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class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Jurisdiction" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Jurisdiction" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Jurisdiction" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Jurisdiction" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-International_dimension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_dimension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>International dimension</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_dimension-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International dimension subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_dimension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Political issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_and_municipal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_and_municipal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>International and municipal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_and_municipal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jurisdictional_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisdictional_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Jurisdictional principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisdictional_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supranational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supranational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Supranational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supranational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>National</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_and_limited_jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_limited_jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>General and limited jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_limited_jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Original_and_appellate_jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_and_appellate_jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Original and appellate jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_and_appellate_jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_of_jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_of_jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Example of jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_of_jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Australia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Australia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_and_federal_jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_and_federal_jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>State and federal jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_and_federal_jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Original_and_appellate_jurisdiction_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_and_appellate_jurisdiction_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Original and appellate jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_and_appellate_jurisdiction_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-vesting_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-vesting_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cross-vesting scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-vesting_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_meaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_meaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Territorial meaning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franchise_jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franchise_jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Franchise jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franchise_jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jurisdiction</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtsprechung" title="Rechtsprechung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rechtsprechung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="قضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurisdiksiya" title="Yurisdiksiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yurisdiksiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Юрысдыкцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Юрысдыкцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Юрисдикция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юрисдикция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdicci%C3%B3" title="Jurisdicció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jurisdicció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginsakopan" title="Ginsakopan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ginsakopan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADslu%C5%A1nost_(procesn%C3%AD_pr%C3%A1vo)" title="Příslušnost (procesní právo) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Příslušnost (procesní právo)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awdurdodaeth_(cyfraith)" title="Awdurdodaeth (cyfraith) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Awdurdodaeth (cyfraith)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiktion" title="Jurisdiktion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jurisdiktion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiktsioon" title="Jurisdiktsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jurisdiktsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdicci%C3%B3n" title="Jurisdicción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jurisdicción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskumen_(zuzenbidea)" title="Eskumen (zuzenbidea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskumen (zuzenbidea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="حوزه قضایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حوزه قضایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8gd%C3%B8mi" title="Løgdømi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Løgdømi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comp%C3%A9tence_(droit)" title="Compétence (droit) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Compétence (droit)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xurisdici%C3%B3n" title="Xurisdición – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xurisdición" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%80%ED%95%A0" title="관할 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="관할" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իրավասություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրավասություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अधिकारिता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अधिकारिता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdikcija" title="Jurisdikcija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jurisdikcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurisdiksi" title="Yurisdiksi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yurisdiksi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnar%C3%BEing" title="Varnarþing – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Varnarþing" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giurisdizione" title="Giurisdizione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giurisdizione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurisdiksi" title="Yurisdiksi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yurisdiksi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იურისდიქცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იურისდიქცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Юрисдикция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Юрисдикция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdikcija" title="Jurisdikcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jurisdikcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdikcija" title="Jurisdikcija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jurisdikcija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joghat%C3%B3s%C3%A1g" title="Joghatóság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Joghatóság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictie" title="Jurisdictie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jurisdictie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E7%AE%A1%E8%BD%84" title="裁判管轄 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="裁判管轄" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiksjon" title="Jurisdiksjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jurisdiksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compet%C3%A9ncia_(drech)" title="Competéncia (drech) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Competéncia (drech)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurisdiksiya" title="Yurisdiksiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yurisdiksiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurysdykcja" title="Jurysdykcja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jurysdykcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdi%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Jurisdição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jurisdição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Юрисдикция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юрисдикция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Юрисдикция – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Юрисдикция" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juridiksioni" title="Juridiksioni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Juridiksioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jurisdiction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Јурисдикција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јурисдикција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdikcija" title="Jurisdikcija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jurisdikcija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiktion" title="Jurisdiktion – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jurisdiktion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Қаламрави додрасӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қаламрави додрасӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Юрисдикція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юрисдикція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="دائرہ اختیار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دائرہ اختیار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurisdision" title="Zurisdision – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zurisdision" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy%E1%BB%81n_x%C3%A9t_x%E1%BB%AD" title="Quyền xét xử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quyền xét xử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E7%AE%A1%E8%BD%84%E6%AC%8A" title="司法管轄權 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="司法管轄權" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Authority granted to a legal body or political leader to deal with