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Sovereignty - Wikipedia
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<span>Concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Classical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Age of Enlightenment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_World_War_II_world_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_World_War_II_world_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Post World War II world order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_World_War_II_world_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_and_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_and_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Definition and types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definition_and_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definition and types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definition_and_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absoluteness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absoluteness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Absoluteness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absoluteness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exclusivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Exclusivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_jure_and_de_facto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_jure_and_de_facto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>De jure</i> and <i>de facto</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_jure_and_de_facto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sovereignty_and_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovereignty_and_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Sovereignty and independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sovereignty_and_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Internal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_internal_sovereignty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_internal_sovereignty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Modern internal sovereignty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_internal_sovereignty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>External</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shared_and_pooled" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shared_and_pooled"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Shared and pooled</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shared_and_pooled-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nation-states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nation-states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Nation-states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nation-states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Federations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sovereignty_versus_military_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovereignty_versus_military_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Sovereignty versus military occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sovereignty_versus_military_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquisition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquisition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Acquisition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquisition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Justifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sovereignty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soewereiniteit" title="Soewereiniteit – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Soewereiniteit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souver%C3%A4nit%C3%A4t" title="Souveränität – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Souveränität" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="سيادة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيادة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberan%C3%ADa" title="Soberanía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Soberanía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Суверенитет – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Суверенитет" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenlik" title="Suverenlik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Suverenlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="حاکیمیت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حاکیمیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="সার্বভৌমত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সার্বভৌমত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BA-kho%C3%A2n" title="Chú-khoân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chú-khoân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Суверэнітэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Суверэнітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Сувэрэнітэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сувэрэнітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95" title="परमाधिपत्यक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="परमाधिपत्यक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Суверенитет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Суверенитет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riegezh" title="Riegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Riegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobirania" title="Sobirania – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sobirania" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svrchovanost" title="Svrchovanost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svrchovanost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofraniaeth" title="Sofraniaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sofraniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suver%C3%A6nitet" title="Suverænitet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Suverænitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souver%C3%A4nit%C3%A4t" title="Souveränität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Souveränität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suver%C3%A4%C3%A4nsus" title="Suveräänsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suveräänsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κυριαρχία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυριαρχία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberan%C3%ADa" title="Soberanía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Soberanía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvereneco" title="Suvereneco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Suvereneco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burujabetza" title="Burujabetza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burujabetza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="حاکمیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حاکمیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullveldi" title="Fullveldi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fullveldi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souverainet%C3%A9" title="Souveraineté – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Souveraineté" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soevereiniteit" title="Soevereiniteit – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Soevereiniteit" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberan%C3%ADa" title="Soberanía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Soberanía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%AD%E0%AB%8C%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5" title="સાર્વભૌમત્વ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સાર્વભૌમત્વ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EA%B6%8C" title="주권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ինքնիշխանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինքնիշխանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सम्प्रभुता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सम्प्रभुता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenitet" title="Suverenitet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Suverenitet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvereneso" title="Suvereneso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Suvereneso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedaulatan" title="Kedaulatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kedaulatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullveldi" title="Fullveldi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fullveldi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovranit%C3%A0" title="Sovranità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sovranità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ריבונות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריבונות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5" title="ಸಾರ್ವಭೌಮತ್ವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾರ್ವಭೌಮತ್ವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Суверенитет – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Суверенитет" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="სუვერენიტეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუვერენიტეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Егемендік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Егемендік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiestas_(ius_constitutionale)" title="Maiestas (ius constitutionale) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maiestas (ius constitutionale)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenit%C4%81te" title="Suverenitāte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Suverenitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsgewalt" title="Staatsgewalt – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Staatsgewalt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenitetas" title="Suverenitetas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Suverenitetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soevereniteit" title="Soevereniteit – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Soevereniteit" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovranit%C3%A0" title="Sovranità – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sovranità" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szuverenit%C3%A1s" title="Szuverenitás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szuverenitás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Сувереност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сувереност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiandrianana" title="Fiandrianana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiandrianana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="სუვერენიტეტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სუვერენიტეტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="سياده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سياده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedaulatan" title="Kedaulatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kedaulatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Суверенитет – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Суверенитет" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%8F%E1%80%AC" title="အချုပ်အခြာအာဏာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အချုပ်အခြာအာဏာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soevereiniteit" title="Soevereiniteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Soevereiniteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सार्वभौमसत्ता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सार्वभौमसत्ता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A8%A9" title="主権 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="主権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenitet" title="Suverenitet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Suverenitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenitet" title="Suverenitet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Suverenitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobeiranetat" title="Sobeiranetat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sobeiranetat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenitet" title="Suverenitet – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suverenitet" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਖ਼ੁਦਮੁਖ਼ਤਿਆਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ੁਦਮੁਖ਼ਤਿਆਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="حاکميت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="حاکميت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwerenno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Suwerenność – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Suwerenność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberania" title="Soberania – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Soberania" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suveranitate" title="Suveranitate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Suveranitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suveranitad" title="Suveranitad – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Suveranitad" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Суверенитет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Суверенитет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Суверенитет – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Суверенитет" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberania" title="Soberania – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Soberania" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sovereignty" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovraniteti" title="Sovraniteti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sovraniteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="ස්වාධිපත්යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්වාධිපත්යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sovereignty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenita_(pr%C3%A1vo)" title="Suverenita (právo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Suverenita (právo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenost" title="Suverenost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Suverenost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سەروەری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەروەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Суверенитет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Суверенитет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenitet" title="Suverenitet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Suverenitet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvereniteetti" title="Suvereniteetti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suvereniteetti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suver%C3%A4nitet" title="Suveränitet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Suveränitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberanya" title="Soberanya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Soberanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="இறைமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இறைமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2" title="อำนาจอธิปไตย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อำนาจอธิปไตย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D2%9B%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Ҳокимияти