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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legislative procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Study_of_constitutional_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Study_of_constitutional_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Study of constitutional law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Study_of_constitutional_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_rule_of_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_rule_of_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The rule of law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_rule_of_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_separation_of_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_separation_of_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The separation of powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_separation_of_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Election law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Constitutional law</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="القانون الدستوري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القانون الدستوري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechu_constitucional" title="Derechu constitucional – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Derechu constitucional" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitusiya_h%C3%BCququ" title="Konstitusiya hüququ – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konstitusiya hüququ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="সাংবিধানিক আইন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাংবিধানিক আইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Конституционно право – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конституционно право" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vafassungsrecht" title="Vafassungsrecht – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vafassungsrecht" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustavno_pravo" title="Ustavno pravo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ustavno pravo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dret_constitucional" title="Dret constitucional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dret constitucional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%C4%95%C3%A7-%D0%B8%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BA" title="Конституцилле тивĕç-ирĕк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Конституцилле тивĕç-ирĕк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Astavn%C3%AD_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Ústavní právo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ústavní právo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsforfatningsret" title="Statsforfatningsret – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Statsforfatningsret" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verfassungsrecht" title="Verfassungsrecht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verfassungsrecht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riigi%C3%B5igus" title="Riigiõigus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riigiõigus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%94%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_(%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1)" title="Συνταγματικό Δίκαιο (Ελλάδα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνταγματικό Δίκαιο (Ελλάδα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_constitucional" title="Derecho constitucional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derecho constitucional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitucia_juro" title="Konstitucia juro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konstitucia juro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuzenbide_konstituzional" title="Zuzenbide konstituzional – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zuzenbide konstituzional" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="حقوق اساسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حقوق اساسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_constitutionnel" title="Droit constitutionnel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droit constitutionnel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatsrjocht" title="Steatsrjocht – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Steatsrjocht" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereito_constitucional" title="Dereito constitucional – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dereito constitucional" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%8C%EC%A0%9C%EC%84%B1_%EB%B2%95%EB%A5%A0" title="헌제성 법률 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헌제성 법률" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Սահմանադրական իրավունք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սահմանադրական իրավունք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="संवैधानिक कानून – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संवैधानिक कानून" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustavno_pravo" title="Ustavno pravo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ustavno pravo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_tata_negara" title="Hukum tata negara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hukum tata negara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B3rnskipunarr%C3%A9ttur" title="Stjórnskipunarréttur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stjórnskipunarréttur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritto_costituzionale" title="Diritto costituzionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diritto costituzionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%98_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%99" title="משפט חוקתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משפט חוקתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Конституциялық құқық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Конституциялық құқық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Конституциялык укук – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Конституциялык укук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_constitutionnel" title="Droit constitutionnel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Droit constitutionnel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitucin%C4%97_teis%C4%97" title="Konstitucinė teisė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konstitucinė teisė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkotm%C3%A1nyjog" title="Alkotmányjog – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alkotmányjog" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Уставно право – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Уставно право" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-undang_perlembagaan" title="Undang-undang perlembagaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Undang-undang perlembagaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Үндсэн хуулийн эрх зүй – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үндсэн хуулийн эрх зүй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsrecht" title="Staatsrecht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Staatsrecht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="憲法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="憲法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsrett" title="Statsrett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Statsrett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsrett" title="Statsrett – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Statsrett" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drech_constitucionau" title="Drech constitucionau – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Drech constitucionau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davlat_huquqi" title="Davlat huquqi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Davlat huquqi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸੰਵਿਧਾਨਕ ਕਾਨੂੰਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਵਿਧਾਨਕ ਕਾਨੂੰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawo_konstytucyjne" title="Prawo konstytucyjne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prawo konstytucyjne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direito_constitucional" title="Direito constitucional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direito