legal matters</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about civil jurisdiction in a state. For religious or ecclesiastical jurisdiction, see <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_jurisdiction" title="Ecclesiastical jurisdiction">Ecclesiastical jurisdiction</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Jurisdiction" title="Special:EditPage/Jurisdiction">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jurisdiction%22">"Jurisdiction"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jurisdiction%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jurisdiction%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jurisdiction%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jurisdiction%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jurisdiction%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jurisdiction</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ius#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:ius">juris</a></i></span> 'law' + <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dictio" class="extiw" title="wikt:dictio">dictio</a></i></span> 'speech' or 'declaration') is the legal term for the <a href="/wiki/Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Right">legal authority</a> granted to a legal entity to enact <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federations</a> like the United States, the concept of jurisdiction applies at multiple levels (e.g., local, <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">state</a>, and federal). </p><p>Jurisdiction draws its substance from <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_laws" title="Conflict of laws">conflict of laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a>, and the powers of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative branches</a> of <a href="/wiki/Forms_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Forms of government">government</a> to allocate resources to best serve the needs of <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_dimension">International dimension</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: International dimension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, international laws and treaties provide agreements which <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nations</a> agree to be bound to. Such agreements are not always established or maintained. Extraterritorial jurisdiction is exercised through three principles outlined in the <a href="/wiki/UN_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Charter">UN charter</a>. These are equality of states, territorial sovereignty and non-intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This raises questions of when can many states prescribe or enforce jurisdiction. The <a href="/wiki/Lotus_case" title="Lotus case"><i>Lotus</i> case</a> establishes two key rules to the prescription and enforcement of jurisdiction. The case outlines that jurisdiction is territorial and that a state may not exercise its jurisdiction in the territory of another state unless there is a rule that permits this.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On that same note, states enjoy a wide measure of discretion to prescribe jurisdiction over persons, property and acts within their own territory unless there was a rule that prohibits this.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_issue">Political issue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Supranationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Supranationalism">Supranational</a> organizations provide mechanisms whereby disputes between nations may be resolved through <a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">arbitration</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">mediation</a>. When a <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a> is recognized as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i></span>, it is an acknowledgment by the other <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de jure</i></span></i> nations that the country has <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> and the right to exist. </p><p>However, it is often at the discretion of each nation whether to co-operate or participate. If a nation does agree to participate in activities of the supranational bodies and accept decisions, the nation is giving up its sovereign authority and thereby allocating power to these bodies. </p><p>Insofar as these bodies or nominated individuals may resolve disputes through judicial or quasi-judicial means, or promote <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> obligations in the nature of laws, the power ceded to these bodies cumulatively represents its own jurisdiction. But no matter how powerful each body may appear to be, the extent to which any of their <a href="/wiki/Legal_judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal judgment">judgments</a> may be enforced, or proposed treaties and conventions may become, or remain, effective within the territorial boundaries of each nation is a political matter under the sovereign control each nation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_and_municipal">International and municipal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: International and municipal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fact that international organizations, courts and tribunals have been created raises the difficult question of how to co-ordinate their activities with those of national courts. If the two sets of bodies do not have <i>concurrent</i> jurisdiction but, as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC), the relationship is expressly based on the principle of <i>complementarity</i>, i.e., the international court is subsidiary or complementary to national courts, the difficulty is avoided. But if the jurisdiction claimed is concurrent or, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (ICTY), the international tribunal is to prevail over national courts, the problems are more difficult to resolve politically. </p><p>The idea of <a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">universal jurisdiction</a> is fundamental to the operation of <a href="/wiki/Global_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Global organization">global organizations</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ), which jointly assert the benefit of maintaining legal entities with jurisdiction over a wide range of matters of significance to nations (the ICJ should not be confused with the ICC and this version of "universal jurisdiction" is not the same as that enacted in the <a href="/wiki/War_Crimes_Law_(Belgium)" title="War Crimes Law (Belgium)">War Crimes Law (Belgium)</a>, which is an assertion of extraterritorial jurisdiction that will fail to gain implementation in any other state under the standard provisions of <a href="/wiki/Public_policy_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public policy (law)">public policy</a>). Under Article 34 Statute of the ICJ<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only nations may be parties in cases before the Court and, under Article 36, the jurisdiction comprises all cases which the parties refer to it and all matters specially provided for in the Charter of the United Nations or in treaties and conventions in force. But, to invoke the jurisdiction in any given case, all the parties have to accept the prospective judgment as binding. This reduces the risk of wasting the Court's time. </p><p>Despite the safeguards built into the constitutions of most of these organizations, courts and tribunals, the concept of universal jurisdiction is controversial among those nations which prefer unilateral to multilateral solutions through the use of executive or military authority, sometimes described as <i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">realpolitik</a></i>-based diplomacy. </p><p>Within other international contexts, there are <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">intergovernmental organizations</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO) that have socially and economically significant dispute resolution functions but, again, even though their jurisdiction may be invoked to hear the cases, the power to enforce their decisions is at the will of the nations affected, save that the WTO is permitted to allow retaliatory action by successful nations against those nations found to be in breach of <a href="/wiki/International_trade_law" title="International trade law">international trade law</a>. At a regional level, groups of nations can create political and legal bodies with sometimes complicated patchworks of overlapping provisions detailing the jurisdictional relationships between the member states and providing for some degree of <a href="/wiki/Harmonization_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonization of law">harmonization</a> between their national legislative and judicial functions, for example, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> both have the potential to become federated nations although the political barriers to such unification in the face of entrenched <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> will be very difficult to overcome. Each such group may form transnational institutions with declared legislative or judicial powers. For example, in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> has been given jurisdiction as the ultimate appellate court to the member states on issues of European law. This jurisdiction is entrenched, and its authority could only be denied by a member nation if that member nation asserts its sovereignty and withdraws from the union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Law">Law</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard treaties and conventions leave the issue of implementation to each nation, i.e. there is no general rule in international law that treaties have <a href="/wiki/Direct_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct effect">direct effect</a> in <a href="/wiki/Municipal_law" title="Municipal law">municipal law</a>, but some nations, by virtue of their membership of supranational bodies, allow the direct incorporation of rights or enact <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a> to honor their international commitments. Hence, <a href="/wiki/Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizens</a> in those nations can invoke the jurisdiction of local courts to enforce rights granted under international law wherever there is incorporation. If there is no direct effect or legislation, there are two theories to justify the courts incorporating international into municipal law: </p> <ul><li>Monism</li></ul> <dl><dd>This theory characterizes international and municipal law as a single legal system with municipal law subordinate to international law. Hence, in the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, all treaties and the orders of international organizations are effective without any action being required to convert international into municipal law. This has an interesting consequence because treaties that limit or extend the powers of the Dutch government are automatically considered a part of their constitutional law, for example, the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Human_Rights_and_Fundamental_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms">European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>. In nations adopting this theory, the local courts automatically accept jurisdiction to adjudicate on <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuits</a> relying on international law principles.