake, the fault jog suddenly opens wider. The water inside the void instantly vaporizes, flashing to steam and forcing silica, which forms the mineral quartz, and gold out of the fluids and onto nearby surfaces.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seawater">Seawater</h3></div> The world's <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a> contain gold. Measured concentrations of gold in the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific are 50–150 <a href="/wiki/Femtomolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Femtomolar">femtomol</a>/L or 10–30 parts per <a href="/wiki/Quadrillion" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrillion">quadrillion</a> (about 10–30 g/km3). In general, gold concentrations for south Atlantic and central Pacific samples are the same (~50 femtomol/L) but less certain. Mediterranean deep waters contain slightly higher concentrations of gold (100–150 femtomol/L), which is attributed to wind-blown dust or rivers. At 10 parts per quadrillion, the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Oceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceans">oceans</a> would hold 15,000 tonnes of gold.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> These figures are three orders of magnitude less than reported in the literature prior to 1988, indicating contamination problems with the earlier data. A number of people have claimed to be able to economically recover gold from <a href="/wiki/Sea_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea water">sea water</a>, but they were either mistaken or acted in an intentional deception. <a href="/wiki/Prescott_Jernegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescott Jernegan">Prescott Jernegan</a> ran a gold-from-seawater swindle in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the 1890s, as did an English fraudster in the early 1900s.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a> did research on the extraction of gold from sea water in an effort to help pay <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>'s reparations following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Based on the published values of 2 to 64 ppb of gold in seawater, a commercially successful extraction seemed possible. After analysis of 4,000 water samples yielding an average of 0.004 ppb, it became clear that extraction would not be possible, and he ended the project.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_offerings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Grave_offerings.jpg/220px-Grave_offerings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Grave_offerings.jpg/330px-Grave_offerings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Grave_offerings.jpg/440px-Grave_offerings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1562" /></a><figcaption>Oldest golden artifacts in the world (4600–4200 BC) from Varna necropolis, Bulgaria — grave offerings on exposition in <a href="/wiki/Varna_Archaeological_Museum" title="Varna Archaeological Museum">Varna Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg/170px-Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg/255px-Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg/340px-Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="1517" /></a><figcaption>An Indian tribute-bearer at <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <a href="/wiki/Satrapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapy">satrapy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hindush" title="Hindush">Hindush</a>, carrying gold on a yoke, circa 500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Iran-1972-80">[80]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Museum,_Bogota_(36145671394).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg/220px-Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg/330px-Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg/440px-Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Muisca_raft" title="Muisca raft">Muisca raft</a>, between circa 600–1600 AD. The figure refers to the ceremony of the legend of <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Zipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Zipa">zipa</a> used to cover his body in gold dust, and from his <a href="/wiki/Muisca_raft" title="Muisca raft">raft</a>, he offered treasures to the <a href="/wiki/Guatavita" title="Guatavita">Guatavita</a> goddess in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred lake">sacred lake</a>. This old Muisca tradition became the origin of the legend of El Dorado. This Muisca raft figure is on display in the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Museum,_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Gold Museum, Bogotá">Gold Museum, Bogotá</a>, Colombia.</figcaption></figure> The earliest recorded metal employed by humans appears to be gold, which can be found <a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">free</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">native</a>". Small amounts of natural gold have been found in Spanish caves used during the late <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> period, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 40,000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The oldest gold artifacts in the world are from <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and are dating back to the 5th millennium BC (4,600 BC to 4,200 BC), such as those found in the <a href="/wiki/Varna_Necropolis" title="Varna Necropolis">Varna Necropolis</a> near Lake Varna and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast, thought to be the earliest "well-dated" finding of gold artifacts in history.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-La_Niece-2009-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Several prehistoric Bulgarian finds are considered no less old – the golden treasures of Hotnitsa, <a href="/wiki/Durankulak" title="Durankulak">Durankulak</a>, artifacts from the Kurgan settlement of Yunatsite near <a href="/wiki/Pazardzhik" title="Pazardzhik">Pazardzhik</a>, the golden treasure Sakar, as well as beads and gold jewelry found in the Kurgan settlement of <a href="/wiki/Provadia" title="Provadia">Provadia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Solnitsata" title="Solnitsata">Solnitsata</a> ("salt pit"). However, Varna gold is most often called the oldest since this treasure is the largest and most diverse.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Gold artifacts probably made their first appearance in Ancient Egypt at the very beginning of the pre-dynastic period, at the end of the fifth millennium BC and the start of the fourth, and smelting was developed during the course of the 4th millennium; gold artifacts appear in the archeology of Lower Mesopotamia during the early 4th millennium.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> As of 1990, gold artifacts found at the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Qana" title="Wadi Qana">Wadi Qana</a> cave cemetery of the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> were the earliest from the Levant.<a href="#cite_note-Gopher-1990-86">[86]</a> Gold artifacts such as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_hats" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden hats">golden hats</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nebra_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra disk">Nebra disk</a> appeared in Central Europe from the 2nd millennium BC <a href="/wiki/European_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="European Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. The oldest known map of a gold mine was drawn in the 19th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt (1320–1200 BC), whereas the first written reference to gold was recorded in the 12th Dynasty around 1900 BC.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian hieroglyph">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a> from as early as 2600 BC describe gold, which King <a href="/wiki/Tushratta" title="Tushratta">Tushratta</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> claimed was "more plentiful than dirt" in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Egypt and especially <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> had the resources to make them major gold-producing areas for much of history. One of the earliest known maps, known as the <a href="/wiki/Turin_Papyrus_Map" title="Turin Papyrus Map">Turin Papyrus Map</a>, shows the plan of a <a href="/wiki/Gold_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold mine">gold mine</a> in Nubia together with indications of the local <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>. The primitive working methods are described by both <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, and included <a href="/wiki/Fire-setting" title="Fire-setting">fire-setting</a>. Large mines were also present across the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_crown_Armento_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Golden_crown_Armento_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_01.jpg/220px-Golden_crown_Armento_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Golden_crown_Armento_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_01.jpg/330px-Golden_crown_Armento_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Golden_crown_Armento_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_01.jpg/440px-Golden_crown_Armento_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="2623" /></a><figcaption>Ancient golden <a href="/wiki/Kritonios_Crown" title="Kritonios Crown">Kritonios Crown</a>, funerary or marriage material, 370–360 BC; from a grave in <a href="/wiki/Armento" title="Armento">Armento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a></figcaption></figure> Gold is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a> numbered <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_19" title="Amarna letter EA 19">19</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_26" title="Amarna letter EA 26">26</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> from around the 14th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Gold is mentioned frequently in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, starting with <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 2:11 (at <a href="/wiki/Havilah" title="Havilah">Havilah</a>), the story of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a>, and many parts of the temple including the <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">Menorah</a> and the golden altar. In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, it is included with the gifts of the <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">magi</a> in the first chapters of Matthew. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> 21:21 describes the city of <a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a> as having streets "made of pure gold, clear as crystal". Exploitation of gold in the south-east corner of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> is said to date from the time of <a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a>, and this gold was important in the establishment of what is probably the world's earliest coinage in <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> around 610 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Lion-2003-93">[93]</a> The legend of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_fleece" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden fleece">golden fleece</a> dating from eighth century BCE may refer to the use of fleeces to trap gold dust from <a href="/wiki/Placer_deposit" title="Placer deposit">placer deposits</a> in the ancient world. From the 6th or 5th century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu (state)</a> circulated the <a href="/wiki/Ying_Yuan" title="Ying Yuan">Ying Yuan</a>, one kind of square gold coin. In <a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Roman metallurgy</a>, new methods for extracting gold on a large scale were developed by introducing <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_mining" title="Hydraulic mining">hydraulic mining</a> methods, especially in <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> from 25 BC onwards and in <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> from 106 AD onwards. One of their largest mines was at <a href="/wiki/Las_Medulas" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Medulas">Las Medulas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="León (province)">León</a>, where seven long <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueduct (watercourse)">aqueducts</a> enabled them to sluice most of a large alluvial deposit. The mines at <a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Fia_Montan%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Roşia Montană">Roşia Montană</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> were also very large, and until very recently,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] still mined by opencast methods. They also exploited smaller deposits in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a>, such as placer and hard-rock deposits at <a href="/wiki/Dolaucothi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolaucothi">Dolaucothi</a>. The various methods they used are well described by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a> <a href="/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalis Historia">Naturalis Historia</a> written towards the end of the first century AD. During <a href="/wiki/Mansa_Musa" title="Mansa Musa">Mansa Musa</a>'s (ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> from 1312 to 1337) <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> in 1324, he passed through <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> in July 1324, and was reportedly accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Camel_train" title="Camel train">camel train</a> that included thousands of people and nearly a hundred camels where he gave away so much gold that it depressed the price in Egypt for over a decade, causing high <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> A contemporary Arab historian remarked: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Gold was at a high price in Egypt until they came in that year. The mithqal did not go below 25 dirhams and was generally above, but from that time its value fell and it cheapened in price and has remained cheap till now. The mithqal does not exceed 22 dirhams or less. This has been the state of affairs for about twelve years until this day by reason of the large amount of gold which they brought into Egypt and spent there [...].<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Chihab_Al-Umari" class="mw-redirect" title="Chihab Al-Umari">Chihab Al-Umari</a>, Kingdom of Mali<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monnaie_de_Bactriane,_Eucratide_I,_2_faces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg/220px-Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg/330px-Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg/440px-Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6740" data-file-height="3224" /></a><figcaption>Gold coin of <a href="/wiki/Eucratides_I" title="Eucratides I">Eucratides I</a> (171–145 BC), one of the Hellenistic rulers of ancient <a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a>. This is the largest known gold coin minted in antiquity (169.2 g (5.97 oz); 58 mm (2.3 in)).<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></figcaption></figure> The European exploration of the Americas was fueled in no small part by reports of the gold ornaments displayed in great profusion by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> peoples, especially in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a> regarded gold as the product of the gods, calling it literally "god excrement" (teocuitlatl in <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>), and after <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a> was killed, most of this gold was shipped to Spain.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> However, for the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of North America">indigenous peoples of North America</a> gold was considered useless and they saw much greater value in other <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a> which were directly related to their utility, such as <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a> is applied to a legendary story in which precious stones were found in fabulous abundance along with gold coins. The concept of El Dorado underwent several transformations, and eventually accounts of the previous myth were also combined with those of a legendary lost city. El Dorado, was the term used by the Spanish Empire to describe a mythical tribal chief (zipa) of the Muisca native people in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, who, as an initiation rite, covered himself with gold dust and submerged in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Guatavita" title="Lake Guatavita">Lake Guatavita</a>. The legends surrounding El Dorado changed over time, as it went from being a man, to a city, to a kingdom, and then finally to an empire.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, European <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">exploration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa" title="Colonisation of Africa">colonization</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> was driven in large part by reports of gold deposits in the region, which was eventually referred to by Europeans as the "<a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)" title="Gold Coast (region)">Gold Coast</a>".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> From the late 15th to early 19th centuries, European trade in the region was primarily focused in gold, along with <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The gold trade in West Africa was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</a>, who initially traded with the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> before branching out and trading with <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danish_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish colonial empire">Danish</a> merchants.