constitucional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drept_constitu%C8%9Bional" title="Drept constituțional – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drept constituțional" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Конституционное право – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конституционное право" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_drejta_kushtetuese" title="E drejta kushtetuese – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="E drejta kushtetuese" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ආණ්ඩුක‍්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා නීතිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආණ්ඩුක‍්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා නීතිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Constitutional law" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Astavn%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Ústavné právo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ústavné právo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustavno_pravo" title="Ustavno pravo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ustavno pravo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Уставно право – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уставно право" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustavno_pravo" title="Ustavno pravo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ustavno pravo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtios%C3%A4%C3%A4nt%C3%B6oikeus" title="Valtiosääntöoikeus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valtiosääntöoikeus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsr%C3%A4tt" title="Statsrätt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Statsrätt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அரசியல் அமைப்புச் சட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரசியல் அமைப்புச் சட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8D" title="กฎหมายรัฐธรรมนูญ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กฎหมายรัฐธรรมนูญ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D2%9B%D1%83%D2%9B%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Ҳуқуқи асосӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳуқуқи асосӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anayasa_hukuku" title="Anayasa hukuku – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anayasa hukuku" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Конституційне право – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конституційне право" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%E1%BA%ADt_hi%E1%BA%BFn_ph%C3%A1p" title="Luật hiến pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luật hiến pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaod_hit_Batakan-balaod" title="Balaod hit Batakan-balaod – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Balaod hit Batakan-balaod" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6%E6%80%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="宪制性法律 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="宪制性法律" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E5%88%B6%E6%80%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="憲制性法律 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="憲制性法律" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E5%88%B6%E6%80%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="憲制性法律 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="憲制性法律" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">An area of law that deals with interpretation and implementation of a fundamental law</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Constitutional law (disambiguation)">Constitutional law (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/220px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/440px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3657" data-file-height="4636" /></a><figcaption>The principles from the French <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> still have constitutional importance.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Constitutional law</b> is a body of law which defines the role, powers, and structure of different entities within a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>, namely, the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a> or <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>; as well as the basic rights of citizens and, in federal countries <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">such as the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the relationship between the central government and state, provincial, or territorial governments. </p><p>Not all <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a> have codified <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutions</a>, though all such states have a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Jus_commune" title="Jus commune">jus commune</a></i></span>, or law of the land, that may consist of a variety of imperative and consensual rules. These may include <a href="/wiki/Custom_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Custom (law)">customary law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">conventions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">statutory law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">judge-made law</a>, or <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>. Constitutional law deals with the fundamental principles by which the government exercises its authority. In some instances, these principles grant specific powers to the government, such as the power to tax and spend for the welfare of the population. Other times, constitutional principles act to place limits on what the government can do, such as prohibiting the arrest of an individual without sufficient cause. </p><p>In most nations, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States constitutional law">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Singapore</a>, constitutional law is based on the text of a document ratified at the time the nation came into being. Other constitutions, notably <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">that of the United Kingdom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Parliament_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliament-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rely heavily on uncodified rules, as several legislative statutes and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional conventions</a>, their status within constitutional law varies, and the terms of conventions are in some cases strongly contested.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_structure">Legal structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legal structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constitutional laws can be considered second order rule making<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2025)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or rules about making rules to exercise power. It governs the relationships between the judiciary, the legislature and the executive with the bodies under its authority. One of the key tasks of constitutions within this context is to indicate hierarchies and relationships of power. For example, in a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>, the constitution will vest ultimate authority in one central administration and <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>, though there is often a delegation of power or authority to local or municipal authorities. When a constitution establishes a <a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">federal state</a> for instance as seen in India, it will identify multiple levels of government coexisting with exclusive or shared areas of jurisdiction over lawmaking, application and enforcement. Some federal states, most notably the United States, have separate and parallel federal and state judiciaries, with each having its own hierarchy of courts with a supreme court for each state. <a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal system of India">India</a>, on the other hand, has one judiciary divided into district courts, high courts, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">International human rights law</a></div> <p>Human rights or <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> form a crucial part of a country's constitution and uphold the rights of the individual against the state. Most jurisdictions, like the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, have a codified constitution, with a <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_rights" title="Bill of rights">bill of rights</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> is an example where the constitution is not codified, but includes the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a> to protect human rights for Canadian citizens and residents.