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Dualism</li></ul> <dl><dd>This theory regards international and municipal law as separate systems so that the municipal courts can only apply international law either when it has been incorporated into municipal law or when the courts incorporate international law on their own motion. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, for example, a treaty is not effective until it has been incorporated, at which time it becomes enforceable in the courts by any private citizen, where appropriate, even against the UK Government. Otherwise the courts have a discretion to apply international law where it does not conflict with <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>. The constitutional principle of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary supremacy">parliamentary supremacy</a> permits the legislature to enact any law inconsistent with any international treaty obligations even though the government is a signatory to those treaties.</dd></dl> <p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause">Supremacy Clause</a> of the United States Constitution makes all treaties that have been ratified under the authority of the United States and customary international law to be a part of the "Supreme Law of the Land" (along with the Constitution itself and acts of Congress passed pursuant to it) (U.S. Const.art. VI Cl. 2) As such, the law of the land is binding on the federal government as well as on state and local governments. According to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>, the treaty power authorizes <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to legislate under the <a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper Clause</a> in areas beyond those specifically conferred on Congress (<i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Holland" title="Missouri v. Holland">Missouri v. Holland</a></i>, 252 U.S. 416 (1920)). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This concerns the relationships both between courts in different <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdictions</a>, and between courts within the same jurisdiction. The usual legal doctrine under which questions of jurisdiction are decided is termed <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Forum_non_conveniens" title="Forum non conveniens">forum non conveniens</a></i></span>. </p><p>To deal with the issue of <a href="/wiki/Forum_shopping" title="Forum shopping">forum shopping</a>, nations are urged to adopt more positive rules on conflict of laws. The <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conference_on_Private_International_Law" title="Hague Conference on Private International Law">Hague Conference</a> and other international bodies have made recommendations on jurisdictional matters, but <a href="/wiki/Litigant" class="mw-redirect" title="Litigant">litigants</a> with the encouragement of <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyers</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Contingent_fee" title="Contingent fee">contingent fee</a> continue to shop for forums. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jurisdictional_principles">Jurisdictional principles<span class="anchor" id="Jurisdiction_Principles"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jurisdictional principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under international law there are different principles that are recognized to establish a state's ability to exercise criminal jurisdiction when it comes to a person. There is no hierarchy when it comes to any of the principles. States must therefore work together to solve issues of who may exercise their jurisdiction when it comes to issues of multiple principles being allowed. The principles are Territorial Principle, Nationality Principle, Passive Personality Principle, Protective Principle, Universality Principle </p><p><a href="/wiki/Territorial_principle" title="Territorial principle">Territorial principle</a>: This principle states that the State where the crime has been committed may exercise jurisdiction. This is one of the most straightforward and least controversial of the principles. This is also the only principle that is territorial in nature; all other forms are extraterritorial.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nationality_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality principle">Nationality principle</a> (also known as the Active Personality Principle): This principle is based around a person's nationality and allows States to exercise jurisdiction when it comes to their nationality, both within and outside the State's territory. Seeing as the territoriality principle already gives the State the right to exercise jurisdiction, this principle is primarily used as a justification for prosecuting crimes committed abroad by a States nationals.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a growing trend to allow States to also apply this principle to permanent residents abroad as well (for example: Denmark Criminal Code (2005), sec 7; Finland Criminal Code (2015), sec 6; Iceland Criminal Code (2014), art 5; Latvia Criminal Code (2013), sec 4; Netherlands Criminal Code (2019), art 7; Norway Criminal Code (2005), sec 12; Swedish Criminal Code (1999), sec 2; Lithuania Criminal Code (2015), art 5). </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_Personality_Principle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Passive Personality Principle (page does not exist)">Passive Personality Principle</a>: This principle is similar to the Nationality Principle, except you are exercising jurisdiction against a foreign national that has committed a criminal act against its own national. The idea is that a State has a duty to protect its nationals and therefore if someone harms their nationals that State has the right to prosecute the accused.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Protective_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Protective principle">Protective principle</a>: This principle allows States to exercise jurisdiction when it comes to foreign nationals for acts committed outside their territory that have or are intended to have a prejudicial impact upon the State. It is especially used when it comes to matters of national security.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">Universality principle</a>: This is the broadest of all the principles. The basis is that a State has the right, sometimes even the obligation, to exercise jurisdiction when it comes to the most serious violations of international criminal law; for example <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_executions" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial executions">extrajudicial executions</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearances" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearances">forced disappearances</a>. This principle also goes further than the other principles as there is attached to it the obligation to either prosecute the accused or extradite them to a State that will, known as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Aut_dedere_aut_judicare" title="Aut dedere aut judicare">aut dedere aut judicare</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supranational">Supranational</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Supranational"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At a supranational level, countries have adopted a range of treaty and convention obligations to relate the right of individual litigants to invoke the jurisdiction of national courts and to enforce the judgments obtained. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Member_state" title="Member state">member nations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Regime" title="Brussels Regime">Brussels Convention</a> in 1968 and, subject to amendments as new nations joined, it represents the default law for all twenty-seven Member States of what is now termed the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> on the relationships between the courts in the different countries. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Regime" title="Brussels Regime">Lugano Convention</a> (1988) binds the European Union and the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a>. </p><p>In effect from 1 March 2002, all the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_member_state" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union member state">European Union member states</a> except <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> accepted <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Regime" title="Brussels Regime">Council Regulation (EC) 44/2001</a>, which makes major changes to the Brussels Convention and is <a href="/wiki/Direct_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct effect">directly effective</a> in the member nations. Council Regulation (EC) 44/2001 now also applies as between the rest of the EU Member States and Denmark due to an agreement reached between the European Community and Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some legal areas, at least, the reciprocal <a href="/wiki/Enforcement_of_foreign_judgments" title="Enforcement of foreign judgments">enforcement of foreign judgments</a> is now more straightforward. At a national level, the traditional rules still determine jurisdiction over persons who are not <a href="/wiki/Domicile_(law)" title="Domicile (law)">domiciled</a> or habitually resident in the European Union or the Lugano area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National">National</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many nations are subdivided into states or <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">provinces</a> (i.e. a <a href="/wiki/State_(subnational)" class="mw-redirect" title="State (subnational)">subnational "state"</a>). In a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>—as can be found in <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/States_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Mexico">Mexico</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">United States</a>—such subunits will exercise <i>jurisdiction</i> through the court systems as defined by the executives and legislatures. </p><p>When the jurisdictions of government entities overlap one another—for example between a state and the federation to which it belongs—their jurisdiction is a <i>shared</i> or <i>concurrent</i> jurisdiction. Otherwise, one government entity will have exclusive jurisdiction over the shared area. When jurisdiction is concurrent, one government entity may have supreme jurisdiction over the other entity if their laws conflict. If the executive or legislative powers within the jurisdiction are not restricted, or have only limited restrictions, these government branches have plenary power such as a national <a href="/wiki/Police_power_(United_States_constitutional_law)" title="Police power (United States constitutional law)">policing power</a>. Otherwise, an <a href="/wiki/Enabling_act" title="Enabling act">enabling act</a> grants only limited or enumerated powers. </p><p>Child custody cases in the U.S. are a prime example of jurisdictional dilemmas caused by different states under a federal alignment. When parents and children are in different states, there is the possibility of different state court orders over-ruling each other. The U.S. solved this problem by adopting the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Child_Custody_Jurisdiction_And_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction And Enforcement Act">Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act</a>. The act established criteria for determining which state has primary jurisdiction, which allows courts to defer the hearing of a case if an appropriate administrative agency determines so.