<a href="#cite_note-Green-2019-101">[101]</a> British desires to secure control of West African gold deposits played a role in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Anglo-Ashanti wars</a> of the late 19th century, which saw the Ashanti Empire <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">annexed by Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Gold played a role in western culture, as a cause for desire and of corruption, as told in children's <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fables</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin" title="Rumpelstiltskin">Rumpelstiltskin</a>—where Rumpelstiltskin turns hay into gold for the peasant's daughter in return for her child when she becomes a princess—and the stealing of the hen that lays golden eggs in <a href="/wiki/Jack_and_the_Beanstalk" title="Jack and the Beanstalk">Jack and the Beanstalk</a>. The top prize at the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> and many other sports competitions is the <a href="/wiki/Gold_medal" title="Gold medal">gold medal</a>. 75% of the presently accounted for gold has been extracted since 1910, two-thirds since 1950.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One main goal of the <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemists</a> was to produce gold from other substances, such as <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> — presumably by the interaction with a mythical substance called the <a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">philosopher's stone</a>. Trying to produce gold led the alchemists to systematically find out what can be done with substances, and this laid the foundation for today's <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, which can produce gold (albeit uneconomically) by using <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">nuclear transmutation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Their symbol for gold was the circle with a point at its center (☉), which was also the <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrological</a> symbol and the ancient <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese character</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> is covered with an ultra-thin golden glassier. The <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> Golden temple, the <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a>, is a building covered with gold. Similarly the <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew">Wat Phra Kaew</a> emerald <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">wat</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> has ornamental gold-leafed statues and roofs. Some European king and queen's <a href="/wiki/Crown_(headgear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown (headgear)">crowns</a> were made of gold, and gold was used for the <a href="/wiki/Bridal_crown" title="Bridal crown">bridal crown</a> since antiquity. An ancient Talmudic text circa 100 AD describes <a href="/wiki/Rachel,_wife_of_Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rachel, wife of Rabbi Akiva">Rachel, wife of Rabbi Akiva</a>, receiving a "Jerusalem of Gold" (diadem). A Greek burial crown made of gold was found in a grave circa 370 BC. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 157.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_leaf_MET_DP260372.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minoan jewellery, 2300–2100 BC, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York"><img alt="Minoan jewellery, 2300–2100 BC, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gold_leaf_MET_DP260372.jpg/233px-Gold_leaf_MET_DP260372.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gold_leaf_MET_DP260372.jpg/350px-Gold_leaf_MET_DP260372.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gold_leaf_MET_DP260372.jpg/466px-Gold_leaf_MET_DP260372.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> jewellery, 2300–2100 BC, gold, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sumerian earrings with cuneiform inscriptions, 2093–2046 BC, gold, Sulaymaniyah Museum, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq"><img alt="Sumerian earrings with cuneiform inscriptions, 2093–2046 BC, gold, Sulaymaniyah Museum, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG/384px-Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG/577px-Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG/768px-Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> earrings with <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> inscriptions, 2093–2046 BC, gold, <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Museum" title="Sulaymaniyah Museum">Sulaymaniyah Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a>, Iraq</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegina_treasure_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minoan cup, part of the Aegina Treasure, 1850–1550 BC, gold, British Museum[104]"><img alt="Minoan cup, part of the Aegina Treasure, 1850–1550 BC, gold, British Museum[104]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aegina_treasure_10.jpg/274px-Aegina_treasure_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aegina_treasure_10.jpg/411px-Aegina_treasure_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aegina_treasure_10.jpg/548px-Aegina_treasure_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="1784" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Minoan cup, part of the <a href="/wiki/Aegina_Treasure" title="Aegina Treasure">Aegina Treasure</a>, 1850–1550 BC, gold, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Statuette_of_Amun_MET_DT553.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Egyptian statuette of Amun, 945–715 BC, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Ancient Egyptian statuette of Amun, 945–715 BC, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Statuette_of_Amun_MET_DT553.jpg/204px-Statuette_of_Amun_MET_DT553.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Statuette_of_Amun_MET_DT553.jpg/306px-Statuette_of_Amun_MET_DT553.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Statuette_of_Amun_MET_DT553.jpg/408px-Statuette_of_Amun_MET_DT553.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="3722" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> statuette of <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a>, 945–715 BC, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 231.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 229.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Anillo_de_Sheshonq_(46627183381).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Egyptian signet ring, 664–525 BC, gold, British Museum"><img alt="Ancient Egyptian signet ring, 664–525 BC, gold, British Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Anillo_de_Sheshonq_%2846627183381%29.jpg/344px-Anillo_de_Sheshonq_%2846627183381%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Anillo_de_Sheshonq_%2846627183381%29.jpg/516px-Anillo_de_Sheshonq_%2846627183381%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Anillo_de_Sheshonq_%2846627183381%29.jpg/688px-Anillo_de_Sheshonq_%2846627183381%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1484" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Egyptian signet ring, 664–525 BC, gold, British Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Openwork_dagger_handle-IMG_4418-black.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Chinese cast openwork dagger hilt, 6th–5th centuries BC, gold, British Museum[105]"><img alt="Ancient Chinese cast openwork dagger hilt, 6th–5th centuries BC, gold, British Museum[105]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Openwork_dagger_handle-IMG_4418-black.jpg/170px-Openwork_dagger_handle-IMG_4418-black.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Openwork_dagger_handle-IMG_4418-black.jpg/255px-Openwork_dagger_handle-IMG_4418-black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Openwork_dagger_handle-IMG_4418-black.jpg/340px-Openwork_dagger_handle-IMG_4418-black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2289" data-file-height="3434" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient Chinese</a> cast openwork dagger hilt, 6th–5th centuries BC, gold, British Museum<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 169.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_stater_MET_DP138743.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Greek stater, 323–315 BC, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Ancient Greek stater, 323–315 BC, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gold_stater_MET_DP138743.jpg/251px-Gold_stater_MET_DP138743.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gold_stater_MET_DP138743.jpg/377px-Gold_stater_MET_DP138743.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gold_stater_MET_DP138743.jpg/502px-Gold_stater_MET_DP138743.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="2404" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">stater</a>, 323–315 BC, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_funerary_wreath_MET_DP257471.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Etruscan funerary wreath, 4th–3rd century BC, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Etruscan funerary wreath, 4th–3rd century BC, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gold_funerary_wreath_MET_DP257471.jpg/340px-Gold_funerary_wreath_MET_DP257471.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gold_funerary_wreath_MET_DP257471.jpg/511px-Gold_funerary_wreath_MET_DP257471.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gold_funerary_wreath_MET_DP257471.jpg/680px-Gold_funerary_wreath_MET_DP257471.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="1460" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscan</a> funerary wreath, 4th–3rd century BC, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_aureus_of_Hadrian_MET_DP104782b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman aureus of Hadrian, 134–138 AD, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Roman aureus of Hadrian, 134–138 AD, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gold_aureus_of_Hadrian_MET_DP104782b.jpg/229px-Gold_aureus_of_Hadrian_MET_DP104782b.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gold_aureus_of_Hadrian_MET_DP104782b.jpg/344px-Gold_aureus_of_Hadrian_MET_DP104782b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gold_aureus_of_Hadrian_MET_DP104782b.jpg/458px-Gold_aureus_of_Hadrian_MET_DP104782b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="1223" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">aureus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, 134–138 AD, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lime_Container_(Poporo)_MET_DT1262.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quimbaya lime container, 5th–9th century, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Quimbaya lime container, 5th–9th century, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Lime_Container_%28Poporo%29_MET_DT1262.jpg/204px-Lime_Container_%28Poporo%29_MET_DT1262.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Lime_Container_%28Poporo%29_MET_DT1262.jpg/306px-Lime_Container_%28Poporo%29_MET_DT1262.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Lime_Container_%28Poporo%29_MET_DT1262.jpg/408px-Lime_Container_%28Poporo%29_MET_DT1262.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="3722" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Quimbaya_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Quimbaya civilization">Quimbaya</a> lime container, 5th–9th century, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_-_Room_41_(20626313758).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anglo-Saxon belt buckle from Sutton Hoo with a niello interlace pattern, 7th century, gold, British Museum[106]"><img alt="Anglo-Saxon belt buckle from Sutton Hoo with a niello interlace pattern, 7th century, gold, British Museum[106]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/British_Museum_-_Room_41_%2820626313758%29.jpg/383px-British_Museum_-_Room_41_%2820626313758%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/British_Museum_-_Room_41_%2820626313758%29.jpg/575px-British_Museum_-_Room_41_%2820626313758%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/British_Museum_-_Room_41_%2820626313758%29.jpg/765px-British_Museum_-_Room_41_%2820626313758%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a> belt buckle from <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Niello" title="Niello">niello</a> <a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">interlace</a> pattern, 7th century, gold, British Museum<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantium,_11th_century_-_Scyphate_-_2001.25_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Byzantine scyphate, 1059–1067, gold, Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"><img alt="Byzantine scyphate, 1059–1067, gold, Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio, USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Byzantium%2C_11th_century_-_Scyphate_-_2001.25_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-274px-Byzantium%2C_11th_century_-_Scyphate_-_2001.25_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Byzantium%2C_11th_century_-_Scyphate_-_2001.25_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-412px-Byzantium%2C_11th_century_-_Scyphate_-_2001.25_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Byzantium%2C_11th_century_-_Scyphate_-_2001.25_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-548px-Byzantium%2C_11th_century_-_Scyphate_-_2001.25_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4378" data-file-height="4072" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Scyphate" title="Scyphate">scyphate</a>, 1059–1067, gold, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, USA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_Bat-Head_Figure_Pendant_MET_DT935.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pre-Columbian pendant with two bat-head warriors who carry spears, 11th–16th century, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Pre-Columbian pendant with two bat-head warriors who carry spears, 11th–16th century, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Double_Bat-Head_Figure_Pendant_MET_DT935.jpg/321px-Double_Bat-Head_Figure_Pendant_MET_DT935.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Double_Bat-Head_Figure_Pendant_MET_DT935.jpg/481px-Double_Bat-Head_Figure_Pendant_MET_DT935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Double_Bat-Head_Figure_Pendant_MET_DT935.jpg/641px-Double_Bat-Head_Figure_Pendant_MET_DT935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="1516" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian</a> pendant with two bat-head warriors who carry spears, 11th–16th century, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AHOTWgold_lama.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Inca hollow model of a llama, 14th-15th centuries, gold, British Museum[107]"><img alt="Inca hollow model of a llama, 14th-15th centuries, gold, British Museum[107]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/AHOTWgold_lama.JPG/243px-AHOTWgold_lama.JPG" decoding="async" width="162" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/AHOTWgold_lama.JPG/365px-AHOTWgold_lama.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/AHOTWgold_lama.JPG/486px-AHOTWgold_lama.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="1060" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a> hollow model of a llama, 14th-15th centuries, gold, British Museum<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Judgement_of_Paris,_Waddeson_Bequest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Renaissance hat badge that shows the Judgment of Paris, 16th century, enamelled gold, British Museum[108]"><img alt="Renaissance hat badge that shows the Judgment of Paris, 16th century, enamelled gold, British Museum[108]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_Judgement_of_Paris%2C_Waddeson_Bequest.jpg/294px-The_Judgement_of_Paris%2C_Waddeson_Bequest.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_Judgement_of_Paris%2C_Waddeson_Bequest.jpg/442px-The_Judgement_of_Paris%2C_Waddeson_Bequest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_Judgement_of_Paris%2C_Waddeson_Bequest.jpg/589px-The_Judgement_of_Paris%2C_Waddeson_Bequest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="1620" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a> hat badge that shows the <a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment of Paris">Judgment of Paris</a>, 16th century, enamelled gold, British Museum<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Box_with_scene_depicting_Roman_hero_Gaius_Mucius_Scaevola_before_the_Etruscan_king_Lars_Porsena_MET_DP170836_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo box, by George Michael Moser, 1741, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Rococo box, by George Michael Moser, 1741, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Box_with_scene_depicting_Roman_hero_Gaius_Mucius_Scaevola_before_the_Etruscan_king_Lars_Porsena_MET_DP170836_%28cropped%29.jpg/399px-Box_with_scene_depicting_Roman_hero_Gaius_Mucius_Scaevola_before_the_Etruscan_king_Lars_Porsena_MET_DP170836_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Box_with_scene_depicting_Roman_hero_Gaius_Mucius_Scaevola_before_the_Etruscan_king_Lars_Porsena_MET_DP170836_%28cropped%29.jpg/599px-Box_with_scene_depicting_Roman_hero_Gaius_Mucius_Scaevola_before_the_Etruscan_king_Lars_Porsena_MET_DP170836_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Box_with_scene_depicting_Roman_hero_Gaius_Mucius_Scaevola_before_the_Etruscan_king_Lars_Porsena_MET_DP170836_%28cropped%29.jpg/798px-Box_with_scene_depicting_Roman_hero_Gaius_Mucius_Scaevola_before_the_Etruscan_king_Lars_Porsena_MET_DP170836_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2306" data-file-height="1474" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> box, by <a href="/wiki/George_Michael_Moser" title="George Michael Moser">George Michael Moser</a>, 1741, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Joseph_de_Saint-Germain_-_Candelabrum_-_1946.81_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo candelabrum, by Jean Joseph de Saint-Germain, c.1750, gilt bronze, Cleveland Museum of Art"><img alt="Rococo candelabrum, by Jean Joseph de Saint-Germain, c.1750, gilt bronze, Cleveland Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jean_Joseph_de_Saint-Germain_-_Candelabrum_-_1946.81_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-187px-Jean_Joseph_de_Saint-Germain_-_Candelabrum_-_1946.81_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jean_Joseph_de_Saint-Germain_-_Candelabrum_-_1946.81_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-281px-Jean_Joseph_de_Saint-Germain_-_Candelabrum_-_1946.81_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jean_Joseph_de_Saint-Germain_-_Candelabrum_-_1946.81_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-375px-Jean_Joseph_de_Saint-Germain_-_Candelabrum_-_1946.81_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3673" data-file-height="5000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo candelabrum, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Joseph_de_Saint-Germain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Joseph de Saint-Germain (page does not exist)">Jean Joseph de Saint-Germain</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1750, gilt bronze, Cleveland Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabati%C3%A8re_Minerve,_Mercure,_P%C3%A9gase_(Louvre,_OA_2121).