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some countries like the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> have no entrenched document setting out fundamental rights; in those jurisdictions the constitution is composed of <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">convention</a>. A case named <i><a href="/wiki/Entick_v._Carrington" class="mw-redirect" title="Entick v. Carrington">Entick v. Carrington</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a constitutional principle deriving from the common law. <a href="/wiki/John_Entick" title="John Entick">John Entick</a>'s house was searched and ransacked by Sherriff Carrington. Carrington argued that a warrant from a Government minister, the <a href="/wiki/George_Montagu-Dunk,_2nd_Earl_of_Halifax" title="George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax">Earl of Halifax</a> was valid authority, even though there was no statutory provision or court order for it. The court, led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pratt,_1st_Earl_Camden" title="Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden">Lord Camden</a> stated that, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property. That right is preserved sacred and incommunicable in all instances, where it has not been taken away or abridged by some public law for the good of the whole. By the laws of England, every invasion of private property, be it ever so minute, is a trespass... If no excuse can be found or produced, the silence of the books is an authority against the defendant, and the plaintiff must have judgment."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> jurisdictions do not share the same constitutional law underpinnings. <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a> nations, such as those in the Commonwealth as well as the United States, derive their legal systems from that of the United Kingdom, and as such place emphasis on judicial precedent,<sup id="cite_ref-GarnerUsageDef0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarnerUsageDef0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blacks10thDef1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blacks10thDef1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereby consequential court rulings (especially those by higher courts) are a <a href="/wiki/Stare_decesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stare decesis">source of law</a>. Civil law jurisdictions, on the other hand, place less emphasis on judicial review and only the parliament or legislature has the power to effect law. As a result, the structure of the judiciary differs significantly between the two, with common law judiciaries being <a href="/wiki/Adversarial_system" title="Adversarial system">adversarial</a> and civil law judiciaries being <a href="/wiki/Inquisitorial_system" title="Inquisitorial system">inquisitorial</a>. Common law judicatures consequently separate the judiciary from the prosecution,<sup id="cite_ref-Hale_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hale-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richards_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Care_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Care-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby establishing the courts as completely independent from both the legislature and law enforcement. Human rights law in these countries is as a result, largely built on legal precedent in the courts' <a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">interpretation</a> of constitutional law, whereas that of civil law countries is almost exclusively composed of codified law, constitutional or otherwise. </p><p>There are also international enactments to protect human rights. One example is the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a> which was intended included in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a>. Perhaps the most important international example is the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> under the <a href="/wiki/UN_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Charter">UN Charter</a>. These are intended to ensure basic political, social and economic standards that a nation state, or intergovernmental body is obliged to provide to its citizens but many do include its governments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_procedure">Legislative procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legislative procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure" title="Parliamentary procedure">Parliamentary procedure</a></div> <p>Another main function of constitutions may be to describe the procedure by which parliaments may legislate. For instance, special majorities may be required to alter the constitution. In bicameral legislatures, there may be a process laid out for second or third readings of bills before a new law can enter into force. Alternatively, there may further be requirements for maximum terms that a government can keep power before holding an <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Study_of_constitutional_law">Study of constitutional law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Study of constitutional law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_law&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Constitutional_law" title="Talk:Constitutional law">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Constitutional law is a major focus of legal studies and research. For example, most law students in the United States are required to take a class in Constitutional Law during their first year, and several <a href="/wiki/Law_journals" class="mw-redirect" title="Law journals">law journals</a> are devoted to the discussion of constitutional issues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_rule_of_law">The rule of law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The rule of law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> dictates that government must be conducted according to law. This was first established by British legal theorist <a href="/wiki/A._V._Dicey" title="A. V. Dicey">A. V. Dicey</a>. </p><p>Dicey identified three essential elements of the British Constitution which were indicative of the rule of law: </p> <ol><li>Absolute supremacy of regular law as opposed to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitrary power">arbitrary power</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a>;</li> <li>The Constitution is a result of the ordinary law of the land.</li></ol> <p>Dicey's rule of law formula consists of three classic tenets. The first is that the regular law is supreme over arbitrary and discretionary powers. "[N]o man is punishable ... except for a distinct breach of the law established in the ordinary legal manner before the ordinary courts of the land."