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background:#FFFBFF;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Seal of the United States Supreme Court" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/125px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/188px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/250px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="display:block;margin-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">United States federal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">civil procedure</a> doctrines</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ADDFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Justiciability" title="Justiciability">Justiciability</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_opinion" title="Advisory opinion">Advisory opinions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">Standing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness" title="Ripeness">Ripeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mootness" title="Mootness">Mootness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_question" title="Political question">Political questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_avoidance" title="Constitutional avoidance">Constitutional avoidance</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ADDFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Federal_jurisdiction_(United_States)" title="Federal jurisdiction (United States)">Jurisdiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-top:0.3em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E1F5FF;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Subject-matter_jurisdiction" title="Subject-matter jurisdiction">Subject-matter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#FFFBFF; padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_question_jurisdiction" title="Federal question jurisdiction">Federal question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_jurisdiction" title="Diversity jurisdiction">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amount_in_controversy" title="Amount in controversy">Amount in controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_jurisdiction" title="Supplemental jurisdiction">Supplemental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_jurisdiction" title="Removal jurisdiction">Removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_Action_Fairness_Act_of_2005" title="Class Action Fairness Act of 2005"><span class="wrap">Class Action Fairness Act of 2005</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E1F5FF;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Personal_jurisdiction" title="Personal jurisdiction">Personal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#FFFBFF; padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/In_personam" title="In personam">In personam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_rem_jurisdiction" title="In rem jurisdiction">In rem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quasi_in_rem_jurisdiction" title="Quasi in rem jurisdiction">Quasi in rem</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ADDFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erie_doctrine" title="Erie doctrine"><i>Erie</i> doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstention_doctrine" title="Abstention doctrine">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Injunction_Act" title="Anti-Injunction Act">Anti-Injunction Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity_in_the_United_States" title="Sovereign immunity in the United States">Sovereign immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrogation_doctrine" title="Abrogation doctrine">Abrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooker%E2%80%93Feldman_doctrine" title="Rooker–Feldman doctrine"><i>Rooker–Feldman</i> doctrine</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Adequate_and_independent_state_ground" title="Adequate and independent state ground">Adequate and independent state ground</a></div></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_federal_civil_procedure" title="Template:United States federal civil procedure"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_federal_civil_procedure" title="Template talk:United States federal civil procedure"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_federal_civil_procedure" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States federal civil procedure"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federal_jurisdiction_(United_States)" title="Federal jurisdiction (United States)">Federal jurisdiction (United States)</a></div> <p>The primary distinctions between areas of jurisdiction are <a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">codified</a> at the federal level. In the United States' <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> system, jurisdiction is conceptually divided between jurisdiction over the <i><a href="/wiki/Subject-matter_jurisdiction" title="Subject-matter jurisdiction">subject matter</a></i> of a case and personal jurisdiction over the parties to the case.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A court whose subject matter jurisdiction is limited to certain types of controversies (for example, suits in <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">admiralty</a> or suits where the monetary amount sought is less than a specified sum) is sometimes referred to as a <i>court of special jurisdiction</i> or <i>court of limited jurisdiction</i>. </p><p>In U.S. federal courts, courts must consider subject matter jurisdiction <a href="/wiki/Sua_sponte" title="Sua sponte">sua sponte</a> and therefore recognize their own lack of jurisdiction even if neither party has raised the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_limited_jurisdiction">General and limited jurisdiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: General and limited jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A court whose subject matter is not limited to certain types of controversy is referred to as a <i>court of general jurisdiction</i>. In the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a>, each state has courts of general jurisdiction; most states also have some courts of limited jurisdiction. Federal courts (those operated by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a>) are all courts of limited jurisdiction. <a href="/wiki/Federal_jurisdiction_(United_States)" title="Federal jurisdiction (United States)">Federal jurisdiction</a> is divided into <a href="/wiki/Federal_question_jurisdiction" title="Federal question jurisdiction">federal question jurisdiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diversity_jurisdiction" title="Diversity jurisdiction">diversity jurisdiction</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States district courts</a> may hear only cases arising under federal law and treaties, cases involving ambassadors, admiralty cases, controversies between states or between a state and citizens of another state, lawsuits involving citizens of different states, and against foreign states and citizens. </p><p>Certain courts, particularly the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> and most <a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">state supreme courts</a>, have <a href="/wiki/Discretionary_jurisdiction" title="Discretionary jurisdiction">discretionary jurisdiction</a>, meaning that they can choose which cases to hear from among all the cases presented on appeal. Such courts generally only choose to hear cases that would settle important and controversial points of law. Though these courts have discretion to deny cases they otherwise could adjudicate, no court has the discretion to hear a case that falls outside of its subject matter jurisdiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_and_appellate_jurisdiction">Original and appellate jurisdiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Original and appellate jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is also necessary to distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction" title="Original jurisdiction">original jurisdiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appellate_jurisdiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Appellate jurisdiction">appellate jurisdiction</a>. A court of original jurisdiction has the power to hear cases as they are first initiated by a <a href="/wiki/Plaintiff" title="Plaintiff">plaintiff</a>, while a court of appellate jurisdiction may only hear an action after the court of original jurisdiction (or a lower appellate court) has heard the matter. For example, in <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal courts">United States federal courts</a>, the United States district courts have original jurisdiction over a number of different matters (as mentioned above), and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_court_of_appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States court of appeals">United States court of appeals</a> have appellate jurisdiction over matters appealed from the district courts. The U.S. Supreme Court, in turn, has appellate jurisdiction (of a discretionary nature) over the Courts of Appeals, as well as the state supreme courts, by means of <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_certiorari" class="mw-redirect" title="Writ of certiorari">writ of certiorari</a>. </p><p>However, in a special class of cases, the U.S. Supreme Court has the power to exercise original jurisdiction. Under <a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1251">§ 1251</a>, the Supreme court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over controversies between two or more states, and original (but non-exclusive) jurisdiction over cases involving officials of foreign states, controversies between the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> and a state, actions by a state against the citizens of another state or foreign country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_of_jurisdiction">Example of jurisdiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Example of jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a practical example of court jurisdiction, as of 2013 <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> has five types of courts, each for different legal matters and different physical territories.