соҳибистиқлол – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳокимияти соҳибистиқлол" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%B2_%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%AB%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᎲ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎲ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egemenlik" title="Egemenlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Egemenlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Державний суверенітет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Державний суверенітет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C" title="بادشاہی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بادشاہی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovranit%C3%A0" title="Sovranità – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sovranità" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Chủ quyền – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ quyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberanya" title="Soberanya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Soberanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83" title="主权 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="主权" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98" title="אויבערשאפט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אויבערשאפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" title="主權 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="主權" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" title="主權 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="主權" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Supreme authority within a territory</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sovereignty (disambiguation)">Sovereignty (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg/200px-Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg/300px-Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg/400px-Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1930" data-file-height="3078" /></a><figcaption>The frontispiece of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> (1651), depicting the Sovereign as a massive body wielding a <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crosier" class="mw-redirect" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sovereignty</b> can generally be defined as supreme <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sovereignty entails hierarchy within a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)"> state</a> as well as external autonomy for states.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any state, sovereignty is assigned to the person, body or institution that has the ultimate authority over other people and to change existing laws.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Political_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theory">political theory</a>, sovereignty is a <a href="/wiki/Noun#History" title="Noun">substantive</a> term designating supreme <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimate</a> <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> over some <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, sovereignty is the exercise of power by a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">De jure</a></i> sovereignty refers to the legal right to do so; <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> sovereignty refers to the factual ability to do so. This can become an issue of special concern upon the failure of the usual expectation that <i>de jure</i> and <i>de facto</i> sovereignty exist at the place and time of concern, and reside within the same organization. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term arises from the unattested <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> *<i>superanus</i> (itself a derived form of Latin <i>super</i> – "over") meaning "chief", "ruler".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its spelling, which has varied since the word's first appearance in English in the 14th century, was influenced by the English word "<a href="/wiki/Reign" title="Reign">reign</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts">Concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of sovereignty has had multiple conflicting components, varying definitions, and diverse and inconsistent applications throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-Krasner_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krasner-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current notion of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state sovereignty</a> contains four aspects: territory, population, authority and recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Krasner" title="Stephen D. Krasner">Stephen D. Krasner</a>, the term could also be understood in four different ways: </p> <ul><li><b>Domestic sovereignty</b> – actual control over a state exercised by an authority organized within this state</li> <li><b>Interdependence sovereignty</b> – actual control of movement across the state's borders</li> <li><b>International legal sovereignty</b> – formal recognition by other sovereign states</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">Westphalian sovereignty</a></b> – there is no other authority in the state aside from the domestic sovereign (such other authorities might be e.g. a political organization or any other external agent).<sup id="cite_ref-Krasner_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krasner-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul><p> Often, these four aspects all appear together, but this is not necessarily the case – they are not affected by one another, and there are historical examples of states that were non-sovereign in one aspect while at the same time being sovereign in another of these aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-Krasner_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krasner-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a>, another fundamental feature of sovereignty is that it is a claim that must be recognized if it is to have any meaning: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Sovereignty is a hypothetical trade, in which two potentially (or really) conflicting sides, respecting de facto realities of power, exchange such recognitions as their least costly strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>There are two additional components of sovereignty that should be discussed, empirical sovereignty and juridical sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett_1995_79–97_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett_1995_79–97-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Empirical sovereignty deals with the legitimacy of who is in control of a state and the legitimacy of how they exercise their power.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett_1995_79–97_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett_1995_79–97-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tilly references an example where nobles in parts of Europe were allowed to engage in private rights and <i>Ustages</i>, a constitution by Catalonia recognized that right which demonstrates empirical sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As David Samuel points out, this is an important aspect of a state because there has to be a designated individual or group of individuals that are acting on behalf of the people of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juridical sovereignty emphasizes the importance of other states recognizing the rights of a state to exercise their control freely with little interference.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett_1995_79–97_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett_1995_79–97-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Jackson, Rosberg and Jones explain how the sovereignty and survival of African states were more largely influenced by legal recognition rather than material aid.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglass North identifies that institutions want structure and these two forms of sovereignty can be a method for developing structure.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a while, the United Nations highly valued juridical sovereignty and attempted to reinforce its principle often.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett_1995_79–97_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett_1995_79–97-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, the United Nations is shifting away and focusing on establishing empirical sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett_1995_79–97_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett_1995_79–97-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Barnett notes that this is largely due to the effects of the post Cold War era because the United Nations believed that to have peaceful relations states should establish peace within their territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett_1995_79–97_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett_1995_79–97-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a matter of fact, theorists found that during the post Cold War era many people focused on how stronger internal structures promote inter-state peace.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, Zaum argues that many weak and impoverished countries that were affected by the Cold War were given assistance to develop their lacking sovereignty through this sub-concept of "empirical statehood".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical">Classical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> jurist <a href="/wiki/Ulpian" title="Ulpian">Ulpian</a> observed that:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The people transferred all their <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i> and power to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a>. <i>Cum lege regia, quae de imperio eius lata est, populus ei et in eum omne suum imperium et potestatem conferat</i> (Digest I.4.1)</li> <li>The laws do not bind the emperor. <i>Princeps legibus solutus est</i> (Digest I.3.31)</li> <li>A decision by the emperor has the force of law. <i>Quod principi placuit legis habet vigorem.</i> (Digest I.4.1)</li></ul> <p>Ulpian was expressing the idea that the emperor exercised a rather absolute form of sovereignty that originated in the people, although he did not use the term expressly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ulpian's statements were known in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">medieval Europe</a>, but sovereignty was an important concept in medieval times. Medieval monarchs were <i>not</i> sovereign, at least not strongly so, because they were constrained by, and shared power with, their <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocracy</a>. Furthermore, both were strongly constrained by custom.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sovereignty existed during the Medieval period as the <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> rights of nobility and royalty.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation">Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sovereignty reemerged as a concept in the late 16th century, a time when civil wars had created a craving for a stronger central authority when monarchs had begun to gather power onto their own hands at the expense of the nobility, and the modern <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> was emerging. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Jean Bodin</a>, partly in reaction to the chaos of the <a href="/wiki/French_wars_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="French wars of religion">French wars of religion</a>, presented theories of sovereignty calling for a strong central authority in the form of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>. In his 1576 treatise <i><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin#Les_Six_Livres_de_la_République" title="Jean Bodin">Les Six Livres de la République</a></i> ("Six Books of the Republic") Bodin argued that it is inherent in the nature of the <a href="/wiki/State_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="State (politics)">state</a> that sovereignty must be:<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Absolute: On this point, he said that the sovereign must be hedged in with obligations and conditions, must be able to legislate without his (or its) subjects' consent, must not be bound by the laws of his predecessors, and could not, because it is illogical, be bound by his own laws.</li> <li>Perpetual: Not temporarily delegated as to a strong leader in an emergency or a state employee such as a <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrate</a>. He held that sovereignty must be perpetual because anyone with the power to enforce a time limit on the governing power must be above the governing power, which would be impossible if the governing power is absolute.</li></ul> <p>The treatise is frequently viewed as the first European text theorizing state sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bodin rejected the notion of transference of sovereignty from people to the ruler (also known as <i>the sovereign</i>); natural law and divine law confer upon the sovereign the right to rule. And the sovereign is not above divine law or natural law. He is above (<i>i.e.</i> not bound by) only <a href="/wiki/Positive_law" title="Positive law">positive law</a>, that is, laws made by humans. He emphasized that a sovereign is bound to observe certain basic rules derived from the divine law, the law of nature or reason, and the law that is common to all nations (jus gentium), as well as the fundamental laws of the state that determine who is the sovereign, who succeeds to sovereignty, and what limits the sovereign power. Thus, Bodin's sovereign was restricted by the constitutional law of the state and by the higher law that was considered as binding upon every human being.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that the sovereign must obey divine and natural law imposes ethical constraints on him. Bodin also held that the <i>lois royales</i>, the fundamental laws of the French monarchy which regulated matters such as succession, are natural laws and are binding on the French sovereign. </p><p>Despite his commitment to absolutism, Bodin held some moderate opinions on how government should in practice be carried out. He held that although the sovereign is not obliged to, it is advisable for him, as a practical expedient, to convene a <a href="/wiki/Senate" title="Senate">senate</a> from whom he can obtain advice, to delegate some power to magistrates for the practical administration of the law, and to use the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Estates</a> as a means of communicating with the people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Bodin believed that "the most divine, most excellent, and the state form most proper to royalty is governed partly aristocratically and partly democratically".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Age of Enlightenment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, the idea of sovereignty gained both legal and moral force as the main Western description of the meaning and power of a State. In particular, the "<a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a>" as a mechanism for establishing sovereignty was suggested and, by 1800, widely accepted, especially in the new <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, though also in <a href="/wiki/1800_in_Great_Britain" title="1800 in Great Britain">Great Britain</a> to a lesser extent. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> (1651) put forward a conception of sovereignty similar to Bodin's, which had just achieved legal status in the "<a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>", but for different reasons. He created the first modern version of the social contract (or contractarian) theory, arguing that to overcome the "nasty, brutish and short" quality of life without the cooperation of other human beings, people must join in a "commonwealth" and submit to a "Soveraigne [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] Power" that can compel them to act in the common good. Hobbes was thus the first to write that relations between the people and the sovereign were based on negotiation rather than natural submission.<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> His expediency argument attracted many of the early proponents of sovereignty. Hobbes strengthened the definition of sovereignty beyond either Westphalian or Bodin's, by saying that it must be:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Absolute: because conditions could only be imposed on a sovereign if there were some outside arbitrator to determine when he had violated them, in which case the sovereign would not be the final authority.</li> <li>Indivisible: The sovereign is the only final authority in his territory; he does not share final authority with any other entity. Hobbes held this to be true because otherwise there would be no way of resolving a disagreement between the multiple authorities.</li></ul> <p>Hobbes' hypothesis—that the ruler's sovereignty is contracted to him by the people in return for his maintaining their physical safety—led him to conclude that if and when the ruler fails, the people recover their ability to protect themselves by forming a new contract. </p><p>Hobbes's theories decisively shape the concept of sovereignty through the medium of <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a> theories. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>'s (1712–1778) definition of <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular sovereignty</a> (with early antecedents in <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a>'s theory of the origin of power), provides that the people are the legitimate sovereign. Rousseau considered sovereignty to be inalienable; he condemned the distinction between the origin and the exercise of sovereignty, a distinction upon which <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> is founded. <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> are also key figures in the unfolding of the concept of sovereignty; their views differ with Rousseau and with Hobbes on this issue of alienability. </p><p>The second book of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's <i><a href="/wiki/Du_Contrat_Social,_ou_Principes_du_droit_politique" class="mw-redirect" title="Du Contrat Social, ou Principes du droit politique">Du Contrat Social, ou Principes du droit politique</a></i> (1762) deals with sovereignty and its rights. Sovereignty, or the <a href="/wiki/General_will" title="General will">general will</a>, is inalienable, for the will cannot be transmitted; it is indivisible since it is essentially general; it is infallible and always right, determined and limited in its power by the common interest; it acts through laws. Law is the decision of the general will regarding some object of common interest, but though the general will is always right and desires only good, its judgment is not always enlightened, and consequently does not always see wherein the common good lies; hence the necessity of the legislator. But the legislator has, of himself, no authority; he is only a guide who drafts and proposes laws, but the people alone (that is, the sovereign or general will) has authority to make and impose them.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rousseau, in the <i>Social Contract</i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argued, "the growth of the State giving the trustees of public authority more and means to abuse their power, the more the Government has to have force to contain the people, the more force the Sovereign should have in turn to contain the Government," with the understanding that the Sovereign is "a collective being of wonder" (Book II, Chapter I) resulting from "the general will" of the people, and that "what any man, whoever he may be, orders on his own, is not a law" (Book II, Chapter VI) – and predicated on the assumption that the people have an unbiased means by which to ascertain the general will. Thus the legal maxim, "there is no law without a sovereign."<sup id="cite_ref-max-seydel_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-max-seydel-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Spruyt" title="Hendrik Spruyt">Hendrik Spruyt</a>, the sovereign state emerged as a response to changes in international trade (forming coalitions that wanted sovereign states)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that the sovereign state's emergence was not inevitable; "it arose because of a particular conjuncture of social and political interests in Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once states are recognized as sovereign, they are rarely recolonized, merged, or dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_World_War_II_world_order">Post World War II world order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post World War II world order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, no state is sovereign in the sense they were prior to the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimm201557_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimm201557-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transnational governance agreements and institutions, the globalized economy,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pooled sovereignty unions such as the European union have eroded the sovereignty of traditional states. The centuries long movement which developed a global system of sovereign states came to an end when the excesses of World War II made it clear to nations that some curtailment of the rights of sovereign states was necessary if future cruelties and injustices were to be prevented.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2016_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKallis20186_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis20186-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years immediately prior to the war, <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist">National Socialist</a> theorist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a> argued that sovereignty had supremacy over constitutional and international constraints arguing that states as sovereigns could not be judged and punished.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, the vast majority of states rejected the prior Westphalian permissiveness towards such supremacist power based sovereignty formulations and signed the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in 1948. It was the first step towards circumscription of the powers of sovereign nations, soon followed by the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a> which legally required nations to punish genocide. Based on these and similar human rights agreements, beginning in 1990 there was a practical expression of this circumscription when the Westphalian principle of non-intervention was no longer observed for cases where the United Nations or another international organization endorsed a political or military action. Previously, actions in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia_War_(2006%E2%80%932009)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalia War (2006–2009)">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Rwanda" title="United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilisation_Mission_in_Haiti" title="United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Cambodia" title="United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia">Cambodia</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Liberia" title="United Nations Mission in Liberia">Liberia</a> would have been regarded as illegitimate interference in internal affairs. In 2005, the revision of the concept of sovereignty was made explicit with the <a href="/wiki/Responsibility_to_Protect" class="mw-redirect" title="Responsibility to Protect">Responsibility to Protect</a> agreement endorsed by all member states of the United Nations. If a state fails this responsibility either by perpetrating massive injustice or being incapable of protecting its citizens, then outsiders may assume that responsibility despite prior norms forbidding such interference in a nation's sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimm201550–56_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimm201550–56-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European integration is the second form of post-world war change in the norms of sovereignty, representing a significant shift since member nations are no longer absolutely sovereign. Some theorists, such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_de_Jouvenel" title="Bertrand de Jouvenel">Bertrand de Jouvenel</a> have attacked the legitimacy of the earlier concepts of sovereignty, with Maritain advocating that the concept be discarded entirely since it:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2016_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>stands in the way of international law and a world state,</li> <li>internally results in centralism, not pluralism</li> <li>obstructs the democratic notion of accountability</li></ul> <p>Efforts to curtail absolute sovereignty have met with substantial resistance by <a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">sovereigntist</a> movements in multiple countries who seek to "<a href="/wiki/Take_back_control" title="Take back control">take back control</a>" from such transnational governance groups and agreements, restoring the world to pre World War II norms of sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_types">Definition and types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Definition and types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>There exists perhaps no conception the meaning of which is more controversial than that of sovereignty. It is an indisputable fact that this conception, from the moment when it was introduced into political science until the present day, has never had a meaning which was universally agreed upon. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Lassa_Oppenheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Lassa Oppenheim">Lassa Oppenheim</a> (30-03-1858 – 07-10-1919), an authority on international law<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </cite></p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absoluteness">Absoluteness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Absoluteness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important factor of sovereignty is its degree of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absoluteness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-link.springer.com_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-link.springer.com-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sovereign power has absolute sovereignty when it is not restricted by a constitution, by the laws of its predecessors, or by <a href="/wiki/Custom_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Custom (law)">custom</a>, and no areas of law or policy are reserved as being outside its control. <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a>; policies and actions of neighboring states; cooperation and respect of the populace; means of enforcement; and resources to enact policy are factors that might limit sovereignty. For example, parents are not guaranteed the right to decide some matters in the upbringing of their children independent of societal regulation, and municipalities do not have unlimited jurisdiction in local matters, thus neither parents nor municipalities have absolute sovereignty. Theorists have diverged over the desirability of increased absoluteness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exclusivity">Exclusivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Exclusivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A key element of sovereignty in a legalistic sense is that of exclusivity of <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> also described as the ultimate arbiter in all disputes on the territory. Specifically, the degree to which decisions made by a sovereign entity might be contradicted by another authority. Along these lines, the German sociologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> proposed that sovereignty is a community's <a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">monopoly on the legitimate use of force</a>; and thus any group claiming the right to violence must either be brought under the yoke of the sovereign, proven illegitimate or otherwise contested and defeated for sovereignty to be genuine.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International law, competing branches of government, and authorities reserved for subordinate entities (such as <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">federated states</a> or republics) represent legal infringements on exclusivity. Social institutions such as religious bodies, corporations, and competing political parties might represent <i>de facto</i> infringements on exclusivity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_jure_and_de_facto"><i>De jure</i> and <i>de facto</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: De jure and de facto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">De jure</a></i>, or legal, sovereignty concerns the expressed and institutionally recognised right to exercise control over a territory. <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">De facto</a></i> sovereignty means sovereignty <a href="/wiki/De_facto#Government_and_culture" title="De facto">exists in practice</a>, irrespective of anything legally accepted as such, usually in writing. Cooperation and respect of the populace; control of resources in, or moved into, an area; means of enforcement and security; and ability to carry out various functions of state all represent measures of <i>de facto</i> sovereignty. When control is practiced predominantly by the military or police force it is considered <i>coercive sovereignty</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sovereignty_and_independence">Sovereignty and independence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sovereignty and independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sovereignty" title="Special:EditPage/Sovereignty">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>State sovereignty is sometimes viewed synonymously with <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>, however, sovereignty can be transferred as a legal right whereas independence cannot.