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second is that all men are to stand equal in the eyes of the law. "...no man is above the law...every man, whatever be his rank or condition, is subject to the ordinary law of the realm and amenable to the jurisdiction of the ordinary tribunals" <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third is that the general ideas and principles that the constitution supports arise directly from the judgements and precedents issued by the judiciary. "We may say that the constitution is pervaded by the rule of law on the ground that the general principles of the constitution... are with us the result of judicial decisions determining the rights of private persons in particular cases brought before the courts" <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_separation_of_powers">The separation of powers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The separation of powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a> is often regarded as a second limb functioning alongside the rule of law to curb the powers of the government. In many modern nation states, power is divided and vested into three branches of government: The <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> are known as the horizontal separation of powers. The first and the second are harmonized in traditional <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vertical separation of powers is decentralization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_law">Election law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Election law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Election_law" title="Election law">Election law</a> is a subfield of constitutional law. It includes the rules governing the process of elections. These rules enable the translation of the will of the people into functioning <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracies</a>. Election law addresses issues who is entitled to <a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">vote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voter_registration" title="Voter registration">voter registration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballot_access" title="Ballot access">ballot access</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance" title="Campaign finance">campaign finance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_party_funding" title="Political party funding">party funding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_(election)" title="Redistribution (election)">redistricting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">apportionment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">electronic voting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voting_machine" title="Voting machine">voting machines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a> of elections, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">election systems</a> and formulas, <a href="/wiki/Vote_counting" title="Vote counting">vote counting</a>, election disputes, <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a>, and issues such as <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Election_silence" title="Election silence">electoral silence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_review" title="Constitutional review">Constitutional review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_economics" title="Constitutional economics">Constitutional economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional rights">Constitutional rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism_and_dualism_in_international_law" title="Monism and dualism in international law">Monism and dualism in international law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">Public law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechtsstaat" title="Rechtsstaat">Rechtsstaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_according_to_higher_law" title="Rule according to higher law">Rule according to higher law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_law&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Constitutional law</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Constitutional+law">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Constitutional+law&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Parliament-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parliament_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlickBlackburn2012" class="citation cs2">Blick, Andrew; Blackburn, Robert (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmpolcon/writev/mapping/cde02.htm"><i>Mapping the Path to Codifying - or not Codifying - the UK's Constitution</i></a>, Series paper 2. Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies, King's College London, Parliament UK<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Path+to+Codifying+-+or+not+Codifying+-+the+UK%27s+Constitution&rft.series=Series+paper+2.+Centre+for+Political+and+Constitutional+Studies%2C+King%27s+College+London&rft.pub=Parliament+UK&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Blick&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Blackburn%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm201213%2Fcmselect%2Fcmpolcon%2Fwritev%2Fmapping%2Fcde02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H Barnett, <i>Constitutional and Administrative Law</i> (5th edn Cavendish 2005) 9, "A written constitution is one contained within a single document or a [finite] series of documents, with or without amendments"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkwell2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Markwell" title="Donald Markwell">Markwell, Donald</a> (2016). <i>Constitutional Conventions and the Headship of State: Australian Experience</i>. Connor Court. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781925501155" title="Special:BookSources/9781925501155"><bdi>9781925501155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Conventions+and+the+Headship+of+State%3A+Australian+Experience&rft.pub=Connor+Court&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781925501155&rft.aulast=Markwell&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/how-rights-protected/guide-canadian-charter-rights-freedoms.html">"Guide to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"</a>. <i>Canadian Heritage</i>. 2017-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Heritage&rft.atitle=Guide+to+the+Canadian+Charter+of+Rights+and+Freedoms&rft.date=2017-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fcanadian-heritage%2Fservices%2Fhow-rights-protected%2Fguide-canadian-charter-rights-freedoms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Entick_v._Carrington" class="mw-redirect" title="Entick v. Carrington">Entick v. Carrington</a></i> (1765) 19 Howell's State Trials 1030</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/trials/entick/entick_v_carrington.htm">"Entick v. Carrington"</a>. <i>19 Howell's State Trials 1029 (1765)</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: Constitution Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=19+Howell%27s+State+Trials+1029+%281765%29&rft.atitle=Entick+v.+Carrington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.org%2Ftrials%2Fentick%2Fentick_v_carrington.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GarnerUsageDef0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GarnerUsageDef0_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2001" class="citation book cs1">Garner, Bryan A. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmode00garn_0"><i>A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage</i></a></span> (2nd, revised ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmode00garn_0/page/177">177</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507769-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507769-8"><bdi>978-0-19-507769-8</bdi></a>. <q>In modern usage, <i>common law</i> is contrasted with a number of other terms. First, in denoting the body of judge-made law based on that developed in England... [P]erhaps most commonly within Anglo-American jurisdictions, <i>common law</i> is contrasted with <i>statutory law</i> ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Modern+Legal+Usage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=177&rft.edition=2nd%2C+revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507769-8&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Bryan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofmode00garn_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blacks10thDef1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blacks10thDef1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Black's Law Dictionary - Common law</i> (10th ed.). 2014. p. 334. <q>1. The body of law derived from judicial decisions, rather than from statutes or constitutions; CASE LAW [contrast to] STATUTORY LAW.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black%27s+Law+Dictionary+-+Common+law&rft.pages=334&rft.edition=10th&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacphersonKaufman2005" class="citation book cs1">Macpherson, Heidi S.; Kaufman, Will (2005). <i>Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History</i>. Manchester, NH: Ezekial Books, LLC. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9791851094317" title="Special:BookSources/9791851094317"><bdi>9791851094317</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Americas%3A+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+History&rft.place=Manchester%2C+NH&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Ezekial+Books%2C+LLC&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9791851094317&rft.aulast=Macpherson&rft.aufirst=Heidi+S.