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One-hundred-and-eight judges oversee Justice Courts, which handle traffic and parking citations, <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a> crimes, and most <a href="/wiki/Small_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Small claims">small claims</a> cases. Seventy-one judges preside over District Courts, which deal with civil cases exceeding small claims limits, <a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">probate</a> law, <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> criminal cases, <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> and child custody cases, some small claims, and appeals from Justice Courts. Twenty-eight judges handle Juvenile Court, which oversees most people under 18 years old who are accused of a crime, as well as cases of alleged child abuse or neglect; serious crimes committed by 16 or 17 year old persons may be referred to the District Courts. Seven judges in the Appeals Court hear most criminal appeals from District Courts, all appeals from juvenile court and all domestic/divorce cases from District Court, as well as some cases transferred to them by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court seats five judges who hear appeals on first-degree felonies (the most serious) including capital crimes, as well as all civil cases from District Court (excepting divorce/domestic cases). The Supreme Court also oversees cases involving interpretation of the state Constitution, election matters, judicial conduct, and alleged misconduct by lawyers. This example shows how matters arising in the same physical territory might be seen in different courts. A minor traffic infraction originating in <a href="/wiki/Orem,_Utah" title="Orem, Utah">Orem, Utah</a> is handled by the Orem Justice Court. However, a second-degree felony arrest and a first-degree felony arrest in Orem would be under the jurisdiction of the District Court in <a href="/wiki/Provo,_Utah" title="Provo, Utah">Provo, Utah</a>. If both the minor traffic offense and the felony arrests resulted in guilty verdicts, the traffic conviction could be appealed to the District Court in Provo, while the second-degree felony appeal would be heard by the Appeals Court in Salt Lake City and the first-degree felony appeal would be heard by the Supreme Court. Similarly for civil matters, a small claims case arising in Orem would probably be heard in the Orem Justice Court, while a divorce filed by an Orem resident would be heard by the District Court in Provo. The above examples apply only to cases of Utah state law; any case under Federal jurisdiction would be handled by a different court system. All Federal cases arising in Utah are under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Utah" title="United States District Court for the District of Utah">United States District Court for the District of Utah</a>, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake City, Utah">Salt Lake City, Utah</a>, and would be heard in <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_courthouses_in_Utah" title="List of United States federal courthouses in Utah">one of three</a> Federal courthouses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia, unless a matter is brought before the courts in a way amounting to an abuse of process, a court recognising its jurisdiction is obliged to exercise it.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But as Australia is a federal country, no court is vested with an unrestricted jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the rules of jurisdiction are used to determine the ambit of those restrictions upon the courts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_and_federal_jurisdiction">State and federal jurisdiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: State and federal jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This idea of restrictions on jurisdiction is well illustrated by the difference in competence between federal and state courts. </p><p>Federal courts are the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court of Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Circuit_and_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia">Family Court of Australia</a>, and other subsidiaries. Federal courts exercise federal jurisdiction<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - the judicial powers granted to the federal government by the constitution of Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extent of that jurisdiction is outlined in both the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a> and legislation enacted by the federal parliament. For example, section 73(ii) of the Constitution empowers the High Court to hear appeals from the supreme court of any state, and from other courts exercising federal jurisdiction. Likewise, section 39B(1A)(c) of the <i>Judiciary Act</i> 1903 (Cth) empowers the Federal Court of Australia to hear any matter arising under laws enacted by the federal parliament. </p><p>Similarly, the jurisdiction of state courts is created by the states’ constitutions and is further delineated by legislation passed by their respective parliaments. In the <i>Constitution of Queensland 2001</i> (QLD), it is written at s58(1) that the Supreme Court of the state has all jurisdiction necessary for the administration of justice in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>. That is the extent of its jurisdiction. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, the courts’ jurisdiction is not mentioned in the constitution. Instead, the state’s legislature is empowered to make laws for the peace, welfare, and good governance of New South Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst these laws, it is stated in section 23 of the <i>Supreme Court Act 1970</i> (NSW) that the Supreme Court shall have all jurisdiction necessary for the administration of justice in NSW. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a>, that same power is conferred by section 85(1) of its constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In summary, the jurisdiction of the courts of each state extends (at a basic level) to matters occurring within their state. Meanwhile, the jurisdiction of the Federal Court of Australia is over matters arising under federal law. The jurisdiction of the High Court is to hear appeals from states’ Supreme Courts, the Federal Court, and over matters prescribed in the Constitution of Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_and_appellate_jurisdiction_2">Original and appellate jurisdiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Original and appellate jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>That approach to jurisdiction is useful to determine what questions a court may answer in examining a matter before it. Original jurisdiction permits courts to answer all questions of law and fact when a matter is brought before them for the first time<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (for practical reasons, courts hearing appeals from administrative bodies will also exercise original jurisdiction, this does not subvert the rule).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Appellate jurisdiction is corrective in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, courts examine how lower previous decision-makers answered questions of law, whether an error was made in that process, as well as whether and how that error ought to be rectified. Their job is to correct errors made in answering the said questions - essentially, to correct errors of law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-vesting_scheme">Cross-vesting scheme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cross-vesting scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The jurisdiction of Supreme Courts of states and territories may be vested in each other in special circumstances, the federal jurisdiction may also be vested in them.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technicalities aside, the scheme compels courts to transfer matters to another court if, in the interests of justice, the second court is a more appropriate place to litigate.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In assessing the interests of justice in any particular matter, the court will have regard to the interests of the parties. </p><p>The mere existence of criteria to transfer matters over to different courts nonetheless means that parties have an interest in commencing proceedings in the most convenient jurisdiction to them. The advantage conferred onto first movers is not exclusive to the Australian federal court system, parties involved in international disputes will already be familiar with that concept. However, the threshold for intra-Australia transfer is notably lower than that <a href="/wiki/Forum_non_conveniens" title="Forum non conveniens">pertaining to international transfer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territorial_meaning">Territorial meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Territorial meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "jurisdiction" is also used, especially in informal writing, to refer to a <a href="/wiki/State_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="State (country subdivision)">state</a> or political subdivision generally, or to its government, rather than to its legal authority.