<sup id="cite_ref-talmon_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talmon-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A state can achieve <i>de facto</i> independence long after acquiring sovereignty, such as in the case of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-talmon_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talmon-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, independence can also be suspended when an entire region becomes subject to an occupation. For example, when <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> was overrun by foreign forces in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_of_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq War of 2003">Iraq War of 2003</a>, Iraq had not been <a href="/wiki/Annexed" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexed">annexed</a> by any country, so sovereignty over it had not been claimed by any foreign state (despite the <a href="/wiki/Facts_on_the_ground" title="Facts on the ground">facts on the ground</a>). Alternatively, independence can be lost completely when sovereignty itself becomes the subject of dispute. The pre-World War II administrations of <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> maintained an exile existence (and considerable international recognition) whilst their territories were annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and governed locally by their pro-Soviet functionaries. When in 1991 Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia re-enacted independence, it was done so on the basis of continuity directly from the pre-Soviet republics.<sup id="cite_ref-talmon_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talmon-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another complicated sovereignty scenario can arise when regime itself is the subject of dispute. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%9389)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland (1945–89)">People's Republic of Poland</a> which governed Poland from 1945 to 1989 is now seen to have been an illegal entity by the modern Polish administration. The post-1989 Polish state claims direct continuity from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> which ended in 1939. For other reasons, however, Poland maintains its communist-era outline as opposed to its pre-World War II shape which included areas now in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> but did not include some of its western regions that were then in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. </p><p>Additionally sovereignty can be achieved without independence, such as how the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> made the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> a sovereign entity within but not independent from the USSR. </p><p>At the opposite end of the scale, there is no dispute regarding the self-governance of certain self-proclaimed states such as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">List of states with limited recognition</a>, but most of them are <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet states</a>) since their governments neither answer to a bigger state nor is their governance subjected to supervision. The sovereignty (i.e. legal right to govern) however, is disputed in both cases as the first entity is claimed by <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and the second by <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal">Internal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Internal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Free_state_(polity)" title="Free state (polity)">Free state (polity)</a></div> <p>Internal sovereignty is the relationship between sovereign power and the political community. A central concern is <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political science)">legitimacy</a>: by what right does a government exercise authority? Claims of legitimacy might refer to the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a>, or to a <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular sovereignty</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> offered a first categorization of political authority and legitimacy with the categories of traditional, charismatic and legal-rational. </p><p>With "sovereignty" meaning holding supreme, independent authority over a region or state, "internal sovereignty" refers to the internal affairs of the state and the location of supreme power within it.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A state that has internal sovereignty is one with a government that has been elected by the people and has the popular legitimacy. Internal sovereignty examines the internal affairs of a state and how it operates. It is important to have strong internal sovereignty to keeping order and peace. When you have weak internal sovereignty, organisations such as rebel groups will undermine the authority and disrupt the peace. The presence of a strong authority allows you to keep the agreement and enforce sanctions for the violation of laws. The ability for leadership to prevent these violations is a key variable in determining internal sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of internal sovereignty can cause war in one of two ways: first, undermining the value of agreement by allowing costly violations; and second, requiring such large subsidies for implementation that they render war cheaper than peace.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leadership needs to be able to promise members, especially those like armies, police forces, or paramilitaries will abide by agreements. The presence of strong internal sovereignty allows a state to deter opposition groups in exchange for bargaining. While the operations and affairs within a state are relative to the level of sovereignty within that state, there is still an argument over who should hold the authority in a sovereign state. </p><p>This argument between who should hold the authority within a sovereign state is called the traditional doctrine of public sovereignty. This discussion is between an internal sovereign or an authority of public sovereignty. An internal sovereign is a political body that possesses ultimate, final and independent authority; one whose decisions are binding upon all citizens, groups and institutions in society. Early thinkers believed sovereignty should be vested in the hands of a single person, a monarch. They believed the overriding merit of vesting sovereignty in a single individual was that sovereignty would therefore be indivisible; it would be expressed in a single voice that could claim final authority. An example of an internal sovereign is <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> of France during the seventeenth century; Louis XIV claimed that he was the state. Jean-Jacques Rousseau rejected monarchical rule in favor of the other type of authority within a sovereign state, public sovereignty. Public Sovereignty is the belief that ultimate authority is vested in the people themselves, expressed in the idea of the general will. This means that the power is elected and supported by its members, the authority has a central goal of the good of the people in mind. The idea of public sovereignty has often been the basis for modern democratic theory.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_internal_sovereignty">Modern internal sovereignty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern internal sovereignty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal sovereignty">Tribal sovereignty</a></div> <p>Within the modern governmental system, internal sovereignty is usually found in states that have public sovereignty and is rarely found within a state controlled by an internal sovereign. A form of government that is a little different from both is the UK parliament system. <a href="/wiki/John_Austin_(legal_philosopher)" title="John Austin (legal philosopher)">John Austin</a> argued that sovereignty in the UK was vested neither in the Crown nor in the people but in the "<a href="/wiki/Queen-in-Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen-in-Parliament">Queen-in-Parliament</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the origin of the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">parliamentary sovereignty</a> and is usually seen as the fundamental principle of the British constitution. With these principles of parliamentary sovereignty, majority control can gain access to unlimited constitutional authority, creating what has been called "elective dictatorship" or "modern autocracy". Public sovereignty in modern governments is a lot more common with examples like the US, Canada, Australia and India where the government is divided into different levels.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External">External</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state#Recognition" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state § Recognition</a></div> <p>External sovereignty concerns the relationship between sovereign power and other states. For example, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> uses the following criterion when deciding under what conditions other states recognise a political entity as having sovereignty over some territory; </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Sovereignty." A government which exercises de facto administrative control over a country and is not subordinate to any other government in that country or a foreign sovereign state. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">(<i>The Arantzazu Mendi</i>, [1939] A.C. 256), Stroud's Judicial Dictionary </cite></p> </div> <p>External sovereignty is connected with questions of international law – such as when, if ever, is <a href="/wiki/Foreign_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign intervention">intervention</a> by one country into another's territory permissible? </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, a European religious conflict that embroiled much of the continent, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> in 1648 established the notion of territorial sovereignty as a norm of <a href="/wiki/Non-intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-intervention">noninterference</a> in the affairs of other states, so-called <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">Westphalian sovereignty</a>, even though the treaty itself reaffirmed the multiple levels of the sovereignty of the Holy Roman Empire. This resulted as a natural extension of the older principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">cuius regio, eius religio</a></i> (Whose realm, his religion), leaving the Roman Catholic Church with little ability to interfere with the internal affairs of many European states. It is a myth, however, that the Treaties of Westphalia created a new European order of equal sovereign states.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, sovereignty means that a government possesses full control over affairs within a territorial or geographical area or limit. Determining whether a specific entity is sovereign is not an exact science, but often a matter of diplomatic dispute. There is usually an expectation that both <i>de jure</i> and <i>de facto</i> sovereignty rest in the same organisation at the place and time of concern. Foreign governments use varied criteria and political considerations when deciding whether or not to recognise the sovereignty of a state over a territory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Membership in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> requires that "[t]he admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be affected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sovereignty may be recognized even when the sovereign body possesses no territory or its territory is under partial or total occupation by another power. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> was in this position between the annexation in 1870 of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> by Italy and the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Treaties">Lateran Treaties</a> in 1929, a 59-year period during which it was recognised as sovereign by many (mostly Roman Catholic) states despite possessing no territory – a situation resolved when the Lateran Treaties granted the Holy See sovereignty over the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>. Another case, <i><a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">sui generis</a></i> is the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a>, the third sovereign entity inside Italian territory (after <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City State">Vatican City State</a>) and the second inside the Italian capital (since in 1869 the Palazzo di Malta and the Villa Malta receive <a href="/wiki/Extraterritorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterritorial">extraterritorial</a> rights, in this way becoming the only "sovereign" territorial possessions of the modern Order), which is the last existing heir to one of several once militarily significant, <a href="/wiki/Crusader_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader state">crusader states</a> of sovereign <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military order (society)">military orders</a>. In 1607 its Grand masters were also made <a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BCrst" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsfürst">Reichsfürst</a> (princes of the Holy Roman Empire) by the Holy Roman Emperor, granting them seats in the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichstag (Holy Roman Empire)">Reichstag</a>, at the time the closest permanent equivalent to an UN-type general assembly; confirmed 1620. These sovereign rights were never deposed, only the territories were lost. Over 100 modern states maintain full diplomatic relations with the order,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the UN awarded it observer status.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_ARES48265_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_ARES48265-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government-in-exile" title="Government-in-exile">governments-in-exile</a> of many European states (for instance, Norway, Netherlands or <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> were regarded as sovereign despite their territories being under foreign occupation; their governance resumed as soon as the occupation had ended. The government of <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> was in a similar situation <i>vis-à-vis</i> the <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> occupation of its country during 1990–1991.<sup id="cite_ref-nolan_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nolan-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> (ROC) was generally recognized as sovereign over <a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">China</a> from 1911 to 1971 despite the 1949 victory of the Communists in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese civil war</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreat of the government of Republic of China to Taiwan">retreat of the ROC to Taiwan</a>. The ROC represented <a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China at the United Nations</a> until 1971, when the People's Republic of China obtained the UN seat.<sup id="cite_ref-:Chen_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Chen-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 228">: 228 </span></sup> The ROC <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">political status</a> as a state became increasingly disputed; it became commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross#Legal_status" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> is commonly mistaken to be sovereign. It has been granted various degrees of special privileges and legal <a href="/wiki/Immunity_from_prosecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity from prosecution">immunities</a> in many countries, including Belgium, France, Switzerland,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia, Russia, South Korea, South Africa and the US, and soon in Ireland. The Committee is a private organisation governed by Swiss law.