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo snuff box with Minerva, by Jean-Malquis Lequin, 1750–1752, gold and painted enamel, Louvre[109]"><img alt="Rococo snuff box with Minerva, by Jean-Malquis Lequin, 1750–1752, gold and painted enamel, Louvre[109]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tabati%C3%A8re_Minerve%2C_Mercure%2C_P%C3%A9gase_%28Louvre%2C_OA_2121%29.jpg/340px-Tabati%C3%A8re_Minerve%2C_Mercure%2C_P%C3%A9gase_%28Louvre%2C_OA_2121%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tabati%C3%A8re_Minerve%2C_Mercure%2C_P%C3%A9gase_%28Louvre%2C_OA_2121%29.jpg/511px-Tabati%C3%A8re_Minerve%2C_Mercure%2C_P%C3%A9gase_%28Louvre%2C_OA_2121%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tabati%C3%A8re_Minerve%2C_Mercure%2C_P%C3%A9gase_%28Louvre%2C_OA_2121%29.jpg/680px-Tabati%C3%A8re_Minerve%2C_Mercure%2C_P%C3%A9gase_%28Louvre%2C_OA_2121%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo snuff box with <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Malquis_Lequin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Malquis Lequin (page does not exist)">Jean-Malquis Lequin</a>, 1750–1752, gold and painted enamel, Louvre<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabati%C3%A8re_J-Fr%C3%A9min_(Louvre,_OA_6857).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis XVI style snuff box, by Jean Frémin, 1763–1764, gold and painted enamel, Louvre[110]"><img alt="Louis XVI style snuff box, by Jean Frémin, 1763–1764, gold and painted enamel, Louvre[110]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Tabati%C3%A8re_J-Fr%C3%A9min_%28Louvre%2C_OA_6857%29.jpg/340px-Tabati%C3%A8re_J-Fr%C3%A9min_%28Louvre%2C_OA_6857%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Tabati%C3%A8re_J-Fr%C3%A9min_%28Louvre%2C_OA_6857%29.jpg/511px-Tabati%C3%A8re_J-Fr%C3%A9min_%28Louvre%2C_OA_6857%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Tabati%C3%A8re_J-Fr%C3%A9min_%28Louvre%2C_OA_6857%29.jpg/680px-Tabati%C3%A8re_J-Fr%C3%A9min_%28Louvre%2C_OA_6857%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a> snuff box, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Fr%C3%A9min&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Frémin (page does not exist)">Jean Frémin</a>, 1763–1764, gold and painted enamel, Louvre<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Washstand_(ath%C3%A9nienne_or_lavabo)_MET_DP106594.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical washstand (athénienne or lavabo), 1800–1814, legs, base and shelf of yew wood, gilt bronze mounts, iron plate beneath shelf, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Neoclassical washstand (athénienne or lavabo), 1800–1814, legs, base and shelf of yew wood, gilt bronze mounts, iron plate beneath shelf, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Washstand_%28ath%C3%A9nienne_or_lavabo%29_MET_DP106594.jpg/226px-Washstand_%28ath%C3%A9nienne_or_lavabo%29_MET_DP106594.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Washstand_%28ath%C3%A9nienne_or_lavabo%29_MET_DP106594.jpg/340px-Washstand_%28ath%C3%A9nienne_or_lavabo%29_MET_DP106594.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Washstand_%28ath%C3%A9nienne_or_lavabo%29_MET_DP106594.jpg/453px-Washstand_%28ath%C3%A9nienne_or_lavabo%29_MET_DP106594.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3368" data-file-height="3792" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical</a> washstand (athénienne or lavabo), 1800–1814, legs, base and shelf of yew wood, gilt bronze mounts, iron plate beneath shelf, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock,_French,_circa_1835-1840,_gilt_and_patinated_bronze,_inherited_from_Maurice_Quentin_Bauchart,_1911,_inv._17741,_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic Revival clock, unknown French maker, c.1835-1840, gilt and patinated bronze, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris"><img alt="Gothic Revival clock, unknown French maker, c.1835-1840, gilt and patinated bronze, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Clock%2C_French%2C_circa_1835-1840%2C_gilt_and_patinated_bronze%2C_inherited_from_Maurice_Quentin_Bauchart%2C_1911%2C_inv._17741%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/144px-Clock%2C_French%2C_circa_1835-1840%2C_gilt_and_patinated_bronze%2C_inherited_from_Maurice_Quentin_Bauchart%2C_1911%2C_inv._17741%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Clock%2C_French%2C_circa_1835-1840%2C_gilt_and_patinated_bronze%2C_inherited_from_Maurice_Quentin_Bauchart%2C_1911%2C_inv._17741%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/217px-Clock%2C_French%2C_circa_1835-1840%2C_gilt_and_patinated_bronze%2C_inherited_from_Maurice_Quentin_Bauchart%2C_1911%2C_inv._17741%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Clock%2C_French%2C_circa_1835-1840%2C_gilt_and_patinated_bronze%2C_inherited_from_Maurice_Quentin_Bauchart%2C_1911%2C_inv._17741%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/289px-Clock%2C_French%2C_circa_1835-1840%2C_gilt_and_patinated_bronze%2C_inherited_from_Maurice_Quentin_Bauchart%2C_1911%2C_inv._17741%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2182" data-file-height="3845" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_decorative_arts" title="Gothic Revival decorative arts">Gothic Revival</a> clock, unknown French maker, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1835-1840, gilt and patinated bronze, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris" title="Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris">Museum of Decorative Arts</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Teapot,_by_Alphonse_Debain,_from_Paris,_1900,_gilt_silver_and_ivory,_inv._2021.63.1_MAD_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Nouveau teapot, by Alphonse Debain, gilt silver and ivory, Museum of Decorative Arts"><img alt="Art Nouveau teapot, by Alphonse Debain, gilt silver and ivory, Museum of Decorative Arts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Teapot%2C_by_Alphonse_Debain%2C_from_Paris%2C_1900%2C_gilt_silver_and_ivory%2C_inv._2021.63.1_MAD_Paris.jpg/262px-Teapot%2C_by_Alphonse_Debain%2C_from_Paris%2C_1900%2C_gilt_silver_and_ivory%2C_inv._2021.63.1_MAD_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Teapot%2C_by_Alphonse_Debain%2C_from_Paris%2C_1900%2C_gilt_silver_and_ivory%2C_inv._2021.63.1_MAD_Paris.jpg/394px-Teapot%2C_by_Alphonse_Debain%2C_from_Paris%2C_1900%2C_gilt_silver_and_ivory%2C_inv._2021.63.1_MAD_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Teapot%2C_by_Alphonse_Debain%2C_from_Paris%2C_1900%2C_gilt_silver_and_ivory%2C_inv._2021.63.1_MAD_Paris.jpg/525px-Teapot%2C_by_Alphonse_Debain%2C_from_Paris%2C_1900%2C_gilt_silver_and_ivory%2C_inv._2021.63.1_MAD_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2715" data-file-height="2638" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> teapot, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphonse_Debain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphonse Debain (page does not exist)">Alphonse Debain</a>, gilt silver and ivory, Museum of Decorative Arts</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beowulf_-_gold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Beowulf_-_gold.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="92" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="119" data-file-height="92" /></a><figcaption>An early mention of gold in the <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></figcaption></figure> Gold is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with similar words in many <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, deriving via <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Germanic/gul%C3%BE%C4%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Proto-Germanic/gulþą">*gulþą</a> from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/%C7%B5%CA%B0elh%E2%82%83-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰelh₃-">*ǵʰelh₃-</a> 'to shine, to gleam; to be yellow or green'.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The symbol Au is from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aurum" class="extiw" title="wikt:aurum">aurum</a> 'gold'.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The Proto-Indo-European ancestor of aurum was *h₂é-h₂us-o-, meaning 'glow'. This word is derived from the same <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a> (Proto-Indo-European *h₂u̯es- 'to dawn') as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%82%C3%A9ws%C5%8Ds" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éwsōs">*h₂éu̯sōs</a>, the ancestor of the Latin word <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">aurora</a> 'dawn'.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> This etymological relationship is presumably behind the frequent claim in scientific publications that aurum meant 'shining dawn'.<a href="#cite_note-Christie-2011-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg/220px-Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg/330px-Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg/440px-Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4076" data-file-height="3844" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Gold crafts from the Philippines</a> prior to Western contact</figcaption></figure> In popular culture gold is a high standard of excellence, often used in awards.<a href="#cite_note-Jansen-2008-48">[48]</a> Great achievements are frequently rewarded with gold, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Gold_medal" title="Gold medal">gold medals</a>, gold <a href="/wiki/Trophy" title="Trophy">trophies</a> and other decorations. Winners of athletic events and other graded competitions are usually awarded a gold medal. Many awards such as the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> are made from gold as well. Other award statues and prizes are depicted in gold or are <a href="/wiki/Gold_plated" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold plated">gold plated</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards" title="Golden Globe Awards">Golden Globe Awards</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Awards" title="Emmy Awards">Emmy Awards</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards" title="British Academy Film Awards">British Academy Film Awards</a>).<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics" title="Aristotelian ethics">ethics</a> used gold symbolism when referring to what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_mean_(philosophy)" title="Golden mean (philosophy)">golden mean</a>. Similarly, gold is associated with perfect or divine principles, such as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">golden ratio</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a>. Gold is further associated with the wisdom of aging and fruition. The fiftieth <a href="/wiki/Wedding_anniversary" title="Wedding anniversary">wedding anniversary</a> is golden. A person's most valued or most successful latter years are sometimes considered "golden years" or "golden jubilee". The height of a civilization is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_(metaphor)" title="Golden age (metaphor)">golden age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religion">Religion</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filippine,_provincia_di_agusan,_immagine_hindu,_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio,_xiii_secolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg/220px-Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg/330px-Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg/440px-Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Agusan_image" title="Agusan image">Agusan image</a>, depicting a deity from northeast <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></figcaption></figure> The first known prehistoric human usages of gold were <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">religious</a> in nature.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In some forms of Christianity and Judaism, gold has been associated both with the sacred and evil. In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Calf" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Calf">Golden Calf</a> is a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>, while in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> was said to be rich in gold and silver, and Moses was instructed to cover the <a href="/wiki/Mercy_Seat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercy Seat">Mercy Seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">the Ark of the Covenant</a> with pure gold. In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">iconography</a> the <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halos</a> of Christ, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> and the saints are often golden.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Moors-2013-120">[120]</a> gold (along with <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Boulanouar-2011-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Poonai-2015-122">[122]</a> is often cited as being forbidden for men to wear.<a href="#cite_note-Aziz-2010-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Jazaeri" title="Abu Bakr al-Jazaeri">Abu Bakr al-Jazaeri</a>, quoting a <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, said that "[t]he wearing of silk and gold are forbidden on the males of my nation, and they are lawful to their women".<a href="#cite_note-Toronto-2001-124">[124]</a> This, however, has not been enforced consistently throughout history, e.g. in the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Jirousek-2004-125">[125]</a> Further, small gold accents on clothing, such as in <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a>, may be permitted.<a href="#cite_note-Omar-2014-126">[126]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">ancient Greek religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theia" title="Theia">Theia</a> was seen as the goddess of gold, silver and other <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, those who had something of gold were in possession of something of great value on Earth and a substance to even help souls to paradise.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wedding_ring" title="Wedding ring">Wedding rings</a> are typically made of gold. It is long lasting and unaffected by the passage of time and may aid in the ring symbolism of eternal vows before God and the perfection the marriage signifies. In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christian</a> wedding ceremonies, the wedded couple is adorned with a golden crown (though some opt for wreaths, instead) during the ceremony, an amalgamation of symbolic rites.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] On 24 August 2020, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> archaeologists discovered a trove of early <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> gold coins near the central city of <a href="/wiki/Yavne" title="Yavne">Yavne</a>. Analysis of the extremely rare collection of 425 gold coins indicated that they were from the late 9th century. Dating to around 1,100 years back, the gold coins were from the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_gold_production" title="List of countries by gold production">List of countries by gold production</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_-_world_production_trend.svg%3Flang%3Den" title="File:Gold - world production trend.svg?lang=en"><img resource="/wiki/File:Gold_-_world_production_trend.svg?lang=en" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gold_-_world_production_trend.svg/220px-Gold_-_world_production_trend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gold_-_world_production_trend.svg/330px-Gold_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gold_-_world_production_trend.svg/440px-Gold_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Time trend of gold production</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> in 2016, about 5,726,000,000 troy ounces (178,100 t) of gold has been accounted for, of which 85% remains in active use.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining_and_prospecting">Mining and prospecting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold_prospecting" title="Gold prospecting">Gold prospecting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_(1294028).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_%281294028%29.jpg/220px-Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_%281294028%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_%281294028%29.jpg/330px-Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_%281294028%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_%281294028%29.jpg/440px-Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_%281294028%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>A miner underground at <a href="/wiki/Pumsaint" title="Pumsaint">Pumsaint</a> gold mine, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1938.