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Franchise_jurisdiction">Franchise jurisdiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Franchise jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the history of English common law, a jurisdiction could be held as a form of property (or more precisely an <a href="/wiki/Incorporeal_hereditament" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporeal hereditament">incorporeal hereditament</a>) called a <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_right" title="Exclusive right">franchise</a>. Traditional franchise jurisdictions of various powers were held by <a href="/wiki/Corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporations">municipal corporations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">religious houses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guilds" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilds">guilds</a>, early <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Welsh Marches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/County_palatine" title="County palatine">counties palatine</a>. Types of franchise courts included <a href="/wiki/Court_baron" class="mw-redirect" title="Court baron">courts baron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_leet" title="Court leet">courts leet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_piepowders" title="Court of piepowders">merchant courts</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Stannary_law" title="Stannary law">stannary courts</a> that dealt with disputes involving the tin miners of <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>. The original <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American colonies</a> included broad grants of franchise jurisdiction along with other governmental powers to <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a> or individuals, as did the charters for many other colonial companies such as the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a>. Analogous jurisdiction existed in medieval times on the European Continent. Over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, franchise jurisdictions were largely eliminated. Several formerly important franchise courts were not officially abolished until <a href="/wiki/Courts_Act_1971" title="Courts Act 1971">Courts Act of 1971</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">Jurisdiction (area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay_Naval_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Guantánamo Bay Naval Base">Guantánamo Bay Naval Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunity_from_prosecution_(international_law)" title="Immunity from prosecution (international law)">Immunity from prosecution (international law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions in the United States</a> – a different use of the word jurisdiction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">Law enforcement agency</a> – a different use of the word jurisdiction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawsuits_against_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawsuits against God">Lawsuits against God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_jurisdiction" title="Private jurisdiction">Private jurisdiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasul_v._Bush" title="Rasul v. Bush">Rasul v. Bush</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_immunity" title="State immunity">State immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">Universal jurisdiction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoister,_Neil2018" class="citation book cs1">Boister, Neil (2018). <i>An introduction to transnational 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EUR-Lex&rft.atitle=Agreement+between+the+European+Community+and+the+Kingdom+of+Denmark+on+jurisdiction+and+the+recognition+and+enforcement+of+judgments+in+civil+and+commercial+matters&rft.date=2005-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ%3AL%3A2005%3A299%3A0062%3A0070%3AEN%3APDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurisdiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010111940/http://www.uniformlaws.org/ActSummary.aspx?title=Child%20Custody%20Jurisdiction%20and%20Enforcement%20Act">"Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act Summary"</a>. <i>Uniform Laws Commission</i>. The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uniformlaws.org/ActSummary.aspx?title=Child%20Custody%20Jurisdiction%20and%20Enforcement%20Act">the original</a> on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uniform+Laws+Commission&rft.atitle=Child+Custody+Jurisdiction+and+Enforcement+Act+Summary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniformlaws.org%2FActSummary.aspx%3Ftitle%3DChild%2520Custody%2520Jurisdiction%2520and%2520Enforcement%2520Act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurisdiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Leitman_Bailey,_Dov_Treimann2019" class="citation web cs1">Adam Leitman Bailey, Dov Treimann (February 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.com/newyorklawjournal/2019/02/19/court-of-appeals-to-decide-two-cases-with-major-landlord-tenant-implications/">"Court of Appeals to Decide Two Cases With Major Landlord-Tenant Implications"</a>. <i>New York Law Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216165337/https://www.law.com/newyorklawjournal/2019/02/19/court-of-appeals-to-decide-two-cases-with-major-landlord-tenant-implications/">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Court+of+Appeals+to+Decide+Two+Cases+With+Major+Landlord-Tenant+Implications&rft.date=2019-02-19&rft.au=Adam+Leitman+Bailey%2C+Dov+Treimann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.com%2Fnewyorklawjournal%2F2019%2F02%2F19%2Fcourt-of-appeals-to-decide-two-cases-with-major-landlord-tenant-implications%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurisdiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/jurisdiction">"Jurisdiction"</a>. <i>Wex</i>. Legal Information Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616012337/https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/jurisdiction">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wex&rft.atitle=Jurisdiction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Fjurisdiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurisdiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_12">"Rule 12. Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing"</a>. <i>Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</i>. Legal Information Institute. December 1, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231020180607/https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_12">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Rules+of+Civil+Procedure&rft.atitle=Rule+12.+Defenses+and+Objections%3A+When+and+How+Presented%3B+Motion+for+Judgment+on+the+Pleadings%3B+Consolidating+Motions%3B+Waiving+Defenses%3B+Pretrial+Hearing&rft.date=2023-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Frules%2Ffrcp%2Frule_12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurisdiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026170526/https://www.utcourts.gov/brochures/docs/Guide_to_the_Courts.pdf">"Guide to the Courts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Utah State Courts. May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utcourts.gov/brochures/docs/Guide_to_the_Courts.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Courts&rft.pub=Utah+State+Courts&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.utcourts.gov%2Fbrochures%2Fdocs%2FGuide_to_the_Courts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurisdiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Re Macks</i> [2000] HCA 62, [53].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New South Wales v Kable</i> [2013] HCA 26, [30].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Judiciary Act 1903</i> (Cth) Pt. IV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act</i> (Cth) s 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Constitution Act 1902</i> (NSW) s5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Constitution Act 1975</i> (Vic).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act</i> (Cth) s 75, 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ruhani v Director of Police</i> [2005] HCA 24, [163].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Roy Morgan Research Centre Pty Ltd v Cmr of State Revenue (Vic)</i> [2001] HCA 49, [15]; <i>Federal Court of Australia Act 1976</i> (Cth) s 19(2); <i>Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia Act 2021</i> (Cth) s 131(2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jurisdiction of Courts (Cross-vesting) Act<b>s</b> 1987</i> (QLD, NSW, VIC, SA, WA, TAS, NT, ACT).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>BHP Billiton Ltd v Schultz</i> [2004] HCA 61, [14].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jurisdiction">"Jurisdiction - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090424111150/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jurisdiction">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-04-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jurisdiction+-+Definition+from+the+Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fjurisdiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurisdiction" class="Z3988"></span> <i>See also, e.g.</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/09/22/ST2008092201168.html">"Metro's $11 Billion To-Do List,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013091344/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/09/22/ST2008092201168.html">Archived</a> 2017-10-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>: "Local jurisdictions are also facing shortfalls, and much will depend on the economy and political decisions at the local, state and federal levels"; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/editorial/bal-ed.pensions24sep24,0,2581549.story">"Teacher pension pinch,"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> in ''<i><a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a></i>: "Large, affluent jurisdictions have scores of high-salaried teachers with correspondingly higher pension costs."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://judgenews.net/">"Jurisdiction"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051105233537/https://www.law.cornell.edu/topics/jurisdiction.html">Archived</a> 2005-11-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Cornell.edu</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdi.org/news/law/gtmo-sct-decision.cfm">Supreme Court Decision</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424110014/http://www.cdi.org/news/law/gtmo-sct-decision.cfm">Archived</a> 2012-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the Guantánamo Bay jurisdiction</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001030343/http://szabo.best.vwh.net/JurisdictionAsProperty.pdf">Jurisdiction As Property</a> – franchise jurisdiction</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abstention_doctrine" title="Abstention doctrine">Abstention</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Commission_v._Pullman_Co." title="Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.">Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burford_v._Sun_Oil_Co." title="Burford v. Sun Oil Co.">Burford v. Sun Oil Co.