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shared_and_pooled">Shared and pooled</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Shared and pooled"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just as the office of <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> can be vested jointly in several persons within a state, the sovereign jurisdiction over a single political territory can be shared jointly by two or more consenting powers, notably in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">condominium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise the member states of international organizations may voluntarily bind themselves by treaty to a supranational organization, such as a <a href="/wiki/Continental_union" title="Continental union">continental union</a>. In the case of the European Union member-states, this is called <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union#Sovereignty" title="Member state of the European Union">"pooled sovereignty"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example of shared and pooled sovereignty is the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a> which created the <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> now known as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a full economic union, meaning the Scottish and English systems of currency, taxation and laws regulating trade were aligned.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchison2002p314_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchison2002p314-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Scotland and England never fully surrendered or pooled all of their governance sovereignty; they retained many of their previous national institutional features and characteristics, particularly relating to their legal, religious and educational systems.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a>, created in 1998 through <a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">devolution in the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum#Legality_of_a_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">negotiated terms</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">2014 Scottish independence referendum</a> which resulted in the people of Scotland deciding to continue the pooling of its sovereignty with the rest of the United Kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nation-states">Nation-states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nation-states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A community of people who claim the right of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> based on a common ethnicity, history and culture might seek to establish sovereignty over a region, thus creating a <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a>. Such nations are sometimes recognised as <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous area">autonomous areas</a> rather than as fully sovereign, independent states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federations">Federations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Federations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/System_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="System of government">system of government</a>, <i>sovereignty</i> also refers to powers which a constituent state or republic possesses independently of the national government. In a confederation, constituent entities retain the right to withdraw from the national body and the union is often more temporary than a federation.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different interpretations of <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">state sovereignty</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a>, as it related to the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive slave laws">fugitive slave laws</a>, led to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Depending on the particular issue, sometimes both northern and southern states justified their political positions by appealing to state sovereignty. Fearing that slavery would be threatened by results of the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 presidential election</a>, eleven slave states declared their independence from the federal Union and formed a new <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">confederation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States government rejected the <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secessions</a> as rebellion, declaring that secession from the Union by an individual state was <a href="/wiki/Unconstitutional" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconstitutional">unconstitutional</a>, as the states were part of an indissoluble federation in <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovereignty_versus_military_occupation">Sovereignty versus military occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sovereignty versus military occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In situations related to war, or which have arisen as the result of war, most modern scholars still commonly fail to distinguish between holding sovereignty and exercising military occupation. </p><p>In regard to military occupation, international law prescribes the limits of the occupant's power. Occupation does not displace the sovereignty of the occupied state, though for the time being the occupant may exercise supreme governing authority. Nor does occupation effect any annexation or incorporation of the occupied territory into the territory or political structure of the occupant, and the occupant's constitution and laws do not extend of their own force to the occupied territory.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To a large extent, the original academic foundation for the concept of "military occupation" arose from <a href="/wiki/On_the_Law_of_War_and_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Law of War and Peace">On the Law of War and Peace</a> (1625) by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Law_of_Nations" title="The Law of Nations">The Law of Nations</a> (1758) by <a href="/wiki/Emmerich_de_Vattel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmerich de Vattel">Emmerich de Vattel</a>. Binding international rules regarding the conduct of military occupation were more carefully codified in the 1907 <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Convention</a> (and accompanying Hague Regulations). </p><p>In 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg International Military Tribunal</a> stated with regard to the Hague Convention on Land Warfare of 1907: "The rules of land warfare expressed in the Convention undoubtedly represented an advance over existing International Law at the time of their adoption ... but by 1939 these rules ... were recognized by all civilized nations and were regarded as being declaratory of the laws and customs of war." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acquisition">Acquisition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Acquisition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_sovereignty" title="Acquisition of sovereignty">Acquisition of sovereignty</a></div> <p>A number of modes for acquisition of sovereignty are presently or have historically been recognized in international law as lawful methods by which a state may acquire sovereignty over external <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territory</a>. The classification of these modes originally derived from Roman property law and from the 15th and 16th century with the development of international law. The modes are:<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">Cession</a></b> is the transfer of territory from one state to another usually by means of treaty;</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_sovereignty#Effective_occupation" title="Acquisition of sovereignty">Occupation</a></b> is the acquisition of territory that belongs to no state (or <a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">terra nullius</a>);</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Prescription_(sovereignty_transfer)" title="Prescription (sovereignty transfer)">Prescription</a></b> is the effective control of territory of another acquiescing state;</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_sovereignty#Accretion" title="Acquisition of sovereignty">Operations of nature</a></b> is the acquisition of territory through natural processes like river accretion or volcanism;</li> <li><b>Creation</b> is the process by which new land is (re)claimed from the sea such as in the Netherlands.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Adjudication" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></b> and</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Conquest_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest (military)">Conquest</a></b></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" cellpadding="5"> <caption>Limits of national jurisdiction and sovereignty </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#ff9090; color:black; border:3px dashed red;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a> <small>(including Earth <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbits</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Celestial_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial bodies">celestial bodies</a>, and their orbits)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#90ff90; color:black; border:2px solid black;" colspan="2">national <a href="/wiki/Airspace" title="Airspace">airspace</a></td> <td style="background:yellow; color:black; border:2px solid black;">territorial waters airspace</td> <td style="background:yellow; color:black; border:2px solid black;">contiguous zone airspace<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td style="background:#ff9090; color:black; border:2px solid black;" colspan="4">international airspace </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#90ff90; color:black; border:2px solid black;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">land territory</a> surface</td> <td style="background:#90ff90; color:black; border:2px solid black;">internal waters surface</td> <td style="background:#90ff90; color:black; border:2px solid black;">territorial waters surface</td> <td style="background:yellow; color:black; border:2px solid black;">contiguous zone surface</td> <td style="background:yellow; color:black; border:2px solid black;">Exclusive Economic Zone surface</td> <td style="background:#ff9090; color:black; border:2px solid black;" colspan="3">international waters surface </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;"> <td style="background:#90ff90; border:2px solid black;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Internal_waters" title="Internal waters">internal waters</a></td> <td style="background:#90ff90; color:black; border:2px solid black;"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_waters" title="Territorial waters">territorial waters</a></td> <td style="background:yellow; color:black; border:2px solid black;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></td> <td style="background:#ff9090; color:black; border:2px solid black;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">international waters</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#90ff90; color:black; border:2px solid black;" colspan="2" rowspan="2">land territory <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">underground</a></td> <td style="background:yellow; color:black; border:2px solid black;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a> surface</td> <td style="background:yellow; color:black; border:2px solid black;"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_waters#Extended_continental_shelf_claims" title="Territorial waters">extended continental shelf</a> surface</td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:yellow; color:black; border:3px dashed red; width:0;"></td> <td style="background:#ff9090; color:black; border:2px solid black;"><a href="/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority" title="International Seabed Authority">international seabed</a> surface </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#90ff90; color:black; border:2px solid black;" colspan="3">Continental shelf underground</td> <td style="background:yellow; color:black; border:2px solid black;"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_waters#Extended_continental_shelf_claims" title="Territorial waters">extended continental shelf</a> underground</td> <td style="background:#ff9090; color:black; border:2px solid black;"><a href="/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority" title="International Seabed Authority">international seabed</a> underground </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#90ff90; color:black; border:3px dashed red;" colspan="8"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:0;" colspan="7"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#90ff90; color:black;"> </span> full national <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> and sovereignty</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> restrictions on national jurisdiction and sovereignty</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9090; color:black;"> </span> international jurisdiction per <a href="/wiki/Common_heritage_of_mankind" class="mw-redirect" title="Common heritage of mankind">common heritage of mankind</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Justifications">Justifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Justifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There exist vastly differing views on the moral basis of sovereignty. A fundamental polarity is between theories which assert that sovereignty is vested directly in the sovereigns by divine or natural right, and theories which assert it originates from the people. In the latter case there is a further division into those which assert that the people effectively transfer their sovereignty to the sovereign (Hobbes), and those which assert that the people retain their sovereignty (Rousseau).