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grasberg_mine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Grasberg_mine.jpg/220px-Grasberg_mine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Grasberg_mine.jpg/330px-Grasberg_mine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Grasberg_mine.jpg/440px-Grasberg_mine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grasberg_mine" title="Grasberg mine">Grasberg mine</a>, Indonesia is the world's largest gold mine.</figcaption></figure> Since the 1880s, South Africa has been the source of a large proportion of the world's gold supply, and about 22% of the gold presently accounted is from <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. Production in 1970 accounted for 79% of the world supply, about 1,480 tonnes. In 2007 <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (with 276 tonnes) overtook South Africa as the world's largest gold producer, the first time since 1905 that South Africa had not been the largest.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">China</a> was the world's leading gold-mining country, followed in order by Russia, Australia, the United States, Canada, and Ghana.<a href="#cite_note-Gold_Production-2023-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_30g_for_a_860kg_rock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gold_30g_for_a_860kg_rock.jpg/220px-Gold_30g_for_a_860kg_rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gold_30g_for_a_860kg_rock.jpg/330px-Gold_30g_for_a_860kg_rock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gold_30g_for_a_860kg_rock.jpg/440px-Gold_30g_for_a_860kg_rock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="2207" /></a><figcaption>Relative sizes of an 860 kg (1,900 lb) block of gold ore and the 30 g (0.96 ozt) of gold that can be extracted from it, <a href="/wiki/Toi_gold_mine" title="Toi gold mine">Toi gold mine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.</figcaption></figure> In South America, the controversial project <a href="/wiki/Pascua_Lama" title="Pascua Lama">Pascua Lama</a> aims at exploitation of rich fields in the high mountains of <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a>, at the border between <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. It has been estimated that up to one-quarter of the yearly global gold production originates from artisanal or small scale mining.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> located in South Africa was founded as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a> which resulted in the discovery of some of the largest natural gold deposits in recorded history. The gold fields are confined to the northern and north-western edges of the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Witwatersrand basin">Witwatersrand basin</a>, which is a 5–7 km (3.1–4.3 mi) thick layer of <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">archean</a> rocks located, in most places, deep under the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_(South_African_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State (South African province)">Free State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> and surrounding provinces.<a href="#cite_note-Truswell-1977-135">[135]</a> These Witwatersrand rocks are exposed at the surface on the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a>, in and around Johannesburg, but also in isolated patches to the south-east and south-west of Johannesburg, as well as in an arc around the <a href="/wiki/Vredefort_Dome" class="mw-redirect" title="Vredefort Dome">Vredefort Dome</a> which lies close to the center of the Witwatersrand basin.<a href="#cite_note-McCarthy-2005-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Truswell-1977-135">[135]</a> From these surface exposures the basin <a href="/wiki/Strike_and_dip" title="Strike and dip">dips</a> extensively, requiring some of the mining to occur at depths of nearly 4,000 m (13,000 ft), making them, especially the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Savuka_Mine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Savuka Mine (page does not exist)">Savuka</a> and <a href="/wiki/TauTona" class="mw-redirect" title="TauTona">TauTona</a> mines to the south-west of Johannesburg, the deepest mines on Earth. The gold is found only in six areas where <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">archean</a> rivers from the north and north-west formed extensive pebbly <a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">Braided river</a> deltas before draining into the "Witwatersrand sea" where the rest of the Witwatersrand sediments were deposited.<a href="#cite_note-Truswell-1977-135">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> of 1899–1901 between the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boers</a> was at least partly over the rights of miners and possession of the gold wealth in South Africa. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kullanhuuhdontaa_Ivalossa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kullanhuuhdontaa_Ivalossa.jpg/220px-Kullanhuuhdontaa_Ivalossa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kullanhuuhdontaa_Ivalossa.jpg/330px-Kullanhuuhdontaa_Ivalossa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kullanhuuhdontaa_Ivalossa.jpg/440px-Kullanhuuhdontaa_Ivalossa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Gold prospecting at the <a href="/wiki/Ivalo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivalo River">Ivalo River</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Finnish Lapland</a> in 1898</figcaption></figure> During the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">gold rushes</a> occurred whenever large gold deposits were discovered. The first documented discovery of gold in the United States was at the <a href="/wiki/Reed_Gold_Mine" title="Reed Gold Mine">Reed Gold Mine</a> near Georgeville, North Carolina in 1803.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The first major gold strike in the United States occurred in a small north Georgia town called <a href="/wiki/Dahlonega,_Georgia" title="Dahlonega, Georgia">Dahlonega</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Further gold rushes occurred in <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike's Peak Gold Rush">Colorado</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otago_gold_rush" title="Otago gold rush">Otago</a> in New Zealand, a number of locations across <a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand</a> in South Africa, and the <a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike</a> in Canada. <a href="/wiki/Grasberg_mine" title="Grasberg mine">Grasberg mine</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">gold mine</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraction_and_refining">Extraction and refining</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gold_extraction" title="Gold extraction">Gold extraction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_nuggets_from_Arizona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Gold_nuggets_from_Arizona.jpg/220px-Gold_nuggets_from_Arizona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Gold_nuggets_from_Arizona.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>Gold Nuggets found in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Gold_extraction" title="Gold extraction">Gold extraction</a> is most economical in large, easily mined deposits. Ore grades as little as 0.5 parts per million (ppm) can be economical. Typical ore grades in <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">open-pit</a> mines are 1–5 ppm; ore grades in underground or <a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (hard rock)">hard rock</a> mines are usually at least 3 ppm. Because ore grades of 30 ppm are usually needed before gold is visible to the naked eye, in most gold mines the gold is invisible. The average gold mining and extraction costs were about $317 per troy ounce in 2007, but these can vary widely depending on mining type and ore quality; global mine production amounted to 2,471.1 tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> After initial production, gold is often subsequently refined industrially by the <a href="/wiki/Wohlwill_process" title="Wohlwill process">Wohlwill process</a> which is based on <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> or by the <a href="/wiki/Miller_process" title="Miller process">Miller process</a>, that is chlorination in the melt. The Wohlwill process results in higher purity, but is more complex and is only applied in small-scale installations.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Other methods of assaying and purifying smaller amounts of gold include parting and inquartation as well as <a href="/wiki/Cupellation" title="Cupellation">cupellation</a>, or refining methods based on the dissolution of gold in aqua regia.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recycling">Recycling</h3></div> In 1997, recycled gold accounted for approximately 20% of the 2700 tons of gold supplied to the market.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Jewelry companies such as Generation Collection and computer companies including <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a> conduct recycling.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> As of 2020, the amount of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CO2 produced in mining a kilogram of gold is 16 tonnes, while recycling a kilogram of gold produces 53 kilograms of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CO2 equivalent. Approximately 30 percent of the global gold supply is recycled and not mined as of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumption">Consumption</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:right;float:right" class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Gold jewelry consumption by country (in tonnes)<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012</th> <th>2013 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>442.37</td> <td>745.70</td> <td>986.3</td> <td>864</td> <td>974 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>376.96</td> <td>428.00</td> <td>921.5</td> <td>817.5</td> <td>1120.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>150.28</td> <td>128.61</td> <td>199.5</td> <td>161</td> <td>190 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>75.16</td> <td>74.07</td> <td>143</td> <td>118</td> <td>175.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td> <td>77.75</td> <td>72.95</td> <td>69.1</td> <td>58.5</td> <td>72.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>60.12</td> <td>67.50</td> <td>76.7</td> <td>81.9</td> <td>73.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></td> <td>67.60</td> <td>63.37</td> <td>60.9</td> <td>58.1</td> <td>77.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td> <td>56.68</td> <td>53.43</td> <td>36</td> <td>47.8</td> <td>57.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td>41.00</td> <td>32.75</td> <td>55</td> <td>52.3</td> <td>68 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>31.75</td> <td>27.35</td> <td>22.6</td> <td>21.1</td> <td>23.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Other Persian Gulf Countries</td> <td>24.10</td> <td>21.97</td> <td>22</td> <td>19.9</td> <td>24.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>21.85</td> <td>18.50</td> <td>−30.1</td> <td>7.6</td> <td>21.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td>18.83</td> <td>15.87</td> <td>15.5</td> <td>12.1</td> <td>17.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>15.08</td> <td>14.36</td> <td>100.8</td> <td>77</td> <td>92.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td>7.33</td> <td>6.28</td> <td>107.4</td> <td>80.9</td> <td>140.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Total</td> <td>1466.86</td> <td>1770.71</td> <td>2786.12 </td> <td>2477.7</td> <td>3126.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Other Countries</td> <td>251.6</td> <td>254.0</td> <td>390.4</td> <td>393.5</td> <td>450.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">World Total</td> <td>1718.46</td> <td>2024.71</td> <td>3176.52</td> <td>2871.2</td> <td>3576.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> The consumption of gold produced in the world is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry.<a href="#cite_note-Soos-2011-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Gold_Council" title="World Gold Council">World Gold Council</a>, China was the world's largest single consumer of gold in 2013, overtaking India.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mercury_cycle" title="Mercury cycle">Mercury cycle</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Cyanide_Management_Code" title="International Cyanide Management Code">International Cyanide Management Code</a></div> Gold production is associated with contribution to hazardous <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">pollution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Low-grade gold ore may contain less than one <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> gold metal; such ore is <a href="/wiki/Milling_(grinding)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milling (grinding)">ground</a> and mixed with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">sodium cyanide</a> to dissolve the gold. Cyanide is a highly poisonous chemical, which can kill living creatures when exposed in minute quantities. Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_gold_mining_disasters" title="List of gold mining disasters">cyanide spills</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> from gold mines have occurred in both developed and developing countries which killed aquatic life in long stretches of affected rivers. Environmentalists consider these events major environmental disasters.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Up to thirty tons of used ore can be dumped as waste for producing one troy ounce of gold.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-2005-155">[155]</a> Gold ore dumps are the source of many heavy elements such as cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> and mercury. When sulfide-bearing minerals in these ore dumps are exposed to air and water, the sulfide transforms into <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> which in turn dissolves these heavy metals facilitating their passage into surface water and ground water. This process is called <a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a>. These gold ore dumps contain long-term, highly <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-2005-155">[155]</a> It was once common to use mercury to recover gold from ore, but today the use of mercury is largely limited to small-scale individual miners.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Minute quantities of mercury compounds can reach water bodies, causing heavy metal contamination. Mercury can then enter into the human food chain in the form of <a href="/wiki/Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a> in humans causes incurable brain function damage and severe retardation.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Gold extraction is also a highly energy-intensive industry, extracting ore from deep mines and grinding the large quantity of ore for further chemical extraction requires nearly 25 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt-hour" title="Kilowatt-hour">kWh</a> of electricity per gram of gold produced.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monetary_use">Monetary use</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_money" title="History of money">History of money</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_20kr_gold_coins.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Two_20kr_gold_coins.png/220px-Two_20kr_gold_coins.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Two_20kr_gold_coins.png/330px-Two_20kr_gold_coins.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Two_20kr_gold_coins.png/440px-Two_20kr_gold_coins.png 2x" data-file-width="2427" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption>Two golden 20 kr coins from the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Monetary_Union" title="Scandinavian Monetary Union">Scandinavian Monetary Union</a>, which was based on a <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>. The coin to the left is <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> and the right one is <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a>.</figcaption></figure> Gold has been <a href="/wiki/History_of_money" title="History of money">widely used</a> throughout the world as <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a>,<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> for efficient indirect exchange (versus <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">barter</a>), and to store wealth in <a href="/wiki/Hoard" title="Hoard">hoards</a>. For exchange purposes, <a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">mints</a> produce standardized <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">gold bullion</a> <a href="/wiki/Coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins">coins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_bar" title="Gold bar">bars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Good_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Good delivery">other units</a> of fixed weight and purity. The first known coins containing gold were struck in Lydia, Asia Minor, around 600 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Lion-2003-93">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Talent_(measurement)" title="Talent (measurement)">talent</a> coin of gold in use during the periods of Grecian history both before and during the time of the life of Homer weighed between 8.42 and 8.75 grams.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> From an earlier preference in using silver, European economies re-established the minting of gold as coinage during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Postan-1967-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Real_bills_doctrine" title="Real bills doctrine">Bills</a> (that mature into gold coin) and <a href="/wiki/Gold_certificates" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold certificates">gold certificates</a> (convertible into gold coin at the issuing bank) added to the circulating stock of <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> money in most 19th century industrial economies. In preparation for <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> the warring nations moved to fractional gold standards, inflating their currencies to finance the war effort. Post-war, the victorious countries, most notably Britain, gradually restored gold-convertibility, but international flows of gold via bills of exchange remained embargoed; international shipments were made exclusively for bilateral trades or to pay war reparations. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> gold was replaced by a system of nominally <a href="/wiki/Convertible_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Convertible currency">convertible currencies</a> related by fixed exchange rates following the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">Gold standards</a> and the direct convertibility of currencies to gold have been abandoned by world governments, led in 1971 by the United States' refusal to redeem its dollars in gold. <a href="/wiki/Fiat_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat currency">Fiat currency</a> now fills most monetary roles. <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> was the last country to tie its currency to gold; this was ended by a referendum in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldvault_nyc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Goldvault_nyc.jpg/220px-Goldvault_nyc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Goldvault_nyc.jpg/330px-Goldvault_nyc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Goldvault_nyc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Gold_reserve" title="Gold reserve">gold vault</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">Federal Reserve Bank of New York</a></figcaption></figure> Central banks continue to keep a portion of their liquid reserves as gold in some form, and metals exchanges such as the <a href="/wiki/London_Bullion_Market_Association" title="London Bullion Market Association">London Bullion Market Association</a> still clear transactions denominated in gold, including future delivery contracts. Today, <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">gold mining</a> output is declining.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> With the sharp growth of economies in the 20th century, and increasing foreign exchange, the world's <a href="/wiki/Gold_reserve" title="Gold reserve">gold reserves</a> and their trading market have become a small fraction of all markets and fixed exchange rates of currencies to gold have been replaced by floating prices for gold and gold <a href="/wiki/Futures_contract" title="Futures contract">future contract</a>. Though the gold stock grows by only 1% or 2% per year, very little metal is irretrievably consumed. Inventory above ground would satisfy many decades of industrial and even artisan uses at current prices. The gold proportion (<a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">fineness</a>) of alloys is measured by <a href="/wiki/Fineness#karat" title="Fineness">karat</a> (k). Pure gold (commercially termed fine gold) is designated as 24 karat, abbreviated 24k. English gold coins intended for circulation from 1526 into the 1930s were typically a standard 22k alloy called <a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">crown gold</a>,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> for hardness (American gold coins for circulation after 1837 contain an alloy of 0.900 fine gold, or 21.6 kt).<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Although the prices of some <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> group metals can be much higher, gold has long been considered the most desirable of <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a>, and its value has been used as the standard for many <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currencies</a>. Gold has been used as a symbol for purity, value, royalty, and particularly roles that combine these properties. Gold as a sign of wealth and prestige was ridiculed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> in his treatise <a href="/wiki/Utopia_(More_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopia (More book)">Utopia</a>. On that imaginary island, gold is so abundant that it is used to make chains for slaves, tableware, and lavatory seats. When ambassadors from other countries arrive, dressed in ostentatious gold jewels and badges, the Utopians mistake them for menial servants, paying homage instead to the most modestly dressed of their party. The <a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a> currency code of gold is XAU.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Many holders of gold store it in form of <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a> coins or <a href="/wiki/Gold_bar" title="Gold bar">bars</a> as a hedge against <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> or other economic disruptions, though its efficacy as such has been questioned; historically, it has not proven itself reliable as a hedging instrument.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Modern <a href="/wiki/Bullion_coin" title="Bullion coin">bullion coins</a> for investment or collector purposes do not require good mechanical wear properties; they are typically fine gold at 24k, although the <a href="/wiki/American_Gold_Eagle" title="American Gold Eagle">American Gold Eagle</a> and the British <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_(British_coin)" title="Sovereign (British coin)">gold sovereign</a> continue to be minted in 22k (0.92) metal in historical tradition, and the South African <a href="/wiki/Krugerrand" title="Krugerrand">Krugerrand</a>, first released in 1967, is also 22k (0.92).<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The special issue <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gold_Maple_Leaf" title="Canadian Gold Maple Leaf">Canadian Gold Maple Leaf</a> coin contains the highest purity gold of any <a href="/wiki/Bullion_coin" title="Bullion coin">bullion coin</a>, at 99.999% or 0.99999, while the popular issue Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coin has a purity of 99.99%. In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a> began producing the <a href="/wiki/American_Buffalo_(coin)" title="American Buffalo (coin)">American Buffalo</a> gold bullion coin with a purity of 99.99%. The <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> Gold Kangaroos were first coined in 1986 as the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Gold_Nugget" title="Australian Gold Nugget">Australian Gold Nugget</a> but changed the reverse design in 1989. Other modern coins include the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic_(coin)" title="Vienna Philharmonic (coin)">Vienna Philharmonic</a> bullion coin and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Gold_Panda" title="Chinese Gold Panda">Chinese Gold Panda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Price">Price</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gold_as_an_investment" title="Gold as an investment">Gold as an investment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_price_in_USD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gold_price_in_USD.png/300px-Gold_price_in_USD.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gold_price_in_USD.png/450px-Gold_price_in_USD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gold_price_in_USD.png/600px-Gold_price_in_USD.png 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Gold price history in 1960–2020.</figcaption></figure> Like other precious metals, gold is measured by <a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">troy weight</a> and by grams. The proportion of gold in the alloy is measured by <a href="/wiki/Fineness#karat" title="Fineness">karat</a> (k), with 24 karat (24k) being pure gold (100%), and lower karat numbers proportionally less (18k = 75%). The purity of a <a href="/wiki/Gold_bar" title="Gold bar">gold bar</a> or coin can also be expressed as a decimal figure ranging from 0 to 1, known as the <a href="/wiki/Fineness#millesimal_fineness" title="Fineness">millesimal fineness</a>, such as 0.995 being nearly pure. The price of gold is determined through trading in the gold and <a href="/wiki/Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">derivatives</a> markets, but a procedure known as the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Fixing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Fixing">Gold Fixing</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, originating in September 1919, provides a daily benchmark price to the industry. The afternoon fixing was introduced in 1968 to provide a price when US markets are open.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> As of September 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold&action=edit">[update]</a>, gold was valued at around $42 per gram ($1,300 per troy ounce). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_2">History</h4></div> Historically gold <a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">coinage</a> was widely used as currency; when <a href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">paper money</a> was introduced, it typically was a <a href="/wiki/Receipt" title="Receipt">receipt</a> redeemable for gold coin or <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a>. In a <a href="/wiki/Monetary" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary">monetary</a> system known as the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>, a certain <a href="/wiki/Weight" title="Weight">weight</a> of gold was given the name of a unit of currency. For a long period, the United States government set the value of the US dollar so that one <a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">troy ounce</a> was equal to $20.67 ($0.665 per gram), but in 1934 the dollar was devalued to $35.00 per troy ounce ($0.889/g). By 1961, it was becoming hard to maintain this price, and <a href="/wiki/London_Gold_Pool" title="London Gold Pool">a pool of US and European banks</a> agreed to manipulate the market to prevent further <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">currency devaluation</a> against increased gold demand.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The largest gold depository in the world is that of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">U.S. Federal Reserve Bank</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, which holds about 3%<a href="#cite_note-Hitzer-2006-172">[172]</a> of the gold known to exist and accounted for today, as does the similarly laden <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bullion_Depository" title="United States Bullion Depository">U.S. Bullion Depository</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Knox" title="Fort Knox">Fort Knox</a>. In 2005 the <a href="/wiki/World_Gold_Council" title="World Gold Council">World Gold Council</a> estimated total global gold supply to be 3,859 tonnes and demand to be 3,754 tonnes, giving a surplus of 105 tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> After 15 August 1971 <a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a>, the price began to greatly increase,<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> and between 1968 and 2000 the price of gold ranged widely, from a high of $850 per troy ounce ($27.33/g) on 21 January 1980, to a low of $252.90 per troy ounce ($8.13/g) on 21 June 1999 (London Gold Fixing).<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Prices increased rapidly from 2001, but the 1980 high was not exceeded until 3 January 2008, when a new maximum of $865.35 per <a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">troy ounce</a> was set.<a href="#cite_note-Lbma-2008-176">[176]</a> Another record price was set on 17 March 2008, at $1023.50 per troy ounce ($32.91/g).<a href="#cite_note-Lbma-2008-176">[176]</a> On 2 December 2009, gold reached a new high closing at $1,217.23.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Gold further rallied hitting new highs in May 2010 after the European Union debt crisis prompted further purchase of gold as a safe asset.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> On 1 March 2011, gold hit a new all-time high of $1432.57, based on <a href="/wiki/Gold_as_an_investment" title="Gold as an investment">investor</a> concerns regarding ongoing <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">unrest</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> From April 2001 to August 2011, spot gold prices more than quintupled in value against the US dollar, hitting a new all-time high of $1,913.50 on 23 August 2011,<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> prompting speculation that the long <a href="/wiki/Secular_bear_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular bear market">secular bear market</a> had ended and a <a href="/wiki/Bull_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull market">bull market</a> had returned.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> However, the price then began a slow decline towards $1200 per troy ounce in late 2014 and 2015. In August 2020, the gold price picked up to US$2060 per ounce after a total growth of 59% from August 2018 to October 2020, a period during which it outplaced the Nasdaq total return of 54%.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Gold futures are traded on the COMEX exchange.<a href="#cite_note-PortaraCQG-184">[184]</a> These contacts are priced in USD per troy ounce (1 troy ounce = 31.1034768 grams).<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Below are the <a href="/wiki/CQG" title="CQG">CQG</a> contract specifications outlining the futures contracts: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Contract Specifications<a href="#cite_note-PortaraCQG-184">[184]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Gold (GCA) </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Exchange: </td> <td>COMEX </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sector: </td> <td>Metal </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tick Size: </td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tick Value: </td> <td>10 USD </td></tr> <tr> <td>BPV: </td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Denomination: </td> <td>USD </td></tr> <tr> <td>Decimal Place: </td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_applications">Other applications</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewelry">Jewelry</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MocheGoldNecklace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/MocheGoldNecklace.jpg/220px-MocheGoldNecklace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/MocheGoldNecklace.jpg/330px-MocheGoldNecklace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/MocheGoldNecklace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moche_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moche (culture)">Moche</a> gold necklace depicting feline heads. <a href="/wiki/Larco_Museum" title="Larco Museum">Larco Museum</a> Collection, <a href="/wiki/Lima,_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima, Peru">Lima, Peru</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve,_ca._1890.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%2C_ca._1890.jpeg/220px-Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%2C_ca._1890.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%2C_ca._1890.jpeg/330px-Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%2C_ca._1890.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%2C_ca._1890.jpeg/440px-Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%2C_ca._1890.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2161" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>A 21.5k yellow gold pendant <a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> so-called "<a href="/wiki/Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Boule de Genève">Boule de Genève</a>" (Geneva ball), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890.</figcaption></figure> Because of the softness of pure (24k) gold, it is usually <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloyed</a> with other metals for use in jewelry, altering its hardness and ductility, melting point, color and other properties. Alloys with lower <a href="/wiki/Fineness#Karat" title="Fineness">karat rating</a>, typically 22k, 18k, 14k or 10k, contain higher percentages of copper, silver, palladium or other base metals in the alloy.<a href="#cite_note-WorldGoldCouncil-27">[27]</a> Nickel is toxic, and its release from nickel white gold is controlled by legislation in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-WorldGoldCouncil-27">[27]</a> Palladium-gold alloys are more expensive than those using nickel.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> High-karat white gold alloys are more resistant to corrosion than are either pure silver or <a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">sterling silver</a>. The Japanese craft of <a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a> exploits the color contrasts between laminated colored gold alloys to produce decorative wood-grain effects. By 2014, the gold jewelry industry was escalating despite a dip in gold prices. Demand in the first quarter of 2014 pushed turnover to $23.7 billion according to a <a href="/wiki/World_Gold_Council" title="World Gold Council">World Gold Council</a> report. Gold <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a> is used for joining the components of gold jewelry by high-temperature hard soldering or <a href="/wiki/Brazing" title="Brazing">brazing</a>. If the work is to be of <a href="/wiki/Hallmark" title="Hallmark">hallmarking</a> quality, the gold solder alloy must match the fineness of the work, and alloy formulas are manufactured to color-match yellow and white gold. Gold solder is usually made in at least three melting-point ranges referred to as Easy, Medium and Hard. By using the hard, high-melting point solder first, followed by solders with progressively lower melting points, goldsmiths can assemble complex items with several separate soldered joints. Gold can also be made into <a href="/wiki/Gold_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold thread">thread</a> and used in <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics">Electronics</h3></div> Only 10% of the world consumption of new gold produced goes to industry,<a href="#cite_note-Soos-2011-14">[14]</a> but by far the most important industrial use for new gold is in fabrication of corrosion-free <a href="/wiki/Electrical_connectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical connectors">electrical connectors</a> in computers and other electrical devices. For example, according to the World Gold Council, a typical cell phone may contain 50 mg of gold, worth about three dollars. But since nearly one billion cell phones are produced each year, a gold value of US$2.82 in each phone adds to US$2.82 billion in gold from just this application.