</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Power_%26_Light_Co._v._City_of_Thibodaux" title="Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux">Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Gas_Pipe_Line_Co._v._Ideal_Cement_Co." title="United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.">United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/England_v._Louisiana_State_Board_of_Medical_Examiners" title="England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners">England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Younger_v._Harris" title="Younger v. Harris">Younger v. Harris</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Water_Conservation_District_v._United_States" title="Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States">Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_H._Cone_Memorial_Hospital_v._Mercury_Construction_Corp." title="Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.">Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adequate_and_independent_state_ground" title="Adequate and independent state ground">Adequate and<br />independent state ground</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Murdock_v._City_of_Memphis" title="Murdock v. City of Memphis">Murdock v. City of Memphis</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Nation_of_Indians_v._Christy" title="Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy">Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fox_Film_Corp._v._Muller" title="Fox Film Corp. v. Muller">Fox Film Corp. v. Muller</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harrison_v._NAACP" title="Harrison v. NAACP">Harrison v. NAACP</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._Long" title="Michigan v. Long">Michigan v. Long</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_common_law" title="Federal common law">Federal common law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hudson" title="United States v. Hudson">United States v. Hudson</a></i> (1812)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swift_v._Tyson" title="Swift v. Tyson">Swift v. Tyson</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_%26_White_Taxicab_%26_Transfer_Co._v._Brown_%26_Yellow_Taxicab_%26_Transfer_Co." title="Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.">Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erie_Railroad_Co._v._Tompkins" title="Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins">Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hinderlider_v._La_Plata_River_%26_Cherry_Creek_Ditch_Co." title="Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.">Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clearfield_Trust_Co._v._United_States" title="Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States">Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States</a></i> (1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rooker%E2%80%93Feldman_doctrine" title="Rooker–Feldman doctrine">Rooker–Feldman doctrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rooker_v._Fidelity_Trust_Co." title="Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.">Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Court_of_Appeals_v._Feldman" title="District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman">District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exxon_Mobil_Corp._v._Saudi_Basic_Industries_Corp." title="Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.">Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity_in_the_United_States" title="Sovereign immunity in the United States">Sovereign immunity</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Presidential_immunity_in_the_United_States" title="Presidential immunity in the United States">presidential immunity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_v._Barreme" title="Little v. Barreme">Little v. Barreme</a></i> (1804)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Schooner_Exchange_v._M%27Faddon" title="The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon">The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon</a></i> (1812)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_v._Johnson" title="Mississippi v. Johnson">Mississippi v. Johnson</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lee_(1882)" title="United States v. Lee (1882)">United States v. Lee</a></i> (1882)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schillinger_v._United_States" title="Schillinger v. United States">Schillinger v. United States</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feres_v._United_States" title="Feres v. United States">Feres v. United States</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wunderlich" title="United States v. Wunderlich">United States v. Wunderlich</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Banco_Nacional_de_Cuba_v._Sabbatino" title="Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino">Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Pueblo_v._Martinez" title="Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez">Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Fitzgerald" title="Nixon v. Fitzgerald">Nixon v. Fitzgerald</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Stanley" title="United States v. Stanley">United States v. Stanley</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Tax_Commission_v._Citizen_Band,_Potawatomi_Indian_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma">Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_v._Nelson" title="Saudi Arabia v. Nelson">Saudi Arabia v. Nelson</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clinton_v._Jones" title="Clinton v. Jones">Clinton v. Jones</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma_v._Manufacturing_Technologies,_Inc." title="Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.">Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/College_Savings_Bank_v._Florida_Prepaid_Postsecondary_Education_Expense_Board" title="College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board">College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C_%26_L_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Citizen_Band,_Potawatomi_Indian_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma">C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inyo_County_v._Paiute-Shoshone_Indians_of_the_Bishop_Community" title="Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community">Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._White_Mountain_Apache_Tribe" title="United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe">United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Austria_v._Altmann" title="Republic of Austria v. Altmann">Republic of Austria v. Altmann</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sherrill_v._Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York" title="City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York">City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolan_v._United_States_Postal_Service" title="Dolan v. United States Postal Service">Dolan v. United States Postal Service</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_India_v._City_of_New_York" title="Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York">Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ali_v._Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons">Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samantar_v._Yousuf" title="Samantar v. Yousuf">Samantar v. Yousuf</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bormes" title="United States v. Bormes">United States v. Bormes</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Argentina_v._NML_Capital,_Ltd." title="Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.">Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OBB_Personenverkehr_AG_v._Sachs" title="OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs">OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jam_v._International_Finance_Corp." title="Jam v. International Finance Corp.">Jam v. International Finance Corp.</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_v._Harrison" title="Republic of Sudan v. Harrison">Republic of Sudan v. Harrison</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opati_v._Republic_of_Sudan" title="Opati v. Republic of Sudan">Opati v. Republic of Sudan</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2024)" title="Trump v. United States (2024)">Trump v. United States</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Jurisdiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_jurisdiction_(United_States)" title="Federal jurisdiction (United States)">Jurisdiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chisholm_v._Georgia" title="Chisholm v. Georgia">Chisholm v. Georgia</a></i> (1793)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i> (1803)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._More" title="United States v. More">United States v. More</a></i> (1805)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martin_v._Hunter%27s_Lessee" title="Martin v. Hunter's Lessee">Martin v. Hunter's Lessee</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Insurance_Co._v._356_Bales_of_Cotton" title="American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton">American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_v._Sill" title="Sheldon v. Sill">Sheldon v. Sill</a></i> (1850)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Jackalow" title="United States v. Jackalow">United States v. Jackalow</a></i> (1862)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Vallandigham" title="Ex parte Vallandigham">Ex parte Vallandigham</a></i> (1864)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_McCardle" title="Ex parte McCardle">Ex parte McCardle</a></i> (1869)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Klein" title="United States v. Klein">United States v. Klein</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_St._Louis_v._Myers" title="City of St. Louis v. Myers">City of St. Louis v. Myers</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barrett_v._United_States" title="Barrett v. United States">Barrett v. United States</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burton_v._United_States#Burton_I_(1905)" title="Burton v. United States">Burton v. United States I</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burton_v._United_States#Burton_II_(1906)" title="Burton v. United States">Burton v. United States II</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisville_%26_Nashville_Railroad_Co._v._Mottley" title="Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley">Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_v._United_States" title="Muskrat v. United States">Muskrat v. United States</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Well_Works_Co._v._Layne_%26_Bowler_Co." title="American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.">American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Kansas_City_Title_%26_Trust_Co." title="Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.">Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hartsville_Oil_Mill_v._United_States" title="Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States">Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_v._Illinois" title="Wisconsin v. Illinois">Wisconsin v. Illinois</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crowell_v._Benson" title="Crowell v. Benson">Crowell v. Benson</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colegrove_v._Green" title="Colegrove v. Green">Colegrove v. Green</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glidden_Co._v._Zdanok" title="Glidden Co. v. Zdanok">Glidden