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the brief period of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchies</a> in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a> was an important competing justification for the exercise of sovereignty. The <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a> had similar implications in China for the justification of the Emperor's rule, though it was largely replaced with discussions of Western-style sovereignty by the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A republic is a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, retain sovereignty over the government and where offices of state are not granted through heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common modern definition of a republic is a government having a <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> who is not a monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-WordNet_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WordNet-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M-W_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-W-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Democracy is based on the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular sovereignty</a></i>. In a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> the public plays an active role in shaping and deciding policy. <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative democracy</a> permits a transfer of the exercise of sovereignty from the people to a <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative body</a> or an executive (or to some combination of the legislature, executive and <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a>). Many representative democracies provide limited direct democracy through <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">initiative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recall</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">Parliamentary sovereignty</a> refers to a representative democracy where the parliament is ultimately sovereign, rather than the executive power or the judiciary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill#Liberty" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> consider every individual as sovereign.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Realism">Realists</a> view sovereignty as being untouchable and as guaranteed to legitimate nation-states.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rationalism (politics)">Rationalists</a> see sovereignty similarly to realists. However, rationalism states that the sovereignty of a nation-state may be violated in extreme circumstances, such as human rights abuses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalists</a> believe that sovereignty is outdated and an unnecessary obstacle to achieving peace, in line with their belief in a global community. In the light of the abuse of power by sovereign states such as Hitler's Germany or Stalin's Soviet Union, they argue that human beings are not necessarily protected by the state whose citizens they are and that the respect for state sovereignty on which the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">UN Charter</a> is founded is an obstacle to humanitarian intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Anarchists and some <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarians</a> deny the sovereignty of states and governments. Anarchists often argue for a specific individual kind of sovereignty, such as the <a href="/wiki/Anarch_(sovereign_individual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarch (sovereign individual)">Anarch as a sovereign individual</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a>, for instance, talked of "anarcho-monarchist" (as usual for him, tongue in cheek); <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Antonin Artaud</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Heliogabalus</a>: Or, The Crowned Anarchist</i>; <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ego_and_Its_Own" title="The Ego and Its Own">The Ego and Its Own</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a> talked of a kind of "antisovereignty". Therefore, anarchists join a classical conception of the individual as sovereign of himself, which forms the basis of <a href="/wiki/Political_consciousness" title="Political consciousness">political consciousness</a>. The unified consciousness is sovereignty over one's own body, as <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> demonstrated (see also <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Klossowski" title="Pierre Klossowski">Pierre Klossowski</a>'s book on <i>Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle</i>). <i>See also <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_of_the_individual" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereignty of the individual">sovereignty of the individual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">self-ownership</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialists</a> hold a view of sovereignty where power rightfully exists with those states that hold the greatest ability to impose the will of said state, by force or threat of force, over the populace of other states with weaker military or political will. They effectively deny the sovereignty of the individual in deference to either the good of the whole or to <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>According to Matteo Laruffa "sovereignty resides in every public action and policy as the exercise of executive powers by institutions open to the participation of citizens to the decision-making processes"<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_sovereignty" title="Air sovereignty">Air sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous area">Autonomous area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="National sovereignty">National sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenary_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Plenary authority">Plenary authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sovereign_identity" title="Self-sovereign identity">Self-sovereign identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souverainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Souverainism">Souverainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Plenary_Council" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Plenary Council">Plenary Council</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plenary+Council&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilpott1995" class="citation journal cs1">Philpott, Daniel (1995). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24357595">"Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History"</a></span>. <i>Journal of International Affairs</i>. <b>48</b> (2): 353–368. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-197X">0022-197X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24357595">24357595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Sovereignty%3A+An+Introduction+and+Brief+History&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=353-368&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24357595%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0022-197X&rft.aulast=Philpott&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24357595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw2018" class="citation book cs1">Law, Jonathan, ed. (21 June 2018). "Sovereignty". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198802525.001.0001/acref-9780198802525-e-3701?rskey=1KDnJ5&result=7"><i>A Dictionary of Law</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880252-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880252-5"><bdi>978-0-19-880252-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2024</span>. <q>sovereignty [...] Supreme authority in a state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sovereignty&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Law&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-06-21&rft.isbn=978-0-19-880252-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198802525.001.0001%2Facref-9780198802525-e-3701%3Frskey%3D1KDnJ5%26result%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartelson2014" class="citation book cs1">Bartelson, Jens (9 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ahKLAwAAQBAJ"><i>Sovereignty as Symbolic Form</i></a>. Critical Issues in Global Politics. New York: Routledge. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317685838" title="Special:BookSources/9781317685838"><bdi>9781317685838</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2024</span>. <q>Claims to supreme authority have long been encoded in Sovereignty as symbolic form.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereignty+as+Symbolic+Form&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Critical+Issues+in+Global+Politics&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-05-09&rft.isbn=9781317685838&rft.aulast=Bartelson&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DahKLAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpruyt1994" class="citation book cs1">Spruyt, Hendrik (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvzxx91t"><i>The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change</i></a>. Vol. 176. Princeton University Press. pp. 3–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvzxx91t">10.2307/j.ctvzxx91t</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03356-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03356-3"><bdi>978-0-691-03356-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvzxx91t">j.ctvzxx91t</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221904936">221904936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sovereign+State+and+Its+Competitors%3A+An+Analysis+of+Systems+Change&rft.pages=3-7&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvzxx91t&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221904936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvzxx91t%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03356-3&rft.aulast=Spruyt&rft.aufirst=Hendrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvzxx91t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Sovereignty". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198802525.001.0001/acref-9780198802525-e-3701?rskey=1KDnJ5&result=7"><i>A Dictionary of Law</i></a>. Oxford University Press. 21 June 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880252-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880252-5"><bdi>978-0-19-880252-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2024</span>. <q>In any state sovereignty is vested in the institution, person, or body having the ultimate authority to impose law on everyone else in the state and the power to alter any pre-existing law.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sovereignty&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Law&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-06-21&rft.isbn=978-0-19-880252-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198802525.001.0001%2Facref-9780198802525-e-3701%3Frskey%3D1KDnJ5%26result%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/557065/sovereignty">"sovereignty (politics)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=sovereignty+%28politics%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F557065%2Fsovereignty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sovereign">"<i>Collins' Dictionary</i>, "Sovereign"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collins%27+Dictionary%2C+%22Sovereign%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fsovereign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Sovereign">"Sovereign"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sovereign&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FSovereign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Sovereignty" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Sovereignty">"Sovereignty"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sovereignty&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DSovereignty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krasner-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krasner_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krasner_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krasner_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrasner2001" class="citation book cs1">Krasner, Professor Stephen D. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ISqwQIBQff4C&pg=PA7"><i>Problematic Sovereignty: Contested Rules and Political Possibilities</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 6–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231121798" title="Special:BookSources/9780231121798"><bdi>9780231121798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problematic+Sovereignty%3A+Contested+Rules+and+Political+Possibilities&rft.pages=6-12&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780231121798&rft.aulast=Krasner&rft.aufirst=Professor+Stephen+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISqwQIBQff4C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorff1923" class="citation journal cs1">Korff, Baron S. A. (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400107555/type/journal_article">"The Problem of Sovereignty"</a>. <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 404–414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1944043">10.2307/1944043</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1944043">1944043</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147037039">147037039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Sovereignty&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=404-414&rft.date=1923&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147037039%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1944043%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1944043&rft.aulast=Korff&rft.aufirst=Baron+S.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0003055400107555%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBierstekerWeber1996" class="citation book cs1">Biersteker, Thomas; Weber, Cynthia (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qy97O2Eon0gC"><i>State Sovereignty as Social Construct</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521565998" title="Special:BookSources/9780521565998"><bdi>9780521565998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Sovereignty+as+Social+Construct&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780521565998&rft.aulast=Biersteker&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Weber%2C+Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqy97O2Eon0gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiersteker2013" class="citation book cs1">Biersteker, Thomas J., ed. (2013). "State, sovereignty, and territory". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.graduateinstitute.ch/record/14620?ln=en"><i>Handbook of international relations</i></a>. Sage. pp. 245–272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State%2C+sovereignty%2C+and+territory&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+international+relations&rft.pages=245-272&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.graduateinstitute.ch%2Frecord%2F14620%3Fln%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallerstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Wallerstein, Immanuel (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsystemsanal0000wall"><i>World-Systems Analysis</i></a></span>. Duke University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsystemsanal0000wall/page/44">44</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822334422" title="Special:BookSources/9780822334422"><bdi>9780822334422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World-Systems+Analysis&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780822334422&rft.aulast=Wallerstein&rft.aufirst=Immanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldsystemsanal0000wall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett_1995_79–97-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett_1995_79–97_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett_1995_79–97_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett_1995_79–97_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett_1995_79–97_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett_1995_79–97_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett_1995_79–97_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1995" class="citation journal cs1">Barnett, Michael (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27800102">"The New United Nations Politics of Peace: From Juridical Sovereignty to Empirical Sovereignty"</a>. <i>Global Governance</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 79–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F19426720-001-01-90000007">10.1163/19426720-001-01-90000007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1075-2846">1075-2846</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27800102">27800102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Governance&rft.atitle=The+New+United+Nations+Politics+of+Peace%3A+From+Juridical+Sovereignty+to+Empirical+Sovereignty&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-97&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=1075-2846&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27800102%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F19426720-001-01-90000007&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27800102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilly" class="citation book cs1">Tilly, Charles. <i>Coercion, Capital and European States</i>. pp. 67–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coercion%2C+Capital+and+European+States&rft.pages=67-95&rft.aulast=Tilly&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuels" class="citation book cs1">Samuels, David. <i>Comparative Politics</i>. pp. 33–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Politics&rft.pages=33-42&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonRosberg1986" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, Robert H.; Rosberg, Carl G. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/160511">"Sovereignty and Underdevelopment: Juridical Statehood in the African Crisis"</a>. <i>The Journal of Modern African Studies</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 1–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X0000673X">10.1017/S0022278X0000673X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-278X">0022-278X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/160511">160511</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251060908">251060908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Sovereignty+and+Underdevelopment%3A+Juridical+Statehood+in+the+African+Crisis&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-31&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0022-278X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251060908%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F160511%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022278X0000673X&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Rosberg%2C+Carl+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F160511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth1990" class="citation book cs1">North, Douglass (1990). <i>Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521397346" title="Special:BookSources/9780521397346"><bdi>9780521397346</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutions%2C+Institutional+Change+and+Economic+Performance&rft.pages=3-10&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780521397346&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Douglass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietrzyk2001" class="citation journal cs1">Pietrzyk, Mark E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20753316">"Explaining the Post-Cold War Order: An International Society Approach"</a>. <i>International Journal on World Peace</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 31–54. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0742-3640">0742-3640</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20753316">20753316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+on+World+Peace&rft.atitle=Explaining+the+Post-Cold+War+Order%3A+An+International+Society+Approach&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=31-54&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20753316%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0742-3640&rft.aulast=Pietrzyk&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20753316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaum2007" class="citation web cs1">Zaum, Dominik (February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/5635/chapter-abstract/148653568?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"1 Sovereignty in International Society"</a>. <i>Oxford Academic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Academic&rft.atitle=1+Sovereignty+in+International+Society&rft.date=2007-02&rft.aulast=Zaum&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F5635%2Fchapter-abstract%2F148653568%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinsley1986" class="citation book cs1">Hinsley, F. H. (20 November 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Or46AAAAIAAJ&q=ulpian+sovereignty&pg=PA42"><i>Sovereignty</i></a>. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521339889" title="Special:BookSources/9780521339889"><bdi>9780521339889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereignty&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1986-11-20&rft.isbn=9780521339889&rft.aulast=Hinsley&rft.aufirst=F.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOr46AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dulpian%2Bsovereignty%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tititudorancea.com/z/sovereignty_07.htm">"Sovereignty"</a>. <i>www.tititudorancea.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tititudorancea.com&rft.atitle=Sovereignty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tititudorancea.com%2Fz%2Fsovereignty_07.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Laikwan-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaikwan2024" class="citation book cs1">Laikwan, Pang (2024). <i>One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty</i>. Stanford, CA: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781503638815" title="Special:BookSources/9781503638815"><bdi>9781503638815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+and+All%3A+The+Logic+of+Chinese+Sovereignty&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781503638815&rft.aulast=Laikwan&rft.aufirst=Pang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bodin, Six livres, 6:254 (VI:vi).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Laikwan2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan2_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaikwan2024" class="citation book cs1">Laikwan, Pang (2024). <i>One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty</i>. Stanford, CA: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781503638815" title="Special:BookSources/9781503638815"><bdi>9781503638815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+and+All%3A+The+Logic+of+Chinese+Sovereignty&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781503638815&rft.aulast=Laikwan&rft.aufirst=Pang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilpott2020" class="citation web cs1">Philpott, Daniel (Fall 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/sovereignty/">"Sovereignty"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Sovereignty&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Philpott&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2020%2Fentries%2Fsovereignty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeRousseau2018" class="citation book cs1">Cole, G.D.H.; Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (2018) [1762]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thesocialcontrac46333gut"><i>The Social Contract and Discourses</i></a>. Project Gutenberg – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Contract+and+Discourses&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=G.D.H.&rft.au=Rousseau%2C+Jean-Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthesocialcontrac46333gut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRousseau2017" class="citation book cs1">Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (2017) [1762]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/rousseau1762.pdf"><i>The Social Contract</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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G. Routledge & sons, Limited. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asocietystatess00stalgoog/page/n104">80</a>. <q>there is no law without a sovereign Seydel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+society+of+states%3A+Or%2C+Sovereignty%2C+independence%2C+and+equality+in+a+league+of+nations&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=G.+Routledge+%26+sons%2C+Limited&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Stallybrass&rft.aufirst=William+Teulon+Swan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasocietystatess00stalgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpruyt1994" class="citation book cs1">Spruyt, Hendrik (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvzxx91t"><i>The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change</i></a>. Vol. 176. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pg.+93&rft.atitle=Political+Theory&rft.aulast=Heywood&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F51146058%2F41%2FInternal-sovereignty%23page%3D108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywood" class="citation web cs1">Heywood, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120191845/http://www.scribd.com/doc/51146058/42/External-sovereignty">"Political Theory"</a>. <i>pgs. 94–95</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. 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Princeton University Press. pp. 182, 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12708-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12708-8"><bdi>978-0-691-12708-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+in+World+History%3A+Power+and+the+Politics+of+Difference&rft.pages=182%2C+219&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12708-8&rft.aulast=Burbank&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7B9euuLEkUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131208031716/https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter2.shtml">"UN Chart, Article 2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter2.shtml">the original</a> on 8 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+Chart%2C+Article+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fcharter%2Fchapter2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151203180316/http://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-relations/862/sovereign-order-of-malta-bilateral-relations/?lang=en">"Bilateral diplomatic relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-relations/862/sovereign-order-of-malta-bilateral-relations/?lang=en">the original</a> on 3 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bilateral+diplomatic+relations+of+the+Sovereign+Military+Order+of+Malta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orderofmalta.int%2Fdiplomatic-relations%2F862%2Fsovereign-order-of-malta-bilateral-relations%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_ARES48265-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_ARES48265_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>  Session 48  <i>Resolution</i>  <i>265</i>.  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A/RES/48/265"><i>Observer status for the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in the General Assembly</i> A/RES/48/265</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nolan-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nolan_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan2002" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Cathal J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FMJ8KP8i3v0C&pg=PA1559"><i>The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations</i></a>. Vol. 4. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1559. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313323836" title="Special:BookSources/9780313323836"><bdi>9780313323836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+International+Relations&rft.pages=1559&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780313323836&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Cathal+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFMJ8KP8i3v0C%26pg%3DPA1559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Chen-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Chen_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2024" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Dean P. 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Samuels, <i>Condominium Arrangements in International Practice: Reviving an Abandoned Concept of Boundary Dispute Resolution</i>, 29 Mich. J. Int'l L. 727 (2008). Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol29/iss4/3">https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol29/iss4/3</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1997" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, John (1997). 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Manchester University Press. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719062452" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719062452"><bdi>978-0719062452</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+British+and+European+political+issues+%3A+a+guide+for+A2+politics+studies&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0719062452&rft.aulast=McNaughton&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtMrD6RRoZkQC%26pg%3DRA1-PT152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannin2010" class="citation book cs1">Mannin, Michael L. 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Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742567771" title="Special:BookSources/9780742567771"><bdi>9780742567771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+government+and+politics+balancing+Europeanization+and+independence&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780742567771&rft.aulast=Mannin&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DucS-AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawlingsLeylandYoung2013" class="citation book cs1">Rawlings, Richard; Leyland, Peter; Young, Alison L (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dyUiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28"><i>Sovereignty and the law : domestic, European, and international perspectives</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199684069" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199684069"><bdi>978-0199684069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereignty+and+the+law+%3A+domestic%2C+European%2C+and+international+perspectives&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199684069&rft.aulast=Rawlings&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Leyland%2C+Peter&rft.au=Young%2C+Alison+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdyUiAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesseWilliams2005" class="citation book cs1">Jesse, Neal G.; Williams, Kristen P. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/identityinstitut0000jess"><i>Identity and institutions: conflict reduction in divided societies</i></a></span>. State Univ. of New York Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/identityinstitut0000jess/page/120">120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791464519" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791464519"><bdi>978-0791464519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+and+institutions%3A+conflict+reduction+in+divided+societies&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=State+Univ.