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> (Prices updated to November 2022) Though gold is attacked by free chlorine, its good conductivity and general resistance to oxidation and corrosion in other environments (including resistance to non-chlorinated acids) has led to its widespread industrial use in the electronic era as a thin-layer coating on <a href="/wiki/Electrical_connector" title="Electrical connector">electrical connectors</a>, thereby ensuring good connection. For example, gold is used in the connectors of the more expensive electronics cables, such as audio, video and <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> cables. The benefit of using gold over other connector metals such as <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> in these applications has been debated; gold connectors are often criticized by audio-visual experts as unnecessary for most consumers and seen as simply a marketing ploy. However, the use of gold in other applications in electronic sliding contacts in highly humid or corrosive atmospheres, and in use for contacts with a very high failure cost (certain <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>, communications equipment, <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a> engines) remains very common.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Besides sliding electrical contacts, gold is also used in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_contacts" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical contacts">electrical contacts</a> because of its resistance to <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ductile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductile">ductility</a> and lack of <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Switch contacts are generally subjected to more intense corrosion stress than are sliding contacts. Fine gold wires are used to connect <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">semiconductor devices</a> to their packages through a process known as <a href="/wiki/Wire_bonding" title="Wire bonding">wire bonding</a>. The concentration of free electrons in gold metal is 5.91×1022 cm−3.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Gold is highly <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">conductive</a> to electricity and has been used for <a href="/wiki/Electrical_wiring" title="Electrical wiring">electrical wiring</a> in some high-energy applications (only silver and copper are more conductive per volume, but gold has the advantage of corrosion resistance). For example, gold electrical wires were used during some of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>'s atomic experiments, but large high-current silver wires were used in the <a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">calutron</a> isotope separator magnets in the project. It is estimated that 16% of the world's presently-accounted-for gold and 22% of the world's silver is contained in electronic technology in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3></div> Metallic and gold compounds have long been used for medicinal purposes. Gold, usually as the metal, is perhaps the most anciently administered medicine (apparently by shamanic practitioners)<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> and known to <a href="/wiki/Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> In medieval times, gold was often seen as beneficial for the health, in the belief that something so rare and beautiful could not be anything but healthy. Even some modern <a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">esotericists</a> and forms of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> assign metallic gold a healing power. In the 19th century gold had a reputation as an <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a>, a therapy for nervous disorders. <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraine</a>, and glandular problems such as <a href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">amenorrhea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impotence" class="mw-redirect" title="Impotence">impotence</a> were treated, and most notably <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> (Keeley, 1897).<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> The apparent paradox of the actual toxicology of the substance suggests the possibility of serious gaps in the understanding of the action of gold in physiology.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Only salts and radioisotopes of gold are of pharmacological value, since elemental (metallic) gold is inert to all chemicals it encounters inside the body (e.g., ingested gold cannot be attacked by stomach acid). Some gold salts do have <a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">anti-inflammatory</a> properties and at present two are still used as pharmaceuticals in the treatment of arthritis and other similar conditions in the US (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_aurothiomalate" title="Sodium aurothiomalate">sodium aurothiomalate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auranofin" title="Auranofin">auranofin</a>). These drugs have been explored as a means to help to reduce the pain and swelling of <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, and also (historically) against <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> and some parasites.<a href="#cite_note-Messori-2004-197">[197]</a> Gold alloys are used in <a href="/wiki/Restorative_dentistry" title="Restorative dentistry">restorative dentistry</a>, especially in tooth restorations, such as <a href="/wiki/Crown_(dentistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown (dentistry)">crowns</a> and permanent <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(dentistry)" title="Bridge (dentistry)">bridges</a>. The gold alloys' slight malleability facilitates the creation of a superior molar mating surface with other teeth and produces results that are generally more satisfactory than those produced by the creation of porcelain crowns. The use of gold crowns in more prominent teeth such as incisors is favored in some cultures and discouraged in others. <a href="/wiki/Colloidal_gold" title="Colloidal gold">Colloidal gold</a> preparations (suspensions of <a href="/wiki/Gold_nanoparticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold nanoparticle">gold nanoparticles</a>) in water are intensely red-<a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">colored</a>, and can be made with tightly controlled particle sizes up to a few tens of nanometers across by reduction of gold chloride with <a href="/wiki/Citrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrate">citrate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ascorbate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbate">ascorbate</a> ions. Colloidal gold is used in research applications in medicine, biology and <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>. The technique of <a href="/wiki/Immunogold_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunogold labeling">immunogold labeling</a> exploits the ability of the gold particles to adsorb protein molecules onto their surfaces. Colloidal gold particles coated with specific antibodies can be used as probes for the presence and position of antigens on the surfaces of cells.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> In ultrathin sections of tissues viewed by <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">electron microscopy</a>, the immunogold labels appear as extremely dense round spots at the position of the <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Gold, or alloys of gold and <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, are applied as conductive coating to biological specimens and other non-conducting materials such as plastics and glass to be viewed in a <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a>. The coating, which is usually applied by <a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">sputtering</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a>, has a triple role in this application. Gold's very high electrical conductivity drains <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electrical charge</a> to earth, and its very high density provides stopping power for electrons in the <a href="/wiki/Electron_beam" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron beam">electron beam</a>, helping to limit the depth to which the electron beam penetrates the specimen. This improves definition of the position and topography of the specimen surface and increases the <a href="/wiki/Angular_resolution" title="Angular resolution">spatial resolution</a> of the image. Gold also produces a high output of <a href="/wiki/Secondary_emission" title="Secondary emission">secondary electrons</a> when irradiated by an electron beam, and these low-energy electrons are the most commonly used signal source used in the scanning electron microscope.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> The isotope <a href="/wiki/Gold-198" title="Gold-198">gold-198</a> (<a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> 2.7 days) is used in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">nuclear medicine</a>, in some <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> treatments and for treating other diseases.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 220px; height: 180px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -20px; left: -52px; width: 300px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:Dessert_(10938449815).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cake with edible gold decoration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Dessert_%2810938449815%29.jpg/300px-Dessert_%2810938449815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Dessert_%2810938449815%29.jpg/450px-Dessert_%2810938449815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Dessert_%2810938449815%29.jpg/600px-Dessert_%2810938449815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Dessert_(10938449815).jpg" title="File:Dessert (10938449815).jpg"> </a></div>Cake with edible gold decoration </div> </div> </div> <ul><li>Gold can be used in food and has the <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> 175.<a href="#cite_note-FSA-2007-203">[203]</a> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> published an opinion on the re-evaluation of gold as a food additive. Concerns included the possible presence of minute amounts of gold <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a> in the food additive, and that gold nanoparticles have been shown to be <a href="/wiki/Genotoxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Genotoxic">genotoxic</a> in mammalian cells <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">Gold leaf</a>, flake or dust is used on and in some gourmet foods, notably sweets and drinks as decorative ingredient.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Gold flake was used by the nobility in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">medieval Europe</a> as a decoration in food and drinks,<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></li> <li>Danziger Goldwasser (German: Gold water of Danzig) or <a href="/wiki/Goldwasser" title="Goldwasser">Goldwasser</a> (English: Goldwater) is a traditional German herbal <a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">liqueur</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> produced in what is today <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Schwabach" title="Schwabach">Schwabach</a>, Germany, and contains flakes of gold leaf. There are also some expensive (c. $1000) cocktails which contain flakes of gold leaf. However, since metallic gold is inert to all body chemistry, it has no taste, it provides no nutrition, and it leaves the body unaltered.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vark" title="Vark">Vark</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Metal_leaf" title="Metal leaf">foil</a> composed of a pure metal that is sometimes gold,<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> and is used for <a href="/wiki/Garnish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garnish (food)">garnishing</a> sweets in South Asian cuisine.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellanea">Miscellanea</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror33.jpg/220px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror33.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror33.jpg/330px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror33.jpg/440px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Mirror33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Optical_Telescope_Element" title="Optical Telescope Element">mirror segment</a> for the <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> coated in gold to reflect infrared light</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamakshi_Amman_Temple_with_golden_roof,_Kanchipuram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kamakshi_Amman_Temple_with_golden_roof%2C_Kanchipuram.jpg/220px-Kamakshi_Amman_Temple_with_golden_roof%2C_Kanchipuram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kamakshi_Amman_Temple_with_golden_roof%2C_Kanchipuram.jpg/330px-Kamakshi_Amman_Temple_with_golden_roof%2C_Kanchipuram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kamakshi_Amman_Temple_with_golden_roof%2C_Kanchipuram.jpg/440px-Kamakshi_Amman_Temple_with_golden_roof%2C_Kanchipuram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>Kamakshi Amman Temple with golden roof, <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Gold produces a deep, intense red color when used as a coloring agent in <a href="/wiki/Cranberry_glass" title="Cranberry glass">cranberry glass</a>.</li> <li>In photography, gold toners are used to shift the color of <a href="/wiki/Silver_bromide" title="Silver bromide">silver bromide</a> black-and-white prints towards brown or blue tones, or to increase their stability. Used on <a href="/wiki/Sepia_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepia tone">sepia-toned</a> prints, gold toners produce red tones. Kodak published formulas for several types of gold toners, which use gold as the chloride.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></li> <li>Gold is a good reflector of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible light</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio waves</a>. It is used for the protective coatings on many artificial <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a>, in infrared protective faceplates in thermal-protection suits and astronauts' helmets, and in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">electronic warfare</a> planes such as the <a href="/wiki/EA-6B_Prowler" class="mw-redirect" title="EA-6B Prowler">EA-6B Prowler</a>.</li> <li>Gold is used as the reflective layer on some <a href="/wiki/Gold_CD" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold CD">high-end CDs</a>.</li> <li>Automobiles may use gold for heat shielding. <a href="/wiki/McLaren" title="McLaren">McLaren</a> uses gold foil in the engine compartment of its <a href="/wiki/McLaren_F1" title="McLaren F1">F1</a> model.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></li> <li>Gold can be manufactured so thin that it appears semi-transparent. It is used in some aircraft cockpit windows for <a href="/wiki/Deicing" title="Deicing">de-icing</a> or anti-icing by passing electricity through it. The heat produced by the resistance of the gold is enough to prevent ice from forming.<a href="#cite_note-GoldBulletin-212">[212]</a></li> <li>Gold is attacked by and dissolves in alkaline solutions of potassium or sodium <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a>, to form the salt gold cyanide—a technique that has been used in extracting metallic gold from ores in the <a href="/wiki/Cyanide_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanide process">cyanide process</a>. Gold cyanide is the <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> used in commercial <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a> of gold onto base metals and <a href="/wiki/Electroforming" title="Electroforming">electroforming</a>.</li> <li>Gold chloride (<a href="/wiki/Chloroauric_acid" title="Chloroauric acid">chloroauric acid</a>) solutions are used to make colloidal gold by reduction with <a href="/wiki/Citrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrate">citrate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ascorbate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbate">ascorbate</a> <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a>. Gold chloride and gold oxide are used to make cranberry or red-colored glass, which, like <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloidal</a> gold suspensions, contains evenly sized spherical <a href="/wiki/Gold_nanoparticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold nanoparticle">gold nanoparticles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a></li> <li>Gold, when dispersed in nanoparticles, can act as a <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_gold_catalysis" title="Heterogeneous gold catalysis">heterogeneous catalyst</a> of chemical reactions.