Co. v. Zdanok</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York_v._County_of_Oneida" title="Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida">Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._New_Mexico" title="Arizona v. New Mexico">Arizona v. New Mexico</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mt._Healthy_City_School_District_Board_of_Education_v._Doyle" title="Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle">Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pipeline_Construction_Co._v._Marathon_Pipe_Line_Co." title="Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.">Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_v._Union_Carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas v. Union Carbide (page does not exist)">Thomas v. Union Carbide</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission_v._Schor" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor">Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merrell_Dow_Pharmaceuticals_Inc._v._Thompson" title="Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson">Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plaut_v._Spendthrift_Farm,_Inc." title="Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.">Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase_Bank_v._Traffic_Stream_(BVI)_Infrastructure_Ltd." title="JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.">JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grable_%26_Sons_Metal_Products,_Inc._v._Darue_Engineering_%26_Mfg." title="Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.">Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowles_v._Russell" title="Bowles v. Russell">Bowles v. Russell</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patchak_v._Zinke" title="Patchak v. Zinke">Patchak v. Zinke</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Justiciability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Justiciability" title="Justiciability">Justiciability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mootness" title="Mootness">Mootness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/DeFunis_v._Odegaard" title="DeFunis v. Odegaard">DeFunis v. Odegaard</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campbell-Ewald_Co._v._Gomez" title="Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez">Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acheson_Hotels,_LLC_v._Laufer" title="Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer">Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_question" title="Political question">Political question</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Carr" title="Baker v. Carr">Baker v. Carr</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldwater_v._Carter" title="Goldwater v. Carter">Goldwater v. Carter</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._United_States" title="Nixon v. United States">Nixon v. United States</a></i> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ripeness" title="Ripeness">Ripeness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poe_v._Ullman" title="Poe v. Ullman">Poe v. Ullman</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toilet_Goods_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Gardner" title="Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner">Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laird_v._Tatum" title="Laird v. Tatum">Laird v. Tatum</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williamson_County_Regional_Planning_Commission_v._Hamilton_Bank_of_Johnson_City" title="Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City">Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._New_York" title="Trump v. New York">Trump v. New York</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)#United_States" title="Standing (law)">Standing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bailiff_v._Tipping" title="Bailiff v. Tipping">Bailiff v. Tipping</a></i> (1805)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_v._Hughes" title="Fairchild v. Hughes">Fairchild v. Hughes</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._Mellon" title="Massachusetts v. Mellon">Massachusetts v. Mellon</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Levitt" title="Ex parte Levitt">Ex parte Levitt</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altvater_v._Freeman" title="Altvater v. Freeman">Altvater v. Freeman</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flast_v._Cohen" title="Flast v. Cohen">Flast v. Cohen</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club_v._Morton" title="Sierra Club v. Morton">Sierra Club v. Morton</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Students_Challenging_Regulatory_Agency_Procedures" title="United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures">United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schlesinger_v._Reservists_Committee_to_Stop_the_War" title="Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War">Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warth_v._Seldin" title="Warth v. Seldin">Warth v. Seldin</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Brick_Co._v._Illinois" title="Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois">Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pfizer_Inc._v._Government_of_India" title="Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India">Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_Christian_College_v._Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_%26_State" title="Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State">Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Los_Angeles_v._Lyons" title="City of Los Angeles v. Lyons">City of Los Angeles v. Lyons</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allen_v._Wright" title="Allen v. Wright">Allen v. Wright</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diamond_v._Charles" title="Diamond v. Charles">Diamond v. Charles</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lujan_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife">Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raines_v._Byrd" title="Raines v. Byrd">Raines v. Byrd</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Akins" title="FEC v. Akins">FEC v. Akins</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth,_Inc._v._Laidlaw_Environmental_Services,_Inc." title="Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.">Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DaimlerChrysler_Corp._v._Cuno" title="DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno">DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hein_v._Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation">Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency">Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Christian_School_Tuition_Organization_v._Winn" title="Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn">Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bond_v._United_States_(2011)" title="Bond v. United States (2011)">Bond v. United States</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clapper_v._Amnesty_International_USA" title="Clapper v. Amnesty International USA">Clapper v. Amnesty International USA</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spokeo,_Inc._v._Robins" title="Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins">Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania" title="Texas v. Pennsylvania">Texas v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._New_York" title="Trump v. New York">Trump v. New York</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TransUnion_LLC_v._Ramirez" title="TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez">TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biden_v._Nebraska" title="Biden v. Nebraska">Biden v. Nebraska</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FDA_v._Alliance_for_Hippocratic_Medicine" title="FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine">FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murthy_v._Missouri" title="Murthy v. Missouri">Murthy v. Missouri</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayburn%27s_Case" title="Hayburn's Case">Hayburn's Case</a></i> (1792)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Oneida_v._Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York_State" title="County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State">County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Bandemer" title="Davis v. Bandemer">Davis v. Bandemer</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vieth_v._Jubelirer" title="Vieth v. Jubelirer">Vieth v. Jubelirer</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rucho_v._Common_Cause" title="Rucho v. Common Cause">Rucho v. Common Cause</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Benisek_v._Lamone" title="Benisek v. Lamone">Benisek v. Lamone</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Treason" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Treason_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Treason laws in the United States">Treason</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Bollman" title="Ex parte Bollman">Ex parte Bollman</a></i> (1807)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burr_conspiracy" title="Burr conspiracy">United States v. Burr</a></i> (1807)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cramer_v._United_States" title="Cramer v. United States">Cramer v. United States</a></i> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Others" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Others</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stuart_v._Laird" title="Stuart v. Laird">Stuart v. Laird</a></i> (1803)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osborn_v._Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Osborn v. Bank of the United States">Osborn v. Bank of the United States</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forrester_v._White" title="Forrester v. White">Forrester v. White</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mistretta_v._United_States" title="Mistretta v. United States">Mistretta v. United States</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peretz_v._United_States" title="Peretz v. United States">Peretz v. United States</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hatter" title="United States v. Hatter">United States v. Hatter</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stern_v._Marshall" title="Stern v. Marshall">Stern v. Marshall</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_Markazi_v._Peterson" title="Bank Markazi v. Peterson">Bank Markazi v. Peterson</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471855#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85071077">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564891">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX532015">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538523105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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