&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hale-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hale_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2004" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Sandra Beatriz (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HVwg_sQ5a5UC&q=%22adversarial+system%22&pg=PA31"><i>The Discourse of Court Interpreting: Discourse Practices of the Law, the Witness and the Interpreter</i></a>. John Benjamins. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58811-517-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58811-517-1"><bdi>978-1-58811-517-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discourse+of+Court+Interpreting%3A+Discourse+Practices+of+the+Law%2C+the+Witness+and+the+Interpreter&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2004-07&rft.isbn=978-1-58811-517-1&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Sandra+Beatriz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHVwg_sQ5a5UC%26q%3D%2522adversarial%2Bsystem%2522%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richards_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsKatharine_C._Rathbun1999" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Edward P.; Katharine C. Rathbun (1999-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6FvwvJ-sJiAC&q=%22adversarial+system%22&pg=PA6"><i>Medical Care Law</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8342-1603-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8342-1603-7"><bdi>978-0-8342-1603-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Care+Law&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett&rft.date=1999-08-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8342-1603-7&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Edward+P.&rft.au=Katharine+C.+Rathbun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6FvwvJ-sJiAC%26q%3D%2522adversarial%2Bsystem%2522%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Care-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Care_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCare2004" class="citation book cs1">Care, Jennifer Corrin (2004-01-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fbuuXuZjceMC&q=%22adversarial+system%22&pg=RA1-PA8"><i>Civil Procedure and Courts in the South Pacific</i></a>. Routledge Cavendish. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85941-719-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85941-719-5"><bdi>978-1-85941-719-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Procedure+and+Courts+in+the+South+Pacific&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Routledge+Cavendish&rft.date=2004-01-12&rft.isbn=978-1-85941-719-5&rft.aulast=Care&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Corrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfbuuXuZjceMC%26q%3D%2522adversarial%2Bsystem%2522%26pg%3DRA1-PA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. V. Dicey, <i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_the_Study_of_the_Law_of_the_Constitution" title="Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution">Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution</a></i> (Macmillan, 10th ed, 1959) p.202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. V. Dicey, <i>Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution</i> (10th ed, 1959) p.188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. V. Dicey, <i>Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution</i> (9th ed, 1945) p.193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. V. Dicey, <i>Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution</i> (9th ed, 1945) p.195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W B Gwyn, The Meaning of the Separation of Powers: An Analysis of the Doctrine From Its Origin to the Adoption of the United States Constitution, Tulane University (1965).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_law&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Constitutional Law"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Constitutional_Law">"Constitutional Law" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Law&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Constitutional%20law">"Constitutional law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. 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<li><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_parliament" title="Act of parliament">Act of parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">Legal systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_pluralism" title="Legal pluralism">Legal pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Catholic canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Jain law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_law" title="Parsi law">Parsi law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Byzantine law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">Xeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_law" title="Comparative law">Comparative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressive_function_of_law" title="Expressive function of law">Expressive function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_formalism" title="Legal formalism">Legal formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_legal_theories" title="International legal theories">International legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality" title="Legality">Principle of legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_typicality" title="Principle of typicality">Principle of typicality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_man" title="Rule of man">Rule of man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjudication" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_justice" title="Administration of justice">Administration of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">Lawsuit/Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_opinion" title="Legal opinion">Legal opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Legal remedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">Judge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">Justice of the peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">Magistrate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_(law)" title="Judgment (law)">Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">Judicial interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">Jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_of_law" title="Practice of law">Practice of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_at_law" title="Attorney at law">Attorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">Barrister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counsel" title="Counsel">Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Legal representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">Prosecutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">Solicitor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_of_law#Question_of_fact" title="Question of law">Question of fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_of_law" title="Question of law">Question of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_advocacy" title="Trial advocacy">Trial advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier_of_fact" title="Trier of fact">Trier of fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdict" title="Verdict">Verdict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barristers%27_chambers" title="Barristers' chambers">Barristers' chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(law)" title="Bar (law)">The bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_(law)" title="Bench (law)">The bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">Court of equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_education" title="Legal education">Legal education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_school" title="Law school">Law school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunal" title="Tribunal">Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_legal_profession" title="History of the legal profession">History of the legal profession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_American_legal_profession" title="History of the American legal profession">History of the American legal profession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law" title="Women in law">Women in law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, 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