</li> <li>In recent years, gold has been used as a symbol of pride by the <a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">autism rights movement</a>, as its symbol Au could be seen as similar to the word "<a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum disorder">autism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2></div> Pure metallic (elemental) gold is non-toxic and non-irritating when ingested<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> and is sometimes used as a food decoration in the form of <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> Metallic gold is also a component of the alcoholic drinks <a href="/wiki/Goldschl%C3%A4ger" title="Goldschläger">Goldschläger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_Strike_(drink)" title="Gold Strike (drink)">Gold Strike</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goldwasser" title="Goldwasser">Goldwasser</a>. Metallic gold is approved as a <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additive</a> in the EU (<a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E175</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius" title="Codex Alimentarius">Codex Alimentarius</a>). Although the gold ion is toxic, the acceptance of metallic gold as a food additive is due to its relative chemical inertness, and resistance to being corroded or transformed into soluble salts (gold compounds) by any known chemical process which would be encountered in the human body. Soluble compounds (<a href="/wiki/Gold_salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold salts">gold salts</a>) such as <a href="/wiki/Gold(I,III)_chloride" title="Gold(I,III) chloride">gold chloride</a> are toxic to the liver and kidneys. Common <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> salts of gold such as potassium gold cyanide, used in gold <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a>, are toxic by virtue of both their cyanide and gold content. There are rare cases of lethal gold poisoning from <a href="/wiki/Potassium_gold_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium gold cyanide">potassium gold cyanide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Gold toxicity can be ameliorated with <a href="/wiki/Chelation_therapy" title="Chelation therapy">chelation therapy</a> with an agent such as <a href="/wiki/Dimercaprol" title="Dimercaprol">dimercaprol</a>. Gold metal was voted <a href="/wiki/Allergen_of_the_Year" title="Allergen of the Year">Allergen of the Year</a> in 2001 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society; gold contact allergies affect mostly women.<a href="#cite_note-Tsuruta-2001-219">[219]</a> Despite this, gold is a relatively non-potent contact allergen, in comparison with metals like <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> A sample of the fungus <a href="/wiki/Aspergillus_niger" title="Aspergillus niger">Aspergillus niger</a> was found growing from gold mining solution; and was found to contain cyano metal complexes, such as gold, silver, copper, iron and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyrit_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pyrit_01.jpg/220px-Pyrit_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pyrit_01.jpg/330px-Pyrit_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pyrit_01.jpg/440px-Pyrit_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4500" /></a><figcaption>Iron pyrite or "fool's gold"</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_leach_extractable_gold" title="Bulk leach extractable gold">Bulk leach extractable gold</a>, for sampling ores</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysiasis" title="Chrysiasis">Chrysiasis</a> (dermatological condition)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_gold_currency" title="Digital gold currency">Digital gold currency</a>, form of electronic currency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GFMS" title="GFMS">GFMS</a> business consultancy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_fingerprinting" title="Gold fingerprinting">Gold fingerprinting</a>, use impurities to identify an alloy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a> in banking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_gold_production" title="List of countries by gold production">List of countries by gold production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a>, alloy of gold and copper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_pyrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron pyrite">Iron pyrite</a>, fool's gold</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic gold">Nordic gold</a>, non-gold copper alloy</li></ul> </div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Meteoritics. 32: 71–77. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997M&PS...32...71T">1997M&PS...32...71T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.1997.tb01242.x">10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01242.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteoritics&rft.atitle=Original+size+of+the+Vredefort+Structure%3A+Implications+for+the+geological+evolution+of+the+Witwatersrand+Basin&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=71-77&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.1997.tb01242.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997M%26PS...32...71T&rft.aulast=Therriault&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rft.au=Grieve%2C+R.+A.+F.&rft.au=Reimold%2C+W.+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1945-5100.1997.tb01242.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327184158/http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/2101/meteor-craters-may-hold-untapped-wealth">Meteor craters may hold untapped wealth</a>. Cosmos Magazine (28 July 2008). Retrieved on 12 September 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornerDurrheimNicolaysen1990" class="citation journal cs1">Corner, B.; Durrheim, R. J.; Nicolaysen, L. O. (1990). "Relationships between the Vredefort structure and the Witwatersrand basin within the tectonic framework of the Kaapvaal craton as interpreted from regional gravity and aeromagnetic data". Tectonophysics. 171 (1): 49–61. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Tectp.171...49C">1990Tectp.171...49C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-1951%2890%2990089-Q">10.1016/0040-1951(90)90089-Q</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tectonophysics&rft.atitle=Relationships+between+the+Vredefort+structure+and+the+Witwatersrand+basin+within+the+tectonic+framework+of+the+Kaapvaal+craton+as+interpreted+from+regional+gravity+and+aeromagnetic+data&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-61&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0040-1951%2890%2990089-Q&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Tectp.171...49C&rft.aulast=Corner&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Durrheim%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Nicolaysen%2C+L.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCarthy-2005-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCarthy-2005_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCarthy-2005_68-1">b</a> McCarthy, T., Rubridge, B. (2005). The Story of Earth and Life. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. pp. 89–90, 102–107, 134–136. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1%2B77007%2B148%2B2" title="Special:BookSources/1+77007+148+2">1 77007 148 2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman-2006-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norman-2006_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norman-2006_69-1">b</a> Norman, N., Whitfield, G. (2006) Geological Journeys. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. pp. 38–49, 60–61. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781770070622" title="Special:BookSources/9781770070622">9781770070622</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Granada2017" class="citation web cs1">University of Granada (21 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/11/171121095128.htm">"Scientists reveal the mystery about the origin of gold"</a>. ScienceDaily. Retrieved 27 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Scientists+reveal+the+mystery+about+the+origin+of+gold&rft.date=2017-11-21&rft.au=University+of+Granada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2017%2F11%2F171121095128.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTassaraGonzález-JiménezReichSchilling2017" class="citation journal cs1">Tassara, Santiago; González-Jiménez, José M.; Reich, Martin; Schilling, Manuel E.; Morata, Diego; Begg, Graham; Saunders, Edward; Griffin, William L.; O’Reilly, Suzanne Y.; Grégoire, Michel; Barra, Fernando; Corgne, Alexandre (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5634996">"Plume-subduction interaction forms large auriferous provinces"</a>. Nature Communications. 8 (1): 843. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCo...8..843T">2017NatCo...8..843T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-017-00821-z">10.1038/s41467-017-00821-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5634996">5634996</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29018198">29018198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Plume-subduction+interaction+forms+large+auriferous+provinces&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=843&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5634996%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatCo...8..843T&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29018198&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-017-00821-z&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Tassara&rft.aufirst=Santiago&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Jim%C3%A9nez%2C+Jos%C3%A9+M.&rft.au=Reich%2C+Martin&rft.au=Schilling%2C+Manuel+E.&rft.au=Morata%2C+Diego&rft.au=Begg%2C+Graham&rft.au=Saunders%2C+Edward&rft.au=Griffin%2C+William+L.&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Reilly%2C+Suzanne+Y.&rft.au=Gr%C3%A9goire%2C+Michel&rft.au=Barra%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Corgne%2C+Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5634996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-La_Niece-2009-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-La_Niece-2009_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-La_Niece-2009_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-La_Niece-2009_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Niece2009" class="citation book cs1">La Niece, Susan (senior metallurgist in the British Museum Department of Conservation and Scientific Research) (15 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oAfITjcHiZ0C">Gold</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03590-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03590-4"><bdi>978-0-674-03590-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gold&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009-12-15&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03590-4&rft.aulast=La+Niece&rft.aufirst=Susan+%28senior+metallurgist+in+the+British+Museum+Department+of+Conservation+and+Scientific+Research%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoAfITjcHiZ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeike,_Brian" class="citation web cs1">Heike, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122100747/http://arizonagoldprospectors.com/formation.htm">"Formation of Lode Gold Deposits"</a>. Arizona Gold Prospectors. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arizonagoldprospectors.com/formation.htm">the original</a> on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Formation+of+Lode+Gold+Deposits&rft.pub=Arizona+Gold+Prospectors&rft.au=Heike%2C+Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farizonagoldprospectors.com%2Fformation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/enviro/EnviroRepublish_1032376.htm">"Environment & Nature News – Bugs grow gold that looks like coral"</a>. abc.net.au. 28 January 2004. Retrieved 22 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environment+%26+Nature+News+%E2%80%93+Bugs+grow+gold+that+looks+like+coral&rft.pub=abc.net.au&rft.date=2004-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fscience%2Fnews%2Fenviro%2FEnviroRepublish_1032376.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> This is doctoral research undertaken by Frank Reith at the Australian National University, published 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/earthquakes-turn-water-gold-180356174.html">"Earthquakes Turn Water into Gold"</a>. 17 March 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earthquakes+Turn+Water+into+Gold&rft.date=2013-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fearthquakes-turn-water-gold-180356174.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenison_FalknerEdmond1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Falkner" title="Kelly Falkner">Kenison Falkner, K.</a>; Edmond, J. (1990). "Gold in seawater". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 98 (2): 208–221. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990E&PSL..98..208K">1990E&PSL..98..208K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-821X%2890%2990060-B">10.1016/0012-821X(90)90060-B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Gold+in+seawater&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=208-221&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0012-821X%2890%2990060-B&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990E%26PSL..98..208K&rft.aulast=Kenison+Falkner&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Edmond%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Plazak, Dan A Hole in the Ground with a Liar at the Top (Salt Lake: Univ. of Utah Press, 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87480-840-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87480-840-5">0-87480-840-5</a> (contains a chapter on gold-from seawater swindles) </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaber1927" class="citation journal cs1">Haber, F. 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B. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307233511/https://zenodo.org/record/1258491">"Concentration of gold in natural waters"</a>. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 30 (1–3): 85–94. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988JCExp..30...85M">1988JCExp..30...85M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0375-6742%2888%2990051-9">10.1016/0375-6742(88)90051-9</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1258491">the original</a> on 7 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geochemical+Exploration&rft.atitle=Concentration+of+gold+in+natural+waters&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=85-94&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0375-6742%2888%2990051-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988JCExp..30...85M&rft.aulast=McHugh&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1258491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iran-1972-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Iran-1972_80-0">^</a> "Furthermore the second member of Delegation XVIII is carrying four small but evidently heavy jars on a yoke, probably containing the gold dust which was the tribute paid by the Indians." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIran1972" class="citation book cs1">Iran, Délégation archéologique française en (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itIRAQAAMAAJ">Cahiers de la Délégation archéologique française en Iran</a>. 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Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. ix. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-8425-0">10.1007/978-1-4684-8425-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-8427-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-8427-4"><bdi>978-1-4684-8427-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extractive+Metallurgy+of+Gold&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Springer+US&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4684-8425-0&rft.isbn=978-1-4684-8427-4&rft.aulast=Yannopoulos&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhE7uBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bgold%2Bbegins%2Bin%2Bantiquity.%2BBits%2Bof%2Bgold%2Bwere%2Bfound%2Bin%2BSpanish%2Bcaves%2Bthat%2Bwere%2Bused%2Bby%2BPaleolithic%2Bpeople%2Baround%2B40%2C000%2BB.C.%26pg%3DPP8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/varna-bulgaria-gold-graves-social-hierarchy-prehistoric-archaelogy-smithsonian-journeys-travel-quarterly-180958733/">"Mystery of the Varna Gold: What Caused These Ancient Societies to Disappear?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mystery+of+the+Varna+Gold%3A+What+Caused+These+Ancient+Societies+to+Disappear%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Fvarna-bulgaria-gold-graves-social-hierarchy-prehistoric-archaelogy-smithsonian-journeys-travel-quarterly-180958733%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-gold-object-unearthed-bulgaria-180960093/">"World's Oldest Gold Object May Have Just Been Unearthed in Bulgaria"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+Oldest+Gold+Object+May+Have+Just+Been+Unearthed+in+Bulgaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Foldest-gold-object-unearthed-bulgaria-180960093%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afrinik.com/archaeologists-have-discovered-the-oldest-treasure-in-the-world/">"Archaeologists have discovered the oldest treasure in the world – Afrinik"</a>. 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeologists+have+discovered+the+oldest+treasure+in+the+world+%E2%80%93+Afrinik&rft.date=2021-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafrinik.com%2Farchaeologists-have-discovered-the-oldest-treasure-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Sutherland, C.H.V, Gold (London, Thames & Hudson, 1959) p 27 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gopher-1990-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Gopher-1990_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopherTsukShalevGophna1990" class="citation journal cs1">Gopher, A.; Tsuk, T.; Shalev, S. & Gophna, R. 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Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold+MSDS&rft.pub=Electronic+Space+Products+International&rft.date=2005-05&rft.aulast=Dierks&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espi-metals.com%2Fmsds%27s%2Fgold.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouisPluchery2012" class="citation book cs1">Louis, Catherine; Pluchery, Olivier (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4zK6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Gold Nanoparticles for Physics, Chemistry and Biology</a>. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-807-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-807-7"><bdi>978-1-84816-807-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gold+Nanoparticles+for+Physics%2C+Chemistry+and+Biology&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84816-807-7&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Pluchery%2C+Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4zK6CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightVesey1986" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, I. H.; Vesey, J. C. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2044.1986.tb12920.x">"Acute poisoning with gold cyanide"</a>. Anaesthesia. 41 (79): 936–939. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2044.1986.tb12920.x">10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb12920.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3022615">3022615</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32434351">32434351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anaesthesia&rft.atitle=Acute+poisoning+with+gold+cyanide&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=79&rft.pages=936-939&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32434351%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3022615&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2044.1986.tb12920.x&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=I.+H.&rft.au=Vesey%2C+J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2044.1986.tb12920.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuTsaiGerDeng2001" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Ming-Ling; Tsai, Wei-Jen; Ger, Jiin; Deng, Jou-Fang; Tsay, Shyh-Haw; et al. 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Clinical Toxicology. 39 (7): 739–743. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1081%2FCLT-100108516">10.1081/CLT-100108516</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11778673">11778673</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44722156">44722156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Cholestatic+Hepatitis+Caused+by+Acute+Gold+Potassium+Cyanide+Poisoning&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=739-743&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44722156%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11778673&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1081%2FCLT-100108516&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Ming-Ling&rft.au=Tsai%2C+Wei-Jen&rft.au=Ger%2C+Jiin&rft.au=Deng%2C+Jou-Fang&rft.au=Tsay%2C+Shyh-Haw&rft.au=Yang%2C+Mo-Hsiung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsuruta-2001-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Tsuruta-2001_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsurutaMatsunagaSuzukiSuzuki2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tsuruta, Kyoko; Matsunaga, Kayoko; Suzuki, Kayoko; Suzuki, Rie; Akita, Hirotaka; Washimi, Yasuko; Tomitaka, Akiko; Ueda, Hiroshi (2001). "Female predominance of gold allergy". Contact Dermatitis. 44 (1): 48–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1600-0536.2001.440107-22.x">10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.440107-22.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11156030">11156030</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42268840">42268840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contact+Dermatitis&rft.atitle=Female+predominance+of+gold+allergy&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48-49&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42268840%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11156030&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1034%2Fj.1600-0536.2001.440107-22.x&rft.aulast=Tsuruta&rft.aufirst=Kyoko&rft.au=Matsunaga%2C+Kayoko&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Kayoko&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Rie&rft.au=Akita%2C+Hirotaka&rft.au=Washimi%2C+Yasuko&rft.au=Tomitaka%2C+Akiko&rft.au=Ueda%2C+Hiroshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunk2008" class="citation news cs1">Brunk, Doug (15 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624033428/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-176478357.html">"Ubiquitous nickel wins skin contact allergy award for 2008"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-176478357.html">the original</a> on 24 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ubiquitous+nickel+wins+skin+contact+allergy+award+for+2008&rft.date=2008-02-15&rft.aulast=Brunk&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-176478357.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2006" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Harbhajan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WY3YvfNoouMC&pg=PA533">Mycoremediation: Fungal Bioremediation</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 509. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-05058-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-05058-3"><bdi>978-0-470-05058-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mycoremediation%3A+Fungal+Bioremediation&rft.pages=509&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-470-05058-3&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Harbhajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWY3YvfNoouMC%26pg%3DPA533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Bachmann, H. G. The lure of gold : an artistic and cultural history (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lureofgold0000unse">online</a></li> <li>Bernstein, Peter L. The Power of Gold: The History of an Obsession (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerofgoldhisto00bern">online</a></li> <li>Brands, H.W. The Age of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the New American Dream (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Age-Gold-California-American-Recover/dp/0385720882/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Buranelli, Vincent. Gold : an illustrated history (1979) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldillustratedh00bura">online</a>' wide-ranging popular history</li> <li>Cassel, Gustav. "The restoration of the gold standard." Economica 9 (1923): 171–185. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2548130">online</a></li> <li>Eichengreen, Barry. Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919–1939 (Oxford UP, 1992).</li> <li>Ferguson, Niall. The Ascent of Money – Financial History of the World (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ascentofmoneyf00ferg">online</a></li> <li>Hart, Matthew, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSI5AAAAQBAJ">Gold: The Race for the World's Most Seductive Metal</a> Gold : the race for the world's most seductive metal", New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451650020" title="Special:BookSources/9781451650020">9781451650020</a></li> <li>Johnson, Harry G. "The gold rush of 1968 in retrospect and prospect". American Economic Review 59.2 (1969): 344–348. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1823687">online</a></li> <li>Kwarteng, Kwasi. War and Gold: A Five-Hundred-Year History of Empires, Adventures, and Debt (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wargoldfivehundr0000kwar">online</a></li> <li>Vilar, Pierre. A History of Gold and Money, 1450–1920 (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgoldmon0000vila_c6t2">online</a></li> <li>Vilches, Elvira. New World Gold: Cultural Anxiety and Monetary Disorder in Early Modern Spain (2010).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gold" class="extiw" title="q:Gold">Gold</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gold" class="extiw" title="commons:Gold">Gold</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gold" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gold">gold</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gold">"Gold" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gold&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080417110808/http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/element.asp">Chemistry in its element podcast</a> (MP3) from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chemistry_World" title="Chemistry World">Chemistry World</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_Gold_48k_tcm18-118269.mp3">Gold</a> www.rsc.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/079.htm">Gold</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307000911/http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/other/mining/techdocs/gold.pdf">Getting Gold 1898 book</a>, www.lateralscience.co.uk</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307000911/http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/other/mining/techdocs/gold.pdf">Technical Document on Extraction and Mining of Gold</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 7 March 2008), www.epa.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/79/gold">Gold element information</a> – rsc.org</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gold_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gold_compounds" title="Template:Gold compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gold_compounds" title="Template talk:Gold compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gold_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gold compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gold_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gold_compounds" title="Gold compounds">Gold compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gold(-I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_auride" title="Caesium auride">CsAu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubidium_auride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubidium auride (page does not exist)">RbAu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurosilane" title="Aurosilane">SiAu4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramethylammonium_auride" title="Tetramethylammonium auride">(CH3)4NAu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gold(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold(I)_bromide" title="Gold(I) bromide">AuBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(I)_chloride" title="Gold(I) chloride">AuCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(I)_fluoride" title="Gold(I) fluoride">AuF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_monoiodide" title="Gold monoiodide">AuI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold(I)_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gold(I) hydroxide (page does not exist)">AuOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(I)_sulfide" title="Gold(I) sulfide">Au2S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(I)_cyanide" title="Gold(I) cyanide">AuCN</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dicyanoaurate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicyanoaurate">KAu(CN)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_aurothiosulfate" title="Sodium aurothiosulfate">Na3Au(S2O3)2</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organogold(I)_compounds" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organogold_chemistry#Gold(I)" title="Organogold chemistry">Organogold(I) compounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/(2,4,6-Trimethylphenyl)gold" title="(2,4,6-Trimethylphenyl)gold">(AuC6H2(CH3)3)5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auranofin" title="Auranofin">(C2H5)3PAuSC5H5O(CO2CH3)3CH2OCOCH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurothioglucose" title="Aurothioglucose">AuSC5H5O(OH)3CH2OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurotioprol" title="Aurotioprol">NaAuSCH2CHOHCH2SO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromo(tetrahydrothiophene)gold(I)" title="Bromo(tetrahydrothiophene)gold(I)">BrAuSC4H8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloro(tetrahydrothiophene)gold(I)" title="Chloro(tetrahydrothiophene)gold(I)">ClAuSC4H8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloro(dimethyl_sulfide)gold(I)" title="Chloro(dimethyl sulfide)gold(I)">ClAuS(CH3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloro(triphenylphosphine)gold(I)" title="Chloro(triphenylphosphine)gold(I)">ClAuP(C6H5)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_aurothiomalate" title="Disodium aurothiomalate">Na2AuSCHCO2CH2CO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_aurothiomalate" title="Sodium aurothiomalate">NaAuSCHCO2CH2CO2H</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gold(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetraxenonogold(II)" title="Tetraxenonogold(II)">AuXe4(Sb2F11)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(II)_sulfate" title="Gold(II) sulfate">Au2(SO4)2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gold(I,III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold(I,III)_chloride" title="Gold(I,III) chloride">Au4Cl8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gold(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_fluoride" title="Gold(III) fluoride">AuF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_chloride" title="Gold(III) chloride">AuCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_bromide" title="Gold(III) bromide">AuBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_iodide" title="Gold(III) iodide">AuI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_oxide" title="Gold(III) oxide">Au2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_hydroxide" title="Gold(III) hydroxide">Au(OH)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_sulfide" title="Gold(III) sulfide">Au2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_phosphate" title="Gold(III) phosphate">AuPO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_acetate" title="Gold(III) acetate">Au(C2H3O2)3</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aurates(III)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aurate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurate">Aurates(III)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroauric_acid" title="Chloroauric acid">HAuCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tetrachloroaurate" title="Sodium tetrachloroaurate">NaAuCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabromoauric_acid" title="Tetrabromoauric acid">HAuBr4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitratoauric_acid" title="Nitratoauric acid">HAu(NO3)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloryl_tetraperchloratoaurate" title="Chloryl tetraperchloratoaurate">ClO2Au(ClO4)4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_aurate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium aurate (page does not exist)">NaAuO2</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gold(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold(V)_fluoride" title="Gold(V) fluoride">AuF5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_heptafluoride" title="Gold heptafluoride">AuF5·F2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold(V)_oxalate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gold(V) oxalate (page does not exist)">Au2(C2O4)5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gold(VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_hexafluoride" title="Gold hexafluoride">AuF 6</a> (predicted)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewellery" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewellery" title="Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewellery" title="Template talk:Jewellery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewellery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types" title="List of jewellery types">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">Anklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_clip" title="Hair clip">Barrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_chain" title="Belly chain">Belly chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">Carat</a> (mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness#Carat" title="Fineness">Carat</a> (purity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_(jewelcrafting)" title="Finding (jewelcrafting)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">Fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">Body piercing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art" title="Wearable art">Wearable art</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" 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[\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornerDurrheimNicolaysen1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraigAnderson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalyRengel1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDierks2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuckenfield2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdgerton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElwell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmeryLedditcotte1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaulkTaylor1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFritzMcQuilkenCollinsWeldegiorgis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFulayLee2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarvey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibsonChang2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGopherTsukShalevGophna1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaber1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHainfeldDilmanianSlatkinSmilowitz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammerNorskov1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarjani2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeike,_Brian\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitzerPerwass2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollemanWiberg2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIran1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJansen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJansen2008\"] = 1,\n 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gold","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gold","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q897","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q897","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-10T15:13:18Z","dateModified":"2024-11-11T01:41:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d7\/Gold-crystals.jpg","headline":"chemical element with symbol Au and atomic number 79"}</script> </body> </html>