+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0791464519&rft.aulast=Jesse&rft.aufirst=Neal+G.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Kristen+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fidentityinstitut0000jess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchison2002p314-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchison2002p314_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Mitchison, <i>A History of Scotland</i> (London: Routledge, 3rd edn., 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415278805" title="Special:BookSources/0415278805">0415278805</a>, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCann2016" class="citation book cs1">McCann, Philip (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uAi4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT372"><i>The UK Regional–National Economic Problem: Geography, globalisation and governance</i></a>. Routledge. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317237174" title="Special:BookSources/9781317237174"><bdi>9781317237174</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+UK+Regional%E2%80%93National+Economic+Problem%3A+Geography%2C+globalisation+and+governance&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317237174&rft.aulast=McCann&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuAi4CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/confederation-politics">"Confederation"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Confederation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fconfederation-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">McPherson, James</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_Cry_of_Freedom_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle Cry of Freedom (book)">Battle Cry of Freedom</a></i>, (1988) pp. 40, 195, 214, 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/liho/learn/historyculture/secessiontableofcontents.htm">"Lincoln on Secession"</a>. <i>National Park Service</i>. 10 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200916204338/https://www.nps.gov/liho/learn/historyculture/secessiontableofcontents.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>The secessionists claimed that according to the Constitution every state had the right to leave the Union. Lincoln claimed that they did not have that right.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Lincoln+on+Secession&rft.date=2015-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fliho%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fsecessiontableofcontents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Court_of_Berlin1979" class="citation cs2">United States Court of Berlin (14 March 1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uniset.ca/other/cs4/86FRD227.html"><i>U.S. v. Tiede</i></a>, United Settlement (Canada).<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+v.+Tiede&rft.pub=United+Settlement+%28Canada%29.&rft.date=1979-03-14&rft.au=United+States+Court+of+Berlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniset.ca%2Fother%2Fcs4%2F86FRD227.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalanczuk1997" class="citation book cs1">Malanczuk, Peter (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/akehurstsmoderni0000mala"><i>Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law</i></a></span>. International politics/Public international law. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/akehurstsmoderni0000mala/page/147">147</a>–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415111201" title="Special:BookSources/9780415111201"><bdi>9780415111201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akehurst%27s+Modern+Introduction+to+International+Law&rft.series=International+politics%2FPublic+international+law&rft.pages=147-152&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780415111201&rft.aulast=Malanczuk&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fakehurstsmoderni0000mala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuck, Richard (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RCZoCwAAQBAJ"><i>The Sleeping Sovereign: The Invention of Modern Democracy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316425503" title="Special:BookSources/9781316425503">9781316425503</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell, Ryan Martínez (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K7qVEAAAQBAJ"><i>Recentering the World: China and the Transformation of International Law</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32, 52, 63. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108690157" title="Special:BookSources/9781108690157">9781108690157</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica2-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Republic". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Republic&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_the_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spirit of the Laws">The Spirit of the Laws</a></i> (1748), Bk. II, ch. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WordNet-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WordNet_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/republic">"republic"</a>. <i>WordNet 3.0</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WordNet+3.0&rft.atitle=republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Frepublic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-W-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M-W_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/republic">"Republic"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Republic&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Frepublic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beatrice Heuser: "Sovereignty, self-determination and security: new world orders in the 20th century", in Sohail Hashmi (ed.): <i>State Sovereignty: Change and Persistence in International Relations</i> (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press, 1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matteo Laruffa, "The European Integration and National Interests: from an intergovernmental model to a Constitutional Agreement" (Hungarian Academy of Social Sciences, Budapest, 3 July 2014)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton,_Lauren2010" class="citation book cs1">Benton, Lauren (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6BNZPgAACAAJ"><i>A Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires, 1400–1900</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88105-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88105-0"><bdi>978-0-521-88105-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Search+for+Sovereignty%3A+Law+and+Geography+in+European+Empires%2C+1400%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88105-0&rft.au=Benton%2C+Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6BNZPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimm2015" class="citation book cs1">Grimm, Dieter (2015). Howard, Dick (ed.). <i>Sovereignty: The Origin and Future of a Political and Legal Concept</i>. Columbia Studies in Political Thought / Political History. Translated by Cooper, Belinda (e-book ed.). Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231539302" title="Special:BookSources/9780231539302"><bdi>9780231539302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereignty%3A+The+Origin+and+Future+of+a+Political+and+Legal+Concept&rft.series=Columbia+Studies+in+Political+Thought+%2F+Political+History&rft.edition=e-book&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780231539302&rft.aulast=Grimm&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Paris, R. (2020). "<a href="//doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000077" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1017/S0020818320000077">The Right to Dominate: How Old Ideas About Sovereignty Pose New Challenges for World Order."</a> <i>International Organization</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilpott2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Philpott, Dan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sovereignty/">"Sovereignty"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sovereignty&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Philpott&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fsovereignty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProkhovnik2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raia_Prokhovnik" title="Raia Prokhovnik">Prokhovnik, Raia</a> (2007). <i>Sovereignties: contemporary theory and practice</i>. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York, N.Y: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403913234" title="Special:BookSources/9781403913234"><bdi>9781403913234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereignties%3A+contemporary+theory+and+practice&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire+New+York%2C+N.Y&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781403913234&rft.aulast=Prokhovnik&rft.aufirst=Raia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProkhovnik2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raia_Prokhovnik" title="Raia Prokhovnik">Prokhovnik, Raia</a> (2008). <i>Sovereignty: history and theory</i>. Exeter, UK Charlottesville, VA: Imprint Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845401412" title="Special:BookSources/9781845401412"><bdi>9781845401412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereignty%3A+history+and+theory&rft.place=Exeter%2C+UK+Charlottesville%2C+VA&rft.pub=Imprint+Academic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781845401412&rft.aulast=Prokhovnik&rft.aufirst=Raia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson,_Janice_E.1996" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Janice E. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EvylnkgJ9ycC"><i>Mercenaries, pirates, and sovereigns: state-building and extraterritorial violence in early modern Europe</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02571-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02571-1"><bdi>978-0-691-02571-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercenaries%2C+pirates%2C+and+sovereigns%3A+state-building+and+extraterritorial+violence+in+early+modern+Europe&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02571-1&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Janice+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEvylnkgJ9ycC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereignty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereignty&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/sovereignty" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/sovereignty"><i>sovereignty</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sovereignty" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a> at Wikiquote</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_relations" title="Template:International relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_relations" title="Template talk:International relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_international_relations_terms" title="Glossary of international relations terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court (ICC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations (UN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1648%E2%80%931814)" title="International relations (1648–1814)">1648–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">1919–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_since_1989" title="International relations since 1989">International relations since 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entente_(alliance)" title="Entente (alliance)">Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">Military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-belligerence" title="Co-belligerence">Co-belligerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">Collective security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis" title="Crisis">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">International community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationality" title="Internationality">Internationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_institutionalism" title="Liberal institutionalism">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">National interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">Neutral country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-belligerent" title="Non-belligerent">Non-belligerent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-state_actor" title="Non-state actor">Non-state actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_treaty" title="Bilateral treaty">Bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship" title="Treaty of friendship">Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_treaty" title="Multilateral treaty">Multilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact" title="Non-aggression pact">Non-aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-of-society" title="Whole-of-society">Whole-of-society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(international_relations)" title="Constructivism (international relations)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_school_of_international_relations_theory" title="English school of international relations theory">English school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory" title="Marxist international relations theory">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_international_relations" title="Postcolonial international relations">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields and subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_analysis" title="Foreign policy analysis">Foreign policy analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_political_economy" title="International political economy">International political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_political_sociology" title="International political sociology">International political sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_studies" title="Security studies">Security studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42008#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42008#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42008#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4132367-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85125696">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Souveraineté"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12653284n">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Souveraineté"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12653284n">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572378">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="svrchovanost státu"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126312&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="주권(권리)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998015753">Korea</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560868605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/026456">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10643824">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐744c7589dd‐mgp9q Cached time: 20241125142911 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.241 seconds Real time usage: 1.452 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 9713/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 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